subject:(refrigerants)

University of Johannesburg

1. Swanepoel, Wayne. Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners.

Degree: 2012, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6097

►

M.Ing.

Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures is investigated in this paper. In total 34 pure… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Air conditioning; Refrigerants

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Swanepoel, W. (2012). Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6097

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Swanepoel, Wayne. “Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners.” 2012. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6097.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Swanepoel, Wayne. “Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Swanepoel W. Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6097.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Swanepoel W. Wet compression versus dry compression in refrigeration cycles working with pure or non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures for air-conditioners. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6097

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

2. Vorster, Paul Philip Jacobus. Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications.

Degree: 2012, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7627

►

M.Ing.

Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or nonazeotropic mixtures is investigated in this paper. In total 34 pure… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heat pumps; Refrigerants

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Vorster, P. P. J. (2012). Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7627

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vorster, Paul Philip Jacobus. “Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications.” 2012. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7627.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vorster, Paul Philip Jacobus. “Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Vorster PPJ. Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7627.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Vorster PPJ. Wet compression versus dry compression in heat pumps working with pure refrigerants or non-azeotropic mixtures for different heating applications. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7627

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

3. Guan, Xiwen. Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump.

Degree: 2014, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

URL: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-70832 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1333516 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-70832/1/th_redirect.html

► From household refrigerators and air conditioners to cooling chambers and heat pumps, refrigerants are widely used in both domestic and industrial equipments. Most of the… (more)

▼ From household refrigerators and air conditioners to cooling chambers and heat pumps, refrigerants are widely used in both domestic and industrial equipments. Most of the vapor compression heat pump systems currently use halogenated refrigerants (R22 or R134a) because of their excellent thermodynamic properties and low price. However, the use of halogenated refrigerants imposes adverse environmental impacts such as ozone depletion and global warming. It is therefore necessary to find some alternative refrigerants which are environmentally friendly and of high-performance while retain cost-effectiveness. Recent studies have shown that ether compounds might be environmentally friendly refrigerants, but their flammable characteristics have restricted their applications. Incorporating ether compounds with fire retardants could be one effective way to solve this problem. The research objectives for the present study were to formulate and evaluate environmentally friendly and high performance mixture refrigerants which could be applied for moderately high temperature (50 - 70 ℃) heat pumps. In particular, dimethyl ether (DME) was selected as the refrigerant and mixed with retardants, R134a and R227ea, respectively, to replace traditional refrigerants for R134a heat pumps because of its environmentally friendly properties and no requirements on the changes of the equipment structure in this study. Simulation and experimental results show that DME has higher coefficient of heating performance (COP_H) and more than twice unit mass heating capacity than R134a under moderately high temperature working conditions. The measured flammability range from lower flammable limit (LFL) to upper flammable limit (UFL) of DME was 3.30 - 22.79 % at room temperature (25 ℃). As the retardants, R134a and R227ea could decrease the flammable range significantly and the critical suppression mass ratios of DME-R134a and DME-R227ea mixtures were 5.87 and 3.27, respectively. Safe mixture refrigerants of DME-R134a (85.5 - 14.5 % in mass percentage) and DME-R227ea (23.3 – 76.7 % in mass percentage) were charged into heat pump system for their performance evaluation. Comparing with DME-R134a, DME-R227ea has better condensing pressure and discharge temperature but lower heating capacity. The optimal condensing temperatures for DME-R134a and DME-R227ea were found to be 52 and 56 ℃ with COP_H values being 4.30 and 4.22, respectively. Under the condition of evaporating temperature 30 ℃ and condensing temperature 60 ℃, COP_H values of DME-R134a and DME-R227ea are 16.2 % and 13.5 % higher than that of pure R134a, respectively.

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants ; Heat pumps

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APA (6^th Edition):

Guan, X. (2014). Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump. (Thesis). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-70832 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1333516 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-70832/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Guan, Xiwen. “Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump.” 2014. Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-70832 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1333516 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-70832/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Guan, Xiwen. “Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump.” 2014. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Guan X. Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump. [Internet] [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-70832 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1333516 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-70832/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Guan X. Formulation and performance of refrigerants for moderately high temperature heat pump. [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. Available from: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-70832 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1333516 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-70832/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

4. Bhramara, Panitapu. Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube.

Degree: 2010, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2679

►

In-tube two phase flow finds its applications in steam power plants, refrigeration and air conditioning, distillation and desalination units and transport of oil and slurry… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Mechanical Engineering; Refrigerants; Fluids Model

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bhramara, P. (2010). Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube. (Thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2679

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bhramara, Panitapu. “Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube.” 2010. Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2679.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bhramara, Panitapu. “Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube.” 2010. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Bhramara P. Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube. [Internet] [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2679.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Bhramara P. Experimental and CFD analysis of two phase flow of refrigerants inside a Horizontal tube. [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University; 2010. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2679

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

5. Smit, Floris Jakobus. Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938

►

D.Ing.

The heating of water with hot-water heat pumps is extremely energy-efficient. With the refrigerant R-22 hot water temperatures of 60° C to 65° C… (more)

▼

D.Ing.

The heating of water with hot-water heat pumps is extremely energy-efficient. With the refrigerant R-22 hot water temperatures of 60° C to 65° C are possible. However, these temperatures are low in comparison with the temperatures obtained from other methods of water heating, for instance electrical geysers. Should higher water temperatures be obtained, the applications of hot-water heat pumps will increase. This is possible by using a zeotropic refrigerant mixture as working fluid. A R-22 and R-142b zeotropic refrigerant mixture shows exceptional potential in achieving hot water temperatures. The condensing coefficients need to be predicted correctly to optimize the condenser design. Unfortunately, there is a lack of detailed literature available on condensing coefficients for the recommended mass fractions of R-22 with R-142b at condensing temperatures of 60° C or more. Micro-fin tubes perform outstanding in enhancing heat transfer and are widely used to save energy. Unfortunately, there is also a lack of detailed literature on condensing coefficient at the recommended mass fractions of R-22/R-142b refrigerant mixtures condensing in micro-fins, twisted tapes and high fins at temperatures of 60° C or more. In this study condensing coefficients of R-22 and the zeotropic refrigerant mixture R-22 with R-142b were obtained in smooth tubes at mass fractions of 90%/10%, 80%/20%, 70%/30%, 60%/40%, 50%/50%. The experimental data were used to evaluate some of the methods that are commonly used to predict condensing coefficients. Experiments were also conducted at the same zeotropic mass fractions, to compare three different methods of heat transfer enhancement to that of the smooth tubes namely: micro-fins, twisted tapes and high fins. All measurements were conducted at an isobaric inlet pressure of 2.43 MPa. The test sections consisted of a series of eight tubes with lengths of 1 603 mm. The smooth tubes had an inner diameter of 8.11 mm. With the R-22/R-142b zeotropic refrigerant mixture condensing in smooth tubes, it was observed in the sight glasses that a predominantly stratified wavy flow regime exists at low mass fluxes, from 40 kg/m2s to 350 kg/m2s. The refrigerant mass fraction decreased the condensing coefficient by up to a third on average from 100% R-22 to a 50%/50% mixture of R-22 with R142b. A predominantly annular flow regime was observed at mass fluxes of 350 kg/m2s and more. At this flow regime the condensing coefficients were not strongly influenced by the refrigerant mass fraction, decreasing only by 7% as the refrigerant mass fraction changed from 100% R-22 to a 50%/50% mixture of R-22 with R142b. When the experimental data were compared with three methods that are commonly used to predict condensing coefficients it was found that the flow pattern correlation of Dobson and Chato (1998) gave the best predictions for R-22. The Silver (1964) and Bell and Ghaly (1964) method gave the best predictions for the R-22/R-142b mixtures. When the three heat transfer enhancement methods were compared with…

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants; Condensation; Heat transmission

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Smit, F. J. (2009). Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smit, Floris Jakobus. “Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smit, Floris Jakobus. “Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations.” 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Smit FJ. Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Smit FJ. Condensing coefficients of the refrigerant mixture R-22/R-142b in smooth tubes and during enhanced heat transfer configurations. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1938

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

6. Owaga, Denis. Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931

►

M.Ing.

The Montreal Protocol led to the phasing-out of ozone layer depleting refrigerants and replacing them with more environmentally friendly refrigerants, which in many cases… (more)

▼

M.Ing.

The Montreal Protocol led to the phasing-out of ozone layer depleting refrigerants and replacing them with more environmentally friendly refrigerants, which in many cases caused heat transfer degradation in heat exchanger equipment. To make up for the heat transfer degradation, there was a need for the application of heat transfer enhancement techniques. One such technique is the use of micro-fin tubes as opposed to traditional smooth tubes. The purpose of this study is to develop a flow regime map for the condensation of R-22, R-407C and R-134a in a herringbone micro-fin tube. It was perceived that with the knowledge of flow patterns inside the tube and especially the annular-to-intermittent transition, it is possible to perform improved analyses of the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. Experimental and analytical work was performed to investigate the flow regimes during condensation of the refrigerants in smooth, helical micro-fin and herringbone micro-fin tubes at an average saturation temperature of 40 °C, with mass fluxes ranging from 300 to 800 kg/m2s. Condensation occurred in tube-in-tube type condensers with cooling water flowing in the annulus and the refrigerant in the inner tubes. The condensers consisted of eight sub-sections to allow for the acquisition of sectional heat transfer and pressure data. Various criteria were considered in order to generate flow regime maps. The Thome flow regime transition criterion was used and complemented with visually-observed and photographic imaging, as well as the objective power spectral density distributions of the pressure signals of the condensing refrigerants. The observed flow regimes were mainly annular flow and intermittent flow. Stratified-wavy flow was observed at low mass fluxes and low vapour qualities. There were notable similarities in the flow pattern between the smooth and micro-fin tubes. However, the experimental results show that the transition from annular to intermittent flow regimes occurred at average vapour quality values of 0.26, 0.29 and 0.48 for the herringbone micro-fin, the helical micro-fin and smooth tubes respectively. The combined analyses assisted in adapting the helical micro-fin tube condensing flow pattern map, to ensure its application in accurately predicting herringbone micro-fin tube condensation. The new transition criterion effectively predicts the delay in transition from annular to intermittent flow for all three refrigerants, condensing in the herringbone micro-fin tube.

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants; Condensation; Heat transmission; Heat exchangers

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Owaga, D. (2009). Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Owaga, Denis. “Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Owaga, Denis. “Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes.” 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Owaga D. Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Owaga D. Flow patterns during refrigerant condensation in smooth and enhanced tubes. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1931

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

7. Smit, Floris Jakobus. The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump.

Degree: 2012, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6802

►

M.Ing.

The refrigerant R22, which is currently used in hot water heat pumps, delivers a maximum hot water temperature of 60 to 65 °C. This… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants.; Heat pumps.; Hot-water supply.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Smit, F. J. (2012). The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6802

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smit, Floris Jakobus. “The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump.” 2012. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6802.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smit, Floris Jakobus. “The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Smit FJ. The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6802.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Smit FJ. The influence of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture on the performance of a hot water heat pump. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6802

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Cranfield University

8. Augood, P. C. Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials.

Degree: PhD, 1997, Cranfield University

URL: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4517 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359962

► The wide fluctuations that occur in the aggregate electrical demand of a generating utility are punitive with respect to total system efficiency. Demand side management… (more)

▼ The wide fluctuations that occur in the aggregate electrical demand of a generating utility are punitive with respect to total system efficiency. Demand side management techniques have been applied to reduce such fluctuations including the conversion of electrical energy to thermal energy during periods of low demand for use during peak demand periods. For thermal processes requiring energy above ambient temperature it is feasible to use sensible heat due to the existence of stable storage mediums and efficient methods of heating at the high temperatures required. However where energy is required below ambient temperatures, efficiency of cooling limits the use of sensible heat, hence latent heat storage has been adopted. Conventional cold storage systems use ice banks to store cooling energy at 0°C in order to capture the high latent heat of fusion of water. The rate of discharge for such stores is limited by thermal resistance in the store and the thermal capacity of secondary coolants (such as glycol solutions). This investigated the use of hydrophilic materials to overcome the limitations of current cold-storage technology. Such materials have the capacity to absorb and retain up to 95% by mass of water (or other aqueous solutions) regardless of how the materials is subdivided. Furthermore the thermal properties of the polymers in their hydrated state resemble those of the free hydration fluid, including any phase transitions. By supporting the hydrated materials in a non-freeing, non-aqueous fluid the resultant mixture provides a medium for cold storage that can be pumped and used at the point of load, and is not limited by the thermal resistance of an encapsulating material. Three aspects concerning the utilisation of hydrophilic materials for thermal engineering applications have been investigated; (i) the physical properties of the materials in their hydrated state, (ii) methods of fluidising material in a high density store, and (iii) the heat transfer properties of hydrophilic based slurries while undergoing phase transition. Material tests have shown that currently available hydrophilic materials have thermo- physical properties that depend principally upon the hydrating fluid, regardless of particle size, and are stable over long periods (>3years). Suitable hydration fluids can lower the temperature of the phase transition thus extending their potential as storage mediums beyond those of ice-based technologies. Novel materials, of very high water content (95%) have been produced and investigated. These appear to be very suitable for thermal storage because they increase the maximum achievable energy densities of a fluidised storage system and potentially reduce cost. A number of thermal storage devices to utilise hydrophilic based slurries have been designed and evaluated. The resultant devices has been shown to provide a means of taking hydrophilic materials to, and from, a packed bed and feeding them at a controlled rate into a fluid stream. The thermal charge/discharge rates of such a device are limited…

Subjects/Keywords: 536.7; Slurries; Refrigerants

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APA (6^th Edition):

Augood, P. C. (1997). Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cranfield University. Retrieved from http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4517 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359962

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Augood, P C. “Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials.” 1997. Doctoral Dissertation, Cranfield University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4517 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359962.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Augood, P C. “Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials.” 1997. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Augood PC. Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cranfield University; 1997. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4517 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359962.

Council of Science Editors:

Augood PC. Low-temperature thermal-energy storage and transmission systems employing hydrophilic polymeric materials. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cranfield University; 1997. Available from: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4517 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359962

University of Victoria

9. Rowe, Andrew Michael. Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions.

Degree: Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, University of Victoria

URL: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10248

► A technology that has the potential to liquefy hydrogen and natural gas efficiently is an Active Magnetic Regenerative Liquefier (AMRL). An AMRL exploits the magnetocaloric… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants; Superconducting magnets; Regenerators; Phase transitions

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rowe, A. M. (2018). Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions. (Thesis). University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10248

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rowe, Andrew Michael. “Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions.” 2018. Thesis, University of Victoria. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10248.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rowe, Andrew Michael. “Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions.” 2018. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Rowe AM. Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10248.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rowe AM. Active magnetic regenerators: performance in the vicinity of para-ferromagnetic second order phase transitions. [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2018. Available from: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10248

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

10. Mishra, Surya P. Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors.

Degree: MS, 0133, 2011, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26123

► Operating conditions such as load and speed of compressors are getting more aggressive to improve efficiency. Also, protection from beneficial surface layers, such as ferrous… (more)

▼ Operating conditions such as load and speed of compressors are getting more aggressive to improve efficiency. Also, protection from beneficial surface layers, such as ferrous chlorides, on the critical interfaces is compromised as the refrigerants industry is moving from traditional (CFC/HFC) to environmentally friendly refrigerants. Thus, there is a need to have a closer look at the critical tribo-contacts and devise ways to make them more robust and wear-resistant. In this work, first of its kind studies were done to evaluate the possibility of using surface texturing for realistic gray cast iron compressor surfaces. Three types of micro-dimple patterns (40 ??m diameter and 10 ??m depth, 60 ??m diameter and 7.5 ??m depth, 60 ??m diameter and 4 ??m depth) with two area densities of 5% and 20% were created on the pin surfaces by the method of laser surface texturing. The results of the controlled tribological experiments with the texture patterns were compared against untextured surfaces under starved lubrication conditions. Under identical conditions of load, the untextured pins failed while all the textured pins operated successfully. In addition, the textured pins survived the entire duration of three hours in durability type studies highlighting their long term usefulness. Selected tests were also done at different sliding speeds, lubricant types and refrigerants and the usefulness of surface texturing at aggressive conditions was realized. For the wear and durability experiments, the beneficial effect of the micro-dimples could be attributed to the lubricant storage ability. A trade-off between the effect of the material pile-ups or bulges around the micro-dimples and the lubricant storage volume of the micro-dimples determined the difference in performance between the texture patterns. In addition, step loading scuffing experiments were done using the texture patterns and the scuffing resistance was found to primarily depend on the lubricant storage ability of the micro-dimples. Even though surface texturing was found to have a positive effect, such behavior needs to be evaluated under specific lubricants and refrigerants, to fully understand the complex phenomena driving the improved performance. Overall, the research work done in this thesis developed new information about the application of surface texturing for air-conditioning and refrigeration compressor applications. It was demonstrated successfully that texturing could be applied to compressor surfaces operating under realistic conditions such as starved lubrication and provide significant tribological benefits. Advisors/Committee Members: Polycarpou, Andreas A. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Surface texturing; Compressor tribology; Environmentally friendly refrigerants

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mishra, S. P. (2011). Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors. (Thesis). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26123

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mishra, Surya P. “Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors.” 2011. Thesis, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26123.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mishra, Surya P. “Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors.” 2011. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mishra SP. Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26123.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mishra SP. Tribological studies of surface texturing for application in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors. [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26123

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Northeastern University

11. Aljohani, Bassam S. Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids.

Degree: MS, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2018, Northeastern University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292869

► The air conditioning (AC) refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as well as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have been major factor affecting on the global warming. These harmful… (more)

▼ The air conditioning (AC) refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as well as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have been major factor affecting on the global warming. These harmful refrigerants have long life-span emissions and can travel to the stratospheric layer (20-50 km above the earths surface) that possess detrimental ultraviolet (UV) radiation and through a reactive chain a chlorine atom forms that break this beneficial layer of the ozone. The drawbacks of breaking this layer are countless, but to name one the (UV) radiation causes death to many species because of its high ozone depletion potentials (ODP) and high global warming potentials (GWP). Alternative substitutes to these refrigerants are the universally accepted demands of using low global warming potentials (low GWP) and low ozone depletion potentials (low ODP) refrigerants such as carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons (HC). In this thesis, a mixture of carbon dioxide with hydrocarbons (HC) such as propane, propylene, n-butane, and dimethyl ether are implemented to substitute the current refrigerants. The high-pressure problematic associated with carbon dioxide is reduced upon mixing with hydrocarbons (HC). In addition, the blending process lowers the flammability characteristic of the hydrocarbons (HC) since carbon dioxide is non-flammable refrigerant. The implementation was made based on the refrigerants thermodynamic characteristics, low toxicity, low global warming potentials (GWP), and zero ozone-depletion potentials (ODP). The study was performed on simulations by MATLAB code linked with REFPROP database for vapor compression cycle system consisting of compressor, condenser, throttling valve, energy exchanger, and evaporator. The blend of these hydrocarbons with carbon dioxide enhances the performance of the system at mole fraction of 10% and 90% of carbon dioxide. The blend of propane as well as propylene with carbon dioxide at these ratios reached the highest coefficient of performance (COP). Whereas the blend of n-butane with carbon dioxide has decreased the coefficient of performance (COP). The dimethyl ether with carbon dioxide has resulted in an intermediate coefficient of performance (COP) between the other two hydrocarbons. The volumetric cooling capacity (Qc) has been enhancing with the addition of carbon dioxide to maximum at mole fraction of 100% carbon dioxide.

Subjects/Keywords: carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons; low global warming potentials refrigerants; refrigerants; refrigeration system; vapor compression system

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APA (6^th Edition):

Aljohani, B. S. (2018). Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids. (Masters Thesis). Northeastern University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292869

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Aljohani, Bassam S. “Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Northeastern University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292869.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Aljohani, Bassam S. “Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids.” 2018. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Aljohani BS. Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Northeastern University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292869.

Council of Science Editors:

Aljohani BS. Performance assessment of vapor compression systems utilizing low global warming potential hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide as working fluids. [Masters Thesis]. Northeastern University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292869

NSYSU

12. Hsiao, Yu-Lung. Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System.

Degree: Master, Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, 2002, NSYSU

URL: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0710102-132227

► The optimizations of air-condition systems using naturalrefrigerants R-600a are studied in this thesis. The theories including the exergy analysis, heat transfer and fluid mechanics are… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: natural refrigerants; refrigerationcycle; optimization

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hsiao, Y. (2002). Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System. (Thesis). NSYSU. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0710102-132227

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hsiao, Yu-Lung. “Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System.” 2002. Thesis, NSYSU. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0710102-132227.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hsiao, Yu-Lung. “Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System.” 2002. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Hsiao Y. Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System. [Internet] [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2002. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0710102-132227.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hsiao Y. Optimal Simulation and Analysis of the Refrigerant R-600a Applied to an Air-Conditioning System. [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2002. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0710102-132227

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

13. Kebonte, Shiko A. Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

Degree: 2012, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181

►

M.Ing.

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics during in-tube condensation of nonazeotropic mixtures of R22/R142b in a smooth helically coiled copper tube with an inside… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heat exchangers - Fluid dynamics; Heat - Transmission; Refrigerants; Condensation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kebonte, S. A. (2012). Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kebonte, Shiko A. “Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger.” 2012. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kebonte, Shiko A. “Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kebonte SA. Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kebonte SA. Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients of R22/R142b in a water cooled helicaly coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6181

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

14. Lambrechts, Adriaan. Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes.

Degree: 2008, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753

►

M.Ing.

An experimental investigation was conducted into the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes during in-tube condensation. The study focused on… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heat transmission; Condensation; Refrigerants

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lambrechts, A. (2008). Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lambrechts, Adriaan. “Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes.” 2008. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lambrechts, Adriaan. “Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes.” 2008. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Lambrechts A. Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2008. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lambrechts A. Heat transfer performance during in-tube condensation in horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1753

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Lithuanian University of Agriculture

15. Jakštas, Edgaras. Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas.

Degree: Master, Mechanical Engineering, 2011, Lithuanian University of Agriculture

URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120541-38308 ;

►

Darbo tikslas – ištirti įvairių veiksnių įtaką šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugai. Dirbant su šaldymo įranga susiduriama su potencialiai pavojinga įranga ir pavojingomis cheminėmis medžiagomis, todėl… (more)

▼

Darbo tikslas – ištirti įvairių veiksnių įtaką šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugai. Dirbant su šaldymo įranga susiduriama su potencialiai pavojinga įranga ir pavojingomis cheminėmis medžiagomis, todėl šis darbas priskiriamas prie pavojingų. Dirbant pavojingus darbus galimas įvykis tai, kad įvyks nelaimingas atsitikimas, kurio padarinys – darbuotojo trauma (mirtina, sunki, lengva). Pagrindinis pavojus – naudojamos pavojingos cheminės medžiagos, tai šaltnešiai. Vieni šaltnešiai pavojingi aplinkai, kiti – žmogui. Pagrindinės problemos – šaltnešių nuotėkiai. Atlikus tyrimą, kuriame dalyvavo 2-jų įmonių darbuotojai (45 darbuotojai), kurie dirba su šaldymo įranga, nustatyta, jog kvalifikacijos lygis, kuris leidžia darbuotojams dirbti efektyviau ir saugiau yra įmonėje-1. Šioje įmonėje kvalifikaciniai apmokymai per pastaruosius 5 metus ženkliai didesni (jie sudaro net 90 proc.) nei įmonėje-2 (sudaro tik 73,4 proc.). Siekiant kontroliuoti ir sumažinti šaltnešių nuotėkį, reikalinga griežta naudotojų, tiekėjų ir tvarkytojų kontrolė, taip pat tinkamas šių įrenginių stovis ir aptarnavimas juos eksploatuojant bei remontuojant. Darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimas galėtų būti reikšminga priemonė mažinant nuotėkius ir apsaugant pačių darbuotojų sveikatą.

The aim of the research is to analyse the effect of various features on the safety of the refrigerating equipment. Working with refrigerating equipment encounters many potentially dangerous equipment and hazardous chemical substances, therefore this work is considered dangerous. There is always the possibility of accident and hence a worker’s trauma (lethal, serious, mild). The main danger in work is the chemical substances, refrigerants. Some refrigerants are dangerous to environment, some - to human. The main danger is a refrigerant leak. During the research, which included 45 workers in 2 organizations, who work with refrigerating equipment, I found out that the first organization is characterised in higher level of qualification that ensures effectiveness and safety. There were 5 times more qualification training (makes total of 90%) in 1st organization than in 2nd organization (makes total of 73,4 %) In order to control and reduce the leaks of refrigerants, there has to be a severe control of users, suppliers and administrators, also the proper condition and administration in exploitation and repair must be ensured. The qualification training may be an important measure in reducing the leaks and preventing the workers’ health.

Advisors/Committee Members: Vilkevičius, Gediminas (Master’s thesis supervisor), Nadzeikienė, Jūratė (Master’s thesis reviewer), Gylys, Algimantas Antanas (Master’s thesis reviewer).

Subjects/Keywords: Šaltnešiai; Pavojingos medžiagos; Rizika; Prevencija; Refrigerants; Dangerous substances; Risk; Prevention

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jakštas, Edgaras. (2011). Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas. (Masters Thesis). Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120541-38308 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jakštas, Edgaras. “Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120541-38308 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jakštas, Edgaras. “Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas.” 2011. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

Jakštas, Edgaras. Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Lithuanian University of Agriculture; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120541-38308 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Council of Science Editors:

Jakštas, Edgaras. Šaldymo įrangos naudojimo saugos tyrimas. [Masters Thesis]. Lithuanian University of Agriculture; 2011. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120541-38308 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

University of Adelaide

16. Au, Edwin C.F. A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow.

Degree: 1999, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373

► This study aims to develop a computational scheme (AuCFD) for calculating refrigerant properties, two-phase heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop of R12 and R134a in… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heat – Transmission Refrigerants Thermodynamics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Au, E. C. F. (1999). A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Au, Edwin C F. “A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow.” 1999. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Au, Edwin C F. “A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow.” 1999. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Au ECF. A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1999. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Au ECF. A computational scheme for calculating refrigerant properties & heat transfer in boiling tube flow. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1999. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120373

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Colorado

17. Coolidge, Collin Jennings. Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers.

Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/138

► This thesis presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of several coldstages intended to investigate the feasibility of a low pressure ratio three stage cascaded Joule-Thomson… (more)

▼ This thesis presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of several coldstages intended to investigate the feasibility of a low pressure ratio three stage cascaded Joule-Thomson (JT) based cryogenic cooler. The coldstages investigated use single component refrigerants operating at pressure ratios of less than 0.5:0.1 MPa. Low pressure ratio single component refrigerants offer an order of magnitude higher specific refrigeration capacity but a narrower temperature range of cooling when compared to mixed refrigerants. Cryogenic temperatures can be reached by cascading several self-contained JT refrigeration cycles. A micro-fabricated polyimide based single stage coldstage is built using micro-fabrication techniques developed in previous works. Several processing challenges are identified and recommended solutions and best practices are implemented. Control of the JT restriction is difficult as the polyimide micro-channels expand under high internal pressure. The coldstage is run in a high pressure environment to press the JT restriction into the correct geometry and cools to 280 K. To better control the JT restriction, a glass capillary based coldstage design is identified. The coldstage uses a glass capillary to form the JT restriction. The coldstage cools to 267 K and 283 K when run in a vacuum environment and atmosphere respectively as calculated. The coldstage is integrated with a mini-compressor and intermittently cools to 288 K in atmosphere. The glass capillary design is further developed to make a two stage cascaded coldstage with a Kapton tube-in-tube inter-stage heat exchanger. The coldstage cools to 228 K with a net refrigeration power of 150 mW. A three stage coldstage is demonstrated using the same design. The coldstage cools to 193 K with net refrigeration power of 15 mW. The coldstages presented demonstrate the feasibility of low pressure ratio cascaded JT cryogenic coolers. The efficiencies of the coldstages are low because of large natural heat leak into the systems and inefficiencies of the inter-stage heat exchangers. Future work can improve efficiencies through design optimization of the inter-stage heat exchangers and implementation of more significant thermal insulation. An in-depth review of micro-fabrication techniques based on mechanical design, thermal design, and quality and ease of fabrication is needed for future scalability. Advisors/Committee Members: Y. C. Lee, Ray Radebaugh.

Subjects/Keywords: cryogenic coolers; refrigerants; coldstage; Joule-Thomson; Mechanical Engineering

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Coolidge, C. J. (2017). Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/138

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Coolidge, Collin Jennings. “Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/138.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Coolidge, Collin Jennings. “Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers.” 2017. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Coolidge CJ. Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/138.

Council of Science Editors:

Coolidge CJ. Low Pressure Ratio Cascaded Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Coolers. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/138

University of Victoria

18. Peksoy, Ozan. Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators.

Degree: Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, University of Victoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/413

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants; Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Peksoy, O. (2008). Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators. (Thesis). University of Victoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1828/413

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Peksoy, Ozan. “Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators.” 2008. Thesis, University of Victoria. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/413.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Peksoy, Ozan. “Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators.” 2008. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Peksoy O. Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2008. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/413.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Peksoy O. Demagnetizing effects in active magnetic regenerators. [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/413

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

19. Mort, Katherine Ann. The liquid structure of haloalkanes.

Degree: PhD, 1998, University of Liverpool

URL: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263872

Subjects/Keywords: 547; Liquid benzene; Refrigerants

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mort, K. A. (1998). The liquid structure of haloalkanes. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Liverpool. Retrieved from https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263872

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mort, Katherine Ann. “The liquid structure of haloalkanes.” 1998. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Liverpool. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263872.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mort, Katherine Ann. “The liquid structure of haloalkanes.” 1998. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mort KA. The liquid structure of haloalkanes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Liverpool; 1998. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263872.

Council of Science Editors:

Mort KA. The liquid structure of haloalkanes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Liverpool; 1998. Available from: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263872

Michigan State University

20. Lindberg, Bruce Ernest. Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2009, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17389

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigerants – Economic aspects; Refrigerants – Environmental aspects; Water; Air conditioning; Vapor density

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lindberg, B. E. (2009). Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17389

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lindberg, Bruce Ernest. “Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.” 2009. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17389.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lindberg, Bruce Ernest. “Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.” 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Lindberg BE. Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17389.

Council of Science Editors:

Lindberg BE. Enabling technology for the use of R718 in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2009. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17389

Brno University of Technology

21. Kotas, Marek. Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building.

Degree: 2019, Brno University of Technology

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/179699

► The Bachelor thesis introduces a design of ventilation and air-conditioning equipment for an administrative building. The function of the device is to create a high-quality… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Vzduchotechnika; chlazení; klimatizace; administrativní objekt; interní mikroklima; chladiva; životní prostředí; regulace chladiv.; Ventilation; cooling; air-conditioning; administrative building; internal microclimate; refrigerants; environment; regulation of refrigerants.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kotas, M. (2019). Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building. (Thesis). Brno University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11012/179699

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kotas, Marek. “Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building.” 2019. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/179699.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kotas, Marek. “Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building.” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kotas M. Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building. [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/179699.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kotas M. Větrání a chlazení administrativního objektu: Ventilation and cooling of administrative building. [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/179699

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

22. Cunha, Amélia Cristina Ferreira. Cafeína, apetite e sono.

Degree: 2013, Universidade Fernando Pessoa

URL: http://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bdigital.ufp.pt:10284/4088

►

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

O presente trabalho foca… (more)

▼

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

O presente trabalho foca o consumo da cafeína, relatando os seus efeitos a nível do apetite e sono. As consequências benéficas ou maléficas do consumo de cafeína ainda não estão verdadeiramente esclarecidas, e por isso merecem cada vez mais atenção, dada a constante preocupação pela saúde e bem-estar da sociedade em geral. Esta relação foi estudada a partir de um estudo estatístico onde foi realizado um inquérito a 100 alunos da Universidade Fernando Pessoa. A amostra populacional foi constituída por 29% homens e 71% mulheres, que possuíam idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 40 anos. Destes indivíduos, 49% consomem chá, 48% refrigerantes ou bebidas energéticas, 65% chocolate e 71% café. Quanto à qualidade de sono 68% apresenta boa qualidade e 32% má qualidade de sono. Na avaliação da sonolência diurna 60% não apresenta e 40% apresenta sonolência diurna. Quanto à alteração do apetite por parte dos consumidores de café apenas 12,7% demonstraram redução do apetite, 31% afirmaram que este se manteve e 56,3% revelaram nunca averiguar qualquer influência. Após análise estatística dos dados com o teste de Qui-Quadrado, verificou-se que as variáveis eram independentes. Embora os resultados não sejam significativamente estatísticos, pode dizer-se que a nível da avaliação da capacidade do consumo de cafeína influenciar o apetite, a maioria dos inquiridos revelou nunca averiguar qualquer alteração. Relativamente à avaliação do sono avaliou-se duas variáveis, designadamente a qualidade do sono e a sonolência diurna. Quanto à qualidade do sono os resultados demonstram que o consumo de cafeína não afeta esta variável. Quanto à avaliação da sonolência diurna, para as fontes de cafeína derivadas do café e do chocolate verificou-se uma diminuição desta. O mesmo não se verificou para as outras fontes estudadas, como o chá e os refrigerantes ou bebidas energéticas. Neste estudo, a cafeína revelou de alguma forma interferir no sono mas não no apetite. This study focuses on the consumption of caffeine, reporting their effects on appetite and sleep. The beneficial or harmful effects of caffeine consumption are not truly enlightened, and therefore deserve increased attention, given the constant concern for the human health and well-being of society. This relationship has been studied from a statistical study which was conducted a survey of 100 students at the University Fernando Pessoa. The sample population consisted of 29% men and 71% women where aged ranged between 18 and 40 years old. The study reported that 49% of the individuals consume tea, 48% refrigerants and drinks energy, 65% chocolate and 71% coffee. Relatively to the quality of sleep 68% presents good quality and 32% poor quality. In the assessment of daytime sleepiness, 60% presents and 40% has no features daytime sleepiness. Regarding the change in appetite from…

Advisors/Committee Members: Silva, Raquel.

Subjects/Keywords: Apetite; Café; Cafeína; Chocolate; Exercício físico; Refrigerantes; Sono; Appetite; Caffeine; Chocolate; Coffee; Exercise; Refrigerants; Sleep

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cunha, A. C. F. (2013). Cafeína, apetite e sono. (Thesis). Universidade Fernando Pessoa. Retrieved from http://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bdigital.ufp.pt:10284/4088

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cunha, Amélia Cristina Ferreira. “Cafeína, apetite e sono.” 2013. Thesis, Universidade Fernando Pessoa. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bdigital.ufp.pt:10284/4088.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cunha, Amélia Cristina Ferreira. “Cafeína, apetite e sono.” 2013. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Cunha ACF. Cafeína, apetite e sono. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidade Fernando Pessoa; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bdigital.ufp.pt:10284/4088.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cunha ACF. Cafeína, apetite e sono. [Thesis]. Universidade Fernando Pessoa; 2013. Available from: http://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bdigital.ufp.pt:10284/4088

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

NSYSU

23. Wu, Chun-Yi. Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system.

Degree: Master, Mechanical Engineering, 2000, NSYSU

URL: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0706100-094850

► The characteristics of thermofluid flow cycle for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system are studied in this project. In system performance… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: air-conditioning system; optimized; natural refrigerants

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wu, C. (2000). Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system. (Thesis). NSYSU. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0706100-094850

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wu, Chun-Yi. “Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system.” 2000. Thesis, NSYSU. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0706100-094850.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wu, Chun-Yi. “Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system.” 2000. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Wu C. Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system. [Internet] [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0706100-094850.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wu C. Simulation and Analysis of the Characteristics of Thermal Fliuid Cycles for natural refrigerants R-600a and R-290 applying to an air-conditioning system. [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0706100-094850

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

24. Rebelo, Rui Miguel Pinto Torres. Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado.

Degree: 2017, Instituto Politécnico do Porto

URL: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10402

► O signatário da tese trabalhou aproximadamente oito anos em assistência técnica e manutenção em sistemas de AVAC&R (Aquecimento Ventilação e Ar Condicionado & Refrigeração) sendo… (more)

▼ O signatário da tese trabalhou aproximadamente oito anos em assistência técnica e manutenção em sistemas de AVAC&R (Aquecimento Ventilação e Ar Condicionado & Refrigeração) sendo que pretendeu aprofundar os seus conhecimentos sobre os fluidos frigorigéneos naturais, nomeadamente do R-744, motivo pelo qual surgiu o tema da presente dissertação. Com a finalidade de perceber os altos e baixos do R-744, analisou-se a história dos fluidos frigorigéneos e constatou-se que pode haver um enquadramento em cinco gerações. A transição da primeira geração (qualquer fluido frigorigéneo era utilizado) para a segunda geração (melhorar a fiabilidade e preservar a segurança e a durabilidade dos equipamentos e dos frigorigéneos) resultou em diversas oportunidades de melhorias tecnológicas. As próximas duas transições, terceira (proteção do ozono) e a quarta (mitigação do aquecimento global) resultaram em alterações regulamentares para a proteção ambiental e, mais tarde, em oportunidades de negócios. O R-744 deu os primeiros passos na primeira geração por volta dos anos 60 do século XIX e teve o auge na década de 30 do seculo XX. Nos anos 60 do século XX, durante a segunda geração, perdeu importância e quase foi extinto, fruto da depressão, fraca modernidade da tecnologia e o aparecimento dos fluidos CFCs e HCFCs. Na década de 90 do século XX, terceira geração, o R-744 reaparece devido à revisão da tecnologia de refrigeração e por motivo ecológico. O R-744 destaca-se dos outros fluidos frigorigéneos naturais por ser o único não inflamável, não tóxico (não excedendo os 4 a 5% de concentração), com possibilidade de operar num ciclo de compressão de vapor abaixo de 0 °C e com a característica de ser o mais económico no processo de produção. Verificou-se que o R-744, devido às suas propriedades, é um frigorigéneo que trabalha em ciclo subcrítico de compressão de vapor ou transcrítico de compressão de vapor. Foram inúmeras as dificuldades iniciais para recolher informação sobre os sistemas transcríticos com R-744 dado que ainda é uma tecnologia que está em desenvolvimento e a informação disponibilizada pelos fabricantes é reduzida. Quando o R-744 trabalha em subcrítico, o lado da alta pressão do circuito situa-se abaixo do ponto crítico (31 °C, 73,6bar) e encontra-se num processo convencional habitualmente chamado de “condensação”. Quando o R-744 trabalha em transcrítico, acima do ponto crítico, não existe condensação e não é possível transferir calor latente do “gas cooler” para o meio ambiente, existindo só transferência de calor sensível. Constatou-se que, para o ciclo transcrítico com o R-744 ter melhor desempenho, tem que se recorrer a tecnologia adicional como a compressão paralela, ejetores, entre outras. Na presente dissertação mostraram-se várias aplicações reais, subcríticas e transcríticas, com a finalidade de transmitir que o R-744 pode ser aplicado em qualquer situação, sendo apenas uma questão de tecnologia. Com o anteprojecto da instalação pretendeu-se demonstrar a complexidade e o custo de uma central de refrigeração… Advisors/Committee Members: Ribeiro, Leonardo José da Silva.

Subjects/Keywords: Fluidos Frigorigéneos; Dióxido de Carbono; Refrigeração; Ar Condicionado; Refrigerants; Carbon dioxide; Refrigeration; Air Conditioning

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rebelo, R. M. P. T. (2017). Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado. (Thesis). Instituto Politécnico do Porto. Retrieved from https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10402

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rebelo, Rui Miguel Pinto Torres. “Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado.” 2017. Thesis, Instituto Politécnico do Porto. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10402.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rebelo, Rui Miguel Pinto Torres. “Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado.” 2017. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Rebelo RMPT. Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado. [Internet] [Thesis]. Instituto Politécnico do Porto; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10402.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rebelo RMPT. Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigeração e Ar Condicionado. [Thesis]. Instituto Politécnico do Porto; 2017. Available from: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10402

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Michigan

25. Kim, Youngil. Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical engineering, 1993, University of Michigan

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/129071

► Recent studies have indicated that chlorofluorocarbon compounds that are widely used as refrigerants in vapor-compression refrigeration cycles and as propellants are the major suspect to… (more)

▼ Recent studies have indicated that chlorofluorocarbon compounds that are widely used as refrigerants in vapor-compression refrigeration cycles and as propellants are the major suspect to the depletion of the upper atmosphere ozone layer which protects the earth from the harmful radiation. Studies need to be made to replace these refrigerants with alternatives that are safe to our environment. In order to develop new refrigerants, we need to have a better generalized equation of state that can predict thermodynamic properties of the methane and ethane series refrigerants with a minimum number of characteristic parameters. In this work, a four-parameter generalized equation of state with three reference fluids is developed and compared with the experimental data. Significant improvement has been achieved over other well known generalized equations of state such as Lee-Kesler and Wu-Stiel. Some refrigerant mixtures have favorable thermodynamic properties and possess great potential as the working fluids in the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The generalized equation of state, combined with the mixing rules suggested in this study will be used in predicting thermodynamic properties of the mixture. The generalized equation of state requires only four characteristic parameters. For some refrigerants, however, even these parameters are not available. This problem arises if the refrigerant of interest has not yet been manufactured or the experimental data are unreliable or insufficient. To solve this problem, estimation of these parameters based on the group contribution method which only requires the information of the molecular structure is given. Coefficients from original work are recalculated to give better results for the refrigerants. Finally, the generalized equation of state is applied to an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. Small deviation from other existing equations of state which have been developed by fitting an extensive number of experimental data verifies the accuracy of this work. If the normal boiling temperature of a substance is known, other thermodynamic properties can be predicted with significant accuracy. Composition dependence of the coefficient of performance using binary non-azeotropic mixtures of R22 + R12 and R22 + R114 are calculated and the optimum composition is suggested. This work will provide a valuable tool for studying refrigeration cycles with different pure and mixed refrigerants. It can also be used to search for new alternative refrigerants that do not destruct the ozone layer. Advisors/Committee Members: Sonntag, Richard E. (advisor), Borgnakke, Claus (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Applications; Equation; Generalized; Of; Refrigerants; State

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kim, Y. (1993). Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/129071

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kim, Youngil. “Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications.” 1993. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/129071.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kim, Youngil. “Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications.” 1993. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kim Y. Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Michigan; 1993. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/129071.

Council of Science Editors:

Kim Y. Generalized equation of state for refrigerants with applications. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Michigan; 1993. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/129071

26. Parag, Dadeech. Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers.

Degree: 1995, University of Tennessee – Chattanooga

URL: LB2369.2 .D334 1995 ; https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/676

► This thesis deals with the evaluation of the impact of alternate refrigerants on the thermal design parameters of different heat exchangers, such as, plate fin… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heat exchangers – Thermodynamics; Refrigerants – Thermal properties

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Parag, D. (1995). Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers. (Masters Thesis). University of Tennessee – Chattanooga. Retrieved from LB2369.2 .D334 1995 ; https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/676

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Parag, Dadeech. “Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers.” 1995. Masters Thesis, University of Tennessee – Chattanooga. Accessed January 24, 2021. LB2369.2 .D334 1995 ; https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/676.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Parag, Dadeech. “Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers.” 1995. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Parag D. Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Tennessee – Chattanooga; 1995. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: LB2369.2 .D334 1995 ; https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/676.

Council of Science Editors:

Parag D. Impact of alternative refrigerants on evaporator design and analysis of compact heat exchangers. [Masters Thesis]. University of Tennessee – Chattanooga; 1995. Available from: LB2369.2 .D334 1995 ; https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/676

Purdue University

27. Dharkar, Supriya. CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND.

Degree: MSME, Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Purdue University

URL: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1104

► Many commercial buildings, including data centers, hotels and hospitals, have a simultaneous heating and cooling demand depending on the season, occupation and auxiliary equipment. A… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Data Centers; Energy; Environment; Heat Pumps; Natural Refrigerants; Simultaneous Heating and Cooling

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Dharkar, S. (2015). CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND. (Thesis). Purdue University. Retrieved from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1104

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dharkar, Supriya. “CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND.” 2015. Thesis, Purdue University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1104.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dharkar, Supriya. “CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND.” 2015. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Dharkar S. CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND. [Internet] [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1104.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Dharkar S. CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS WITH SIMULTANEOUS HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND. [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2015. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1104

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

28. Liebenberg, Leon. A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939

D.Ing.

Subjects/Keywords: Heat transmission; Heat exchangers; Condensation; Refrigerants

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Liebenberg, L. (2009). A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Liebenberg, Leon. “A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Liebenberg, Leon. “A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance.” 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Liebenberg L. A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Liebenberg L. A unified prediction method for smooth and micro-fin tube condensation performance. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1939

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

29. Spearing, Ian Gregory. Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry.

Degree: Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, University of Victoria

URL: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9859

► Cost-effective liquefaction of gases at cryogenic temperatures requires a combined approach of designing efficient refrigeration cycles to generate cooling capacity and designing efficient liquefaction processes… (more)

▼ Cost-effective liquefaction of gases at cryogenic temperatures requires a combined approach of designing efficient refrigeration cycles to generate cooling capacity and designing efficient liquefaction processes to utilize that capacity. This dissertation addresses both approaches for improvement of the liquefaction process. Magnetic refrigeration employing the magnetocaloric effect of ferromagnetic materials has been identified as potentially more efficient and cost-effective than conventional refrigeration systems. One magnetic cycle that shows promise for efficiently achieving cooling over large temperature spans is active magnetic regenerative refrigeration (AMRR). In this cycle the magnetic material serves the dual functions of work input and thermal regeneration, however the operation is complex with coupled fluid, thermal, and magnetic phenomena and a clearer understanding of the regenerative operation is required. Models to elucidate the flow characteristics of the regenerative heat exchangers of rotary AMRR and Gifford-McMahon (GM) systems using a commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package are described. Theoretical results are presented to qualify and quantify the effect of maldistributed flow within regenerators. Experimental results of an improved regenerator for the GM system based on the CFD flow simulations are presented. Efforts to develop an improved AMRR thermal model using the commercial package are also described. The second approach for the design of efficient liquefiers addresses a drawback of the usual embodiment of the AMRR cycle, namely, the provision of cooling at a single temperature which necessitates that cryogenic designs have multiple stages providing cooling over a range of discrete temperatures for an efficient liquefaction process. Use of multiple stages leads to increased expense and complexity. A simple, inexpensive plumbing change of the flow through the regenerator of a single-stage device can significantly increase the overall liquefaction capacity compared to the usual flow configuration making additional staging unnecessary. This dissertation describes the alternative flow arrangement, known variously as “bypass flow,” “permanent flow,” or “DC flow,” which is suitable for all passive and active regenerative refrigeration cycles used as liquefiers. Theoretical results showing increased liquefaction capacity when bypass flow is employed are given for active magnetic regenerative and Gifford-McMahon systems. Experimental results are presented for a single-stage GM refrigerator modified for bypass flow which demonstrates increased liquefaction capacity. Advisors/Committee Members: Barclay, John A . (supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery; Refrigerants

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Spearing, I. G. (2018). Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry. (Thesis). University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9859

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Spearing, Ian Gregory. “Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry.” 2018. Thesis, University of Victoria. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9859.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Spearing, Ian Gregory. “Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry.” 2018. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Spearing IG. Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9859.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Spearing IG. Improving the refrigeration and gas liquefaction performance of Gifford-McMahon and active magnetic regenerative cryocoolers: a study of flow maldistribution, unbalance, and asymmetry. [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2018. Available from: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9859

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of KwaZulu-Natal

30. Ngema, Peterson Thokozani. Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants.

Degree: 2019, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18670

► The world is facing a challenge with the scarcity of fresh water, due to an increase in the world population and the large expansion of… (more)

▼ The world is facing a challenge with the scarcity of fresh water, due to an increase in the world population and the large expansion of industrial projects. This results in greater demand for fresh water. In such a scenario, seawater shows the potential as an alternative source of fresh water, if a suitable purification system can be economically incorporated. Desalination is a process used to remove salts from seawater, in so doing, converting into fresh water. In general, there are two desalination processes, which are thermal processes and membrane processes. These processes are used in water industries to treat seawater and wastewater. Seawater and industrial wastewater contain higher concentration of minerals such as NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2, which need to be eliminated from drinking water. However, the thermal and membrane processes consume a large amount of energy. They are costly to operate because of the scaling and membrane damage that is caused by saturated sulphates and the presence of chlorides, respectively. It is important to recover fresh water from concentrated brine solutions at ambient conditions, consequently, desalination using gas hydrate technology has been proposed by several researchers to be an alternative technology. This is simply because gas hydrate technology offers one of the most promising economical alternatives for desalination of seawater and industrial wastewater, especially in the use of fluorinated refrigerants as hydrate former in the presence of a promoter. The use of fluorinated refrigerants to form gas hydrate is attractive because it may facilitate hydrate formation in ambient environments. Then, the dissociation of gas hydrate results in the production of fresh water after all the minerals and contaminants are eliminated. However, there is a lack of research regarding the formation of hydrate using fluorinated refrigerants with single and mixed electrolytes, as well as in the presence of promoter. Consequently, one of the objectives of this study was to conduct the extensive research that is required for the hydrate phase equilibrium data for refrigerants, with electrolyte solution (single and mixed electrolytes), as well as in the presence of the promoter. The generated hydrate dissociation data and the apparent rate constant obtained from the kinetic data were used to design the gas hydrate reactor for the proposed process for the treatment of seawater and industrial wastewater using gas hydrate technology. Another objective of this study was to develop a hydrate electrolyte equation of state to model the generated data as well as to undertake future predictions.Hydrate dissociation data were measured using the non-visual isochoric equilibrium cell designed by author in the MSc programme in 2014to conduct a gas hydrate measurement. In this study, gas hydrate measurements were conducted using the pressure-search method. The synthetic saline solutions were prepared within a typical range for industrial wastewater concentrations,such as those found at Tutuka… Advisors/Committee Members: Ramjugernath, Deresh. (advisor), Mohammadi, Amir Hossein. (advisor), Naidoo, Paramespri. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Desalination.; Wastewater.; Seawater.; Refrigerants.; Gas hydrate technology.; Water purification systems.; Water scarcity.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Ngema, P. T. (2019). Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18670

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ngema, Peterson Thokozani. “Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants.” 2019. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18670.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ngema, Peterson Thokozani. “Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants.” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Ngema PT. Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18670.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ngema PT. Hydrate technology for the concentration of aqueous salt solutions using fluorinated refrigerants. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2019. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18670

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

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