subject:(pyrolysis)

Oregon State University

1. Bengali, Sadiq S. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, 1981, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bengali, S. S. (1981). Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bengali, Sadiq S. “Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.” 1981. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bengali, Sadiq S. “Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.” 1981. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bengali SS. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326.

Council of Science Editors:

Bengali SS. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

University of Pretoria

2. Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.

Degree: MEng, Chemical Engineering, 2015, University of Pretoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

► Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermochemical conversion process whereby the long lignocellulosic polymers in biomass are cracked into several higher-value products such as bio-oil, bio-char… (more)

▼ Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermochemical conversion process whereby the long lignocellulosic polymers in biomass are cracked into several higher-value products such as bio-oil, bio-char and combustible non-condensable gases (NCG). Fast pyrolysis in particular is aimed at maximising the yield of crude liquid bio-oil, with the production of bio-char and NCG as co-products. Since a large quantity of under-utilised biomass is produced in the forestry sector annually, as by-product from harvesting, this sector has shown particular interest in this process. Furthermore, the continuing drive for renewable and sustainable energy production, particularly of drop-in liquid biofuels, has urged the development of such technology on a commercial scale. The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the technical feasibility and performance of the scalable dual fluidised bed (DFB) reactor system designed and constructed at the University of Pretoria by Swart in 2012. The sub-objectives of this study were as follows: • Biomass pre-treatment equipment was implemented to ensure that the physical characteristics of the biomass feedstock meet the pyrolysis process requirements. • The scalable DFB reactor system, including all sub-systems and ancillary equipment, was commissioned to ensure satisfactory operation of the complete system. • Continuous, steady-state experimental runs were conducted to produce fast pyrolysis products in the scalable DFB reactor system. • The fast pyrolysis products were quantified and characterised to evaluate the technical feasibility of the DFB reactor system. • A material and energy balance was conducted over the pyrolysis fluidised bed (PFB) reactor to quantify its performance. Eucalyptus grandis raw material, as received from Sappi Southern Africa’s Ngodwana mill, was successfully converted to bio-oil, bio-char and NCG in the scalable DFB reactor system. Fast pyrolysis was conducted at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, a vapour residence time of 4 s and a sawdust feed rate of 2.0 kg/h. The PFB reactor temperature could be controlled easily, at the desired setpoint (500 °C), by continuously circulating hot solids between the two bubbling fluidised beds. The excellent temperature control of the PFB reactor makes the DFB system a suitable reactor system for the fast pyrolysis of biomass on a commercial scale. At these PFB reactor conditions the yield of fast pyrolysis products, on a dry feedstock basis, was determined as 36.3, 14.0 and 49.7 weight % for bio-oil, NCG and bio-char respectively. High-value process heat, in the form of hot flue gas (450–500 °C), was produced in the combustion fluidised bed Although the crude liquid bio-oil contained highly oxygenated compounds (including organic acids, water, alcohols, esters, sugars, aldehydes, ketones, furans, pyrans and phenolics) it may be utilised for heat generation when co-fired with conventional fossil fuels, including heavy furnace oil. However, the scalable DFB reactor system allows for integrated catalytic fast… Advisors/Committee Members: Heydenrych, Mike D. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

Grobler, A. B. L. (2015). Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. “Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. “Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.” 2015. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Grobler ABL. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758.

Council of Science Editors:

Grobler ABL. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

Oregon State University

3. Fleming, Michael Paul. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.

Degree: MS, Chemistry, 1973, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fleming, M. P. (1973). Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fleming, Michael Paul. “Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.” 1973. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fleming, Michael Paul. “Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.” 1973. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Fleming MP. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1973. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221.

Council of Science Editors:

Fleming MP. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1973. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Oregon State University

4. Chang, Li-yang R. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, 1981, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chang, L. R. (1981). Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chang, Li-yang R. “Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.” 1981. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chang, Li-yang R. “Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.” 1981. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Chang LR. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057.

Council of Science Editors:

Chang LR. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

Texas Tech University

5. Al-Haj-Ali, Najeh Saleh. Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis.

Degree: Chemical Engineering, 1974, Texas Tech University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/13996

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Al-Haj-Ali, N. S. (1974). Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis. (Thesis). Texas Tech University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2346/13996

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Al-Haj-Ali, Najeh Saleh. “Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis.” 1974. Thesis, Texas Tech University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2346/13996.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Al-Haj-Ali, Najeh Saleh. “Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis.” 1974. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Al-Haj-Ali NS. Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas Tech University; 1974. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/13996.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Al-Haj-Ali NS. Reaction kinetics and thermophysical properties of feedlot waste during drying and pyrolysis. [Thesis]. Texas Tech University; 1974. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/13996

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alberta

6. Dhir, Satarupa. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.

Degree: MS, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2015, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

► Oil sands found in Athabasca and Cold Lake regions of Northern Alberta form Canada’s primary source of energy reserves. Asphaltenes, a significant part of bitumen… (more)

▼ Oil sands found in Athabasca and Cold Lake regions of Northern Alberta form Canada’s primary source of energy reserves. Asphaltenes, a significant part of bitumen is often considered to be the least valuable component of crude oil due to various factors such as difficulty in transporting and processing. However, utilization of asphaltenes plays a crucial role in overall economics of oil sands extraction. Gasification of asphaltenes can result in much needed hydrogen for upgrading of bitumen. Pyrolysis is the first step in gasification that directs formation of soot on one hand and char formation on the other. However, very limited study has been carried out on pyrolysis of asphaltenes in entrained bed conditions. Single particle investigations are useful since they are conducted in a well-controlled environment allowing elimination of complexities arising from particle-particle interactions. In this work, pyrolysis of pulverized Asphaltenes feedstock was carried out in a drop tube furnace (DTF) maintained in atmospheric pressure. Effect of furnace temperature and particle size on char formation and char characteristics were investigated. Chars obtained from higher particle size (1.7mm to 0.85mm) at 600˚C, 700˚C and 800˚C exhibited similar morphology to that of pure asphaltenes while pyrolysis of particle sizes ranging from 250-425µm at higher temperatures (700-900˚C) demonstrated better results with 10-2% volatile matter remaining in char. SEM as well as cross sectional images of char particles indicated formation of cenospheres and fragmentation of char particles at higher pyrolysis temperatures. High pyrolysis temperatures also implicated loss of active sites, increase in alkene content and aromatic condensation. ICP MS investigation validated retention of K and Na along with heavy elements such as V, Ni and Cu at temperatures above 700ᵒC. Morphology of char obtained at different oxygen partial pressures was also examined. Ultimately, the combustion reactivities of char obtained at 700ᵒC, 800ᵒC and 900ᵒC for particle sizes 425µm-0.85mm, 355-425µm and 250-355µm were compared.

Subjects/Keywords: CharCharacterization; Asphaltenes; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Dhir, S. (2015). Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dhir, Satarupa. “Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed March 04, 2021. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dhir, Satarupa. “Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.” 2015. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Dhir S. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813.

Council of Science Editors:

Dhir S. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 2015. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

Cornell University

7. Smith, Krystle. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres.

Degree: M.S., Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

► Two one-dimensional numerical simulations were developed to model the pyrolysis of wood spheres, based on the proposed model developed by Park et al., 2010. Both… (more)

▼ Two one-dimensional numerical simulations were developed to model the pyrolysis of wood spheres, based on the proposed model developed by Park et al., 2010. Both of these models include physical processes coupled with a kinetic mechanism that describes the pyrolysis reactions, including heat transfer within the wood particle, chemical decomposition of wood into products, and the pressure-driven flow of gas-phase species through the porous media, described using Darcy's law. The Park model used the kinetic mechanism developed by Park et al., 2010, where wood decomposes through a few parallel reactions and secondary reactions to form gas, tar, and char. The Gauthier model implements a more detailed kinetic mechanism, presented by Gauthier et al., 2013, which describes the decomposition of the main constituents of wood - cellulose, hemicellulose, and three types of lignin - and characterizes gas and tar fractions with a limited number of components. To accurately determine the ability of the model to predict the pyrolysis process, both models were configured to match the experimental conditions presented in this thesis. This included an in depth study into the external heat transfer, material properties, and some kinetic parameters from the Park model used in the simulation. Model outputs were compared to thermogravimetric analysis mass loss profiles and time-resolved temperature and species profiles of permanent gases and several light volatiles from the slow pyrolysis of dry poplar wood spheres. Model predictions from both the Park and Gauthier kinetic mechanisms matched reasonably well with experimental data, although the Gauthier model predicted a very large production of species from the desorption of chemisorbed species at higher temperatures that was not seen experimentally. Additionally, both models were generally able to predict the trends in yields of species with particle size and temperature. From this study, the following were determined: (1) The main release of gaseous products occurred before the exothermic peak seen in the temperature profiles, which supports the view that this peak is caused by the decomposition of an intermediate solid. (2) Both the Park and Gauthier models predicted a higher yield for tar and a lower yield for char than seen experimentally, which could be caused by secondary char being formed from the decomposition of tar as it moves through the biomass particle. (3) Two peaks were observed in the species profiles for CH4 at low temperatures, supporting the notion of the release of chemisorbed species that is implemented in the Gauthier model; however, this release is much smaller than predicted by the model. The development of the Gauthier model contributes considerably to numerical modeling of the pyrolysis process. This model provides detailed information on the composition of volatiles being produced through the slow pyrolysis of thermally thick particles, as well as the timing of the release of specific species. While there are many advantages to using this model to predict… Advisors/Committee Members: Fisher-York, Elizabeth (chair), Datta, Ashim K (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; Biomass; Model

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APA (6^th Edition):

Smith, K. (2014). A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smith, Krystle. “A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smith, Krystle. “A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Smith K. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107.

Council of Science Editors:

Smith K. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

University of Newcastle

8. Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.

Degree: PhD, 2012, University of Newcastle

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

►

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pressure is one of the less studied parameters in respect to its effect on the pyrolysis of biomass.… (more)

▼

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pressure is one of the less studied parameters in respect to its effect on the pyrolysis of biomass. Most of the understanding of this effect is qualitative in nature. Very little insight has been reported in the literature, into the intrinsic physical and chemical processes governing the effect of pressure on the pyrolytic behaviour of biomass and its main structural components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The lack of a well scrutinised mechanistic model, able to account for the effect of pressure during biomass pyrolysis, reflects the present state of art in the field. This has hindered the development of suitable biomass thermal-converter unit operations functioning under optimised pressure, temperature and residence time, able to produce desirable products. These outputs may include the attainment of a specific phase partition (char, bio-oil and gases) and manipulation of the composition of these phases. Aiming to fill this important gap in knowledge, the primary objective of the present research was to investigate the effect of pressure and vapour-phase residence time on the pyrolysis characteristics of biomass. In pursuing this objective, we have designed and assembled a flexible fixed-bed high pressure experimental rig. Subsequently, we have deployed the rig to perform experiments on wood chips of biomass samples of eucalypt (Eucalyptus acmenoides) sapwood and heartwood, camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) heartwood, pine (Pine radiata) sapwood, and sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinanum). We have also undertaken experiments on commercial and experimentally extracted components of biomass (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin). Our experiments comprised a thermal treatment which included a heating rate of 5 °C/min and Tmax of 450 °C, under an inert purge gas atmosphere of N2. We have executed parameterised experiments varying pressure (from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa) and vapour-phase residence time (0.6, 1.5, and 15 min). We have also carried out experiments on a high-pressure thermo-gravimetric apparatus, under operating conditions similar to those deployed in the experimental rig. The analytical instrumentation consisted of a micro gas chromatograph, allowing on-line analysis and quantification of the gaseous species, and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the tarry fraction. Proximate and ultimate analyses of samples and pyrolysis products were performed using standard analytical techniques. From this set of experiments, we were able to demonstrate a dependence of product phase yields (char, tar and gases), their composition, and their quality on the structural composition of woody biomass. We have found that lignin contributes the most, and cellulose the least to the formation of char. We have also demonstrated that high pressures and long vapour-phase residence times act concomitantly to produce a high yield of char and gases, as a consequence of a reduction in the yield of tar. Cellulose responded to…

Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering.

Subjects/Keywords: pyrolysis; biomass; pressure

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lucas, L. H. M. (2012). Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. “Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. “Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Lucas LHM. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969.

Council of Science Editors:

Lucas LHM. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

Massey University

9. Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.

Degree: PhD, Process Engineering, 2016, Massey University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

► Anthropogenic climate change, caused primarily by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, has led to a renewed interest in char, the solid product of pyrolysis. When… (more)

▼ Anthropogenic climate change, caused primarily by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, has led to a renewed interest in char, the solid product of pyrolysis. When applied to soil as biochar it can both sequester carbon and improve soil function. To make its manufacture environmentally friendly and economically viable it is important to maximise char yield, which can be done by promoting secondary reactions. This research shows that secondary reactions, which are enhanced by prolonged vapour-phase residence time and concentration, not only increase the char yield but are the source of the majority of the char formed. All four biomass constituents (extractives, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) undergo secondary reactions concurrent with primary reactions over the entire pyrolysis range ≈ 140 to 500 °C, which makes it practically impossible to separate them. Secondary char formation was confirmed to be exothermic which affects the overall heat of pyrolysis. Impregnating the feedstock with the elements K, Mg and P, which are plant macro-nutrients naturally present in biomass, resulted in the catalysis of secondary char formation. The results reveal that a first order reaction model does not describe pyrolysis accurately when char formation is enhanced by catalysis and secondary reactions. Secondary char can be enhanced by increasing the particle size but there is a limit due to increased cracking and fracturing of the pyrolysing solid. This limitation is overcome by pyrolysis in an enclosed vessel, termed autogenous pressure pyrolysis, which was discovered to cause significant changes in the volatile pyrolysis products; indicating the co-production of a high quality liquid. This process, however, negatively affects the char properties relevant for biochar like the surface area, similar to self-charring and co-carbonisation of condensed volatile pyrolysis products. To increase research capabilities a unique high temperature/ high pressure reactor (600 °C at 20 MPa) was designed to allow the detailed characterisation of all three pyrolysis product classes under extreme pyrolysis conditions. This was demonstrated to be invaluable for understanding the underlying pyrolysis mechanism and physical processes at play.

Subjects/Keywords: Char; Biochar; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ripberger, G. D. (2016). A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. (Doctoral Dissertation). Massey University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. “A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Massey University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. “A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.” 2016. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ripberger GD. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Massey University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429.

Council of Science Editors:

Ripberger GD. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Massey University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

NSYSU

10. Lee, Hsin-Chen. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.

Degree: Master, Chemistry, 2000, NSYSU

URL: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

► Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of 2-(azidomethyl)indole, via a nitrene intermediate gave 1,3,5-tri-2-indolyl-2,4-diaza-1,4-pentadiene as the main product. By the same route, FVP of 3-(azidomethyl)pyridine produced 1,3,5-tri-2-pyridyl-2,4-diaza-1,4-pentadiene.On… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: pyrolysis; nitrene

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lee, H. (2000). Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. (Thesis). NSYSU. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lee, Hsin-Chen. “Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.” 2000. Thesis, NSYSU. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lee, Hsin-Chen. “Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.” 2000. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Lee H. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. [Internet] [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lee H. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alberta

11. Mahapatra, Nirlipt. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.

Degree: MS, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2014, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

► Solvent deasphalting, followed by asphaltenes gasification, has been recommended as a favorable alternative to coker based upgrading processes. However, very limited work has been carried… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Asphaltenes; DTF; Gasification; Char; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mahapatra, N. (2014). Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mahapatra, Nirlipt. “Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed March 04, 2021. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mahapatra, Nirlipt. “Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Mahapatra N. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r.

Council of Science Editors:

Mahapatra N. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 2014. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

12. Munoz hoyos, Mariana. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.

Degree: Docteur es, Matériaux Céramiques et Traitements de Surface, 2017, Limoges

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

►

Des poudres céramiques multiéléments dans le système Si/C/N peuvent être obtenues avec le procédé de spray pyrolyse. Les paramètres de synthèse et leur influence sur… (more)

▼

Des poudres céramiques multiéléments dans le système Si/C/N peuvent être obtenues avec le procédé de spray pyrolyse. Les paramètres de synthèse et leur influence sur la composition et la morphologie de poudres obtenues a fait l’objet de précédentes études. Toutefois, les mécanismes de décomposition et de recombinaison des espèces dans la zone de réaction restent inconnus. Cette étude vise à approfondir la compréhension du procédé, de la formation de l’aérosol jusqu’aux mécanismes de formation des particules solides. Ainsi, la caractérisation de l’aérosol par ombroscopie laser, couplée à la mise en place d’un modèle numérique du transport et traitement des gouttes du précurseur au sein du dispositif, a permis l’identification de distributions en taille de gouttes de type bimodal jusqu’à leur entrée en zone de réaction. Cette double approche a également permis de vérifier l’effet des phénomènes physiques et hydrodynamiques sur les distributions en taille des gouttelettes lors de leur transport vers la zone réactionnelle. L’introduction d’une distribution bimodale dans le four de pyrolyse permet d’envisager un mécanisme de décomposition du précurseur en deux étapes, lié à la taille des gouttelettes. Cette hypothèse combinée à l’étude de décomposition du précurseur Hexaméthyldisilazane à haute température a permis de proposer des mécanismes de formation de poudres dont la composition chimique varie selon l’atmosphère de synthèse utilisée.

Multielement ceramic powders in the Si/C/N system could be obtained by spray pyrolysis process. Synthesis parameters and their effect on powder chemical composition and morphology have been already studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of precursor decomposition and gas phase species recombination that take place in the reaction zone are still unknown. The aim of this study is the comprehension of the process, from the aerosol generation to the solid powders formation mechanisms. The shadowgraphy technique was used to characterize the spray, and coupled with the implementation of a numerical model of droplets transport and treatment through the device allowed to identify bimodal size distributions at the furnace entrance. This double approach let confirm the effect of physical and hydrodynamic phenomenon in drop size evolution. The introduction of a bimodal distribution into the pyrolysis furnace allows to consider a precursor decomposition mechanism in two steps, depending on the drop sizes. This hypothesis combined to the study of precursor decomposition at high temperature led to the proposal of powder formation mechanisms in which their chemical composition varies with the synthesis atmosphere.

Advisors/Committee Members: Foucaud, Sylvie (thesis director), Mariaux, Gilles (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Spray pyrolyse; Spray pyrolysis; 620.44

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APA (6^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, M. (2017). Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. (Doctoral Dissertation). Limoges. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, Mariana. “Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Limoges. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, Mariana. “Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.” 2017. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Munoz hoyos M. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Limoges; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081.

Council of Science Editors:

Munoz hoyos M. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Limoges; 2017. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

Mississippi State University

13. Zhang, Laibao. Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, School of, 2015, Mississippi State University

URL: http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07012015-120737/ ;

► Pyrolysis oil is produced from biomass when a feedstock is rapidly heated in a non-oxidizing environment during a short residence time. While pyrolysis oil… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: stability; aging; pyrolysis oil

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhang, L. (2015). Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment. (Masters Thesis). Mississippi State University. Retrieved from http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07012015-120737/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhang, Laibao. “Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Mississippi State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07012015-120737/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhang, Laibao. “Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment.” 2015. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhang L. Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Mississippi State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07012015-120737/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhang L. Investigations of the stability of pyrolysis oil during high temperature treatment. [Masters Thesis]. Mississippi State University; 2015. Available from: http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07012015-120737/ ;

University of Minnesota

14. Zhao, Yuan. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.

Degree: MS, Bioproducts/biosystems science engineering and management, 2012, University of Minnesota

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/140181

►

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. August 2012. Major: Bioproducts/biosystems science engineering and management. Advisor: Dr. R. Roger Ruan. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 44 pages.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heavy metal; Microalgae; Microwave; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhao, Y. (2012). Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. (Masters Thesis). University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://purl.umn.edu/140181

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhao, Yuan. “Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Minnesota. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://purl.umn.edu/140181.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhao, Yuan. “Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhao Y. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/140181.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhao Y. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. [Masters Thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2012. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/140181

Stellenbosch University

15. Parku, George Kofi. Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale.

Degree: MEng, Process Engineering, 2019, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106208

► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polypropylene (PP) has been identified as the second most abundant plastic waste in landfills globally and the fastest growing plastic waste in South… (more)

▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polypropylene (PP) has been identified as the second most abundant plastic waste in landfills globally and the fastest growing plastic waste in South Africa. The increasing numbers have been attributed to the limitation of conventional mechanical recycling not being able to handle plastic wastes contaminated with other organic wastes. Recycling via pyrolysis has been identified as a promising option to managing these plastic wastes due to its ability to handle significant levels of contamination and also yielding products with huge fuel prospects from plastics. Pyrolysis under vacuum conditions for other organic wastes such as biomass has demonstrated promising yields of condensable products. Unfortunately, pyrolysis of plastics under vacuum has received very little attention. Also, transition from bench to industrial scale applications of pyrolysis processes could be complicated and pilot scale processes to mediate between both levels are very helpful towards attaining the sustainable commercialisation of plastics pyrolysis into fuels. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of key process parameters (that include temperature and heating rate) on products yield distribution and quality of condensable products from the pyrolysis of waste PP plastics at bench scale under atmospheric and vacuum conditions. Four temperatures (450, 488, 525 and 600 ᵒC) were investigated at two distinct heating rates of 15 ᵒC/min (slow), 175 ᵒC/min (fast). As part of the aims of the study, a 5 kg/h pyrolysis pilot plant was also designed and commissioned after which tests obtained from atmospheric fast heating rates were scaled-up to the commissioned pilot. Pyrolysis of PP under atmospheric slow and fast heating rates revealed maximum condensable products (oil and wax) yields of 85.6 and 84.5 wt.% respectively all attained at 488 ᵒC after which further increase of temperature resulted in secondary cracking reactions which promoted yields of permanent gases against condensables. Cracking was however more severe under fast heating rates due to the combined effects of higher temperature and faster heating rate. Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of condensable products obtained under these conditions also revealed that production of gasoline range compounds was favoured mostly under reactions where some cracking reactions occur. Also, Higher Heating Values (HHVs) of condensable products recovered under atmospheric conditions ranged between 41 - 45 MJ/kg. HHVs were however seen to decrease at severe temperature and heating rate conditions due to the increased production of aromatics. Maximum yields of condensable products for slow and fast heating rates under vacuum conditions were reported to be 92.7 wt.% (at 525 ᵒC) and 91.8 wt.% (at 488 ᵒC) respectively. Total yields of condensable products under vacuum were observed to be higher than the corresponding yields under atmospheric conditions. Unlike atmospheric conditions, diesel range compounds predominated all condensable products… Advisors/Committee Members: Gorgens, Johann F., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Process Engineering..

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; Polypropylene; Fuel; Vacuum; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

Parku, G. K. (2019). Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale. (Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106208

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Parku, George Kofi. “Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale.” 2019. Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106208.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Parku, George Kofi. “Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Parku GK. Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale. [Internet] [Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106208.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Parku GK. Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene plastics for energy recovery: Investigation of operating parameters and process development at pilot scale. [Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106208

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

16. Florey, James. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.

Degree: MS, Soil Science, 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

► The need for clean potable water and sustainable energy are two current and pressing issues with implications affecting the global population. Renewed interests in alternative… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biochar; Activated Carbon; Pyrolysis; Bacteriophage

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APA (6^th Edition):

Florey, J. (2012). The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Florey, James. “The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Florey, James. “The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Florey J. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925.

Council of Science Editors:

Florey J. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

Texas A&M University

17. Choi, Julius Lee. Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical.

Degree: PhD, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 2017, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187275

► Current biomass waste management such as landfills and combustion negatively affects the environment and public health. It is recognized that the production of biomass waste… (more)

▼ Current biomass waste management such as landfills and combustion negatively affects the environment and public health. It is recognized that the production of biomass waste is unavoidable. Globally, 150 to 170 billion tons of biomass waste is annually available. For example, in central Texas, large amounts of Ashe Juniper waste is produced by the current management practices (hydraulic shear or bulldozer) to control population. However, biomass waste is expected as the only potential renewable carbon source alternative to petroleum-based products. Therefore, the development of the method to utilize biomass waste as carbon resource for the production of value-added products is highly required. In this dissertation, the methods for controlling biochar properties, and producing surface functionalized biochar and high value-added chemicals are developed. The method to control biochar properties is based on the concept of vacuum pyrolysis. By investigation of effects of vacuum pressure and temperature on the physicochemical properties of biochar, we confirmed that this method enabled us to produce biochar having potential applications as an adsorbent, a catalyst support, and a carbon sequestration agent. The method to produce functionalized biochar with high adsorption capacity for wastewater treatment was developed based on sulfuric acid treatment. The concentration of sulfuric acid was an important factor to control the adsorption capacity. The change of adsorption capacity was correlated to physicochemical properties such as surface area and surface functional groups. The developed functionalized biochar showed approximately 200 times improved adsorption capacity for dye chemicals compared to raw biochar. The influence of adsorption process parameter was conducted. Also, the biochar showed potential as a promising separator of certain dye chemicals in a multicomponent system. The method to obtain a high selectivity of Levoglucosenone (LGO), Furfural (FF), and levoglucosan is developed using catalytic pyrolysis and microwave-assisted pretreatment. LGO was only produced after treatment with CuSO4 and ZnSO4, which was attributed to dehydration of levoglucosan. Metal salt type and concentration affected the selectivity of LGO and FF by catalytic vacuum pyrolysis. Microwave solvothermal treatment affected pyrolysis characteristics and increased the selectivity of levoglucosan by approximately nine times. Advisors/Committee Members: Sergio, Capareda C (advisor), Riskowski, Gary (committee member), Fernando, Sandun (committee member), El-Halwagi, Mahmoud (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Biochar; Levoglucosenone; Levoglucosan; adsorbents; pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Choi, J. L. (2017). Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187275

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Choi, Julius Lee. “Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187275.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Choi, Julius Lee. “Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical.” 2017. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Choi JL. Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187275.

Council of Science Editors:

Choi JL. Valorization of Ashe Juniper Waste into High Value-Added Products: Functionalized Biochar, and High Value Chemical. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187275

Texas A&M University

18. Chen, Wei 1981-. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

► Thermal gasification of biomass is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass into gaseous fuel. Here we present results of… (more)

▼ Thermal gasification of biomass is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass into gaseous fuel. Here we present results of gasification, using an adiabatic bed gasifier with air, steam as gasification medium, of mesquite and juniper. From Thermo-gravimetric analyses the pre-exponential factor (B) and activation energy of fuels for pyrolysis were obtained using single reaction models (SRM) and parallel reaction model (PRM). The single reaction model including convention Arrhenius (SRM-CA) and maximum volatile release rate model (SRM-MVR). The parallel reaction model fits the experimental data very well, followed by MVR. The CA model the least accurate model. The activation energies obtained from PRM are around 161,000 kJ/kmol and 158,000 kJ/kmol for juniper and mesquite fuels, respectively. And, the activation energies obtained from MVR are around100,000 kJ/kmol and 85,000 kJ/kmol for juniper and mesquite fuels, respectively. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER), particle size, and moisture content on the temperature profile, gas composition, tar yield, and higher heating value (HHV) were investigated. For air gasification, when moisture increased from 6% to 12% and ER decreased from 4.2 to 2.7, the mole composition of the dry product gas for mesquite varied as follow: 18-30% CO, 2-5% H2, 1-1.5% CH4, 0.4-0.6% C2H6, 52-64% N2, and 10-12% CO2. The tar yield shows peak value (150 g/Nm³) with change in moisture content between 6-24%. The tar collected from the gasification process included light tar and heavy tar. The main composition of the light tar was moisture. The chemical properties of heavy tar were determined. For air-steam gasification, H2 rich mixture gas was produced. The HHV of the mesquite gas increased first when S: F ratio increased from 0.15 to 0.3 and when the S: F ratio increased to 0.45, HHV of the gas decreased. Mesquite was blended with the Wyoming Powder River Basin (PRB) coal with ratio of 90:10 and 80:20 in order to increase the Tpeak and HHV. It was found that the Tpeak increased with the increase of PRB coal weight percentage (0% to 20%). Advisors/Committee Members: Ansley, Jim (advisor), Annamalai, Kalyan (advisor), Petersen, Eric (committee member), Ranjan, Devesh (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: tar; Juniper; Mesquite; Pyrolysis; Gasification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chen, W. 1. (2012). Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chen, Wei 1981-. “Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chen, Wei 1981-. “Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Chen W1. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109.

Council of Science Editors:

Chen W1. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

Penn State University

19. Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.

Degree: 2013, Penn State University

URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

► Briquettes containing 86-92% anthracite fines, 2.3-8.6% lignin, 4.5% silicon metal powder, and 0.9% hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) by mass have been investigated as a promising coke… (more)

▼ Briquettes containing 86-92% anthracite fines, 2.3-8.6% lignin, 4.5% silicon metal powder, and 0.9% hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) by mass have been investigated as a promising coke replacement in the foundry industry. The inclusion of lignin is important; we hypothesize it thermally fuses, providing the necessary strength for the briquettes to maintain their structural integrity throughout the extremely harsh pyrolitic conditions of the foundry’s cupola furnace. In order to mimic the cupola environment, eucalyptus hardwood lignin has been pyrolyzed at a series of temperatures ranging from 300°C to 800°C for either 5, 10, or 20 minutes. Following pyrolysis the lignin samples were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy to gain insight into either the reaction mechanism or the structure of the resultant lignin char. The results of these techniques indicate that the content of aromatic carbon within the lignin increases from 54.1% to 95.6% between the control (un-pyrolyzed) lignin and the lignin pyrolyzed at 500°C for 20 minutes. The average distance between aromatic carbons and their nearest hydrogen atom also increased, indicating the size of aromatic domains is increasing. The XRD data indicate that while the lignin has not become ordered and aromatic enough to be considered “graphitic”, the order and crystallinity is increasing and was trending in the direction of graphite. The diffraction pattern of the 800°C sample roughly resembled the patterns of soots and glassy carbon. Similarly, the Raman spectra of samples pyrolyzed from 400°C to 800°C indicate that the lignin was becoming more ordered; the disordered (D) and graphitic (G) peaks became more defined within samples pyrolyzed at high temperature. The samples did not reach a high level of graphitization but contained ordered aromatic regimes. Advisors/Committee Members: Nicole Robitaille Brown, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.

Subjects/Keywords: lignin; pyrolysis; NMR; char

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APA (6^th Edition):

Frantz, C. W. (2013). Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. “Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.” 2013. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. “Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Frantz CW. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Frantz CW. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University

20. Snow, Robert Edward. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures .

Degree: 2012, Penn State University

URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

► An increasing population growth and the improvements made to the lifestyles of developing countries are leading to an ever increasing need for energy of all… (more)

▼ An increasing population growth and the improvements made to the lifestyles of developing countries are leading to an ever increasing need for energy of all kinds. This increase in energy demand will also lead to an increase in the emissions generated by the current energy production methods. These facts combined with the depletion of the world’s available fossil fuels have led to a movement towards the increased use of renewable energy sources. This work focuses on the conversion of both a renewable fuel, Silver Maple sawdust, and a fossil fuel, Dietz subbituminous coal, into gaseous fuel. It is important to utilize a locally available biomass sample. Silver maple is a common woody biomass readily available in the northeastern United States. This study investigates the effects of co-utilization on the gaseous products of the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic matter in an oxygen-free environment. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential synergistic effect of adding biomass to coal during pyrolysis on the gaseous products. The objective was met by carrying out lab scale pyrolysis experiments in an electrical tube furnace. The feedstock consisted of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 100% biomass. All feedstock blending combinations were heated to 700˚ C and 900˚ C in order to observe any effects of temperature on the synergistic effect of blending. It was observed that higher biomass concentration increase the quantity of syngas produced. The addition of this biomass species to this coal did not have a synergistic effect on the gaseous production of this process. While promoting hydrogen producing reactions such as methane reforming all effects observed were linear. There was no synergistic effect observed for the co-pyrolyzing of silver maple sawdust and Dietz subbituminous coal. Advisors/Committee Members: Sarma V Pisupati, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor, Dinesh Kumar Agrawal, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor, Yaw Yeboah, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.

Subjects/Keywords: Coal; Biomass; Synergy; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Snow, R. E. (2012). An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures . (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Snow, Robert Edward. “An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures .” 2012. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021. https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Snow, Robert Edward. “An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures .” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Snow RE. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures . [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Snow RE. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures . [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2012. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Queens University

21. Cowperthwaite, Emily. Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace .

Degree: Chemical Engineering, 2014, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12483

► Ethane pyrolysis is an important industrial process that occurs by passing ethane and steam through radiant coils (tubes) in gas-fired furnaces to produce ethylene and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Ethane pyrolysis ; Mathematical modeling

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cowperthwaite, E. (2014). Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12483

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cowperthwaite, Emily. “Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace .” 2014. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12483.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cowperthwaite, Emily. “Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace .” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cowperthwaite E. Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12483.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cowperthwaite E. Mathematical model for ethane pyrolysis in an industrial furnace . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12483

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

22. Naron, David Rangnaan. Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols.

Degree: PhD, 2019, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106218

► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lignin is a by-product of the paper and pulp industry and the emerging cellulosic ethanol production technologies. Both industries only considered lignin a… (more)

▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lignin is a by-product of the paper and pulp industry and the emerging cellulosic ethanol production technologies. Both industries only considered lignin a source of energy to complement the energy needs of their processes. However, the phenolic nature of lignin makes it a valuable renewable resource for sustainable production of chemical products. In the current study, prior to lignin conversion to phenolic chemical products, physico-chemical characterisation of several lignins were conducted using conventional methods namely, wet chemical, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition to these methods, a novel analytical pyrolysis method was developed combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal desorption (TD), and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), named as TGA-TD-GC-MS. It was used to analyse and estimate the monomeric phenolic products namely, syringol (S), guaiacol (G) and phenol (H) from lignins. The phenolic monomeric proportions (S/G/H), obtained using the TGA-TD-GC-MS was compared with the ones obtained by thioacidolysis (wet chemical method). The lignin monomeric products obtained by pyrolysis, based on internal calibration, was in the range of 5.5-12.9 wt.%. The ability of the TGA-TD-GC-MS to break several types of bonds gave it the advantage over thioacidolysis, resulting in the production of monomeric phenolic compositions that were more representative of the lignin. A comparison of phenols production from catalytic pyrolysis of lignins of different biomass origin, namely eucalyptus (hardwood) lignin, pine (softwood) lignin, and sugarcane bagasse (herbaceous) lignin was studied using the TGA-TD-GC-MS. The lignins were impregnated with two hydroxides (NaOH and KOH) and two metal oxides (ZnO, and Al2O3), with amounts equivalent to 1 wt.% of the lignin mass, and pyrolysed at the temperature of 600 °C using a heating rate of 10 °C/min. KOH produced the most catalytic effect on the yield of total phenols from sugarcane bagasse (S-S) lignin, leading to the highest increase of +26%, and likewise NaOH for eucalyptus (E-K) lignin (+40%). Syringol yield being the major syringol-type (S-type) phenols reached a record high of 1.8 wt.%, equivalent to 90% increase from E-K lignin, catalysed by NaOH. Additionally, NaOH increased the yield of 4-vinylguaicol-the guaiacol-type (G-type) phenol from E-K lignin up to 2.8 wt.%, equivalent to 39% increase, as compared to the non-catalytic yield. A catalyst screening study was conducted in which twelve catalysts, namely Al2O3, Fe2O3, MoO3, TiO2, Ni/Al2O3-SiO2, CaO, ZnO, MgO, NaOH, CuO, KOH and NiO were each impregnated on three different types of sugarcane bagasse lignins with amounts equivalent to 1 wt.% of the lignin mass. KOH, CaO, and Fe2O3 recorded the highest effects on the total yield of phenols from soda (SD), soda-anthraquinone (SAQ), and steam explosion combined with enzymatic hydrolysis lignins respectively. The increases were 11.2 wt.%, 8.2 wt.%, and 8.6 wt.%,… Advisors/Committee Members: Gorgens, Johann F., Tyhoda, Luvuyo, Collard, Rancois-Xavier.

Subjects/Keywords: UCTD; Lignin; Pyrolysis; Catalysts

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APA (6^th Edition):

Naron, D. R. (2019). Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106218

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Naron, David Rangnaan. “Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106218.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Naron, David Rangnaan. “Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Naron DR. Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106218.

Council of Science Editors:

Naron DR. Catalytic pyrolysis conversion of lignin from different sources to phenols. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106218

University of Newcastle

23. Tremain, Priscilla Tuisuva. A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment.

Degree: PhD, 2016, University of Newcastle

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1315128

►

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Food security and hence access to environmentally sustainable food resources is one of the key global challenges in… (more)

▼

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Food security and hence access to environmentally sustainable food resources is one of the key global challenges in the 21st century. In this context and from an agronomic perspective, the role of soil amendments (e.g. fertilisers) for enhanced food production cannot be overstated. One such soil amendment is biochar: a carbon-rich organic substance derived from biomass that has great potential to improve soil health by improving nutrient retention, particularly in coarsely textured soils. In addition, biochar can be used as a carbon sink and thus can be considered as an alternative means of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, with the ever-increasing rates of coal production in Australia and around the world, management of mine waste, in particular coal tailings, is becoming a pressing issue. Given that both coal and biomass are organic substances with somewhat similar characteristics, the concept of ‘chailings’, a char created from coal tailings rather than biomass, for use as a soil amendment was proposed by our research team in 2009 and formed the basis of this thesis. As a result, the primary objectives of this thesis were to produce, characterise and apply chailings to soil and ultimately assess the concept for future work and scaled-up production. Chailings were produced via a slow pyrolysis process from tailings sourced from two coal mines (Mine A and Mine B) in New South Wales, Australia. Pyrolysis conditions were varied in terms of maximum heating temperature (400 °C to 850 °C) and holding time (0–6 hours) to create chailings with varying properties. Chailings were characterised using a number of techniques. X-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence techniques identified the primary mineral constituents as silica (i.e. quartz) and aluminosilicates (i.e. kaolinite or illite). Clear morphologic changes were observed via optical and scanning electron microscopy for increasing pyrolysis temperature, with evidence of particle swelling and devolatilisation apparent at high temperatures (>600°C). Proximate analyses indicated near complete devolatilisation was apparent at 800 °C for both mines, with thermogravimetric analysis revealing that peak devolatilisation occurred at 454 °C for Mine A and 464 °C for Mine B. Increases in pH and decreases in electrical conductivity (EC) and total acidic capacity were observed when pyrolysis temperature increased primarily due to the volatilisation of acidic compounds. A substantial increase in surface area with increasing pyrolysis temperature was observed for Mine A chailings, from 2.7 m²/g at 400 °C to 75.3 m²/g at 800 °C, because of the development of microporosity. However, a decrease was observed for Mine B chailings, from 2.4 m²/g at 400 °C to 1.2 m²/g at 800 °C, attributed to macroporosity and aggregation of particles. Overall, characterisation of chailings revealed that the physical and chemical properties of chailings were highly dependent on tailings sources and pyrolysis temperature, while holding time had…

Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, School of Engineering.

Subjects/Keywords: coal tailings; pyrolysis; chailings; biochar

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tremain, P. T. (2016). A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1315128

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tremain, Priscilla Tuisuva. “A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1315128.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tremain, Priscilla Tuisuva. “A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment.” 2016. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Tremain PT. A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1315128.

Council of Science Editors:

Tremain PT. A fundamental study on char creation from coal tailings (‘chailings’) and its application as a soil amendment. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1315128

Addis Ababa University

24. Tigabu, Abrha. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .

Degree: 2013, Addis Ababa University

URL: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

► Fast pyrolysis of biomass is the most promising technology of converting solid biomass to liquid bio-oil as a renewable substitution of fossil resources in fuel… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; Fast pyrolysis; Bio-oil

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tigabu, A. (2013). Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . (Thesis). Addis Ababa University. Retrieved from http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tigabu, Abrha. “Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .” 2013. Thesis, Addis Ababa University. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tigabu, Abrha. “Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Tigabu A. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . [Internet] [Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Tigabu A. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . [Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2013. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Newcastle

25. Tran, Quang Anh. Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis.

Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Newcastle

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383998

►

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Coke is a solid carbon residue essential to the production of steel via the blast furnace route due… (more)

▼

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Coke is a solid carbon residue essential to the production of steel via the blast furnace route due to its ability to act as a high-strength permeable support for the blast furnace charges. The solid coherent coke is produced from coking coal via the high temperature carbonization process. Such coal-to-coke transformation is governed by the coal’s thermoplastic behaviour which includes softening, bubble formation, swelling, and resolidification during pyrolysis. Only coals of a certain rank are able to exhibit thermoplastic development and are termed as coking coals. Non-coking coals, on the other hand, do not soften or melt and are not suitable for coke-making purposes. The thermoplastic development of a coking coal within the plastic range (400-600 °C) is attributable to the present of materials either existing in the raw coal (here called the mobile phase and extracted with tetrahydrofuran, THF) or being generated on heating coal (here called the metaplast and also extracted by THF). The physical changes during coking coal pyrolysis are well described and can be examined to empirically determine coal plastic properties by a number of standard tests. However, these physical phenomena are induced by underlying chemical changes, particularly the chemical description of the metaplast formation, which are poorly understood. Further, coal thermoplasticity is heavily influenced by the concentration of its organic components which can be classified into vitrinite, liptinte, and inertinite groups. During pyrolysis, only the vitrinites and liptintes exhibit thermoplasticity while components in the inertinite group are expected to remain inactive. For that reason, investigation on the metaplast formation in individual maceral groups is of interest for a better understanding of coal thermoplasticity. This research studied mechanisms of the metaplast formation by conducting the thermoplastic investigation on two coals of different types, one was a coking coal and the other was a non-coking coal. Such investigation was also extended to their maceral concentrates acquired by using a novel water-based separation technique. The utilization of water allowed studies to be conducted without concerns of negative impact imposing on the thermoplastic behaviour of the concentrates as observed when other conventional organic and inorganic solvents were used as separation media. The thermoplastic properties of samples during pyrolysis were examined by using conventional and novel thermal analytical techniques to describe their thermoswelling and volatiles release. Broad chemical changes were assessed via molecular weight distributions of the metaplast (THF extracts) and volatile tars (dissolved in acetone) by using a soft ionization mass spectrometry technique. Finally, physical properties of the resultant cokes and residues were evaluated via their morphological structure by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This work confirmed the contribution of both the mobile phase and the…

Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, School of Engineering.

Subjects/Keywords: coal pyrolysis; metaplast; coal macerals

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tran, Q. A. (2018). Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383998

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tran, Quang Anh. “Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383998.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tran, Quang Anh. “Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis.” 2018. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Tran QA. Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383998.

Council of Science Editors:

Tran QA. Mechanisms of metaplast formation during coal pyrolysis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1383998

26. Russell, Alan Donald. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Cambridge

URL: http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/2/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/3/license_url ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/4/license_text ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/5/license_rdf ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/8/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/9/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.jpg

► Plastics play an enormous role in modern manufacturing, but the extraction and refining of raw materials, followed by the synthesis of plastics themselves, represents an… (more)

▼ Plastics play an enormous role in modern manufacturing, but the extraction and refining of raw materials, followed by the synthesis of plastics themselves, represents an enormous energy investment into a product that is all too often simply “thrown away” into a landfill after a single use. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a recycling technique that allows the recovery of chemical value from plastic waste by breaking down polymers into useful smaller hydrocarbons using microwave heat in the absence of oxygen. This dissertation examines the use of a catalytic activated carbon bed in this procedure, using high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a model plastic. Initial tests with the batch input of HDPE produced a condensed pyrolysis oil comprising 35.5–45.3% aromatics, with the remainder primarily short-chain aliphatics. This oil was approximately three times lighter than that produced in the absence of catalyst, with a narrower range of molecular masses that matched those of the liquid transport fuels petrol and diesel (C5–C21). The non-condensable gases that resulted were short-chain aliphatics that could be used as feedstock for the creation of new chemicals (such as virgin HDPE), or fuels such as natural gas and LPG. The development of apparatus capable of adding sample in a continuous fashion enabled the processing of larger quantities of HDPE, and resulted in condensed products with a significantly higher aromatic content (>80% at 450°C), and which encompassed a somewhat narrower range of molecular masses compared with those produced in the batch mode; this was due to differences in kinetics and residence time that resulted from the different modes of sample introduction. As a result of processing larger quantities of HDPE it became apparent that the activated carbon deactivated over time, with a bed able to process around 3.5 times its mass in HDPE at 450°C before any significant changes in output products occurred. The decomposition of HDPE proceeds via thermal scission and radical-mediated mechanisms; high energy surface active sites facilitate the transfer of hydrogen and radicals, and this enhances overall cracking and lowers the activation energy for the formation of aromatics. Analysis of material deposited on the surface of the activated carbon confirmed that deactivation occurred through coking, with both cracking and deactivation thought to be enhanced by the formation of microwave-induced microplasmas. Overall, the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using activated carbon produces a much narrower range of more valuable products compared with non-catalytic processing. While the process is not likely to be economic in its current form owing to the relatively rapid deactivation of the activated carbon, future configurations incorporating online reactivation may be able to economically provide a second use cycle for these materials, avoiding expending energy to extract and process increasingly scarce new raw material from the surface of the earth.

Subjects/Keywords: Microwave; Pyrolysis; HDPE; Recycling

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APA (6^th Edition):

Russell, A. D. (2013). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Cambridge. Retrieved from http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/2/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/3/license_url ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/4/license_text ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/5/license_rdf ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/8/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/9/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.jpg

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Russell, Alan Donald. “Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/2/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/3/license_url ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/4/license_text ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/5/license_rdf ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/8/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/9/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.jpg.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Russell, Alan Donald. “Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Russell AD. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/2/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/3/license_url ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/4/license_text ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/5/license_rdf ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/8/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/9/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.jpg.

Council of Science Editors:

Russell AD. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2013. Available from: http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/2/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/3/license_url ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/4/license_text ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/5/license_rdf ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/8/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/244641/9/Alan%20Russell%20PhD%20Dissertation%20Corrected.pdf.jpg

University of Manchester

27. Khan, Imran. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Manchester

URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

► This thesis examines two important physical phenomena that occur when solid fuels are exposed to external radiative heating: (1) the pyrolysis process in reaching ignition… (more)

▼ This thesis examines two important physical phenomena that occur when solid fuels are exposed to external radiative heating: (1) the pyrolysis process in reaching ignition conditions and (2) the natural convection around one or more radiatively heated fuel samples. A vegetation fire (bushfire, wildfire, or forest fire) preheating the vegetation which is in its path is a particular example which occurs in nature. However there are many more applications where modelling the pyrolysis process and/or the natural convection is of practical use. For the pyrolysis phenomena, a one-dimensional time dependent pyrolysis model is proposed. The mathematical model is solved numerically and results are used to analyse the influence of the size of a wood-based fuel sample, the heating rate it is exposed to, and its initial moisture content in the process of the sample reaching the conditions where it can produce enough pyrolysate vapour to support a flame (flash point). In many pyrolysis models in the open literature it is assumed that the fuel samples are dry. In the present study it is found that the initial moisture content has a marked effect for a fuel sample reaching its flash point. For the convection phenomena, a two-dimensional steady model, which explores the natural convection around one or more solid fuels, is also presented. The flame front is represented by a radiating panel. This means that the solid fuels receive a non-uniform heating rate depending on their geometry and location in relation to the panel. Changes in temperature and velocity profiles are monitored for varying heating rates and sample sizes (or, equivalently, the Rayleigh number Ra). Additionally, in the case of multiple fuel samples, changes in the distance between the fuels is also taken into account. For multiple fuels in arbitrary locations it is possible that one sample will block some of the radiation from the panel from reaching another sample. This means that the fuel sample will receive a reduced heating rate. This reduction in heating is also incorporated in the natural convection model. Both the pyrolysis and natural convection models are solved numerically using the finite element software package COMSOL Multiphysics. A comparison of COMSOL is performed with benchmark solutions provided by the open literature. A good agreement in the numerical results is observed.

Subjects/Keywords: 662; Pyrolysis; Natural convection

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APA (6^th Edition):

Khan, I. (2013). Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Khan, Imran. “Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed March 04, 2021. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Khan, Imran. “Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Khan I. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082.

Council of Science Editors:

Khan I. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

28. Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.

Degree: 2014, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

URL: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-65710 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

► Pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen into carbonaceous residues, liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases. It is a… (more)

▼ Pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen into carbonaceous residues, liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases. It is a precursor to other thermochemical processes (gasification and combustion) and therefore very important thermochemical process. Pyrolysis process is an efficient and effective method of treating solid wastes but its large-scale utilization is still limited by certain factors. The major factor is the high amount of energy used during the pyrolysis process and in order to make pyrolysis a cost effective commercial energy process, there is need to explore different approaches/strategies to reduce energy usage during the process. Another important challenges with pyrolysis of solid wastes are the stability of certain products fraction and composition of the solid waste feedstocks. Therefore, in this study, experimental, modelling and optimisation of solid wastes pyrolysis were investigated and different operational strategies were proposed towards solving the pyrolysis problem. Selected solid wastes feedstocks such as bamboo waste, waste tyres, sawdust, empty fruit bunch (EFB) and plastics (polystyrene and high density polyethylene) were employed in this research study. In the experimental study, common thermal analysis techniques and laboratory scaled pyrolysis unit were used to study the influence of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and heating rates on selected solid wastes feedstocks. A mathematical model was developed in MATLAB using the parameters generated from the experimental study. This model describes transiently the pyrolysis progress of particles subjected to specified pyrolysis conditions in a pyrolysis reactor. The effect of the operating parameters on the pyrolysis progress was studied using the model and some experiments were conducted to validate the model results. In addition to the pyrolysis model, selected operating conditions were optimised with focus on minimizing energy input for the pyrolysis reaction. The constraints and optimisation equations depend on the operating strategy under consideration. Therefore in this present study, three operational strategies to reduce the energy usage during the pyrolysis of solid wastes were proposed. The operational strategies are operating parameters studies and optimisation including mixed-size approach, multi-stage pyrolysis and optimisation and co-pyrolysis/mixed-waste pyrolysis. The results and the design of the various approaches are clearly stated in this thesis. These operational strategies were shown to minimize the energy usage, improve the pyrolysis products quality, enhance the pyrolysis process efficiency and can further help in designing the operation of pyrolysis process in a large scale. Overall, the application of some or all the proposed strategies will help to make pyrolysis of solid wastes more energy efficient and more profitable on a large scale.

Subjects/Keywords: Refuse and refuse disposal ; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Oyedun, A. O. (2014). Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. (Thesis). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-65710 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. “Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.” 2014. Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-65710 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. “Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Oyedun AO. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. [Internet] [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-65710 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Oyedun AO. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. Available from: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-65710 ; https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Technology, Sydney

29. Raja, S. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.

Degree: 2013, University of Technology, Sydney

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

► The primary aim was to develop a method for accurately estimating the post-burial time of bones. Bones were buried in diverse soil environments for 18… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Bone.; Dating.; Age.; Diagenesis.; Pyrolysis.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Raja, S. (2013). A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. (Thesis). University of Technology, Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Raja, S. “A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.” 2013. Thesis, University of Technology, Sydney. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Raja, S. “A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Raja S. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Raja S. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Virginia Tech

30. Revell, Kenneth Todd. The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth.

Degree: MS, Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, 2011, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493

► Little is known about the effect of biochar created from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth. Five studies were conducted using biochar made… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: biochar; pyrolysis; poultry litter

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Revell, K. T. (2011). The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Revell, Kenneth Todd. “The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Revell, Kenneth Todd. “The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth.” 2011. Web. 04 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Revell KT. The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 04]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493.

Council of Science Editors:

Revell KT. The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493

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Open Access Theses and Dissertations