subject:(pyrolysis)

University of Georgia

1. Smith, Jarrod Gayden. Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings.

Degree: MS, Biological Engineering, 2008, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/smith_jarrod_g_200805_ms

► The production of bio-oil via the slow pyrolysis of dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings from poultry processing is described. The raw DAF skimmings were characterized… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Smith, J. G. (2008). Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings. (Masters Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/smith_jarrod_g_200805_ms

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smith, Jarrod Gayden. “Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings.” 2008. Masters Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/smith_jarrod_g_200805_ms.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smith, Jarrod Gayden. “Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings.” 2008. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Smith JG. Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Georgia; 2008. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/smith_jarrod_g_200805_ms.

Council of Science Editors:

Smith JG. Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings. [Masters Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2008. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/smith_jarrod_g_200805_ms

University of Georgia

2. Speir, Robert Adam. Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States.

Degree: MS, Forest Resources, 2008, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/speir_robert_a_200805_ms

► Pyrolysis is an energy production process involving the thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen. Char, a byproduct of the pyrolysis process, has… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Speir, R. A. (2008). Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States. (Masters Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/speir_robert_a_200805_ms

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Speir, Robert Adam. “Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States.” 2008. Masters Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/speir_robert_a_200805_ms.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Speir, Robert Adam. “Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States.” 2008. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Speir RA. Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Georgia; 2008. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/speir_robert_a_200805_ms.

Council of Science Editors:

Speir RA. Use of pyrolysis char as an amendment in soils of the Southeastern United States. [Masters Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2008. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/speir_robert_a_200805_ms

University of Pretoria

3. Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.

Degree: MEng, Chemical Engineering, 2015, University of Pretoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

► Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermochemical conversion process whereby the long lignocellulosic polymers in biomass are cracked into several higher-value products such as bio-oil, bio-char… (more)

▼ Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermochemical conversion process whereby the long lignocellulosic polymers in biomass are cracked into several higher-value products such as bio-oil, bio-char and combustible non-condensable gases (NCG). Fast pyrolysis in particular is aimed at maximising the yield of crude liquid bio-oil, with the production of bio-char and NCG as co-products. Since a large quantity of under-utilised biomass is produced in the forestry sector annually, as by-product from harvesting, this sector has shown particular interest in this process. Furthermore, the continuing drive for renewable and sustainable energy production, particularly of drop-in liquid biofuels, has urged the development of such technology on a commercial scale. The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the technical feasibility and performance of the scalable dual fluidised bed (DFB) reactor system designed and constructed at the University of Pretoria by Swart in 2012. The sub-objectives of this study were as follows: • Biomass pre-treatment equipment was implemented to ensure that the physical characteristics of the biomass feedstock meet the pyrolysis process requirements. • The scalable DFB reactor system, including all sub-systems and ancillary equipment, was commissioned to ensure satisfactory operation of the complete system. • Continuous, steady-state experimental runs were conducted to produce fast pyrolysis products in the scalable DFB reactor system. • The fast pyrolysis products were quantified and characterised to evaluate the technical feasibility of the DFB reactor system. • A material and energy balance was conducted over the pyrolysis fluidised bed (PFB) reactor to quantify its performance. Eucalyptus grandis raw material, as received from Sappi Southern Africa’s Ngodwana mill, was successfully converted to bio-oil, bio-char and NCG in the scalable DFB reactor system. Fast pyrolysis was conducted at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, a vapour residence time of 4 s and a sawdust feed rate of 2.0 kg/h. The PFB reactor temperature could be controlled easily, at the desired setpoint (500 °C), by continuously circulating hot solids between the two bubbling fluidised beds. The excellent temperature control of the PFB reactor makes the DFB system a suitable reactor system for the fast pyrolysis of biomass on a commercial scale. At these PFB reactor conditions the yield of fast pyrolysis products, on a dry feedstock basis, was determined as 36.3, 14.0 and 49.7 weight % for bio-oil, NCG and bio-char respectively. High-value process heat, in the form of hot flue gas (450–500 °C), was produced in the combustion fluidised bed Although the crude liquid bio-oil contained highly oxygenated compounds (including organic acids, water, alcohols, esters, sugars, aldehydes, ketones, furans, pyrans and phenolics) it may be utilised for heat generation when co-fired with conventional fossil fuels, including heavy furnace oil. However, the scalable DFB reactor system allows for integrated catalytic fast… Advisors/Committee Members: Heydenrych, Mike D. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

Grobler, A. B. L. (2015). Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. “Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Grobler, Arthur Bachelor Lofté. “Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass.” 2015. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Grobler ABL. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2015. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758.

Council of Science Editors:

Grobler ABL. Scalable dual fluidised bed system for fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43758

Oregon State University

4. Bengali, Sadiq S. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, 1981, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bengali, S. S. (1981). Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bengali, Sadiq S. “Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.” 1981. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bengali, Sadiq S. “Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates.” 1981. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Bengali SS. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326.

Council of Science Editors:

Bengali SS. Kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis under high heating rates. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42326

Oregon State University

5. Fleming, Michael Paul. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.

Degree: MS, Chemistry, 1973, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fleming, M. P. (1973). Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fleming, Michael Paul. “Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.” 1973. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fleming, Michael Paul. “Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains.” 1973. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Fleming MP. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1973. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221.

Council of Science Editors:

Fleming MP. Pyrolysis of diterminally unsaturated, eight-member chains. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1973. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/45221

Oregon State University

6. Chang, Li-yang R. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, 1981, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chang, L. R. (1981). Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chang, Li-yang R. “Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.” 1981. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chang, Li-yang R. “Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates.” 1981. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Chang LR. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057.

Council of Science Editors:

Chang LR. Kinetics of wood pyrolysis with rapid heating rates. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1981. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/42057

7. Snyder, Brian Francis. Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world.

Degree: PhD, Ecology, 2013, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/snyder_brian_f_201312_phd

► One of the most promising technologies for net atmospheric carbon removal is biomass pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic material in the… (more)

▼ One of the most promising technologies for net atmospheric carbon removal is biomass pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen. It is generally endothermic but it results in high energy syngas, a liquid bio-oil and biochar, a carbonaceous material which when added to soil stimulates plant growth. Here, the economic potential of small-scale pyrolysis in the neo-tropical developing world is investigated using a net present value framework. Biomass costs are estimated using waste biomass, jaragua grass, short-rotation woody crops, and biomass from artificial wetland systems in Costa Rica. Costs are computed with and without consideration of the environmental services associated with the modeled systems. When environmental services are appropriately valued, the costs of biomass from artificial wetland systems becomes negative; that is, operators of artificial wetlands used for water services would be expected to pay for biomass harvesting. Using the computed biomass costs, pyrolysis system costs are computed for fast and slow pyrolysis and compared to gasification. Fast and slow pyrolysis systems break even at carbon credit prices exceeding 0-5 $/ton, but gasification systems do not break even under most realistic assumption sets. The emergetic costs of pyrolysis systems are also evaluated. Emergy is a measure of the energy and resources required to produce a product, and can be considered a theoretical alternative monetary or accounting system that allows for a more holistic valuation of goods and services than either an exchange (money) or value (exergy) system. The results indicate that the transformities (or emergetic efficiency) of pyrolysis production systems using waste biomass are similar or less than those of geochemical hydrocarbon production systems. Since geologic fossil fuel production is emergetically efficient, this result is promising and suggests that unlike other biomass based alternative energy systems (e.g. ethanol), pyrolysis may be ecologically beneficial when measured holistically. Pyrolysis is a carbon negative technology (i.e. it creates a long term carbon sink) which creates the potential for a cap and trade system in which there is differentiation between carbon neutral and carbon negative credits. The economics of such a system are discussed. Advisors/Committee Members: Ronald Carroll.

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis

…xiii CHAPTER 1 THE PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS OF PYROLYSIS… …1 1.2. Pyrolysis System… …1 1.3. Pyrolysis Processes… …68 4 A NET PRESENT VALUE MODEL OF THE COSTS OF SMALL SCALE PYROLYSIS IN THE TROPICS… …77 4.2. Previous Economic Studies of Pyrolysis…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Snyder, B. F. (2013). Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/snyder_brian_f_201312_phd

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Snyder, Brian Francis. “Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/snyder_brian_f_201312_phd.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Snyder, Brian Francis. “Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world.” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Snyder BF. Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/snyder_brian_f_201312_phd.

Council of Science Editors:

Snyder BF. Ecological and economic costs and benefits of the use of pyrolysis as a climate change mitigation technique in the neotropical developing world. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2013. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/snyder_brian_f_201312_phd

University of Alberta

8. Dhir, Satarupa. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.

Degree: MS, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2015, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

► Oil sands found in Athabasca and Cold Lake regions of Northern Alberta form Canada’s primary source of energy reserves. Asphaltenes, a significant part of bitumen… (more)

▼ Oil sands found in Athabasca and Cold Lake regions of Northern Alberta form Canada’s primary source of energy reserves. Asphaltenes, a significant part of bitumen is often considered to be the least valuable component of crude oil due to various factors such as difficulty in transporting and processing. However, utilization of asphaltenes plays a crucial role in overall economics of oil sands extraction. Gasification of asphaltenes can result in much needed hydrogen for upgrading of bitumen. Pyrolysis is the first step in gasification that directs formation of soot on one hand and char formation on the other. However, very limited study has been carried out on pyrolysis of asphaltenes in entrained bed conditions. Single particle investigations are useful since they are conducted in a well-controlled environment allowing elimination of complexities arising from particle-particle interactions. In this work, pyrolysis of pulverized Asphaltenes feedstock was carried out in a drop tube furnace (DTF) maintained in atmospheric pressure. Effect of furnace temperature and particle size on char formation and char characteristics were investigated. Chars obtained from higher particle size (1.7mm to 0.85mm) at 600˚C, 700˚C and 800˚C exhibited similar morphology to that of pure asphaltenes while pyrolysis of particle sizes ranging from 250-425µm at higher temperatures (700-900˚C) demonstrated better results with 10-2% volatile matter remaining in char. SEM as well as cross sectional images of char particles indicated formation of cenospheres and fragmentation of char particles at higher pyrolysis temperatures. High pyrolysis temperatures also implicated loss of active sites, increase in alkene content and aromatic condensation. ICP MS investigation validated retention of K and Na along with heavy elements such as V, Ni and Cu at temperatures above 700ᵒC. Morphology of char obtained at different oxygen partial pressures was also examined. Ultimately, the combustion reactivities of char obtained at 700ᵒC, 800ᵒC and 900ᵒC for particle sizes 425µm-0.85mm, 355-425µm and 250-355µm were compared.

Subjects/Keywords: CharCharacterization; Asphaltenes; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Dhir, S. (2015). Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dhir, Satarupa. “Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dhir, Satarupa. “Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere.” 2015. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Dhir S. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 2015. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813.

Council of Science Editors:

Dhir S. Behavior of Individual Pulverized Asphaltenes in a Tube Furnace under Inert Atmosphere. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 2015. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/j098zd813

Texas A&M University

9. Martin, Brandon Ray. Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends.

Degree: 2009, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148

► Increases in demand, lower emission standards, and reduced fuel supplies have fueled the recent effort to find new and better fuels to power the necessary… (more)

▼ Increases in demand, lower emission standards, and reduced fuel supplies have fueled the recent effort to find new and better fuels to power the necessary equipment for society?s needs. Often, the fuels chosen for research are renewable fuels derived from biomass. Current research at Texas A&M University is focused on the effectiveness of using cattle manure biomass as a fuel source in conjunction with coal burning utilities. The scope of this project includes fuel property analysis, pyrolysis and ignition behavior characteristics, combustion modeling, emissions modeling, small scale combustion experiments, pilot scale commercial combustion experiments, and cost analysis of the fuel usage for both feedlot biomass and dairy biomass. This paper focuses on fuel property analysis and pyrolysis and ignition characteristics of feedlot biomass. Deliverables include a proximate and ultimate analysis, pyrolysis kinetics values, and ignition temperatures of four types of feedlot biomass (low ash raw manure [LARM], low ash partially composted manure [LAPC], high ash raw manure [HARM], and high ash partially composted manure [HAPC]) as well as blends of each biomass with Texas lignite coal (TXL). Activation energy results for pure samples of each fuel using the single reaction model rigorous solution were as follows: 45 kJ/mol (LARM), 43 kJ/mol (LAPC), 38 kJ/mol (HARM), 36 kJ/mol (HAPC), and 22 kJ/mol (TXL). Using the distributed activation energy model the activation energies were 169 kJ/mol (LARM), 175 kJ/mol (LAPC), 172 kJ/mol (HARM), 173 kJ/mol (HAPC), and 225 kJ/mol (TXL). Ignition temperature results for pure samples of each of the fuels were as follows: 734 K (LARM), 745 K (LAPC), 727 (HARM), 744 K (HAPC), and 592 K (TXL). There was little difference observed between the ignition temperatures of the 50% blends of coal with biomass and the pure samples of coal as observed by the following results: 606 K (LARM), 571 K (LAPC), 595 K (HARM), and 582 K (HAPC). Advisors/Committee Members: Annamalai, Kalyan (advisor), Caton, Jerald (committee member), Mukhtar, Saqib (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: pyrolysis; ignition; TGA

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APA (6^th Edition):

Martin, B. R. (2009). Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Martin, Brandon Ray. “Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends.” 2009. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Martin, Brandon Ray. “Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends.” 2009. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Martin BR. Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Martin BR. Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Cornell University

10. Smith, Krystle. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres .

Degree: 2014, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

► Two one-dimensional numerical simulations were developed to model the pyrolysis of wood spheres, based on the proposed model developed by Park et al., 2010. Both… (more)

▼ Two one-dimensional numerical simulations were developed to model the pyrolysis of wood spheres, based on the proposed model developed by Park et al., 2010. Both of these models include physical processes coupled with a kinetic mechanism that describes the pyrolysis reactions, including heat transfer within the wood particle, chemical decomposition of wood into products, and the pressure-driven flow of gas-phase species through the porous media, described using Darcy's law. The Park model used the kinetic mechanism developed by Park et al., 2010, where wood decomposes through a few parallel reactions and secondary reactions to form gas, tar, and char. The Gauthier model implements a more detailed kinetic mechanism, presented by Gauthier et al., 2013, which describes the decomposition of the main constituents of wood - cellulose, hemicellulose, and three types of lignin - and characterizes gas and tar fractions with a limited number of components. To accurately determine the ability of the model to predict the pyrolysis process, both models were configured to match the experimental conditions presented in this thesis. This included an in depth study into the external heat transfer, material properties, and some kinetic parameters from the Park model used in the simulation. Model outputs were compared to thermogravimetric analysis mass loss profiles and time-resolved temperature and species profiles of permanent gases and several light volatiles from the slow pyrolysis of dry poplar wood spheres. Model predictions from both the Park and Gauthier kinetic mechanisms matched reasonably well with experimental data, although the Gauthier model predicted a very large production of species from the desorption of chemisorbed species at higher temperatures that was not seen experimentally. Additionally, both models were generally able to predict the trends in yields of species with particle size and temperature. From this study, the following were determined: (1) The main release of gaseous products occurred before the exothermic peak seen in the temperature profiles, which supports the view that this peak is caused by the decomposition of an intermediate solid. (2) Both the Park and Gauthier models predicted a higher yield for tar and a lower yield for char than seen experimentally, which could be caused by secondary char being formed from the decomposition of tar as it moves through the biomass particle. (3) Two peaks were observed in the species profiles for CH4 at low temperatures, supporting the notion of the release of chemisorbed species that is implemented in the Gauthier model; however, this release is much smaller than predicted by the model. The development of the Gauthier model contributes considerably to numerical modeling of the pyrolysis process. This model provides detailed information on the composition of volatiles being produced through the slow pyrolysis of thermally thick particles, as well as the timing of the release of specific species. While there are many advantages to using this model to predict… Advisors/Committee Members: Datta, Ashim K (committeeMember).

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; Biomass; Model

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APA (6^th Edition):

Smith, K. (2014). A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres . (Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smith, Krystle. “A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres .” 2014. Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smith, Krystle. “A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres .” 2014. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Smith K. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres . [Internet] [Thesis]. Cornell University; 2014. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Smith K. A Numerical Study Of The Slow Pyrolysis Of Thermally Thick Wood Spheres . [Thesis]. Cornell University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/36107

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Newcastle

11. Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.

Degree: PhD, 2012, University of Newcastle

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

►

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pressure is one of the less studied parameters in respect to its effect on the pyrolysis of biomass.… (more)

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pressure is one of the less studied parameters in respect to its effect on the pyrolysis of biomass. Most of the understanding of this effect is qualitative in nature. Very little insight has been reported in the literature, into the intrinsic physical and chemical processes governing the effect of pressure on the pyrolytic behaviour of biomass and its main structural components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The lack of a well scrutinised mechanistic model, able to account for the effect of pressure during biomass pyrolysis, reflects the present state of art in the field. This has hindered the development of suitable biomass thermal-converter unit operations functioning under optimised pressure, temperature and residence time, able to produce desirable products. These outputs may include the attainment of a specific phase partition (char, bio-oil and gases) and manipulation of the composition of these phases. Aiming to fill this important gap in knowledge, the primary objective of the present research was to investigate the effect of pressure and vapour-phase residence time on the pyrolysis characteristics of biomass. In pursuing this objective, we have designed and assembled a flexible fixed-bed high pressure experimental rig. Subsequently, we have deployed the rig to perform experiments on wood chips of biomass samples of eucalypt (Eucalyptus acmenoides) sapwood and heartwood, camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) heartwood, pine (Pine radiata) sapwood, and sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinanum). We have also undertaken experiments on commercial and experimentally extracted components of biomass (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin). Our experiments comprised a thermal treatment which included a heating rate of 5 °C/min and Tmax of 450 °C, under an inert purge gas atmosphere of N2. We have executed parameterised experiments varying pressure (from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa) and vapour-phase residence time (0.6, 1.5, and 15 min). We have also carried out experiments on a high-pressure thermo-gravimetric apparatus, under operating conditions similar to those deployed in the experimental rig. The analytical instrumentation consisted of a micro gas chromatograph, allowing on-line analysis and quantification of the gaseous species, and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of the tarry fraction. Proximate and ultimate analyses of samples and pyrolysis products were performed using standard analytical techniques. From this set of experiments, we were able to demonstrate a dependence of product phase yields (char, tar and gases), their composition, and their quality on the structural composition of woody biomass. We have found that lignin contributes the most, and cellulose the least to the formation of char. We have also demonstrated that high pressures and long vapour-phase residence times act concomitantly to produce a high yield of char and gases, as a consequence of a reduction in the yield of tar. Cellulose responded to…

Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering.

Subjects/Keywords: pyrolysis; biomass; pressure

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lucas, L. H. M. (2012). Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. “Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lucas, Luís Hélder Mendes. “Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis.” 2012. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Lucas LHM. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2012. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969.

Council of Science Editors:

Lucas LHM. Effect of pressure on the characteristics of biomass pyroysis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927969

Massey University

12. Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.

Degree: PhD, Process Engineering, 2016, Massey University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

► Anthropogenic climate change, caused primarily by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, has led to a renewed interest in char, the solid product of pyrolysis. When… (more)

▼ Anthropogenic climate change, caused primarily by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, has led to a renewed interest in char, the solid product of pyrolysis. When applied to soil as biochar it can both sequester carbon and improve soil function. To make its manufacture environmentally friendly and economically viable it is important to maximise char yield, which can be done by promoting secondary reactions. This research shows that secondary reactions, which are enhanced by prolonged vapour-phase residence time and concentration, not only increase the char yield but are the source of the majority of the char formed. All four biomass constituents (extractives, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) undergo secondary reactions concurrent with primary reactions over the entire pyrolysis range ≈ 140 to 500 °C, which makes it practically impossible to separate them. Secondary char formation was confirmed to be exothermic which affects the overall heat of pyrolysis. Impregnating the feedstock with the elements K, Mg and P, which are plant macro-nutrients naturally present in biomass, resulted in the catalysis of secondary char formation. The results reveal that a first order reaction model does not describe pyrolysis accurately when char formation is enhanced by catalysis and secondary reactions. Secondary char can be enhanced by increasing the particle size but there is a limit due to increased cracking and fracturing of the pyrolysing solid. This limitation is overcome by pyrolysis in an enclosed vessel, termed autogenous pressure pyrolysis, which was discovered to cause significant changes in the volatile pyrolysis products; indicating the co-production of a high quality liquid. This process, however, negatively affects the char properties relevant for biochar like the surface area, similar to self-charring and co-carbonisation of condensed volatile pyrolysis products. To increase research capabilities a unique high temperature/ high pressure reactor (600 °C at 20 MPa) was designed to allow the detailed characterisation of all three pyrolysis product classes under extreme pyrolysis conditions. This was demonstrated to be invaluable for understanding the underlying pyrolysis mechanism and physical processes at play.

Subjects/Keywords: Char; Biochar; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ripberger, G. D. (2016). A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. (Doctoral Dissertation). Massey University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. “A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Massey University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ripberger, Georg Dietrich. “A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis.” 2016. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Ripberger GD. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Massey University; 2016. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429.

Council of Science Editors:

Ripberger GD. A study of the importance of secondary reactions in char formation and pyrolysis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Massey University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/11429

The Ohio State University

13. Walton, Theodore Ross. The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds.

Degree: PhD, Graduate School, 1960, The Ohio State University

URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486479201746129

Subjects/Keywords: Chemistry; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Walton, T. R. (1960). The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds. (Doctoral Dissertation). The Ohio State University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486479201746129

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Walton, Theodore Ross. “The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds.” 1960. Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486479201746129.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Walton, Theodore Ross. “The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds.” 1960. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Walton TR. The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1960. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486479201746129.

Council of Science Editors:

Walton TR. The pyrolysis of fluorinated compounds. [Doctoral Dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1960. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486479201746129

14. Munoz hoyos, Mariana. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.

Degree: Docteur es, Matériaux Céramiques et Traitements de Surface, 2017, Limoges

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

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Des poudres céramiques multiéléments dans le système Si/C/N peuvent être obtenues avec le procédé de spray pyrolyse. Les paramètres de synthèse et leur influence sur… (more)

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Des poudres céramiques multiéléments dans le système Si/C/N peuvent être obtenues avec le procédé de spray pyrolyse. Les paramètres de synthèse et leur influence sur la composition et la morphologie de poudres obtenues a fait l’objet de précédentes études. Toutefois, les mécanismes de décomposition et de recombinaison des espèces dans la zone de réaction restent inconnus. Cette étude vise à approfondir la compréhension du procédé, de la formation de l’aérosol jusqu’aux mécanismes de formation des particules solides. Ainsi, la caractérisation de l’aérosol par ombroscopie laser, couplée à la mise en place d’un modèle numérique du transport et traitement des gouttes du précurseur au sein du dispositif, a permis l’identification de distributions en taille de gouttes de type bimodal jusqu’à leur entrée en zone de réaction. Cette double approche a également permis de vérifier l’effet des phénomènes physiques et hydrodynamiques sur les distributions en taille des gouttelettes lors de leur transport vers la zone réactionnelle. L’introduction d’une distribution bimodale dans le four de pyrolyse permet d’envisager un mécanisme de décomposition du précurseur en deux étapes, lié à la taille des gouttelettes. Cette hypothèse combinée à l’étude de décomposition du précurseur Hexaméthyldisilazane à haute température a permis de proposer des mécanismes de formation de poudres dont la composition chimique varie selon l’atmosphère de synthèse utilisée.

Multielement ceramic powders in the Si/C/N system could be obtained by spray pyrolysis process. Synthesis parameters and their effect on powder chemical composition and morphology have been already studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of precursor decomposition and gas phase species recombination that take place in the reaction zone are still unknown. The aim of this study is the comprehension of the process, from the aerosol generation to the solid powders formation mechanisms. The shadowgraphy technique was used to characterize the spray, and coupled with the implementation of a numerical model of droplets transport and treatment through the device allowed to identify bimodal size distributions at the furnace entrance. This double approach let confirm the effect of physical and hydrodynamic phenomenon in drop size evolution. The introduction of a bimodal distribution into the pyrolysis furnace allows to consider a precursor decomposition mechanism in two steps, depending on the drop sizes. This hypothesis combined to the study of precursor decomposition at high temperature led to the proposal of powder formation mechanisms in which their chemical composition varies with the synthesis atmosphere.

Advisors/Committee Members: Foucaud, Sylvie (thesis director), Mariaux, Gilles (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Spray pyrolyse; Spray pyrolysis; 620.44

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APA (6^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, M. (2017). Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. (Doctoral Dissertation). Limoges. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, Mariana. “Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Limoges. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Munoz hoyos, Mariana. “Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience.” 2017. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Munoz hoyos M. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Limoges; 2017. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081.

Council of Science Editors:

Munoz hoyos M. Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience : Contribution to the comprehension of spray pyrolysis process by a double approach modelling/experience. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Limoges; 2017. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081

Loughborough University

15. Strugnell, Brian. The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal.

Degree: PhD, 1995, Loughborough University

URL: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13619 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295542

► The hydropyrolysis of coal is considered to be an attractive future route for the conversion of coal to gaseous and liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks.… (more)

▼ The hydropyrolysis of coal is considered to be an attractive future route for the conversion of coal to gaseous and liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks. This thesis comprises a study of the behaviour of coal under the conditions pertinent to those envisaged within a commercial hydropyrolysis process, that is, using pulverised coal, a short coal-reactor residence time, high hydrogen pressure and high heating rate. For this purpose, an electrically heated grid apparatus has been used. The experimental conditions have been weighted towards achieving a maximum loss of primary volatile products whilst minimising unwanted and poorly controlled secondary reactions such as char hydrogasification. In this way, it has been possible to compare the influence of a hydrogen atmosphere on primary devolatilisation for a range of coals. Overall, the total volatile release is enhanced by hydropyrolysis to a degree dependent upon the partial pressure of the hydrogen. The increased yield is due mainly to an increase of saturated hydrocarbons, although the production of some individual species such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unsaturated hydrocarbons are diminished with respect to helium pyrolysis. The magnitude of both total and individual product yields vary with coal type, as does the degree by which these yields are influenced by a hydrogen atmosphere. This influence is considered to depend specifically on the type and number of various reactive sites and functionalities within coal and also on their accessibility for hydrogen, which is in tum dependent upon the thermoplastic behaviour of the coal. A further factor governing both product yields and hydrogen influence is the coal petrographic composition. Inertinite macerals have been observed to be significantly more responsive than exinite or vitrinite to hydrogen, producing relatively high methane yields. Thus it has been shown that inertinite rich coals or enriched feedstocks may be suitable candidates for hydropyrolysis processing. The data obtained have also demonstrated how a number of coal properties obtained by standard analytical techniques may be used for coal selection and yield prediction. BS volatile matter, carbon content, vitrinite reflectance and both 0/C and H/C atomic ratios are the most useful of the properties investigated in this respect. This is considered to be an important step towards the foundation of a classification system for hydropyrolysis processing.

Subjects/Keywords: 553.24; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Strugnell, B. (1995). The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal. (Doctoral Dissertation). Loughborough University. Retrieved from https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13619 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295542

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Strugnell, Brian. “The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal.” 1995. Doctoral Dissertation, Loughborough University. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13619 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295542.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Strugnell, Brian. “The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal.” 1995. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Strugnell B. The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Loughborough University; 1995. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13619 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295542.

Council of Science Editors:

Strugnell B. The influence of high heating rate hydropyrolysis on the primary devolatilisation of coal. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Loughborough University; 1995. Available from: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13619 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295542

University of Minnesota

16. Zhao, Yuan. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.

Degree: MS, Bioproducts/biosystems science engineering and management, 2012, University of Minnesota

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/140181

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University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. August 2012. Major: Bioproducts/biosystems science engineering and management. Advisor: Dr. R. Roger Ruan. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 44 pages.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Heavy metal; Microalgae; Microwave; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhao, Y. (2012). Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. (Masters Thesis). University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://purl.umn.edu/140181

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhao, Yuan. “Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Minnesota. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://purl.umn.edu/140181.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhao, Yuan. “Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae.” 2012. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Zhao Y. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2012. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/140181.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhao Y. Heavy metals in wastewater: Their removal through algae adsorption and their roles in microwave assisted pyrolysis of algae. [Masters Thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2012. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/140181

Texas A&M University

17. Mukundan, Mallika. Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis.

Degree: 2009, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1568

► The project synthesizes phase pure Yttria particles using flame spray pyrolysis, and to experimentally determines the effect of various process parameters like residence time, adiabatic… (more)

▼ The project synthesizes phase pure Yttria particles using flame spray pyrolysis, and to experimentally determines the effect of various process parameters like residence time, adiabatic flame temperature and precursor droplet size on the phase of Yttria particles generated. Further, through experimentation and based on the understanding of the process, conditions that produce pure monoclinic Y2O3 particles were found. An ultrasonic atomization set-up was used to introduce precursor droplets (aqueous solution of yttrium nitrate hex hydrate) into the flame. A hydrogen-oxygen diffusion flame was used to realize the high temperature aerosol synthesis. The particles were collected on filters and analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Individual process parameters (flame temperature, residence time, precursor concentration, precursor droplet size) were varied in continuous trials, keeping the rest of the parameters constant. The effect of the varied parameter on the phase of the product Yttria particles was then analyzed. Pre-flame heating was undertaken using a nozzle heater at variable power. Precursor solution concentrations of 0.026 mol/L, 0.26 mol/L, and 0.65 mol/L were used. Residence time was varied by means of burner diameter (9.5 mm and 1.6 mm ID). Large precursor droplets were removed by means of an inertial impactor. The higher flame temperatures and precursor heating favor the formation of monoclinic yttrium oxide. The fraction of the cubic phase is closely related to the particle diameter. All particles larger than a critical size were of the cubic phase. Phase pure monoclinic yttrium oxide particles were successfully synthesized. The end conditions included a precursor concentration of 0.65 mol/L, a pure hydrogen-oxygen flame and a 1.6 mm burner. The precursor droplets entrained fuel gas was passed through a round jet impactor and preheated at full power (130 VA). The particles synthesized were in the size range of 0.350 to 1.7 ?m. Advisors/Committee Members: Guo, Bing (advisor), Annamalai, Kalyan (committee member), Collins, Don (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Flame spray Pyrolysis; Yttria

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mukundan, M. (2009). Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1568

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mukundan, Mallika. “Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis.” 2009. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1568.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mukundan, Mallika. “Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis.” 2009. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Mukundan M. Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1568.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mukundan M. Phase control in the synthesis of yttrium oxide nano and micro-particles by flame spray pyrolysis. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1568

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

18. Yim, Hoon. THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS.

Degree: 2010, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-574

► Y2O3:Eu particles are phosphors that have found wide applications. Flamesynthesized Y2O3:Eu particles may have either the cubic or the monoclinic structure. The effects of particle… (more)

▼ Y2O3:Eu particles are phosphors that have found wide applications. Flamesynthesized Y2O3:Eu particles may have either the cubic or the monoclinic structure. The effects of particle size and Eu doping concentration on crystal structure and the surface elemental composition of the flame-synthesized Y2O3:Eu particles had not been previously reported. In this study, a flame aerosol process was used to generate polydisperse Y2O3:Eu particle. H2 was used as the fuel gas, with either air or O2 gas as the oxidizer. The precursor was aqueous solutions of the metal nitrates, atomized using a 1.7-MHz ultrasonic atomizer. The product particles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence spectrophotometer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/O2 flames were spherical and fully dense, with diameters in the range of 10~3000 nm. In particle samples with lower Eu doping concentrations, a critical particle diameter was found, whose value increased with increasing Eu doping concentration. Particles well below the critical diameter had the monoclinic structure; those well above the critical diameter had the cubic structure. At sufficiently high Eu doping concentrations, all Y2O3:Eu generated in H2/O2 flames had the monoclinic structure. On the other hand, all particles generated in the H2/air flames had the cubic structure. For the Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/O2 flames, XPS results showed that the surface Eu concentration was several times higher than the doping concentration. For Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/air flames, the surface Eu concentration was equal to the doping concentration. For both types of particles, the photoluminescence intensity reached a maximum corresponding to a surface Eu concentration 40~50%. The photoluminescence intensity then decreased rapidly with higher Eu doping concentration. The effect of particle size and Eu doping concentration on crystal structure may be explained by the interplay between surface energy and polymorphism. A mechanism for this surface enrichment phenomenon was proposed based on the binary Eu2O3-Y2O3 phase diagram. Advisors/Committee Members: Guo, Bing (advisor), Naugle, Donald G. (committee member), Zhang, Xinghang (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Y2O3:Eu; Flame Spray Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Yim, H. (2010). THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-574

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yim, Hoon. “THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS.” 2010. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-574.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yim, Hoon. “THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS.” 2010. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Yim H. THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2010. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-574.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Yim H. THE EFFECTS OF FLAME TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND EUROPIUM DOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU PARTICLES FORMED IN A FLAME AEROSOL PROCESS. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-574

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

19. Florey, James. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.

Degree: 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

► The need for clean potable water and sustainable energy are two current and pressing issues with implications affecting the global population. Renewed interests in alternative… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biochar; Activated Carbon; Pyrolysis; Bacteriophage

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APA (6^th Edition):

Florey, J. (2012). The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Florey, James. “The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.” 2012. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Florey, James. “The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters.” 2012. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Florey J. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Florey J. The Potential for Activated Biochar to Remove Waterborne Viruses from Environmental Waters. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10925

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

20. Chen, Wei 1981-. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.

Degree: 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

► Thermal gasification of biomass is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass into gaseous fuel. Here we present results of… (more)

▼ Thermal gasification of biomass is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass into gaseous fuel. Here we present results of gasification, using an adiabatic bed gasifier with air, steam as gasification medium, of mesquite and juniper. From Thermo-gravimetric analyses the pre-exponential factor (B) and activation energy of fuels for pyrolysis were obtained using single reaction models (SRM) and parallel reaction model (PRM). The single reaction model including convention Arrhenius (SRM-CA) and maximum volatile release rate model (SRM-MVR). The parallel reaction model fits the experimental data very well, followed by MVR. The CA model the least accurate model. The activation energies obtained from PRM are around 161,000 kJ/kmol and 158,000 kJ/kmol for juniper and mesquite fuels, respectively. And, the activation energies obtained from MVR are around100,000 kJ/kmol and 85,000 kJ/kmol for juniper and mesquite fuels, respectively. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER), particle size, and moisture content on the temperature profile, gas composition, tar yield, and higher heating value (HHV) were investigated. For air gasification, when moisture increased from 6% to 12% and ER decreased from 4.2 to 2.7, the mole composition of the dry product gas for mesquite varied as follow: 18-30% CO, 2-5% H2, 1-1.5% CH4, 0.4-0.6% C2H6, 52-64% N2, and 10-12% CO2. The tar yield shows peak value (150 g/Nm³) with change in moisture content between 6-24%. The tar collected from the gasification process included light tar and heavy tar. The main composition of the light tar was moisture. The chemical properties of heavy tar were determined. For air-steam gasification, H2 rich mixture gas was produced. The HHV of the mesquite gas increased first when S: F ratio increased from 0.15 to 0.3 and when the S: F ratio increased to 0.45, HHV of the gas decreased. Mesquite was blended with the Wyoming Powder River Basin (PRB) coal with ratio of 90:10 and 80:20 in order to increase the Tpeak and HHV. It was found that the Tpeak increased with the increase of PRB coal weight percentage (0% to 20%). Advisors/Committee Members: Ansley, Jim (advisor), Annamalai, Kalyan (advisor), Petersen, Eric (committee member), Ranjan, Devesh (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: tar; Juniper; Mesquite; Pyrolysis; Gasification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chen, W. 1. (2012). Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chen, Wei 1981-. “Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.” 2012. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chen, Wei 1981-. “Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer.” 2012. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Chen W1. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Chen W1. Fixed Bed Counter Current Gasification of Mesquite and Juniper Biomass Using Air-steam as Oxidizer. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148109

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Addis Ababa University

21. Tigabu, Abrha. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .

Degree: 2013, Addis Ababa University

URL: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

► Fast pyrolysis of biomass is the most promising technology of converting solid biomass to liquid bio-oil as a renewable substitution of fossil resources in fuel… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; Fast pyrolysis; Bio-oil

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tigabu, A. (2013). Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . (Thesis). Addis Ababa University. Retrieved from http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tigabu, Abrha. “Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .” 2013. Thesis, Addis Ababa University. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tigabu, Abrha. “Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production .” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Tigabu A. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . [Internet] [Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Tigabu A. Design and Development of Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor for Bio-oil Production . [Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2013. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/handle/123456789/4611

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Technology, Sydney

22. Raja, Sophil. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.

Degree: 2013, University of Technology, Sydney

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

► The primary aim was to develop a method for accurately estimating the post-burial time of bones. Bones were buried in diverse soil environments for 18… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Bone.; Dating.; Age.; Diagenesis.; Pyrolysis.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Raja, S. (2013). A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. (Thesis). University of Technology, Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Raja, Sophil. “A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.” 2013. Thesis, University of Technology, Sydney. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Raja, Sophil. “A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications.” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Raja S. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Raja S. A study of bone chemistry in forensic applications. [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

NSYSU

23. Lee, Hsin-Chen. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.

Degree: Master, Chemistry, 2000, NSYSU

URL: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

► Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of 2-(azidomethyl)indole, via a nitrene intermediate gave 1,3,5-tri-2-indolyl-2,4-diaza-1,4-pentadiene as the main product. By the same route, FVP of 3-(azidomethyl)pyridine produced 1,3,5-tri-2-pyridyl-2,4-diaza-1,4-pentadiene.On… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: pyrolysis; nitrene

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lee, H. (2000). Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. (Thesis). NSYSU. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lee, Hsin-Chen. “Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.” 2000. Thesis, NSYSU. Accessed September 15, 2019. http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lee, Hsin-Chen. “Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene.” 2000. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Lee H. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. [Internet] [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lee H. Pyrolytic Study of 2-Azidomethylindole, 3-Azidomethylpyridine and 2-Azidomethylbenzene. [Thesis]. NSYSU; 2000. Available from: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0627100-115713

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alberta

24. Mahapatra, Nirlipt. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.

Degree: MS, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2014, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

► Solvent deasphalting, followed by asphaltenes gasification, has been recommended as a favorable alternative to coker based upgrading processes. However, very limited work has been carried… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Asphaltenes; DTF; Gasification; Char; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mahapatra, N. (2014). Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mahapatra, Nirlipt. “Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mahapatra, Nirlipt. “Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars.” 2014. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Mahapatra N. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 2014. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r.

Council of Science Editors:

Mahapatra N. Pyrolysis of asphaltenes in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor: A study on gasification reactivity and properties of chars. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 2014. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/vm40xr84r

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

25. Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.

Degree: 2014, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

URL: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

► Pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen into carbonaceous residues, liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases. It is a… (more)

▼ Pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen into carbonaceous residues, liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases. It is a precursor to other thermochemical processes (gasification and combustion) and therefore very important thermochemical process. Pyrolysis process is an efficient and effective method of treating solid wastes but its large-scale utilization is still limited by certain factors. The major factor is the high amount of energy used during the pyrolysis process and in order to make pyrolysis a cost effective commercial energy process, there is need to explore different approaches/strategies to reduce energy usage during the process. Another important challenges with pyrolysis of solid wastes are the stability of certain products fraction and composition of the solid waste feedstocks. Therefore, in this study, experimental, modelling and optimisation of solid wastes pyrolysis were investigated and different operational strategies were proposed towards solving the pyrolysis problem. Selected solid wastes feedstocks such as bamboo waste, waste tyres, sawdust, empty fruit bunch (EFB) and plastics (polystyrene and high density polyethylene) were employed in this research study. In the experimental study, common thermal analysis techniques and laboratory scaled pyrolysis unit were used to study the influence of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and heating rates on selected solid wastes feedstocks. A mathematical model was developed in MATLAB using the parameters generated from the experimental study. This model describes transiently the pyrolysis progress of particles subjected to specified pyrolysis conditions in a pyrolysis reactor. The effect of the operating parameters on the pyrolysis progress was studied using the model and some experiments were conducted to validate the model results. In addition to the pyrolysis model, selected operating conditions were optimised with focus on minimizing energy input for the pyrolysis reaction. The constraints and optimisation equations depend on the operating strategy under consideration. Therefore in this present study, three operational strategies to reduce the energy usage during the pyrolysis of solid wastes were proposed. The operational strategies are operating parameters studies and optimisation including mixed-size approach, multi-stage pyrolysis and optimisation and co-pyrolysis/mixed-waste pyrolysis. The results and the design of the various approaches are clearly stated in this thesis. These operational strategies were shown to minimize the energy usage, improve the pyrolysis products quality, enhance the pyrolysis process efficiency and can further help in designing the operation of pyrolysis process in a large scale. Overall, the application of some or all the proposed strategies will help to make pyrolysis of solid wastes more energy efficient and more profitable on a large scale.

Subjects/Keywords: Refuse and refuse disposal; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Oyedun, A. O. (2014). Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. (Thesis). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. “Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.” 2014. Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire. “Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes.” 2014. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Oyedun AO. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. [Internet] [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Oyedun AO. Experimental, modelling and optimisation of pyrolysis of solid wastes. [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1302192 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-65710/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

26. Lee, King Lung. Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process.

Degree: 2009, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

URL: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1070609 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6297/1/th_redirect.html

► Waste tyre, one kind of non-biodegradable solid wastes, can be a feedstock for pyrolysis process to produce valuable products, including non-condensable gas, pyrolysis oil and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrolysis; Waste tires – Recycling

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lee, K. L. (2009). Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process. (Thesis). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1070609 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6297/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lee, King Lung. “Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process.” 2009. Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1070609 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6297/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lee, King Lung. “Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process.” 2009. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Lee KL. Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process. [Internet] [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2009. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1070609 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6297/1/th_redirect.html.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lee KL. Design of waste tyre pyrolysis process. [Thesis]. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14711/thesis-b1070609 ; http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6297/1/th_redirect.html

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University

27. Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.

Degree: MS, Environmental Engineering, 2013, Penn State University

URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

► Briquettes containing 86-92% anthracite fines, 2.3-8.6% lignin, 4.5% silicon metal powder, and 0.9% hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) by mass have been investigated as a promising coke… (more)

▼ Briquettes containing 86-92% anthracite fines, 2.3-8.6% lignin, 4.5% silicon metal powder, and 0.9% hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) by mass have been investigated as a promising coke replacement in the foundry industry. The inclusion of lignin is important; we hypothesize it thermally fuses, providing the necessary strength for the briquettes to maintain their structural integrity throughout the extremely harsh pyrolitic conditions of the foundry’s cupola furnace. In order to mimic the cupola environment, eucalyptus hardwood lignin has been pyrolyzed at a series of temperatures ranging from 300°C to 800°C for either 5, 10, or 20 minutes. Following pyrolysis the lignin samples were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy to gain insight into either the reaction mechanism or the structure of the resultant lignin char. The results of these techniques indicate that the content of aromatic carbon within the lignin increases from 54.1% to 95.6% between the control (un-pyrolyzed) lignin and the lignin pyrolyzed at 500°C for 20 minutes. The average distance between aromatic carbons and their nearest hydrogen atom also increased, indicating the size of aromatic domains is increasing. The XRD data indicate that while the lignin has not become ordered and aromatic enough to be considered “graphitic”, the order and crystallinity is increasing and was trending in the direction of graphite. The diffraction pattern of the 800°C sample roughly resembled the patterns of soots and glassy carbon. Similarly, the Raman spectra of samples pyrolyzed from 400°C to 800°C indicate that the lignin was becoming more ordered; the disordered (D) and graphitic (G) peaks became more defined within samples pyrolyzed at high temperature. The samples did not reach a high level of graphitization but contained ordered aromatic regimes.

Subjects/Keywords: lignin; pyrolysis; NMR; char

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Frantz, C. W. (2013). Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. (Masters Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. “Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Frantz, Curtis Wendelin. “Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source.” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Frantz CW. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641.

Council of Science Editors:

Frantz CW. Characterization of pyrolyzed lignin chars for use in a novel foundry fuel source. [Masters Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/17641

Penn State University

28. Snow, Robert Edward. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures.

Degree: MS, Energy and Mineral Engineering, 2012, Penn State University

URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

► An increasing population growth and the improvements made to the lifestyles of developing countries are leading to an ever increasing need for energy of all… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Coal; Biomass; Synergy; Pyrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Snow, R. E. (2012). An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures. (Masters Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Snow, Robert Edward. “An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Snow, Robert Edward. “An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures.” 2012. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Snow RE. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Penn State University; 2012. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535.

Council of Science Editors:

Snow RE. An Investigation of Synergistic Effect During Co-pyrolysis Of Coal and Pine Sawdust at Moderate Temperatures. [Masters Thesis]. Penn State University; 2012. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14535

University of Manchester

29. Khan, Imran. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Manchester

URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

► This thesis examines two important physical phenomena that occur when solid fuels are exposed to external radiative heating: (1) the pyrolysis process in reaching ignition… (more)

▼ This thesis examines two important physical phenomena that occur when solid fuels are exposed to external radiative heating: (1) the pyrolysis process in reaching ignition conditions and (2) the natural convection around one or more radiatively heated fuel samples. A vegetation fire (bushfire, wildfire, or forest fire) preheating the vegetation which is in its path is a particular example which occurs in nature. However there are many more applications where modelling the pyrolysis process and/or the natural convection is of practical use. For the pyrolysis phenomena, a one-dimensional time dependent pyrolysis model is proposed. The mathematical model is solved numerically and results are used to analyse the influence of the size of a wood-based fuel sample, the heating rate it is exposed to, and its initial moisture content in the process of the sample reaching the conditions where it can produce enough pyrolysate vapour to support a flame (flash point). In many pyrolysis models in the open literature it is assumed that the fuel samples are dry. In the present study it is found that the initial moisture content has a marked effect for a fuel sample reaching its flash point. For the convection phenomena, a two-dimensional steady model, which explores the natural convection around one or more solid fuels, is also presented. The flame front is represented by a radiating panel. This means that the solid fuels receive a non-uniform heating rate depending on their geometry and location in relation to the panel. Changes in temperature and velocity profiles are monitored for varying heating rates and sample sizes (or, equivalently, the Rayleigh number Ra). Additionally, in the case of multiple fuel samples, changes in the distance between the fuels is also taken into account. For multiple fuels in arbitrary locations it is possible that one sample will block some of the radiation from the panel from reaching another sample. This means that the fuel sample will receive a reduced heating rate. This reduction in heating is also incorporated in the natural convection model. Both the pyrolysis and natural convection models are solved numerically using the finite element software package COMSOL Multiphysics. A comparison of COMSOL is performed with benchmark solutions provided by the open literature. A good agreement in the numerical results is observed.

Subjects/Keywords: 662; Pyrolysis; Natural convection

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APA (6^th Edition):

Khan, I. (2013). Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Khan, Imran. “Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Khan, Imran. “Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection.” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Khan I. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082.

Council of Science Editors:

Khan I. Onset of ignition in solid fuels and modelling the natural convection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onset-of-ignition-in-solid-fuels-and-modelling-the-natural-convection(c698b574-2a01-450c-a499-13df6b060d6e).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607082

University of Cambridge

30. Russell, Alan Donald. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Cambridge

URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571781

► Plastics play an enormous role in modern manufacturing, but the extraction and refining of raw materials, followed by the synthesis of plastics themselves, represents an… (more)

▼ Plastics play an enormous role in modern manufacturing, but the extraction and refining of raw materials, followed by the synthesis of plastics themselves, represents an enormous energy investment into a product that is all too often simply “thrown away” into a landfill after a single use. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a recycling technique that allows the recovery of chemical value from plastic waste by breaking down polymers into useful smaller hydrocarbons using microwave heat in the absence of oxygen. This dissertation examines the use of a catalytic activated carbon bed in this procedure, using high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a model plastic. Initial tests with the batch input of HDPE produced a condensed pyrolysis oil comprising 35.5–45.3% aromatics, with the remainder primarily short-chain aliphatics. This oil was approximately three times lighter than that produced in the absence of catalyst, with a narrower range of molecular masses that matched those of the liquid transport fuels petrol and diesel (C5–C21). The non-condensable gases that resulted were short-chain aliphatics that could be used as feedstock for the creation of new chemicals (such as virgin HDPE), or fuels such as natural gas and LPG. The development of apparatus capable of adding sample in a continuous fashion enabled the processing of larger quantities of HDPE, and resulted in condensed products with a significantly higher aromatic content (>80% at 450°C), and which encompassed a somewhat narrower range of molecular masses compared with those produced in the batch mode; this was due to differences in kinetics and residence time that resulted from the different modes of sample introduction. As a result of processing larger quantities of HDPE it became apparent that the activated carbon deactivated over time, with a bed able to process around 3.5 times its mass in HDPE at 450°C before any significant changes in output products occurred. The decomposition of HDPE proceeds via thermal scission and radical-mediated mechanisms; high energy surface active sites facilitate the transfer of hydrogen and radicals, and this enhances overall cracking and lowers the activation energy for the formation of aromatics. Analysis of material deposited on the surface of the activated carbon confirmed that deactivation occurred through coking, with both cracking and deactivation thought to be enhanced by the formation of microwave-induced microplasmas. Overall, the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using activated carbon produces a much narrower range of more valuable products compared with non-catalytic processing. While the process is not likely to be economic in its current form owing to the relatively rapid deactivation of the activated carbon, future configurations incorporating online reactivation may be able to economically provide a second use cycle for these materials, avoiding expending energy to extract and process increasingly scarce new raw material from the surface of the earth.

Subjects/Keywords: 660; Microwave; Pyrolysis; HDPE; Recycling

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Russell, A. D. (2013). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Cambridge. Retrieved from https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571781

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Russell, Alan Donald. “Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge. Accessed September 15, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571781.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Russell, Alan Donald. “Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed.” 2013. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Russell AD. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2013. [cited 2019 Sep 15]. Available from: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571781.

Council of Science Editors:

Russell AD. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2013. Available from: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244641 ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571781

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