subject:(ocean acidification)

Dalhousie University

1. Bregha, François Edward Donald. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.

Degree: Master of Environmental Studies, School for Resource & Environmental Studies, 2015, Dalhousie University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

► The impact of ocean acidification on the growth rate of bivalve veligers for three commercially important species (Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis) has… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean Acidification; Bivalves; Larval Growth

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bregha, F. E. D. (2015). CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. (Masters Thesis). Dalhousie University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bregha, François Edward Donald. “CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Dalhousie University. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bregha, François Edward Donald. “CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bregha FED. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320.

Council of Science Editors:

Bregha FED. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. [Masters Thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

Victoria University of Wellington

2. Bylenga, Christine Heather. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.

Degree: 2016, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

► Laternula elliptica are large bivalves found in high densities in soft sediments in coastal regions of the Southern Ocean. L. elliptica form an important part… (more)

▼ Laternula elliptica are large bivalves found in high densities in soft sediments in coastal regions of the Southern Ocean. L. elliptica form an important part of the ecosystem, due to significant sediment stabilisation and deposition. Despite the important role L. elliptica play in their environment, little is known about how projected ocean change will impact future populations of this species. Invertebrate larvae are considerably more sensitive to environmental stressors than juveniles and adults, and increases in mortality and minor reductions in dispersal could significantly reduce future population sizes. In a rapidly changing climate, some of the greatest changes are expected at high latitudes. The greatest rates of warming of surface waters are occurring in the Southern Ocean. Additionally, undersaturation of aragonite due to ocean acidification is expected to affect these waters within decades. Calcifying organisms such as molluscs may be particularly sensitive to reduced pH and saturation states associated with ocean acidification. However, information on larval responses to these stressors in Antarctic species is limited. The larvae of L. elliptica are large and lecithotrophic. Maternally provided energy reserves sustain development until the completion of metamorphosis. While large reserves may support long development times and extended encapsulation, they are finite and cannot be replenished. Any stress during larval development could increase metabolic costs and deplete reserves, preventing metamorphosis. These stressors may also impact the calcification process and shell structures, resulting in weaker larvae at settlement that are more vulnerable to injury. Small reductions in larval survival could limit recruitment and population growth may decline. Various responses to ocean acidification (OA) and warming were studied in the larvae of L. elliptica. Larvae were raised under control pH and temperatures (~8.00 and - 1.7°C, respectively) and conditions representing projections for the Antarctic by the end of the century and 2300 (pH 7.80, 7.65 and -0.5, +0.5 and +1.5°C), both individually and in combination. The effect of these stressors on fertilisation rates, development timing and rates of abnormalities at various life stages were examined. Furthermore, SEM analysis determined the impacts of OA and warming on larval shell growth and morphology. Respiration rates and lipid reserves in developing larvae were also determined. Information on OA and temperature responses in Antarctic larvae is limited, and this is the first study on the effects of these stressors in Antarctic bivalves. Elevated temperatures largely improved development, increased early fertilisation rates, and accelerated development through all larval stages and larvae reached competency 5 d ahead of larvae at the control temperature. This would allow for faster settlement, significantly reducing time spent in more vulnerable development stages. Elevated temperatures also improved calcification in later D-stage larvae increasing shell… Advisors/Committee Members: Ken, Ryan, Vonda, Cummings.

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Bivalve; Antarctica

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bylenga, C. H. (2016). The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. (Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bylenga, Christine Heather. “The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bylenga, Christine Heather. “The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bylenga CH. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211.

Council of Science Editors:

Bylenga CH. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

3. Bergan, Alexander J. Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change.

Degree: 2017, MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/9051

► Thecosome pteropods are planktonic mollusks that form aragonite shells and that may experience increased dissolution and other adverse effects due to ocean acidification. This thesis… (more)

▼ Thecosome pteropods are planktonic mollusks that form aragonite shells and that may experience increased dissolution and other adverse effects due to ocean acidification. This thesis focuses on assessing the possible biological effects of ocean acidification on the shells and locomotion of pteropods and examining the response of a local pteropod population to environmental change over time. I analyzed shell condition after exposing pteropods to elevated CO2 as well as in natural populations to investigate the sensitivity of the shells of different species to aragonite saturation state (ΩA). The pteropods (Limacina retroversa) from laboratory experiments showed the clearest pattern of shell dissolution in response to decreased ΩA, while wild populations either had non-significant regional trends in shell condition (Clio pyramidata) or variability in shell condition that did not match expectations due to regional variability in ΩA (Limacina helicina). At locations with intermediate ΩA (1.5-2.5) the variability seen in L. helicina shell condition might be affected by food availability more than ΩA. I examined sinking and swimming behaviors in the laboratory in order to investigate a possible fitness effect of ocean acidification on pteropods. The sinking rates of L. retroversa from elevated CO2 treatments were slower in conjunction with worsened shell condition. These changes could increase their vulnerability to predators in the wild. Swimming ability was mostly unchanged by elevated CO2 after experiments that were up to three weeks in duration. I used a long-term dataset of pteropods in the Gulf of Maine to directly test whether there has been a population effect of environmental change over the past several decades. I did not observe a population decline between 1977 and 2015, and L. retroversa abundance in the fall actually increased over the time series. Analysis of the habitat use of L. retroversa revealed seasonal associations with temperature, salinity, and bottom depths. The combination of laboratory experiments and field surveys helped to address gaps in knowledge about pteropod ecology and improve our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on pteropods.

Subjects/Keywords: Mollusks; Plankton; Ocean acidification; Shells

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bergan, A. J. (2017). Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change. (Thesis). MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1912/9051

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bergan, Alexander J. “Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change.” 2017. Thesis, MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/9051.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bergan, Alexander J. “Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change.” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bergan AJ. Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change. [Internet] [Thesis]. MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/9051.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Bergan AJ. Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change. [Thesis]. MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/9051

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Otago

4. Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .

Degree: 2011, University of Otago

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

► Ocean acidification, as a result of increased atmospheric CO2, has the potential to adversely affect the larval stages of many marine organisms and hence have… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification, as a result of increased atmospheric CO2, has the potential to adversely affect the larval stages of many marine organisms and hence have profound effects on marine ecosystems. This is the first study of its kind to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on the early life-history stages of three echinoderms species, two asteroids and one irregular echinoid. Potential latitudinal variations on the effects of ocean acidification were also investigated by selecting a polar species (Odontaster validus), a temperate species (Patiriella regularis), and a tropical species (Arachnoides placenta). The effects of reduced seawater pH levels on the fertilization of gametes, larval survival and morphometrics on the aforementioned species were evaluated under experimental conditions. The pH levels considered for this research include ambient seawater (pH 8.1 or pH 8.2), levels predicted for 2100 (pH 7.7 and pH 7.6) and the extreme pH of 7.0, adjusted by bubbling CO2 gas into filtered seawater. Fertilization for Odontaster validus and Patiriella regularis for the predicted scenarios for 2100 was robust, whereas fertilization was significantly reduced in Arachnoides placenta. Larval survival was robust for the three species at pH 7.8, but numbers declined when pH dropped below 7.6. Normal A. placenta larvae developed in pH 7.8, whereas smaller larvae were observed for O. validus and P. regularis under the same pH treatment. Seawater pH levels below 7.6 resulted in smaller and underdeveloped larvae for all three species. The greatest effects were expected for the Antarctic asteroid O. validus but overall the tropical sand dollar A. placenta was the most affected by the reduction in seawater pH. The effects of ocean acidification on the asteroids O. validus and P. regulars, and the sand dollar A. placenta are species-specific. Several parameters, such as taxonomic differences, physiology, genetic makeup and the population’s evolutionary history may have contributed to this variability. This study highlights the vulnerability of the early developmental stages and the complexity of ocean acidification. However, future research is needed to understand the effects at individual, community and ecosystem levels. Advisors/Committee Members: Lamare, Miles (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean Acidification; Echinoderms; larvae

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, M. J. (2011). Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . (Masters Thesis). University of Otago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. “Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .” 2011. Masters Thesis, University of Otago. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. “Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .” 2011. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Gonzalez Bernat MJ. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930.

Council of Science Editors:

Gonzalez Bernat MJ. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . [Masters Thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

University of Miami

5. Margolin, Carolyn L. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.

Degree: PhD, Marine Biology and Fisheries (Marine), 2012, University of Miami

URL: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

► The changes in global climate, including the observed and predicted changes to ocean chemistry are expected to have significant impacts on the future of coral… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: coral; flow; light; ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Margolin, C. L. (2012). Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Miami. Retrieved from https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Margolin, Carolyn L. “Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Margolin, Carolyn L. “Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.” 2012. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Margolin CL. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Miami; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919.

Council of Science Editors:

Margolin CL. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Miami; 2012. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

University of Exeter

6. Newbatt, Samuel. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).

Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Exeter

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

► The following thesis explores the physiological effects on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) resulting from the dissolution of anthropogenic carbon… (more)

▼ The following thesis explores the physiological effects on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) resulting from the dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into seawater: known as ocean acidification. It assesses how ocean acidification, characterised by elevated seawater pCO2 (1200 µatm) and lowered pH (~7.7), affect the internal chemistry of these animals through the homeostatic process of acid-base regulation. Control conditions used for comparison were close to current ocean average values for CO2 (~400 µatm) and pH (8.2). The proficiency and magnitude of these compensatory mechanisms was explored. Both sea bass and shore crabs were found to be highly effective acid-base regulators and employed the same strategy to compensate the hypercapnia-induced respiratory acidosis: namely an elevation of extracellular bicarbonate (HCO3-). It then considers how these regulatory mechanisms both affect, and are affected by, simultaneous exposure to a ubiquitous coastal metal contaminant, copper. Evidence for a hitherto undocumented protective effect of elevated HCO3- against copper-induced DNA damage was found to be afforded to both sea bass and shore crab cells. DNA damage was used as a sensitive toxicity marker and blood cells were used as proxies for other internal tissues. Erythrocytes exposed in vitro (2 h) to copper (45 µg/L) showed significant DNA damage under control [HCO3-] (6 mM) but were completely protected when exposed under high [HCO3-] (12 mM). A similar protective effect was apparent in crabs under in vivo exposure (14 d) to 10 µg/L waterborne copper. Conversely, during exposure to higher waterborne copper concentrations (sea bass: 80 µg/L, shore crabs: 40 µg/L), animals showed a severe or total inhibition of acid-base regulatory ability in the face of simultaneously elevated seawater CO2 (1200 µatm). The downstream effects of longer-term (28 d) exposure to high CO2 and copper, both individually and in combination was assessed. Food conversion efficiency (FCE), growth and copper accumulation were quantified in juvenile sea bass as economically relevant endpoints. Growth and FCE remained unaffected by either stressor and copper was not accumulated in the muscle tissue: pertinent to human consumption. As a bi-product of this longer term study assessment of gut calcium carbonate production rates in these animals was possible, providing some of the first evidence of excretion rates in fish fed on naturally high calcium diets. A directly proportional influence of feeding rate on gut carbonate excretion rates as a result of increased dietary calcium was observed, and novel evidence provided of the proportional contribution of dietary and seawater calcium to excreted carbonate. Both findings have considerable application to global models of fish contribution to the oceanic carbon cycle.

Subjects/Keywords: 570; Ocean Acidification; Copper

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APA (6^th Edition):

Newbatt, S. (2015). The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Exeter. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Newbatt, Samuel. “The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Exeter. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Newbatt, Samuel. “The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Newbatt S. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Exeter; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923.

Council of Science Editors:

Newbatt S. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Exeter; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

Florida International University

7. Campbell, Justin E. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.

Degree: PhD, Biology, 2012, Florida International University

URL: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

► Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations associated with climate change will likely influence a wide variety of ecosystems. Terrestrial research has examined the effects of increasing… (more)

▼ Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations associated with climate change will likely influence a wide variety of ecosystems. Terrestrial research has examined the effects of increasing CO₂ concentrations on the functionality of plant systems; with studies ranging in scale from the short-term responses of individual leaves, to long-term ecological responses of complete forests. While terrestrial plants have received much attention, studies on the responses of marine plants (seagrasses) to increased CO_2(aq) concentrations remain relatively sparse, with most research limited to small-scale, ex situ experimentation. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to address similarities between terrestrial and seagrass responses to increases in CO_2(aq). The goals of this dissertation are to expand the scope of marine climate change research, and examine how the tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum responds to increasing CO_2(aq) concentrations over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Manipulative laboratory and field experimentation reveal that, similar to terrestrial plants, seagrasses strongly respond to increases in CO_2(aq) concentrations. Using a novel field technique, in situ field manipulations show that over short time scales, seagrasses respond to elevated CO_2(aq) by increasing leaf photosynthetic rates and the production of soluble carbohydrates. Declines in leaf nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content were additionally detected, paralleling responses from terrestrial systems. Over long time scales, seagrasses increase total above- and belowground biomass with elevated CO_2(aq), suggesting that, similar to terrestrial research, pervasive increases in atmospheric and oceanic CO_2(aq) concentrations stand to influence the productivity and functionality of these systems. Furthermore, field experiments reveal that seagrass epiphytes, which comprise an important component of seagrass ecosystems, additionally respond to increased CO_2(aq) with strong declines in calcified taxa and increases in fleshy taxa. Together, this work demonstrates that increasing CO_2(aq) concentrations will alter the functionality of seagrass ecosystems by increasing plant productivity and shifting the composition of the epiphyte community. These results have implications for future rates of carbon storage and sediment production within these widely distributed systems. Advisors/Committee Members: James Fourqurean, Deron Burkepile, Michael Durako, Steve Oberbauer, Rene Price.

Subjects/Keywords: climate change; ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Campbell, J. E. (2012). The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. (Doctoral Dissertation). Florida International University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Campbell, Justin E. “The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida International University. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Campbell, Justin E. “The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.” 2012. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Campbell JE. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida International University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617.

Council of Science Editors:

Campbell JE. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Florida International University; 2012. Available from: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

8. Bennett, Holly. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.

Degree: 2017, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

► As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef-building corals globally, shifting reefs from… (more)

▼ As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef-building corals globally, shifting reefs from coral-dominated systems to those dominated by less sensitive species. Sponges are important structural and functional components of coral reef ecosystems, but despite increasing field-based evidence that sponges may be ‘winners’ in response to environmental degradation, our understanding of how they respond to the combined effects of OW and OA is limited. This PhD thesis explores the response of four abundant Great Barrier Reef species – the phototrophic Carteriospongia foliascens and Cymbastela coralliophila and the heterotrophic Stylissa flabelliformis and Rhopaloeides odorabile to OW and OA levels predicted for 2100, under two CO₂ Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The overall aim of this research is to bridge gaps in our understanding of how these important coral reef organisms will respond to projected climate change, to begin to explore whether a sponge dominated state is a possible future trajectory for coral reefs. To determine the tolerance of adult sponges to climate change, these four species were exposed to OW and OA in the Australian Institute of Marine Science’s (AIMS) National Sea Simulator (SeaSim) in a 3-month experimental study. The first data chapter explores the physiological responses of these sponges to OW and OA to gain a broad understanding of sponge holobiont survival and functioning under these conditions. In this chapter I also address the hypothesis that phototrophic and heterotrophic sponges will exhibit differential responses to climate change. In the second and third data chapters I explore the cellular lipid and fatty acid composition of sponges, and how these biochemical constituents vary with OW and OA. Lipids and fatty acids are not only vital energy stores, they form the major components of cell membranes, and the structure and composition of these biochemical constituents ultimately determines the integrity and physiological competency of a cell. Therefore through these analyses I aimed to determine how OW and OA affects the metabolic balance of sponges, and to understand mechanisms underpinning observed systemic sponge responses. Finally, to provide greater insight into the population level impacts of climate change on tropical sponges, in the last data chapter I explore the response of the phototrophic species Carteriospongia foliascens to OW/OA throughout its developmental stages. I found that while sponges can generally tolerate climate change scenarios predicted under the RCP6.0 conditions for 2100 (30ºC/ pH 7.8), environmental projections for the end of this century under the RCP8.5 (31.5ºC/ pH 7.6) will have significant implications for their survival. Temperature effects were much stronger than OA effects for all species; however, phototrophic and heterotrophic species responded differently to OA. Elevated pCO₂ exacerbated temperature stress in heterotrophic sponges but… Advisors/Committee Members: Bell, James, Davy, Simon, Webster, Nicole.

Subjects/Keywords: Sponge; Climate change; Ocean warming; Ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bennett, H. (2017). Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. (Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bennett, Holly. “Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bennett, Holly. “Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bennett H. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240.

Council of Science Editors:

Bennett H. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

9. Zakroff, Casey. Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification.

Degree: 2019, MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/24477

► Ocean acidification (OA) and related stressors, like warming, are occurring rapidly in coastal systems. There is concern about the impacts these stressors may have on… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification (OA) and related stressors, like warming, are occurring rapidly in coastal systems. There is concern about the impacts these stressors may have on the early development of species that use the nearshore as nursery habitat. The inshore longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, plays an important role in the northwest Atlantic food web, and annually lays its eggs in the nearshore benthos during summer. This thesis sought to characterize morphological, physiological, and behavioral responses of D. pealeii embryos and paralarvae to OA. Experiments began in 2013, where I exposed squid eggs to a range of acidification levels (400 - 2200 ppm CO2) to uncover when the dosage impacts first appear (around 1300 ppm). To do this, I developed multiple methods to better characterize the morphological changes and surface degradation of statoliths due to acidification. This initial work demonstrated small-scale variability in response intensity, across hatching days and the breeding season. I ran swimming behavior experiments with subsampled paralarvae from 2013 - 2015 and developed a novel 3D recording and analysis tracking system in the process. The 2D data from 2013 showed significant decreases in time spent near surface, while 3D data in subsequent years showed slight impacts to activity and swimming velocity with increasing acidification. Overall, I ran experiments from 2013-2016, and compiled and compared these data using response ratios. I show that seasonal temperatures impact the baseline state of the paralarvae through parental condition, while acidification sensitivity appears driven by parental year class. Finally, I examined the interaction of acidification stress with warming, demonstrating an antagonistic relationship between these stressors for this life stage of this squid. These data indicate that acidification builds as a stressor, impacting late stages of embryonic development, while warming impacts embryos early in development, and likely reduces acidification impacts by decreasing development time. This dissertation demonstrates that while the embryonic and paralarval stages can be sensitive to acidification, being so highly fecund and varying in resistance at multiple temporal scales allows for a substantial potential for resilience to a changing ocean in this population of squid.

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Ocean temperature; Habitat (Ecology); Squids

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zakroff, C. (2019). Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification. (Thesis). MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1912/24477

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zakroff, Casey. “Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification.” 2019. Thesis, MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/24477.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zakroff, Casey. “Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification.” 2019. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Zakroff C. Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification. [Internet] [Thesis]. MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/24477.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Zakroff C. Physiological and behavioral responses, and their variability, in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, embryos and paralarvae reared under chronic ocean acidification. [Thesis]. MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1912/24477

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Adelaide

10. Walden, Georgia Ann Claire. Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities.

Degree: 2019, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121328

► The quality of living habitat provided by foundation species is tied closely to the composition and physical complexity of their structure. Global climate stressors, like… (more)

▼ The quality of living habitat provided by foundation species is tied closely to the composition and physical complexity of their structure. Global climate stressors, like ocean warming and acidification, contribute to the erosion of structural complexity in marine foundation habitats by promoting the growth of low-relief turf, increasing grazing pressure on marine vegetation, and by directly affecting the growth and survival of foundation species. Mangroves are a unique foundation species in that their structural complexity is created not only by their submerged woody roots but also by the fouling species (epibionts) that occupy their surfaces. As epibiont communities consist of diverse collections of sessile animals and plants which show varied sensitivities to climate stressors; their composition – and therefore their structural complexity – is subject to change with ocean warming and acidification. As foundation habitats are affected by climate stressors, so too are their inhabitants. Ocean acidification is known to affect neurotransmitter functioning in marine fish and warming can directly impact activity levels and species distributions. These will impact how fish interact with others, how they locate and select habitats and how they utilise and value resources. In this thesis, I used a large scale mesocosm experiment to investigate how a conservative carbon emission scenario affects the composition and structural complexity of mangrove epibiont communities and the macro- and microhabitat choice patterns of juvenile fish. I demonstrate that even a modest increase in seawater temperature of 1.2 °C leads to the homogenisation and flattening of mangrove root epibiont communities. Warming led to a 24% increase in the overall cover of algal epibionts on roots while the diversity of the epibiont species decreased by 33%. Epibiont structural complexity decreased owing to the shorter stature of weedy algal turfs which prospered under elevated temperature. Juvenile fish showed species-specific patterns of macrohabitat choice, but these were unaffected by the climate treatments. In contrast, the climate stressors did alter the microhabitat choices of fish and these were independent of changes to the root epibiont community. My results reveal that the quality of mangrove habitats and their perceived value for associated fauna are still vulnerable under a globally reduced carbon emission scenario, and therefore warrant urgent global actions to reduce anthropogenic climate warming. Advisors/Committee Members: Nagelkerken, Ivan (advisor), Ostendorf, Bertram (advisor), School of Biological Sciences (school).

Subjects/Keywords: Mangroves; ocean warming; ocean acidification; epibionts

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APA (6^th Edition):

Walden, G. A. C. (2019). Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121328

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Walden, Georgia Ann Claire. “Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities.” 2019. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121328.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Walden, Georgia Ann Claire. “Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities.” 2019. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Walden GAC. Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121328.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Walden GAC. Understanding the effects of ocean warming and acidification on mangrove communities. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121328

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Victoria University of Wellington

11. Hempel, Sonja. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.

Degree: 2016, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

► Marine life is currently under threat from large-scale, long-term changes to the marine environment. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), are causing… (more)

▼ Marine life is currently under threat from large-scale, long-term changes to the marine environment. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), are causing ongoing change to global marine systems, particularly through ocean warming and acidification. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are trapping radiation and heating the entire Earth surface, including the ocean. At the same time, oceanic uptake of CO₂ through absorption by surface waters is altering ocean chemistry, increasing acidity, reducing availability of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻), and causing increasing dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) structures. Because atmospheric CO₂ diffuses more readily into cold water, the Southern Ocean (SO) will experience ocean acidification in a matter of decades. Warming in the SO is also occurring rapidly and represents a comparatively greater increase in temperature than elsewhere. SO marine fauna have evolved in constant, stable, cold conditions, and as a result are stenothermal and particularly at risk from ocean warming and acidification. The large infaunal bivalve Laternula elliptica is a prevalent keystone species found throughout the Antarctic benthos in high numbers, and contributes significantly to biodeposition and bentho-pelagic coupling. This thesis examines how L. elliptica adults are affected over medium-term (5-mo) timescales by SO warming and acidification. Adult L. elliptica collected from Cape Evans in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were subjected to combinations of temperatures and pHs predicted for the SO by 2050 and 2100 (Temperatures: -1.4°C (control); -0.5°C; +0.5°C. pHs: pH 8.00 (control); pH 7.85; pH 7.65). L. elliptica were assessed at 5 wk and 5 mo to determine their cellular, metabolic, and whole-organism responses to temperature increase and/or pH decrease. Survival parameters such as final survival percentage, survival curves, and time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) were compared among treatments. L. elliptica survival was severely reduced by warming of only 1-2°C above summer ambient temperatures. Physical and physiological condition indices were calculated to assess health, and show changes in shell and body tissue mass. Physical condition stayed similar amongst all treatments at both time points, while physiological condition decreased significantly at 5 mo with elevated temperature. Oxygen (O₂) consumption was measured as a proxy for standard metabolic rate to show whether animals had acclimatised to conditions. O₂ consumption was significantly negatively correlated with physiological condition, and increased, becoming more variable, with both elevated temperature and lowered pH. This indicated that L. elliptica experienced increased metabolic demand in response to these conditions, and there was a general lack of acclimation to these conditions over time. Overall, pH had no significant effect on survival, metabolic rate, or condition. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression levels were measured to provide a preliminary indication of how the heat shock… Advisors/Committee Members: Ryan, Ken, Cummings, Vonda.

Subjects/Keywords: Physiological stress; Southern Ocean; Ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hempel, S. (2016). The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hempel, Sonja. “The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hempel, Sonja. “The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hempel S. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049.

Council of Science Editors:

Hempel S. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

University of California – Santa Cruz

12. Penman, Donald E. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

Degree: Earth Science, 2015, University of California – Santa Cruz

URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

► This dissertation reconstructs the response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Chapter 1 uses boron-based proxies to… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Paleoclimate science; carbon cycle; ocean acidification; PETM

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APA (6^th Edition):

Penman, D. E. (2015). The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. (Thesis). University of California – Santa Cruz. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Penman, Donald E. “The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” 2015. Thesis, University of California – Santa Cruz. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Penman, Donald E. “The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Penman DE. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – Santa Cruz; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Penman DE. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [Thesis]. University of California – Santa Cruz; 2015. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Connecticut

13. Redmond, Sarah. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.

Degree: MS, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 2013, University of Connecticut

URL: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

► Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, L.D. Druehl and G.W.Saunders, is the most widely distributed species of kelp in the western North Atlantic, occurring from… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: kelp; Saccharina latissima; ocean acidification; climate change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Redmond, S. (2013). Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. (Masters Thesis). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Redmond, Sarah. “Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Connecticut. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Redmond, Sarah. “Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.” 2013. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Redmond S. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515.

Council of Science Editors:

Redmond S. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. [Masters Thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2013. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

University of Maine

14. Waller, Jesica. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).

Degree: MS, Marine Biology, 2016, University of Maine

URL: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

► Anthropogenic warming and ocean acidification are occurring as CO₂ continues to accumulate in the atmosphere (OA). Few studies have evaluated the joint effects of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lobster; Ocean acidification; climate change; Marine Biology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Waller, J. (2016). Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). (Masters Thesis). University of Maine. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Waller, Jesica. “Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Maine. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Waller, Jesica. “Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Waller J. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Maine; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527.

Council of Science Editors:

Waller J. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). [Masters Thesis]. University of Maine; 2016. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

University of Washington

15. Newcomb, Laura Anne. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.

Degree: PhD, 2016, University of Washington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

► Global climate change by way of warming ocean temperatures and ocean acidification threatens the survival of marine organisms. For mussels, survival is tightly tied to… (more)

▼ Global climate change by way of warming ocean temperatures and ocean acidification threatens the survival of marine organisms. For mussels, survival is tightly tied to byssal threads they form that anchor them to substrates, from the rocky intertidal to mussel aquaculture lines. Weakened byssal threads increase the likelihood of “fall-off” or “sloughing” from rocks and aquaculture lines, disturbing intertidal communities and reducing aquaculture yields. Seasonal variation in mussel attachment strength suggests environmental conditions may alter byssal thread strength and production. In this dissertation, I explore the role of rising temperature and ocean acidification on the mechanical performance of mussel byssal threads to improve predictions of what environmental conditions may precede fall-off events. In Chapter 1, I expose mussels (Mytilus trossulus) to a range of pH (7.3 – 8.2, total scale) and temperature conditions (10 – 25˚C) in a full factorial cross. Elevated temperature dramatically weakens mussel attachment: mussels produce 60% weaker and 65% fewer threads at 25˚C in comparison to 10˚C. The effects of temperature are strongest in the proximal region of the threads. Low pH (7.3) strengthens the plaque region of the thread by 20%, but has no effect on overall byssal thread strength. Since a thread is only as strong as its weakest region, these stressors do not act synergistically with each other; the strongest negative effect dominates, in this case temperature. Chapter 2 expands on the impacts of temperature on attachment strength, finding species-specific temperature effects. In the northeast Pacific, the warm-adapted mussel M. galloprovincialis and cold-adapted mussel M. trossulus compete for space on shore. While the attachment strength of these two closely related species does not differ from 11 - 18˚C, at temperatures from 18 - 24.5˚C, M. trossulus attachment strength decreases while M. galloprovincialis attachment strength increases. At temperatures greater than 18˚C M. trossulus produces fewer and weaker byssal threads with attachments that were up to 93% weaker than M. galloprovincialis. Chapter 3 follows up these laboratory studies using the field setting of a mussel farm to examine correlations between ocean conditions and attachment strength in M. trossulus. In the field, weak attachment strength in M. trossulus is best predicted by high temperature >14˚C and low pH, <7.5. Similar to the lab study, the effects of these two stressors are independent of each other. Altogether, these results find mussels and the communities they support are vulnerable to multiple aspects of future ocean conditions. Warming oceans may increase the competitive advantage of M. galloprovincialis in more northern latitudes at the expense of native M. trossulus populations. Monitoring these conditions near farms can signal periods where attachment is expected to be weak in order to best adapt farming practices. Advisors/Committee Members: Carrington, Emily (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: ecomechanics; mussel; ocean acidification; temperature; Biology; biology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Newcomb, L. A. (2016). Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Newcomb, Laura Anne. “Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Newcomb, Laura Anne. “Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Newcomb LA. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134.

Council of Science Editors:

Newcomb LA. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Washington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

University of Tasmania

16. Hancock, AM. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities.

Degree: 2019, University of Tasmania

URL: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/33347/1/Hancock__whole_thesis.pdf ; Hancock, AM ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-5592 <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5592> 2019 , 'Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.

► Antarctic waters are amongst the most vulnerable in the world to ocean acidification due to their cold temperatures, naturally low levels of calcium carbonate and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Antarctic; microbes; ocean acidification; composition; minicosm

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hancock, A. (2019). Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities. (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/33347/1/Hancock__whole_thesis.pdf ; Hancock, AM ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-5592 <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5592> 2019 , 'Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hancock, AM. “Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities.” 2019. Thesis, University of Tasmania. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/33347/1/Hancock__whole_thesis.pdf ; Hancock, AM ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-5592 <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5592> 2019 , 'Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania..

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hancock, AM. “Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities.” 2019. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hancock A. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/33347/1/Hancock__whole_thesis.pdf ; Hancock, AM ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-5592 <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5592> 2019 , 'Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania..

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hancock A. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities. [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2019. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/33347/1/Hancock__whole_thesis.pdf ; Hancock, AM ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-5592 <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5592> 2019 , 'Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic microbial communities', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Florida Atlantic University

17. McNicholl, Conall. CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE.

Degree: 2019, Florida Atlantic University

URL: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:42195

►

Tropical marine macroalgae perform an essential role in coral reef function and health, however, their persistence in a rapidly changing ocean remains uncertain. The rise… (more)

▼

Tropical marine macroalgae perform an essential role in coral reef function and health, however, their persistence in a rapidly changing ocean remains uncertain. The rise in sea surface temperatures and decrease in pH (ocean acidification = OA) are predicted to have damaging effects on marine calcifiers. Calcifying macroalgae have varied, often negative, responses to these conditions, however our lack of understanding about the mechanisms involved with calcification prevent us from interpreting these results fully. Thus, I conducted a series of experiments on five calcifying species, utilizing microsensors, radioisotopes, and mesocosms, in an attempt to define biotic and abiotic mechanisms involved in calcification and dissolution under OA. Microsensor work demonstrated that all species elevate the thalli surface pH 2-3X higher under OA, which promoted calcification. The use of a photosynthetic inhibitor revealed species-specific light-triggered thalli pH control that stimulated calcification, indicating strong biotic control over calcification. When exposed to OA conditions, stronger organismal control over calcification was shown to maintain calcification in the light. A major gap in our understanding of calcification under OA is whether it affects organismal capacity to form new calcium carbonate, or if dissolution occurs, reducing calcification rates. Using radioisotopes, I found that the ability to form new calcium carbonate under OA in the light was not affected in any species. This suggested that species with reduced net calcification were actually experiencing dissolution. This study also highlighted that all species were experiencing dissolution in the dark under OA. Finally, in a short-term growth experiment, I examined the combined effects of OA and increased temperature and found complex responses in species that are negatively affected by OA. This included a crustose coralline that appears to have an additive negative effect where temperature enhances the effect of OA but also a species that exhibited a negative effect which was evidently offset with increased temperature. Here, I define distinct abiotic (light, temperature, dissolution) and biotic (proton pump & photosynthesis), that are essential for understanding macroalgae persistence on future coral reefs.

2019

Degree granted: Dissertation (Ph.D.) – Florida Atlantic University, 2019.

Collection: FAU

Advisors/Committee Members: Koch, Marguerite S. (Thesis advisor), Florida Atlantic University (Degree grantor), Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science.

Subjects/Keywords: Coral reefs; Seaweed; Climate Change; Ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

McNicholl, C. (2019). CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE. (Thesis). Florida Atlantic University. Retrieved from http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:42195

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

McNicholl, Conall. “CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE.” 2019. Thesis, Florida Atlantic University. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:42195.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

McNicholl, Conall. “CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE.” 2019. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

McNicholl C. CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE. [Internet] [Thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:42195.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

McNicholl C. CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION EFFECTS ON TROPICAL REEF MACROALGAE. [Thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2019. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:42195

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hawaii – Manoa

18. Jury, Christopher. Coral Resilience under Global Change.

Degree: 2017, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

►

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2016.

Corals and reef ecosystems appear to be highly sensitive to environmental change, especially ocean acidification and climate change.… (more)

▼

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2016.

Corals and reef ecosystems appear to be highly sensitive to environmental change, especially ocean acidification and climate change. In spite of this apparent sensitivity, however, corals have a long evolutionary history and have survived through many episodes of global change in the geologic past. This paradox of apparent sensitivity combined with resilience makes reef-building corals an ideal platform to examine the responses of organisms, populations, and ecosystems to rapid, global change. First, the environmental and biological drivers of reef building over geologic time are reviewed and thresholds are identified in rates of environmental change beyond which a reef crisis is likely to result. Next, the chemical drivers of coral calcification are examined. Rather than direct dependence on aragonite saturation state, as has often been assumed, coral calcification is shown to be co-dependent on dissolved inorganic carbon and seawater pH. These results alter predictions of reef responses under ocean acidification and climate change and suggest that high latitude areas may provide reefs with refuges under global change, consistent with responses in the geologic record. Next, the influence of reef geochemistry on seawater chemistry is considered as a possible mechanism to provide local refugia from ocean acidification on coral reefs. Under the most extreme scenarios considered, changes in reef geochemistry can provide corals and other calcifiers with a partial refuge from ocean acidification, but at the expense of a collapse in reef-scale calcification. Finally, the potential for corals to adapt or acclimatize to anthropogenic global change are examined through a combination field and experimental approach. Here I show the first evidence that corals can mount an adaptive response to both ocean acidification and climate change over the decadal timescales relevant to global change, but that there are still limits to the scope for adaptation. With substantial cuts in anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, this work predicts that many coral species and many coral reefs could adapt and survive under moderate acidification and warming, but reefs are predicted to suffere severe declines under worst-case global change scenarios. Together, these results show that corals and coral reefs have the capacity to respond to moderate levels of global change, they indentify possible refugia for corals during periods of reef crisis, and give hope that reducing human impacts on coral reefs offers a feasible pathway toward effective coral reef conservation over coming decades.

Subjects/Keywords: coral; reef; calcification; ocean acidification; climate change

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Jury, C. (2017). Coral Resilience under Global Change. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jury, Christopher. “Coral Resilience under Global Change.” 2017. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jury, Christopher. “Coral Resilience under Global Change.” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Jury C. Coral Resilience under Global Change. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Jury C. Coral Resilience under Global Change. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hong Kong

19. 李超逸. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.

Degree: 2016, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

► Nearly a third of all anthropogenic 〖CO〗_2 emissions from human activities in the last hundred years has been absorbed by the world’s oceans, the greatest… (more)

▼ Nearly a third of all anthropogenic 〖CO〗_2 emissions from human activities in the last hundred years has been absorbed by the world’s oceans, the greatest natural carbon sink. This has led to a reduction in the carbonate ion concentration in coastal seawaters, which is rapidly reducing the global ocean surface pH, imposing various harmful effects on the marine environment and animals. This global phenomenon is generally referred to as “ocean acidification” (OA). OA causes marine calcifiers to produce shells with altered chemical composition, impaired ultrastructure and reduced protection against predators. Generally, common marine calcifiers undergo a process of “larval metamorphosis” starting out as swimming larvae that attach onto benthic substrates, followed by the formation of protective calcareous shells through biomineralization. The protective shell is generally considered to be more complex in composition and structurally more sophisticated compared to artificially constructed or geological materials. However, biomineralization can be a highly energy-consuming process, during which more than 70% of the larvae fail to survive. Presently, an even more worrisome circumstance is that these marine calcifying organisms have to face challenges brought about by OA. Extensive studies have been carried out on how OA can affect the physiological pattern and performance (e.g., larval growth rate, settlement rate, survivalship) of marine organisms including oysters, mussels, sea urchins. However, only a small portion of these studies have investigated the effect of OA at the biomineral level, including ultrastructure, mineral composition, mineral packing orientation and density, and the resistance of the biomineral products against predatory attack. These biomineral aspects can be highly relevant to the animal’s competitiveness and evolutionary pathway, which needs to be carefully examined and justified. This thesis explored the impact of OA on the biomineralization of serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, using a multi-disciplinary approach involving larval biology, mechanical engineering and materials science. There were four major experiments in the study: (1) Projection of OA’s impact (pH 8.1 and 7.8) on biomineral structure formation and their properties including tube size and volume, ultrastructure and mineral density, spatial distribution of mechanical properties and simulation of the in-field performance against predatory attack. (2) Assessment of tube recovery ability and physiological resilience at the biomineral level by returning the worms reared in decreased pH (pH 7.8) conditions to ambient conditions (pH 8.1). (3) Investigation of the synergistic effects of decreased pH (pH 8.1 and 7.8), reduced salinity (33‰ and 27‰) and elevated temperature (25°C and 29°C) on biomineral formation, structural design and product performance. (4) Inspection of the response of the calcification site facing near-future ocean acidity (pH 8.1 and 7.8) using microscopy. The key findings of each experiment…

Subjects/Keywords: Biomineralization; Ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

李超逸. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

李超逸. “Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

李超逸. “Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

李超逸. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

李超逸. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Sydney

20. Wright, John Matthew. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .

Degree: 2017, University of Sydney

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

► Elevations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are anticipated to lead to the acidification of the world’s oceans over the next century. This thesis sought to… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: oysters; ocean acidification; mollusc; climate change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wright, J. M. (2017). Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . (Thesis). University of Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wright, John Matthew. “Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .” 2017. Thesis, University of Sydney. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wright, John Matthew. “Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Wright JM. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wright JM. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of New South Wales

21. Shaw, Emily Caitlin. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.

Degree: Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), 2012, University of New South Wales

URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

► Ocean acidification occurs as a consequence of the absorption of anthropogenicCO2 emissions by the ocean, which lowers sea surface pH and carbonate ionconcentrations over time.… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification occurs as a consequence of the absorption of anthropogenicCO2 emissions by the ocean, which lowers sea surface pH and carbonate ionconcentrations over time. Ocean acidification has the potential to alter marinebiogeochemical cycling and biological processes. Coral reefs are believed to beparticularly vulnerable to ocean acidification as the reef framework is builtthrough calcification by marine organisms, where calcification is a key processaffected by changing seawater chemistry. Despite the predicted sensitivity ofcoral reefs to ocean acidification, there are only limited measurements ofcarbonate chemistry on coral reefs, since the vast majority of carbonatechemistry measurements have been taken in open ocean environments. In thisstudy the diurnal and seasonal carbonate chemistry variability was measured atLady Elliot Island (LEI), southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Seasonalvariability was observed in the waters offshore of LEI reef flat, similar toprevious observations at subtropical time series locations, and driven primarilyby seasonal temperature changes. On the reef flat, diurnal variability dominated,with the daily range of conditions exceeding those that are predicted to occurover the next century as a result of ocean acidification. Reef flat diurnalvariability was driven primarily by biological metabolic processes, includingcommunity photosynthesis, respiration, calcification and dissolution. At low tidethe reef flat was isolated from offshore waters allowing determination of netcommunity calcification rates (Gnet). It was found that Gnet was directly related tothe aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), and applying this relationship it wasvpredicted that end-century Gnet will be ~55% lower than the preindustrial value.For the first time, coral reef flat natural variability was used to predict futurecarbonate chemistry under a business-as-usual emissions scenario this century,showing that a decrease in seawater buffer capacity will lead to amplified naturalvariability and extreme carbonate chemistry conditions in the future (pCO2 levelsup to ~2100 ppm by end-century). Furthermore, corrosive conditions (whereΩarag <1) are likely to begin by end-century, where this was previouslyunexpected for a sub-tropical coral reef ecosystem. Organisms will be exposed tothe most extreme conditions on timescales of ~2hrs of each day. Thereforeexposure time and the incorporation of natural variability into perturbationexperiments will be an important future consideration in determining thevulnerability of coral reef species and communities to ocean acidification. Advisors/Committee Members: McNeil, Benjamin, Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Faculty of Science, UNSW, Tilbrook, Bronte, CSIRO, Matear, Richard, CSIRO.

Subjects/Keywords: Natural variability; Ocean acidification; Coral reefs

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Shaw, E. C. (2012). Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shaw, Emily Caitlin. “Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New South Wales. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shaw, Emily Caitlin. “Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.” 2012. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Shaw EC. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true.

Council of Science Editors:

Shaw EC. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2012. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

University of Tasmania

22. Cubillos, JC. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.

Degree: 2013, University of Tasmania

URL: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

► Ocean acidification, caused by a decrease in pH due to elevated anthropogenic CO2 input from the atmosphere into the ocean, is the focus of intense… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Coccolithus; Weight Index; Southern Ocean; Quaternary; Ocean acidification; calcification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cubillos, J. (2013). Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cubillos, JC. “Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.” 2013. Thesis, University of Tasmania. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cubillos, JC. “Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.” 2013. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cubillos J. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cubillos J. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2013. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Boston University

23. Di Santo, Valentina. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.

Degree: PhD, Biology, 2014, Boston University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

► A major goal in conservation biology is to understand the effects of short and long term environmental change on organisms. Fishes are the most valuable… (more)

▼ A major goal in conservation biology is to understand the effects of short and long term environmental change on organisms. Fishes are the most valuable marine resource, however very little is known about the synergistic effect of current ocean warming and acidification, and the role of body size and local adaptation on their resilience. There is growing evidence that increased environmental temperature correlates with a reduction in ectotherm body size, suggesting a universal response to warming. To investigate the potential advantage of small body size in fish resilience, I made intra- and inter-specific comparisons of dwarf- and normal-size cleaner gobies of the genus Elacatinus. I first tested the hypothesis that smaller body size would correlate with a wider thermal tolerance by using same-age but different-size gobies reared at 'common garden' conditions. By employing critical thermal methodology, I provided empirical evidence supporting thermal biology theories that predict wider thermal tolerance windows as body size shrinks. These results provided the motivation to examine the effect of body mass on digestive performance, an indicator of fitness. Only smaller fish increased digestive metabolic scope at higher temperatures, thus suggesting that temperature increase caused by global warming will favor smaller individuals. To investigate the role of local adaptation on resilience in climate change, I compared the responses to warming and acidification between latitudinally- and morphologically-distinct populations of the little skate Leucoraja erinacea, by focusing on the most vulnerable life stages, embryos and juveniles. Embryos maintained at common garden conditions showed countergradient variation in performance curves. In juvenile skates, post-exercise metabolic curves shifted performance optima, exhibiting thermal adaptation in the two populations examined. This suggests that as skates hatch and are able to thermoregulate, they can change their temperature optima to exploit local thermal environments. Lastly, temperature and acidification levels predicted by the end of the century may reduce fitness of the northern population of skates, thus increasing vulnerability to local extinction.

Subjects/Keywords: Physiology; Elacatinus; Leucoraja erinacea; Body size; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; Performance

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Di Santo, V. (2014). Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. (Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Di Santo, Valentina. “Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Di Santo, Valentina. “Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.” 2014. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Di Santo V. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400.

Council of Science Editors:

Di Santo V. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Boston University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

University of California – San Diego

24. Lowder, Kaitlyn Breanne. Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions.

Degree: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 2019, University of California – San Diego

URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8p65832r

► Crustaceans are a diverse group of species, but all rely on an exoskeleton that is shed and formed anew throughout their lifetime. Exoskeletons perform a… (more)

▼ Crustaceans are a diverse group of species, but all rely on an exoskeleton that is shed and formed anew throughout their lifetime. Exoskeletons perform a wide range of functions, sometimes acting as armor, a means to produce sound, a tool to crush hard prey, or even a window to facilitate transparency. The exoskeleton and its functions, however, are likely vulnerable to ocean acidification and ocean warming, which may alter its composition and the energy allocated towards its production. I investigated the effects of these future ocean conditions on two southern Californian crustaceans, the California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus and the grass shrimp Hippolyte californiensis, which rely on their exoskeleton for different predator defenses. P. interruptus is an iconic feature of southern California’s kelp forest ecosystem but also a potential prey item for many of its large predators. Spiny lobsters use their antennae, mandibles, carapace, and horns to avoid predation. Each of these structures is specialized for a certain defense, displaying differences in composition, structure, and material properties that allow the antennae, for example, to remain flexible to avoid breaking when pushing predators away while imbuing hardness in crushing structures like the mandible (Chapter 1). Juvenile lobsters exposed to ocean acidification-like conditions largely maintained their predator defenses, displaying some differences in the composition across the exoskeleton but no strong effects to defense functionality, including the non-exoskeletal defenses of detecting chemical cues and the tail-flip escape response (Chapter 3). Additionally, larval P. interruptus, exposed to both ocean acidification and warming conditions, grew slightly smaller in reduced pH but maintained their transparency in both conditions (Chapter 2). In contrast, H. californiensis resides in eelgrass meadows where a primary defense strategy is cryptic colouration, accomplished via a transparent exoskeleton with underlying pigment. When exposed to both ocean acidification and ocean warming-like conditions, shrimp maintained their transparency and did not respond negatively to either condition (Chapter 4). Together, this work on both species demonstrates that a diversity of predator defenses in temperate crustaceans, included those afforded by the exoskeleton, appear to be relatively resilient to both future ocean acidification and ocean warming conditions.

Subjects/Keywords: Biological oceanography; biomechanics; crustacean; exoskeleton; ocean acidification; ocean warming

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lowder, K. B. (2019). Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions. (Thesis). University of California – San Diego. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8p65832r

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lowder, Kaitlyn Breanne. “Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions.” 2019. Thesis, University of California – San Diego. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8p65832r.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lowder, Kaitlyn Breanne. “Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions.” 2019. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Lowder KB. Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – San Diego; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8p65832r.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lowder KB. Integrity of crustacean predator defenses under ocean acidification and warming conditions. [Thesis]. University of California – San Diego; 2019. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8p65832r

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Adelaide

25. Rodriguez Dominguez, Almendra. How marine organisms cope with changing climate.

Degree: 2020, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126088

► As anthropogenic CO2 levels continue to rise, the oceans are becoming warmer and more acidic. Organisms need to adjust to such environmental changes and display… (more)

▼ As anthropogenic CO2 levels continue to rise, the oceans are becoming warmer and more acidic. Organisms need to adjust to such environmental changes and display a variety of mechanisms to maintain their fitness in novel conditions. These adjustments can operate at various levels of biological organisation: from cellular levels to organismal physiology and behaviour. Such adaptive responses of species will determine their persistence under future ocean warming and acidification conditions. If organisms are capable of maintaining fitness after long-term exposure to a stressor this can be indicative of acclimation potential. However, their sensitivity to stressors is linked to life stage. Early life phases are considered to be the most vulnerable to fluctuations in the environment. If detrimental effects occur during an organism’s early life this could modify its capability to handle stress at later life stages. The physiological and behavioural adjustments that are triggered in response to changing conditions can lead to modifications in the phenotypic distributions of traits within a population. Analysing the variation of phenotypical traits offers an insight into the capacity of populations to persist by acclimating to their environment. In this thesis I evaluated the sensitivity of marine organisms to ocean warming and acidification and their various coping mechanisms. I reveal that ocean acidification and warming can alter the behaviour of fish species by increasing their anxiety (chapter 2), boldness (chapter 3 and 5), or feeding rates (chapter 2). Modifications in feeding behaviour were linked to physiological and to changing environmental conditions, creating a feedback mechanism between their cellular and behavioural responses that helped organisms maintain their fitness (chapter 3). However, altered behaviours in a population are not always accompanied by physiological changes, as in chapter 5 I also found changes in risk taking behaviours that did not alter the body condition of temperate or tropical fishes. The direction of responses (negative, positive or neutral) exhibited by a species in response to changing conditions will depend on their specific physiological requirements that determine their sensitivity to stressors. Using a meta-analysis in chapter 4 I showed that when facing climatic stressors, the growth and survival of diverse marine species vary according to their species-specific physiological requirements. For example, negative responses in growth were observed in calcifying organisms and positive responses were found for primary producers. Life stage was key in determining survival, as eggs and larvae showed to be more vulnerable to stressors than older juvenile and adult stages. The sensitivity of early life stages was also found in laboratory experiments performed in this thesis (chapter 2). A mouthbrooder species was used to test early stage sensitivity, and I showed that the parental environment of the mouthbrooder fish did not provide protection to embryos from acidified conditions.… Advisors/Committee Members: School of Biological Sciences (school).

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; ocean warming; fitness indicators; fish behaviour; marine organisms sensitivity

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rodriguez Dominguez, A. (2020). How marine organisms cope with changing climate. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126088

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rodriguez Dominguez, Almendra. “How marine organisms cope with changing climate.” 2020. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126088.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rodriguez Dominguez, Almendra. “How marine organisms cope with changing climate.” 2020. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rodriguez Dominguez A. How marine organisms cope with changing climate. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126088.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rodriguez Dominguez A. How marine organisms cope with changing climate. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126088

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Toronto

26. Karakolis, Evan G. Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors.

Degree: 2018, University of Toronto

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97655

►

Human impacts on the environment pose serious threats to the planet’s oceans. This thesis presents methods to quantify microplastic ingestion by marine organisms under ocean… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Climate Change; Microplastic Pollution; Multiple Stressors; Ocean Acidification; Ocean Warming; 0537

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Karakolis, E. G. (2018). Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97655

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Karakolis, Evan G. “Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97655.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Karakolis, Evan G. “Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors.” 2018. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Karakolis EG. Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97655.

Council of Science Editors:

Karakolis EG. Laboratory Methods to Improve Quantification of Microplastic Ingestion by Marine Organisms Under Climate Change Stressors. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97655

University of Plymouth

27. Small, Daniel Peter. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Plymouth

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

► The successful completion of the early developmental stages in organisms with complex life cycles is crucial to the persistence of a species both at the… (more)

▼ The successful completion of the early developmental stages in organisms with complex life cycles is crucial to the persistence of a species both at the local and global scale. Thus changes in the abiotic environment experienced during larval and early benthic development can have profound effects on the development and ultimately dynamics of populations of marine invertebrates. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 in line with future predictions of anthropogenic climate change, ocean warming and ocean acidification (OA), on the survivorship and growth during early development of marine invertebrates is beginning to be understood, yet the underlying physiological ontogeny driving such changes, and the more subtle effects on physiological performance of climate change drivers, has yet to be distinguished. Therefore the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of an economically and ecologically important species, the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, to characterise the underlying physiological responses of early development behind responses of survival and growth. The main findings relate to how changing optimal temperature conditions during larval development results in changes in metabolic performance and therefore aerobic scope, ultimately driving survival and growth. Larval stages which exhibit narrower aerobic scope were also sensitive to elevated pCO2 evident as reduced survival, changes to energetic demands and organic content, and reduced calcification. Furthermore, this is the first attempt to characterise the physiological response of early benthic juveniles to climate change drivers. Early benthic juveniles are quite different in underlying physiology to later juveniles and adults, cumulating in this stage being energy limited. Such limitations are expressed as a reduction in aerobic scope in relation to elevated temperature and pCO2, and associated sensitiveness to elevated pCO2 resulting in increased moult related mortalities and the breakdown of haemolymph buffering capacity under combinations of elevated temperature and pCO2. Throughout early development, elevated temperature and pCO2, through underlying physiological responses, may have dramatic effects on the geographic range and successful development of H. gammarus.

Subjects/Keywords: 595.3; European lobster, Ocean Warming, Ocean Acidification, Developmental eco-physiology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Small, D. P. (2013). The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Plymouth. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Small, Daniel Peter. “The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Plymouth. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Small, Daniel Peter. “The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).” 2013. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Small DP. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Plymouth; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485.

Council of Science Editors:

Small DP. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Plymouth; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

University of Aberdeen

28. De Francisco Mora, Beatriz.; University of Aberdeen.; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.

Degree: 2015, University of Aberdeen

URL: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

Subjects/Keywords: Corals; Ocean acidification.; Ocean temperature.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, B. ;. U. o. A. ;. E. (. S. A. f. M. S. (2015). Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Aberdeen. Retrieved from http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, Beatriz ; University of Aberdeen ; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. “Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Aberdeen. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, Beatriz ; University of Aberdeen ; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. “Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

De Francisco Mora B;UoA;E(SAfMS. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer.

Council of Science Editors:

De Francisco Mora B;UoA;E(SAfMS. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2015. Available from: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

RMIT University

29. Hazeribaghdadabad, F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.

Degree: 2015, RMIT University

URL: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

► Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by industrial and other anthropogenic activities. Almost one half of anthropogenically produced CO2 has been taken up by the ocean,… (more)

▼ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by industrial and other anthropogenic activities. Almost one half of anthropogenically produced CO2 has been taken up by the ocean, with associated decline in sea water pH and this is expected to continue in the future. This might have a detrimental impacts on animals with calcium carbonate skeletons or shells. This research study demonstrates that ocean acidification markedly alters the shell growth of abalone, which are important commercial shellfish, broadly distributed around the world. In the first experiment, juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra x laevigata) were exposed to predicted future conditions of elevated temperature and lowered pH. The experimental design included two temperatures and two levels of pH in an orthogonal design, where the control represented present day conditions. In experimental treatments, sea water pH was reduced to 7.6 by injecting CO2, and the temperature was increased to 4 °C above ambient water, to reflect environmental conditions predicted for 2100. Growth rate was measured by comparing initial to final shell lengths after 100 days. At the ambient temperature, shell growth ceased and the shells shrunk by 1.43 % in the low pH treatment. Abalone in this treatment ceased growth, and shell erosion was evident in their size and colour. At the high temperature, there was no significant effect between the low and high pH treatments. Fouling tubeworms had also been lost from the shells. The cross-sections of abalone shells close to the growing edge were examined with SEM. The thickness of various of shell layers on the shell were measured using ImageJ software on the SEM images. Although the nacre thickness did not show a significant difference in the treatments, the prismatic thickness were significantly affected by the lower pH and the higher temperature while, interestingly, the combination of these two factors did not show a significant effect. We found a structure not described previously, which was a triangular shape in the prismatic layer. The new structure we called "Zagros", height, and its distribution in the shell were affected by the stresses introduced to the abalone which were lower pH and/or higher temperature. However, the nacre thickness of shells exposed to both these factors combined, was not significantly different from that of the controls. The last measurement shell structural component was the ratio of prismatic-to-nacre layer thickness. Temperature did not affect the ratio of prismatic to nacre thickness, but pH and its interaction with temperature were both statistically significant. At the ambient temperature, the low pH caused a 31% reduction in the layer ratio, whereas at the higher temperature there was no difference between the pH treatments. All, the data suggest a pattern in which decreasing pH will cause a dissolution of the shell, while the higher temperature will lead to faster growth in abalone shell. Since our studied species is cultured in high amount for food source for human population, it…

Subjects/Keywords: Fields of Research; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; Abalone; SEM imaging of abalone shells; Ocean acidification and heavy metal as multiple stressor

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. (2015). Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. (Thesis). RMIT University. Retrieved from http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. “Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.” 2015. Thesis, RMIT University. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. “Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hazeribaghdadabad F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. [Internet] [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hazeribaghdadabad F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2015. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

30. Torstensson, Anders. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.

Degree: 2015, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

► Earth’s oceans are predominantly cold, with nearly 90% of their volume having temperatures below 5 °C. Microorganisms commonly referred to as psychrophiles have adapted to… (more)

▼ Earth’s oceans are predominantly cold, with nearly 90% of their volume having temperatures below 5 °C. Microorganisms commonly referred to as psychrophiles have adapted to the temperatures of these cold waters. The most extreme psychrophiles are found inside the sea ice of polar oceans, where bacterial growth can be observed down to -20 °C. Sea ice consists of a matrix of ice and high-saline water (brine) that provide a unique habitat for microbial communities. Microscopic algae and bacteria dominate these extreme environments, which are considered very stressful as they are characterised by large variations in salinity, low temperatures, and low radiation levels. However, the brine-filled channels also provide a platform from which microscopic algae remain in the euphotic zone and refugees from significant grazing, thereby enabling net autotrophic growth. As a result, sea ice hosts some of the highest chlorophyll a concentrations on the planet, and is one of the most important factors controlling primary production and bloom dynamics in polar areas. In this thesis, I focus on the ecophysiology of psychrophiles adapted to the sea ice environment. Physiological acclimation to environmental change needs to be studied in order to address how different stressors may influence organisms’ capacity to tolerate both naturally- and climatically-driven changes. Extremophiles growing close to their physiological limits may be especially susceptible to environmental stressors, such as rapid climate change. Therefore, a series of studies has been performed to investigate how environmental stressors, such as increased temperature and elevated CO2, affect microbial physiology and community structure in polar areas. The ecophysiology of sea ice microorganisms has been addressed in laboratory experiments (Papers I, II, and IV) and in field measurements (Paper III). In brief, relatively small changes in temperature had considerable effects on the physiology of sea ice diatoms, and indirectly affected the structure of sea ice bacterial communities. Increasing temperature (on both climatic and seasonal scales) positively affected the growth and primary productivity of two sea ice diatom species, and negatively affected the taxonomic richness and diversity of sea ice bacterial communities, probably by the subsequent changes in salinity. On the other hand, sea ice diatoms seem quite tolerant to changes in pH and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in terms of growth, probably due to the fact that they grow in an environment with large seasonal variations in the carbonate system. However, increased pCO2 resulted in other cellular changes that may have important ecological consequences, such as cellular stoichiometry. This includes changes in fatty acid composition and dissolved organic carbon exudation, which are important components in food webs and biogeochemistry in many marine ecosystems. Although most studies on marine organisms have focused on short-term responses to increased pCO2, acclimation and adaptation are key components in…

Subjects/Keywords: Climate change; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; CO2; Arctic; Antarctica; Southern Ocean; Algae; Bacteria; Psychrophiles

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APA (6^th Edition):

Torstensson, A. (2015). Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. (Thesis). University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Torstensson, Anders. “Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.” 2015. Thesis, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Accessed March 06, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Torstensson, Anders. “Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.” 2015. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Torstensson A. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Torstensson A. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

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