subject:(ocean acidification)

University of Hong Kong

1. Li, Chaoyi. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.

Degree: PhD, 2016, University of Hong Kong

URL: Li, C. [李超逸]. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5760938 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

► Nearly a third of all anthropogenic 〖CO〗_2 emissions from human activities in the last hundred years has been absorbed by the world’s oceans, the greatest… (more)

▼ Nearly a third of all anthropogenic 〖CO〗_2 emissions from human activities in the last hundred years has been absorbed by the world’s oceans, the greatest natural carbon sink. This has led to a reduction in the carbonate ion concentration in coastal seawaters, which is rapidly reducing the global ocean surface pH, imposing various harmful effects on the marine environment and animals. This global phenomenon is generally referred to as “ocean acidification” (OA). OA causes marine calcifiers to produce shells with altered chemical composition, impaired ultrastructure and reduced protection against predators. Generally, common marine calcifiers undergo a process of “larval metamorphosis” starting out as swimming larvae that attach onto benthic substrates, followed by the formation of protective calcareous shells through biomineralization. The protective shell is generally considered to be more complex in composition and structurally more sophisticated compared to artificially constructed or geological materials. However, biomineralization can be a highly energy-consuming process, during which more than 70% of the larvae fail to survive. Presently, an even more worrisome circumstance is that these marine calcifying organisms have to face challenges brought about by OA. Extensive studies have been carried out on how OA can affect the physiological pattern and performance (e.g., larval growth rate, settlement rate, survivalship) of marine organisms including oysters, mussels, sea urchins. However, only a small portion of these studies have investigated the effect of OA at the biomineral level, including ultrastructure, mineral composition, mineral packing orientation and density, and the resistance of the biomineral products against predatory attack. These biomineral aspects can be highly relevant to the animal’s competitiveness and evolutionary pathway, which needs to be carefully examined and justified. This thesis explored the impact of OA on the biomineralization of serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, using a multi-disciplinary approach involving larval biology, mechanical engineering and materials science. There were four major experiments in the study: (1) Projection of OA’s impact (pH 8.1 and 7.8) on biomineral structure formation and their properties including tube size and volume, ultrastructure and mineral density, spatial distribution of mechanical properties and simulation of the in-field performance against predatory attack. (2) Assessment of tube recovery ability and physiological resilience at the biomineral level by returning the worms reared in decreased pH (pH 7.8) conditions to ambient conditions (pH 8.1). (3) Investigation of the synergistic effects of decreased pH (pH 8.1 and 7.8), reduced salinity (33‰ and 27‰) and elevated temperature (25°C and 29°C) on biomineral formation, structural design and product performance. (4) Inspection of the response of the calcification site facing near-future ocean acidity (pH 8.1 and 7.8) using microscopy. The key findings of each experiment…

Subjects/Keywords: Biomineralization; Ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Li, C. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from Li, C. [李超逸]. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5760938 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Li, Chaoyi. “Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hong Kong. Accessed March 20, 2019. Li, C. [李超逸]. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5760938 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Li, Chaoyi. “Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate.” 2016. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Li C. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: Li, C. [李超逸]. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5760938 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786.

Council of Science Editors:

Li C. Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. Available from: Li, C. [李超逸]. (2016). Nano-structural and nano-mechanical projection on biomineral properties in a changing climate. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5760938 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226786

Dalhousie University

2. Bregha, François Edward Donald. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.

Degree: Master of Environmental Studies, School for Resource & Environmental Studies, 2015, Dalhousie University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

► The impact of ocean acidification on the growth rate of bivalve veligers for three commercially important species (Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis) has… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean Acidification; Bivalves; Larval Growth

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bregha, F. E. D. (2015). CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. (Masters Thesis). Dalhousie University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bregha, François Edward Donald. “CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Dalhousie University. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bregha, François Edward Donald. “CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS.” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Bregha FED. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320.

Council of Science Editors:

Bregha FED. CONTEXTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON VELIGER GROWTH FOR THREE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE MOLLUSCS. [Masters Thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/56320

Victoria University of Wellington

3. Doherty, Michael. Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral.

Degree: 2009, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1306

► Ocean acidification has the potential to drastically alter the coral reef ecosystem by reducing the calcification rate of corals and other reef-builders, and hence a… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification has the potential to drastically alter the coral reef ecosystem by reducing the calcification rate of corals and other reef-builders, and hence a considerable amount of research is now focused on this issue. It also is conceivable that acidification may affect other physiological processes of corals. In particular, acidification may alter photosynthetic physiology and hence the productivity of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis that is pivotal to the reef's survival and growth. However, very little is known about the impacts of acidification on the photophysiology of corals or, indeed, other invertebrate-algal symbioses. This gap in our knowledge was addressed here by measuring the impacts of acidification (pH 7.6 versus pH 8.1) on the photophysiology and health of the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata and its isolated dinoflagellate symbionts ('zooxanthellae'), and the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura aureoradiata. The comparative nature of this study allowed for any differences between tropical and temperate symbioses, and zooxanthellae in a symbiotic or free-living state, to be assessed. Corals, anemones and cultured zooxanthellae were maintained in flowthrough seawater systems, and treated either with non-acidified (control) seawater at pH 8.1, or seawater acidified with CO2 or HCl to pH 7.6. A variety of parameters, including zooxanthellar density, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic health (Yi), and the ratio of gross photosynthetic production to respiration (P:R) were measured via cell counts, spectrophotometry, respirometry and PAM fluorometry, at a series of time-points up to a maximum of 42 days. Acidification generated by the addition of CO2 had no discernible effect on Yi of either the corals or anemones. However, in the coral, chlorophyll content per zooxanthella cell increased by 25%, which was countered by a near-significant decline (22%) in the rate of gross photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll; as zooxanthellar density remained unchanged, this led to a constant P:R ratio. When acidified via CO2, the isolated zooxanthellae exhibited no impacts in recorded Yi or chlorophyll levels. The response of the anemone to acidification via CO2 was different to that observed in the coral, as the density of zooxanthellae increased, rather than the chlorophyll content per cell, leading to an increased rate of gross photosynthesis. However P:R again remained constant as the increased photosynthesis was matched by an increased rate of respiration. In contrast to the impacts of CO2, HCl adversely impacted the chlorophyll content per cell in both the isolated zooxanthellae and sea anemone, and Yi, gross photosynthesis per cell, and overall gross photosynthesis in the sea anemone; however, despite the decline in gross photosynthesis, P:R remained constant due to the concurrent decline in respiration. Unfortunately, the corals in the HCl experiment died due to technical issues. There are two plausible reasons for this difference between CO2 and HCl. Firstly, HCl may have caused intracellular… Advisors/Committee Members: Davy, Simon.

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Symbiosis; Photosynthesis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Doherty, M. (2009). Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1306

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Doherty, Michael. “Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral.” 2009. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1306.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Doherty, Michael. “Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral.” 2009. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Doherty M. Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2009. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1306.

Council of Science Editors:

Doherty M. Ocean Acidification: Comparative Impacts on the Photophysiology of a Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone and a Tropical Coral. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1306

University of Exeter

4. Newbatt, Samuel. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).

Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Exeter

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

► The following thesis explores the physiological effects on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) resulting from the dissolution of anthropogenic carbon… (more)

▼ The following thesis explores the physiological effects on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) resulting from the dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into seawater: known as ocean acidification. It assesses how ocean acidification, characterised by elevated seawater pCO2 (1200 µatm) and lowered pH (~7.7), affect the internal chemistry of these animals through the homeostatic process of acid-base regulation. Control conditions used for comparison were close to current ocean average values for CO2 (~400 µatm) and pH (8.2). The proficiency and magnitude of these compensatory mechanisms was explored. Both sea bass and shore crabs were found to be highly effective acid-base regulators and employed the same strategy to compensate the hypercapnia-induced respiratory acidosis: namely an elevation of extracellular bicarbonate (HCO3-). It then considers how these regulatory mechanisms both affect, and are affected by, simultaneous exposure to a ubiquitous coastal metal contaminant, copper. Evidence for a hitherto undocumented protective effect of elevated HCO3- against copper-induced DNA damage was found to be afforded to both sea bass and shore crab cells. DNA damage was used as a sensitive toxicity marker and blood cells were used as proxies for other internal tissues. Erythrocytes exposed in vitro (2 h) to copper (45 µg/L) showed significant DNA damage under control [HCO3-] (6 mM) but were completely protected when exposed under high [HCO3-] (12 mM). A similar protective effect was apparent in crabs under in vivo exposure (14 d) to 10 µg/L waterborne copper. Conversely, during exposure to higher waterborne copper concentrations (sea bass: 80 µg/L, shore crabs: 40 µg/L), animals showed a severe or total inhibition of acid-base regulatory ability in the face of simultaneously elevated seawater CO2 (1200 µatm). The downstream effects of longer-term (28 d) exposure to high CO2 and copper, both individually and in combination was assessed. Food conversion efficiency (FCE), growth and copper accumulation were quantified in juvenile sea bass as economically relevant endpoints. Growth and FCE remained unaffected by either stressor and copper was not accumulated in the muscle tissue: pertinent to human consumption. As a bi-product of this longer term study assessment of gut calcium carbonate production rates in these animals was possible, providing some of the first evidence of excretion rates in fish fed on naturally high calcium diets. A directly proportional influence of feeding rate on gut carbonate excretion rates as a result of increased dietary calcium was observed, and novel evidence provided of the proportional contribution of dietary and seawater calcium to excreted carbonate. Both findings have considerable application to global models of fish contribution to the oceanic carbon cycle.

Subjects/Keywords: 570; Ocean Acidification; Copper

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APA (6^th Edition):

Newbatt, S. (2015). The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Exeter. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Newbatt, Samuel. “The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Exeter. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Newbatt, Samuel. “The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas).” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Newbatt S. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Exeter; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923.

Council of Science Editors:

Newbatt S. The combined impacts of ocean acidification and copper on the physiology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and shore crabs (Carcinus maenas). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Exeter; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18923

Florida International University

5. Campbell, Justin E. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.

Degree: PhD, Biology, 2012, Florida International University

URL: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

► Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations associated with climate change will likely influence a wide variety of ecosystems. Terrestrial research has examined the effects of increasing… (more)

▼ Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations associated with climate change will likely influence a wide variety of ecosystems. Terrestrial research has examined the effects of increasing CO₂ concentrations on the functionality of plant systems; with studies ranging in scale from the short-term responses of individual leaves, to long-term ecological responses of complete forests. While terrestrial plants have received much attention, studies on the responses of marine plants (seagrasses) to increased CO_2(aq) concentrations remain relatively sparse, with most research limited to small-scale, ex situ experimentation. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to address similarities between terrestrial and seagrass responses to increases in CO_2(aq). The goals of this dissertation are to expand the scope of marine climate change research, and examine how the tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum responds to increasing CO_2(aq) concentrations over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Manipulative laboratory and field experimentation reveal that, similar to terrestrial plants, seagrasses strongly respond to increases in CO_2(aq) concentrations. Using a novel field technique, in situ field manipulations show that over short time scales, seagrasses respond to elevated CO_2(aq) by increasing leaf photosynthetic rates and the production of soluble carbohydrates. Declines in leaf nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content were additionally detected, paralleling responses from terrestrial systems. Over long time scales, seagrasses increase total above- and belowground biomass with elevated CO_2(aq), suggesting that, similar to terrestrial research, pervasive increases in atmospheric and oceanic CO_2(aq) concentrations stand to influence the productivity and functionality of these systems. Furthermore, field experiments reveal that seagrass epiphytes, which comprise an important component of seagrass ecosystems, additionally respond to increased CO_2(aq) with strong declines in calcified taxa and increases in fleshy taxa. Together, this work demonstrates that increasing CO_2(aq) concentrations will alter the functionality of seagrass ecosystems by increasing plant productivity and shifting the composition of the epiphyte community. These results have implications for future rates of carbon storage and sediment production within these widely distributed systems. Advisors/Committee Members: James Fourqurean, Deron Burkepile, Michael Durako, Steve Oberbauer, Rene Price.

Subjects/Keywords: climate change; ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Campbell, J. E. (2012). The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. (Doctoral Dissertation). Florida International University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Campbell, Justin E. “The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida International University. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Campbell, Justin E. “The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities.” 2012. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Campbell JE. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida International University; 2012. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617.

Council of Science Editors:

Campbell JE. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Florida International University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693 ; 10.25148/etd.FI12080617 ; FI12080617

University of Otago

6. Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .

Degree: 2011, University of Otago

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

► Ocean acidification, as a result of increased atmospheric CO2, has the potential to adversely affect the larval stages of many marine organisms and hence have… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification, as a result of increased atmospheric CO2, has the potential to adversely affect the larval stages of many marine organisms and hence have profound effects on marine ecosystems. This is the first study of its kind to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on the early life-history stages of three echinoderms species, two asteroids and one irregular echinoid. Potential latitudinal variations on the effects of ocean acidification were also investigated by selecting a polar species (Odontaster validus), a temperate species (Patiriella regularis), and a tropical species (Arachnoides placenta). The effects of reduced seawater pH levels on the fertilization of gametes, larval survival and morphometrics on the aforementioned species were evaluated under experimental conditions. The pH levels considered for this research include ambient seawater (pH 8.1 or pH 8.2), levels predicted for 2100 (pH 7.7 and pH 7.6) and the extreme pH of 7.0, adjusted by bubbling CO2 gas into filtered seawater. Fertilization for Odontaster validus and Patiriella regularis for the predicted scenarios for 2100 was robust, whereas fertilization was significantly reduced in Arachnoides placenta. Larval survival was robust for the three species at pH 7.8, but numbers declined when pH dropped below 7.6. Normal A. placenta larvae developed in pH 7.8, whereas smaller larvae were observed for O. validus and P. regularis under the same pH treatment. Seawater pH levels below 7.6 resulted in smaller and underdeveloped larvae for all three species. The greatest effects were expected for the Antarctic asteroid O. validus but overall the tropical sand dollar A. placenta was the most affected by the reduction in seawater pH. The effects of ocean acidification on the asteroids O. validus and P. regulars, and the sand dollar A. placenta are species-specific. Several parameters, such as taxonomic differences, physiology, genetic makeup and the population’s evolutionary history may have contributed to this variability. This study highlights the vulnerability of the early developmental stages and the complexity of ocean acidification. However, future research is needed to understand the effects at individual, community and ecosystem levels. Advisors/Committee Members: Lamare, Miles (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean Acidification; Echinoderms; larvae

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, M. J. (2011). Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . (Masters Thesis). University of Otago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. “Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .” 2011. Masters Thesis, University of Otago. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gonzalez Bernat, Maria Jose. “Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae .” 2011. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Gonzalez Bernat MJ. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930.

Council of Science Editors:

Gonzalez Bernat MJ. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on the early life-history of non-calcifying and calcifying echinoderm (Echinodermata) larvae . [Masters Thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1930

Victoria University of Wellington

7. Bylenga, Christine Heather. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.

Degree: 2016, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

► Laternula elliptica are large bivalves found in high densities in soft sediments in coastal regions of the Southern Ocean. L. elliptica form an important part… (more)

▼ Laternula elliptica are large bivalves found in high densities in soft sediments in coastal regions of the Southern Ocean. L. elliptica form an important part of the ecosystem, due to significant sediment stabilisation and deposition. Despite the important role L. elliptica play in their environment, little is known about how projected ocean change will impact future populations of this species. Invertebrate larvae are considerably more sensitive to environmental stressors than juveniles and adults, and increases in mortality and minor reductions in dispersal could significantly reduce future population sizes. In a rapidly changing climate, some of the greatest changes are expected at high latitudes. The greatest rates of warming of surface waters are occurring in the Southern Ocean. Additionally, undersaturation of aragonite due to ocean acidification is expected to affect these waters within decades. Calcifying organisms such as molluscs may be particularly sensitive to reduced pH and saturation states associated with ocean acidification. However, information on larval responses to these stressors in Antarctic species is limited. The larvae of L. elliptica are large and lecithotrophic. Maternally provided energy reserves sustain development until the completion of metamorphosis. While large reserves may support long development times and extended encapsulation, they are finite and cannot be replenished. Any stress during larval development could increase metabolic costs and deplete reserves, preventing metamorphosis. These stressors may also impact the calcification process and shell structures, resulting in weaker larvae at settlement that are more vulnerable to injury. Small reductions in larval survival could limit recruitment and population growth may decline. Various responses to ocean acidification (OA) and warming were studied in the larvae of L. elliptica. Larvae were raised under control pH and temperatures (~8.00 and - 1.7°C, respectively) and conditions representing projections for the Antarctic by the end of the century and 2300 (pH 7.80, 7.65 and -0.5, +0.5 and +1.5°C), both individually and in combination. The effect of these stressors on fertilisation rates, development timing and rates of abnormalities at various life stages were examined. Furthermore, SEM analysis determined the impacts of OA and warming on larval shell growth and morphology. Respiration rates and lipid reserves in developing larvae were also determined. Information on OA and temperature responses in Antarctic larvae is limited, and this is the first study on the effects of these stressors in Antarctic bivalves. Elevated temperatures largely improved development, increased early fertilisation rates, and accelerated development through all larval stages and larvae reached competency 5 d ahead of larvae at the control temperature. This would allow for faster settlement, significantly reducing time spent in more vulnerable development stages. Elevated temperatures also improved calcification in later D-stage larvae increasing shell… Advisors/Committee Members: Ken, Ryan, Vonda, Cummings.

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Bivalve; Antarctica

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bylenga, C. H. (2016). The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. (Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bylenga, Christine Heather. “The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bylenga, Christine Heather. “The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica.” 2016. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Bylenga CH. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211.

Council of Science Editors:

Bylenga CH. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming on the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5211

University of Miami

8. Margolin, Carolyn L. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.

Degree: PhD, Marine Biology and Fisheries (Marine), 2012, University of Miami

URL: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

► The changes in global climate, including the observed and predicted changes to ocean chemistry are expected to have significant impacts on the future of coral… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: coral; flow; light; ocean acidification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Margolin, C. L. (2012). Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Miami. Retrieved from https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Margolin, Carolyn L. “Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Margolin, Carolyn L. “Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians.” 2012. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Margolin CL. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Miami; 2012. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919.

Council of Science Editors:

Margolin CL. Interactive Effects of Water Flow and Light Levels with Decreasing pH on the Growth and Survival of Tropical Cnidarians. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Miami; 2012. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/919

Victoria University of Wellington

9. Hempel, Sonja. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.

Degree: 2016, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

► Marine life is currently under threat from large-scale, long-term changes to the marine environment. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), are causing… (more)

▼ Marine life is currently under threat from large-scale, long-term changes to the marine environment. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), are causing ongoing change to global marine systems, particularly through ocean warming and acidification. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are trapping radiation and heating the entire Earth surface, including the ocean. At the same time, oceanic uptake of CO₂ through absorption by surface waters is altering ocean chemistry, increasing acidity, reducing availability of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻), and causing increasing dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) structures. Because atmospheric CO₂ diffuses more readily into cold water, the Southern Ocean (SO) will experience ocean acidification in a matter of decades. Warming in the SO is also occurring rapidly and represents a comparatively greater increase in temperature than elsewhere. SO marine fauna have evolved in constant, stable, cold conditions, and as a result are stenothermal and particularly at risk from ocean warming and acidification. The large infaunal bivalve Laternula elliptica is a prevalent keystone species found throughout the Antarctic benthos in high numbers, and contributes significantly to biodeposition and bentho-pelagic coupling. This thesis examines how L. elliptica adults are affected over medium-term (5-mo) timescales by SO warming and acidification. Adult L. elliptica collected from Cape Evans in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were subjected to combinations of temperatures and pHs predicted for the SO by 2050 and 2100 (Temperatures: -1.4°C (control); -0.5°C; +0.5°C. pHs: pH 8.00 (control); pH 7.85; pH 7.65). L. elliptica were assessed at 5 wk and 5 mo to determine their cellular, metabolic, and whole-organism responses to temperature increase and/or pH decrease. Survival parameters such as final survival percentage, survival curves, and time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) were compared among treatments. L. elliptica survival was severely reduced by warming of only 1-2°C above summer ambient temperatures. Physical and physiological condition indices were calculated to assess health, and show changes in shell and body tissue mass. Physical condition stayed similar amongst all treatments at both time points, while physiological condition decreased significantly at 5 mo with elevated temperature. Oxygen (O₂) consumption was measured as a proxy for standard metabolic rate to show whether animals had acclimatised to conditions. O₂ consumption was significantly negatively correlated with physiological condition, and increased, becoming more variable, with both elevated temperature and lowered pH. This indicated that L. elliptica experienced increased metabolic demand in response to these conditions, and there was a general lack of acclimation to these conditions over time. Overall, pH had no significant effect on survival, metabolic rate, or condition. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression levels were measured to provide a preliminary indication of how the heat shock… Advisors/Committee Members: Ryan, Ken, Cummings, Vonda.

Subjects/Keywords: Physiological stress; Southern Ocean; Ocean acidification

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hempel, S. (2016). The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hempel, Sonja. “The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hempel, Sonja. “The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification.” 2016. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Hempel S. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049.

Council of Science Editors:

Hempel S. The functional response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to ocean warming and acidification. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/5049

10. Bennett, Holly. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.

Degree: 2017, Victoria University of Wellington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

► As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef-building corals globally, shifting reefs from… (more)

▼ As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef-building corals globally, shifting reefs from coral-dominated systems to those dominated by less sensitive species. Sponges are important structural and functional components of coral reef ecosystems, but despite increasing field-based evidence that sponges may be ‘winners’ in response to environmental degradation, our understanding of how they respond to the combined effects of OW and OA is limited. This PhD thesis explores the response of four abundant Great Barrier Reef species – the phototrophic Carteriospongia foliascens and Cymbastela coralliophila and the heterotrophic Stylissa flabelliformis and Rhopaloeides odorabile to OW and OA levels predicted for 2100, under two CO₂ Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The overall aim of this research is to bridge gaps in our understanding of how these important coral reef organisms will respond to projected climate change, to begin to explore whether a sponge dominated state is a possible future trajectory for coral reefs. To determine the tolerance of adult sponges to climate change, these four species were exposed to OW and OA in the Australian Institute of Marine Science’s (AIMS) National Sea Simulator (SeaSim) in a 3-month experimental study. The first data chapter explores the physiological responses of these sponges to OW and OA to gain a broad understanding of sponge holobiont survival and functioning under these conditions. In this chapter I also address the hypothesis that phototrophic and heterotrophic sponges will exhibit differential responses to climate change. In the second and third data chapters I explore the cellular lipid and fatty acid composition of sponges, and how these biochemical constituents vary with OW and OA. Lipids and fatty acids are not only vital energy stores, they form the major components of cell membranes, and the structure and composition of these biochemical constituents ultimately determines the integrity and physiological competency of a cell. Therefore through these analyses I aimed to determine how OW and OA affects the metabolic balance of sponges, and to understand mechanisms underpinning observed systemic sponge responses. Finally, to provide greater insight into the population level impacts of climate change on tropical sponges, in the last data chapter I explore the response of the phototrophic species Carteriospongia foliascens to OW/OA throughout its developmental stages. I found that while sponges can generally tolerate climate change scenarios predicted under the RCP6.0 conditions for 2100 (30ºC/ pH 7.8), environmental projections for the end of this century under the RCP8.5 (31.5ºC/ pH 7.6) will have significant implications for their survival. Temperature effects were much stronger than OA effects for all species; however, phototrophic and heterotrophic species responded differently to OA. Elevated pCO₂ exacerbated temperature stress in heterotrophic sponges but… Advisors/Committee Members: Bell, James, Davy, Simon, Webster, Nicole.

Subjects/Keywords: Sponge; Climate change; Ocean warming; Ocean acidification

11 more images…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bennett, H. (2017). Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. (Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bennett, Holly. “Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bennett, Holly. “Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont.” 2017. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Bennett H. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240.

Council of Science Editors:

Bennett H. Climate change and tropical sponges: The effect of elevated pCO₂ and temperature on the sponge holobiont. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6240

University of Dundee

11. Crawfurd, Katharine. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.

Degree: PhD, 2010, University of Dundee

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10588/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca

► Marine phytoplankton is responsible for ~50% of global primary productivity, it supports the oceanic food web and affects biogeochemical cycles. I participated in a large… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: 551.46; Phytoplankton; Ocean acidification; Global change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Crawfurd, K. (2010). Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Dundee. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10588/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Crawfurd, Katharine. “Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Dundee. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10588/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Crawfurd, Katharine. “Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.” 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Crawfurd K. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Dundee; 2010. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10588/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca.

Council of Science Editors:

Crawfurd K. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Dundee; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10588/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca

University of Hawaii – Manoa

12. Drupp, Patrick. Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change.

Degree: 2017, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51198

►

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2015.

The CO2-carbonic acid system of nearshore and coral reef ecosystems is highly variable, and often poorly constrained. In… (more)

▼

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2015.

The CO2-carbonic acid system of nearshore and coral reef ecosystems is highly variable, and often poorly constrained. In addition to the natural processes altering the carbon system of coral reefs, increased atmospheric and seawater carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, from the anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels and land use changes, have the potential to alter the fragile biogeochemical balance of these ecosystems. Autonomous seawater CO2 monitoring buoys are becoming an increasingly utilized method for studying the CO2 chemistry of coastal waters, and these systems provide accurate, high-resolution CO2 data that were previously unobtainable a decade ago. This research presents the results of the longest running, continuous CO2 time-series for a coral reef environment in the world. A network of three monitoring buoys was established in 2008 around Oahu, Hawai‘i, providing high-resolution data. Net annualized air-sea CO2 gas exchange was calculated at each study location and was comparable to estimates at other reef locations around the world. An in-situ study of the permeable carbonate sediment-porewater system at two locations showed that porewater carbon biogeochemistry in permeable reef sediments is strongly controlled by microbial respiration of organic matter. The short residence time of the porewater, due to increased advection, is another major control on the biogeochemical parameters such as total alkalinity and pH. Finally, the data collected by the observing buoys, along with the in-situ porewater data and previous data collected in Kaneohe Bay, were used to create a carbon biogeochemical box model, the Coral Reef and Sediment Carbonate Model (CRESCAM), for the Kaneohe Bay barrier reef flat. The model was forced using the Representative Concentration Pathway CO2 emissions scenarios from the 2013 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessment Report. Several case studies were conducted to determine important parameters and to identify possible future conditions on the barrier reef under increasing ocean acidification, rising temperature, and land use changes. Model runs predicted that the barrier reef flat could experience a 20% decrease in coral calcification, by 2100. Although carbonate dissolution is expected to increase in the sediments, dissolution will not provide a sufficient buffer to mitigate any decreases in surface water pH.

Subjects/Keywords: carbon dioxide; ocean acidification; coral reefs; sediments

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APA (6^th Edition):

Drupp, P. (2017). Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51198

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Drupp, Patrick. “Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change.” 2017. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51198.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Drupp, Patrick. “Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change.” 2017. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Drupp P. Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51198.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Drupp P. Observations and Modeling of the CO2-Carbonic Acid System on Hawaiian Coral Reefs: Implications of Future Ocean Acidification and Climate Change. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51198

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hawaii – Manoa

13. Jury, Christopher. Coral Resilience under Global Change.

Degree: 2017, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

►

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2016.

Corals and reef ecosystems appear to be highly sensitive to environmental change, especially ocean acidification and climate change.… (more)

▼

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2016.

Corals and reef ecosystems appear to be highly sensitive to environmental change, especially ocean acidification and climate change. In spite of this apparent sensitivity, however, corals have a long evolutionary history and have survived through many episodes of global change in the geologic past. This paradox of apparent sensitivity combined with resilience makes reef-building corals an ideal platform to examine the responses of organisms, populations, and ecosystems to rapid, global change. First, the environmental and biological drivers of reef building over geologic time are reviewed and thresholds are identified in rates of environmental change beyond which a reef crisis is likely to result. Next, the chemical drivers of coral calcification are examined. Rather than direct dependence on aragonite saturation state, as has often been assumed, coral calcification is shown to be co-dependent on dissolved inorganic carbon and seawater pH. These results alter predictions of reef responses under ocean acidification and climate change and suggest that high latitude areas may provide reefs with refuges under global change, consistent with responses in the geologic record. Next, the influence of reef geochemistry on seawater chemistry is considered as a possible mechanism to provide local refugia from ocean acidification on coral reefs. Under the most extreme scenarios considered, changes in reef geochemistry can provide corals and other calcifiers with a partial refuge from ocean acidification, but at the expense of a collapse in reef-scale calcification. Finally, the potential for corals to adapt or acclimatize to anthropogenic global change are examined through a combination field and experimental approach. Here I show the first evidence that corals can mount an adaptive response to both ocean acidification and climate change over the decadal timescales relevant to global change, but that there are still limits to the scope for adaptation. With substantial cuts in anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, this work predicts that many coral species and many coral reefs could adapt and survive under moderate acidification and warming, but reefs are predicted to suffere severe declines under worst-case global change scenarios. Together, these results show that corals and coral reefs have the capacity to respond to moderate levels of global change, they indentify possible refugia for corals during periods of reef crisis, and give hope that reducing human impacts on coral reefs offers a feasible pathway toward effective coral reef conservation over coming decades.

Subjects/Keywords: coral; reef; calcification; ocean acidification; climate change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jury, C. (2017). Coral Resilience under Global Change. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jury, Christopher. “Coral Resilience under Global Change.” 2017. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jury, Christopher. “Coral Resilience under Global Change.” 2017. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Jury C. Coral Resilience under Global Change. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Jury C. Coral Resilience under Global Change. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51380

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hong Kong

14. Ramadoss, Dineshram. Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects.

Degree: PhD, 2014, University of Hong Kong

URL: Ramadoss, D.. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/219901

►

The increase in carbon dioxide emissions due to human activities has led to drastic variations in global climate. In addition to global warming and extreme… (more)

▼

The increase in carbon dioxide emissions due to human activities has led to drastic variations in global climate. In addition to global warming and extreme weather patterns, the high CO2 levels have been leading to progressive ocean acidification. Compounded with other climate change related stressors, ocean acidification will hinder the ability of marine organisms to adapt to the ensuing changes and might affect human dependence on oceans as a source of food. Most marine organisms have complex life cycles, involving metamorphosis from larval to adult forms. In the early stages of life, oysters have calcium carbonate shells that are particularly sensitive to low pH, and the rapid climatic changes can compromise their metamorphosis. High temperature, low salinity and low pH resulting from ocean acidification are detrimental to both native and cultivated oyster populations. Although mechanistic studies to understand the tolerance responses of closely related species would be significant in this context, none have been reported to date. Therefore, this thesis aims to reveal the mechanisms that distinguish the “winners” from the “losers” among the selected aquatic species of commercial importance, in withstanding the stress induced by climate change. The present study employed molecular approaches to evaluate the interactive and cumulative effects of multiple stressors on large-scale cultures of pediveliger larvae from two oyster populations, Crassostrea hongkongensis and Crassostrea gigas. The study undertook transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of changes induced by ocean acidification in the larvae. The results revealed that oyster larvae could adopt an energy ‘trade-off’ strategy through metabolic suppression and adjust cell signalling pathways to overcome the stress induced by ocean acidification. Information from the oyster genome database facilitated the shotgun proteomics investigations on oyster larvae remarkably revealed over 1350 proteins in both the species. The study identified species- and stressor-specific tolerance responses, and survival mechanisms that preserved calcification, in oyster larvae. The larvae showed depletion of energy reserves due to enhanced metabolism, oxidative damage-induced immune response and metabolic suppression. The study reveals the existence of tolerance mechanisms in oysters that help them adapt to stresses resulting from climate change. It pioneered the use of a proteomics approach to understand the impact of multiple stressors on oyster larvae and the molecular mechanisms underlying their successful adaptation to them. Highlighted several potential possible biomarkers in this study will likely to play an important role in identifying oyster species showing heritable tolerance for future aquaculture.

published_or_final_version

Biological Sciences

Doctoral

Doctor of Philosophy

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Oysters - Effect of stress on

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ramadoss, D. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from Ramadoss, D.. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/219901

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ramadoss, Dineshram. “Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hong Kong. Accessed March 20, 2019. Ramadoss, D.. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/219901.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ramadoss, Dineshram. “Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects.” 2014. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Ramadoss D. Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2014. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: Ramadoss, D.. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/219901.

Council of Science Editors:

Ramadoss D. Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2014. Available from: Ramadoss, D.. (2014). Proteomic analysis of oyster larvae reveals molecular mechanism of ocean acidification and multiple stressor effects. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5317012 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/219901

University of Hong Kong

15. Chan, Bin-san. Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Hong Kong

URL: Chan, B. [陳辯宸]. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196468

► Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased due to human activity from a pre-industrial value of about 280 ppm to the present level of 399 ppm.… (more)

▼ Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased due to human activity from a pre-industrial value of about 280 ppm to the present level of 399 ppm. The ocean acts as an important natural carbon sink that effectively removes 1/3 of this anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere, buffering global warming effects. However, the dissolution of CO2 causes a dramatic change in seawater chemistry and ultimately results in the phenomenon commonly known as "ocean acidification" (OA). As a consequence, the pH value and the saturation states for calcium carbonate decline in the surface seawater, posing a threat to calcareous marine organisms that build their shells using exquisite biomineralization mechanisms. Biological minerals produced by marine organisms are compositionally and structurally more complex than geological minerals. Although changes in biomineral formation in response to OA has been intensively investigated, the features of calcified products in terms of their composition, architectures and mechanical properties have been overlooked in climate change research. The tubeworm is a favourite marine model organism in larval biology. Its life cycle is well understood hence provides a good opportunity to study OA impacts on the stochastic early life. In addition, the model enables comprehensive observation of the sophisticated biomineralization events. In this thesis, four studies on the biomineralization of Hydroides elegans, using a multidisciplinary collaborative approach combining larval biology and material science were conducted. (1) The tube mineral composition at different juvenile stages (4, 11, 18, 25 days) were characterized. (2) The impacts of different predicted OA scenarios (pH 8.1, 7.9, 7.6, and 7.4) on the resultant calcification products were compared. (3) A multiple-stressor investigation of OA (pH 8.1 and 7.8), reduced salinity (33 ‰ and 27 ‰) and increased temperature (25 °C and 29 °C) was conducted to further determine the more environmentally realistic OA impacts. (4) Calcification sites were examined by using a microscopy approach The main findings from each study were: (1) H. elegans produced both calcite and aragonite forms of CaCO3, which have distinctive physical and chemical properties. Thus, the tubeworm serves as an interesting model for studying OA impacts on biomineralization. The early juvenile stages are expected to be more sensitive to OA than the later life stages because the juvenile tubes are rich in aragonite and amorphous calcium carbonate. (2) Under experimental OA conditions, the composition and architecture of the tube structures were adversely affected, ultimately producing tubes with weaker mechanical properties. (3) Warming appeared to strengthen the tube structures and mitigated the adverse OA effects. (4) Calcification sites correlated to regions with higher pH values of 8.5 - 9.0. These regions may be sensitive to OA and should be further analyzed to study the mechanisms of OA impacts on calcification. This series of experiments study biomineralization…

Subjects/Keywords: Biomineralization; Ocean acidification - Environmental aspects; Tube worms

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chan, B. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from Chan, B. [陳辯宸]. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196468

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chan, Bin-san. “Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hong Kong. Accessed March 20, 2019. Chan, B. [陳辯宸]. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196468.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chan, Bin-san. “Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective.” 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Chan B. Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: Chan, B. [陳辯宸]. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196468.

Council of Science Editors:

Chan B. Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Hong Kong; 2013. Available from: Chan, B. [陳辯宸]. (2013). Climate change impacts on the serpulid tubeworm Hydroides elegans : a biomineralization perspective. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5177307 ; http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196468

University of Maine

16. Waller, Jesica. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).

Degree: MS, Marine Biology, 2016, University of Maine

URL: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

► Anthropogenic warming and ocean acidification are occurring as CO₂ continues to accumulate in the atmosphere (OA). Few studies have evaluated the joint effects of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lobster; Ocean acidification; climate change; Marine Biology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Waller, J. (2016). Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). (Masters Thesis). University of Maine. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Waller, Jesica. “Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Maine. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Waller, Jesica. “Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus).” 2016. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Waller J. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Maine; 2016. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527.

Council of Science Editors:

Waller J. Linking Rising pCO2 and Temperature to the Larval Development, Physiology and Gene Expression of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). [Masters Thesis]. University of Maine; 2016. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2527

University of California – Santa Cruz

17. Penman, Donald E. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

Degree: Earth Science, 2015, University of California – Santa Cruz

URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

► This dissertation reconstructs the response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Chapter 1 uses boron-based proxies to… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Paleoclimate science; carbon cycle; ocean acidification; PETM

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APA (6^th Edition):

Penman, D. E. (2015). The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. (Thesis). University of California – Santa Cruz. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Penman, Donald E. “The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” 2015. Thesis, University of California – Santa Cruz. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Penman, Donald E. “The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Penman DE. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – Santa Cruz; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Penman DE. The response of marine carbonate chemistry to rapid carbon injection during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [Thesis]. University of California – Santa Cruz; 2015. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/85r875z4

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Sydney

18. Wright, John Matthew. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .

Degree: 2017, University of Sydney

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

► Elevations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are anticipated to lead to the acidification of the world’s oceans over the next century. This thesis sought to… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: oysters; ocean acidification; mollusc; climate change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wright, J. M. (2017). Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . (Thesis). University of Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wright, John Matthew. “Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .” 2017. Thesis, University of Sydney. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wright, John Matthew. “Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs .” 2017. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Wright JM. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wright JM. Impacts of ocean acidification on predator – prey interactions of molluscs . [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18004

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Washington

19. Newcomb, Laura Anne. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.

Degree: PhD, 2016, University of Washington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

► Global climate change by way of warming ocean temperatures and ocean acidification threatens the survival of marine organisms. For mussels, survival is tightly tied to… (more)

▼ Global climate change by way of warming ocean temperatures and ocean acidification threatens the survival of marine organisms. For mussels, survival is tightly tied to byssal threads they form that anchor them to substrates, from the rocky intertidal to mussel aquaculture lines. Weakened byssal threads increase the likelihood of “fall-off” or “sloughing” from rocks and aquaculture lines, disturbing intertidal communities and reducing aquaculture yields. Seasonal variation in mussel attachment strength suggests environmental conditions may alter byssal thread strength and production. In this dissertation, I explore the role of rising temperature and ocean acidification on the mechanical performance of mussel byssal threads to improve predictions of what environmental conditions may precede fall-off events. In Chapter 1, I expose mussels (Mytilus trossulus) to a range of pH (7.3 – 8.2, total scale) and temperature conditions (10 – 25˚C) in a full factorial cross. Elevated temperature dramatically weakens mussel attachment: mussels produce 60% weaker and 65% fewer threads at 25˚C in comparison to 10˚C. The effects of temperature are strongest in the proximal region of the threads. Low pH (7.3) strengthens the plaque region of the thread by 20%, but has no effect on overall byssal thread strength. Since a thread is only as strong as its weakest region, these stressors do not act synergistically with each other; the strongest negative effect dominates, in this case temperature. Chapter 2 expands on the impacts of temperature on attachment strength, finding species-specific temperature effects. In the northeast Pacific, the warm-adapted mussel M. galloprovincialis and cold-adapted mussel M. trossulus compete for space on shore. While the attachment strength of these two closely related species does not differ from 11 - 18˚C, at temperatures from 18 - 24.5˚C, M. trossulus attachment strength decreases while M. galloprovincialis attachment strength increases. At temperatures greater than 18˚C M. trossulus produces fewer and weaker byssal threads with attachments that were up to 93% weaker than M. galloprovincialis. Chapter 3 follows up these laboratory studies using the field setting of a mussel farm to examine correlations between ocean conditions and attachment strength in M. trossulus. In the field, weak attachment strength in M. trossulus is best predicted by high temperature >14˚C and low pH, <7.5. Similar to the lab study, the effects of these two stressors are independent of each other. Altogether, these results find mussels and the communities they support are vulnerable to multiple aspects of future ocean conditions. Warming oceans may increase the competitive advantage of M. galloprovincialis in more northern latitudes at the expense of native M. trossulus populations. Monitoring these conditions near farms can signal periods where attachment is expected to be weak in order to best adapt farming practices. Advisors/Committee Members: Carrington, Emily (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: ecomechanics; mussel; ocean acidification; temperature; Biology; biology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Newcomb, L. A. (2016). Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Newcomb, Laura Anne. “Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Newcomb, Laura Anne. “Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment.” 2016. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Newcomb LA. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington; 2016. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134.

Council of Science Editors:

Newcomb LA. Elevated temperature and ocean acidification alter mechanics of mussel attachment. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Washington; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/35134

Montana Tech

20. Cullison, Sarah E. Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor.

Degree: PhD, 2010, Montana Tech

URL: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/645

► Currently, the lack of accurate in situ pH measurements limits our understanding of natural pH variability. In order to predict future pH changes in… (more)

▼ Currently, the lack of accurate in situ pH measurements limits our understanding of natural pH variability. In order to predict future pH changes in the oceans, quality high temporal resolution pH data are needed. This work used the newly developed Submersible Autonomous Moored Instrument for pH (SAMI-pH), a fully autonomous, in situ spectrophotometric pH sensor, to study oceanic pH variability. The three main goals of this research were to: determine the field performance of the new SAMI-pH, establish the utility of combining SAMI-pH data with in situ pCO2 data to characterize the entire inorganic carbon cycle and establish pH variability, and what drives it, in a coral reef. Autonomous pH and pCO2 sensors were deployed in tandem in Monterey Bay, CA from June to August 2007. The results showed that the pH-pCO2 combination can provide information about data quality and can be used to model calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states. The pH and pCO2 can be combined with a salinity-derived AT to model both long and short-term DIC variability. The SAMI-pH was also used to examine pH variability on Media Luna coral reef, Puerto Rico for two month periods over three seasons in 2007 and 2008. pH on the reef was at a minimum of 7.89 pH units during the fall and at a maximum of 8.17 pH units during the winter. Half of this seasonal variability was driven by temperature, with the remaining changes due to organic carbon and CaCO3 production. CO2 gas fluxes showed that the reef was a source of CO2 during the summer and fall, and a sink during the winter. Annually, the reef was a source of CO2, with a flux of 1.19 mol m-2 year-1. Calcium carbonate saturation states were modeled with pH and pCO2 and showed seasonal values between 2.7-5.4 for aragonite and 4.0-7.0 for calcite. Both data sets showed that the SAMI-pHs performed well in extended field tests, including high fouling environments, making it possible to determine combined temporal pH and pCO2 variability in unprecedented breadth and detail.

Subjects/Keywords: coral reefs; ocean acidification; pH sensor

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cullison, S. E. (2010). Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor. (Doctoral Dissertation). Montana Tech. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/645

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cullison, Sarah E. “Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, Montana Tech. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/645.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cullison, Sarah E. “Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor.” 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Cullison SE. Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Montana Tech; 2010. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/645.

Council of Science Editors:

Cullison SE. Marine Applications of an Autonomous Indicator-Based pH Sensor. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Montana Tech; 2010. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/645

University of Dundee

21. Crawfurd, Katharine. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.

Degree: PhD, 2010, University of Dundee

URL: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578747

► Marine phytoplankton is responsible for ~50% of global primary productivity, it supports the oceanic food web and affects biogeochemical cycles. I participated in a large… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: 551.46; Phytoplankton; Ocean acidification; Global change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Crawfurd, K. (2010). Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Dundee. Retrieved from https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578747

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Crawfurd, Katharine. “Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Dundee. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578747.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Crawfurd, Katharine. “Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world.” 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Crawfurd K. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Dundee; 2010. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578747.

Council of Science Editors:

Crawfurd K. Marine phytoplankton in a high CO2 world. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Dundee; 2010. Available from: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/82b46f33-e436-4eff-9862-e464f2761dca ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578747

University of New South Wales

22. Shaw, Emily Caitlin. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.

Degree: Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), 2012, University of New South Wales

URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

► Ocean acidification occurs as a consequence of the absorption of anthropogenicCO2 emissions by the ocean, which lowers sea surface pH and carbonate ionconcentrations over time.… (more)

▼ Ocean acidification occurs as a consequence of the absorption of anthropogenicCO2 emissions by the ocean, which lowers sea surface pH and carbonate ionconcentrations over time. Ocean acidification has the potential to alter marinebiogeochemical cycling and biological processes. Coral reefs are believed to beparticularly vulnerable to ocean acidification as the reef framework is builtthrough calcification by marine organisms, where calcification is a key processaffected by changing seawater chemistry. Despite the predicted sensitivity ofcoral reefs to ocean acidification, there are only limited measurements ofcarbonate chemistry on coral reefs, since the vast majority of carbonatechemistry measurements have been taken in open ocean environments. In thisstudy the diurnal and seasonal carbonate chemistry variability was measured atLady Elliot Island (LEI), southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Seasonalvariability was observed in the waters offshore of LEI reef flat, similar toprevious observations at subtropical time series locations, and driven primarilyby seasonal temperature changes. On the reef flat, diurnal variability dominated,with the daily range of conditions exceeding those that are predicted to occurover the next century as a result of ocean acidification. Reef flat diurnalvariability was driven primarily by biological metabolic processes, includingcommunity photosynthesis, respiration, calcification and dissolution. At low tidethe reef flat was isolated from offshore waters allowing determination of netcommunity calcification rates (Gnet). It was found that Gnet was directly related tothe aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), and applying this relationship it wasvpredicted that end-century Gnet will be ~55% lower than the preindustrial value.For the first time, coral reef flat natural variability was used to predict futurecarbonate chemistry under a business-as-usual emissions scenario this century,showing that a decrease in seawater buffer capacity will lead to amplified naturalvariability and extreme carbonate chemistry conditions in the future (pCO2 levelsup to ~2100 ppm by end-century). Furthermore, corrosive conditions (whereΩarag <1) are likely to begin by end-century, where this was previouslyunexpected for a sub-tropical coral reef ecosystem. Organisms will be exposed tothe most extreme conditions on timescales of ~2hrs of each day. Thereforeexposure time and the incorporation of natural variability into perturbationexperiments will be an important future consideration in determining thevulnerability of coral reef species and communities to ocean acidification. Advisors/Committee Members: McNeil, Benjamin, Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Faculty of Science, UNSW, Tilbrook, Bronte, CSIRO, Matear, Richard, CSIRO.

Subjects/Keywords: Natural variability; Ocean acidification; Coral reefs

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shaw, E. C. (2012). Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shaw, Emily Caitlin. “Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New South Wales. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shaw, Emily Caitlin. “Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification.” 2012. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Shaw EC. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2012. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true.

Council of Science Editors:

Shaw EC. Carbonate chemistry variability in the southern Great Barrier Reef: implications for future ocean acidification. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2012. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52490 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11163/SOURCE01?view=true

University of Connecticut

23. Redmond, Sarah. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.

Degree: MS, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 2013, University of Connecticut

URL: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

► Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, L.D. Druehl and G.W.Saunders, is the most widely distributed species of kelp in the western North Atlantic, occurring from… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: kelp; Saccharina latissima; ocean acidification; climate change

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APA (6^th Edition):

Redmond, S. (2013). Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. (Masters Thesis). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Redmond, Sarah. “Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Connecticut. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Redmond, Sarah. “Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic.” 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Redmond S. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515.

Council of Science Editors:

Redmond S. Effects of Increasing Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Microstages of two Populations of Saccharina latissima in the Northwest Atlantic. [Masters Thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2013. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/515

University of Plymouth

24. Small, Daniel Peter. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Plymouth

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

► The successful completion of the early developmental stages in organisms with complex life cycles is crucial to the persistence of a species both at the… (more)

▼ The successful completion of the early developmental stages in organisms with complex life cycles is crucial to the persistence of a species both at the local and global scale. Thus changes in the abiotic environment experienced during larval and early benthic development can have profound effects on the development and ultimately dynamics of populations of marine invertebrates. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 in line with future predictions of anthropogenic climate change, ocean warming and ocean acidification (OA), on the survivorship and growth during early development of marine invertebrates is beginning to be understood, yet the underlying physiological ontogeny driving such changes, and the more subtle effects on physiological performance of climate change drivers, has yet to be distinguished. Therefore the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of an economically and ecologically important species, the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, to characterise the underlying physiological responses of early development behind responses of survival and growth. The main findings relate to how changing optimal temperature conditions during larval development results in changes in metabolic performance and therefore aerobic scope, ultimately driving survival and growth. Larval stages which exhibit narrower aerobic scope were also sensitive to elevated pCO2 evident as reduced survival, changes to energetic demands and organic content, and reduced calcification. Furthermore, this is the first attempt to characterise the physiological response of early benthic juveniles to climate change drivers. Early benthic juveniles are quite different in underlying physiology to later juveniles and adults, cumulating in this stage being energy limited. Such limitations are expressed as a reduction in aerobic scope in relation to elevated temperature and pCO2, and associated sensitiveness to elevated pCO2 resulting in increased moult related mortalities and the breakdown of haemolymph buffering capacity under combinations of elevated temperature and pCO2. Throughout early development, elevated temperature and pCO2, through underlying physiological responses, may have dramatic effects on the geographic range and successful development of H. gammarus.

Subjects/Keywords: 595.3; European lobster, Ocean Warming, Ocean Acidification, Developmental eco-physiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Small, D. P. (2013). The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Plymouth. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Small, Daniel Peter. “The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Plymouth. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Small, Daniel Peter. “The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.).” 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Small DP. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Plymouth; 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485.

Council of Science Editors:

Small DP. The effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on the developmental eco-physiology of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Plymouth; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2485

University of Aberdeen

25. De Francisco Mora, Beatriz.; University of Aberdeen.; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.

Degree: 2015, University of Aberdeen

URL: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool2.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

Subjects/Keywords: Corals; Ocean acidification.; Ocean temperature.

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APA (6^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, B. ;. U. o. A. ;. E. (. S. A. f. M. S. (2015). Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Aberdeen. Retrieved from http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool2.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, Beatriz ; University of Aberdeen ; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. “Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Aberdeen. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool2.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

De Francisco Mora, Beatriz ; University of Aberdeen ; EPOCA (Project); Scottish Association for Marine Science. “Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii.” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

De Francisco Mora B;UoA;E(SAfMS. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool2.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer.

Council of Science Editors:

De Francisco Mora B;UoA;E(SAfMS. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the physiology of the cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Caryophyllia smithii. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2015. Available from: http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=228068 ; http://digitool2.abdn.ac.uk:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228068&custom_att_2=simple_viewer

University of Tasmania

26. Cubillos, JC. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.

Degree: 2013, University of Tasmania

URL: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

► Ocean acidification, caused by a decrease in pH due to elevated anthropogenic CO2 input from the atmosphere into the ocean, is the focus of intense… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Coccolithus; Weight Index; Southern Ocean; Quaternary; Ocean acidification; calcification

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cubillos, J. (2013). Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cubillos, JC. “Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.” 2013. Thesis, University of Tasmania. Accessed March 20, 2019. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cubillos, JC. “Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean.” 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Cubillos J. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cubillos J. Calcification patterns of the coccolithophore Coccolithus braarudii (Haptophyta), from the late Quaternary to present in the Southern Ocean. [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2013. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/1/front-Cubillos_Castillo_thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/2/Whole-exc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-thesis.pdf ; https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17498/3/Whole-inc-pub-mat-Cubillos_Castillo-_thesis.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Boston University

27. Di Santo, Valentina. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.

Degree: PhD, Biology, 2014, Boston University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

► A major goal in conservation biology is to understand the effects of short and long term environmental change on organisms. Fishes are the most valuable… (more)

▼ A major goal in conservation biology is to understand the effects of short and long term environmental change on organisms. Fishes are the most valuable marine resource, however very little is known about the synergistic effect of current ocean warming and acidification, and the role of body size and local adaptation on their resilience. There is growing evidence that increased environmental temperature correlates with a reduction in ectotherm body size, suggesting a universal response to warming. To investigate the potential advantage of small body size in fish resilience, I made intra- and inter-specific comparisons of dwarf- and normal-size cleaner gobies of the genus Elacatinus. I first tested the hypothesis that smaller body size would correlate with a wider thermal tolerance by using same-age but different-size gobies reared at 'common garden' conditions. By employing critical thermal methodology, I provided empirical evidence supporting thermal biology theories that predict wider thermal tolerance windows as body size shrinks. These results provided the motivation to examine the effect of body mass on digestive performance, an indicator of fitness. Only smaller fish increased digestive metabolic scope at higher temperatures, thus suggesting that temperature increase caused by global warming will favor smaller individuals. To investigate the role of local adaptation on resilience in climate change, I compared the responses to warming and acidification between latitudinally- and morphologically-distinct populations of the little skate Leucoraja erinacea, by focusing on the most vulnerable life stages, embryos and juveniles. Embryos maintained at common garden conditions showed countergradient variation in performance curves. In juvenile skates, post-exercise metabolic curves shifted performance optima, exhibiting thermal adaptation in the two populations examined. This suggests that as skates hatch and are able to thermoregulate, they can change their temperature optima to exploit local thermal environments. Lastly, temperature and acidification levels predicted by the end of the century may reduce fitness of the northern population of skates, thus increasing vulnerability to local extinction.

Subjects/Keywords: Physiology; Elacatinus; Leucoraja erinacea; Body size; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; Performance

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Di Santo, V. (2014). Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. (Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Di Santo, Valentina. “Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Di Santo, Valentina. “Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming.” 2014. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Di Santo V. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston University; 2014. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400.

Council of Science Editors:

Di Santo V. Ecophysiological responses of fishes to increasing ocean acidification and warming. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Boston University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/15400

RMIT University

28. Hazeribaghdadabad, F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.

Degree: 2015, RMIT University

URL: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

► Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by industrial and other anthropogenic activities. Almost one half of anthropogenically produced CO2 has been taken up by the ocean,… (more)

▼ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by industrial and other anthropogenic activities. Almost one half of anthropogenically produced CO2 has been taken up by the ocean, with associated decline in sea water pH and this is expected to continue in the future. This might have a detrimental impacts on animals with calcium carbonate skeletons or shells. This research study demonstrates that ocean acidification markedly alters the shell growth of abalone, which are important commercial shellfish, broadly distributed around the world. In the first experiment, juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra x laevigata) were exposed to predicted future conditions of elevated temperature and lowered pH. The experimental design included two temperatures and two levels of pH in an orthogonal design, where the control represented present day conditions. In experimental treatments, sea water pH was reduced to 7.6 by injecting CO2, and the temperature was increased to 4 °C above ambient water, to reflect environmental conditions predicted for 2100. Growth rate was measured by comparing initial to final shell lengths after 100 days. At the ambient temperature, shell growth ceased and the shells shrunk by 1.43 % in the low pH treatment. Abalone in this treatment ceased growth, and shell erosion was evident in their size and colour. At the high temperature, there was no significant effect between the low and high pH treatments. Fouling tubeworms had also been lost from the shells. The cross-sections of abalone shells close to the growing edge were examined with SEM. The thickness of various of shell layers on the shell were measured using ImageJ software on the SEM images. Although the nacre thickness did not show a significant difference in the treatments, the prismatic thickness were significantly affected by the lower pH and the higher temperature while, interestingly, the combination of these two factors did not show a significant effect. We found a structure not described previously, which was a triangular shape in the prismatic layer. The new structure we called "Zagros", height, and its distribution in the shell were affected by the stresses introduced to the abalone which were lower pH and/or higher temperature. However, the nacre thickness of shells exposed to both these factors combined, was not significantly different from that of the controls. The last measurement shell structural component was the ratio of prismatic-to-nacre layer thickness. Temperature did not affect the ratio of prismatic to nacre thickness, but pH and its interaction with temperature were both statistically significant. At the ambient temperature, the low pH caused a 31% reduction in the layer ratio, whereas at the higher temperature there was no difference between the pH treatments. All, the data suggest a pattern in which decreasing pH will cause a dissolution of the shell, while the higher temperature will lead to faster growth in abalone shell. Since our studied species is cultured in high amount for food source for human population, it…

Subjects/Keywords: Fields of Research; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; Abalone; SEM imaging of abalone shells; Ocean acidification and heavy metal as multiple stressor

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. (2015). Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. (Thesis). RMIT University. Retrieved from http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. “Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.” 2015. Thesis, RMIT University. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hazeribaghdadabad, F. “Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata.” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Hazeribaghdadabad F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. [Internet] [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hazeribaghdadabad F. Effects of ocean acidification on a calcifying marine animal, the abalone Haliotis rubra x laevigata. [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2015. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

29. Torstensson, Anders. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.

Degree: 2015, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

► Earth’s oceans are predominantly cold, with nearly 90% of their volume having temperatures below 5 °C. Microorganisms commonly referred to as psychrophiles have adapted to… (more)

▼ Earth’s oceans are predominantly cold, with nearly 90% of their volume having temperatures below 5 °C. Microorganisms commonly referred to as psychrophiles have adapted to the temperatures of these cold waters. The most extreme psychrophiles are found inside the sea ice of polar oceans, where bacterial growth can be observed down to -20 °C. Sea ice consists of a matrix of ice and high-saline water (brine) that provide a unique habitat for microbial communities. Microscopic algae and bacteria dominate these extreme environments, which are considered very stressful as they are characterised by large variations in salinity, low temperatures, and low radiation levels. However, the brine-filled channels also provide a platform from which microscopic algae remain in the euphotic zone and refugees from significant grazing, thereby enabling net autotrophic growth. As a result, sea ice hosts some of the highest chlorophyll a concentrations on the planet, and is one of the most important factors controlling primary production and bloom dynamics in polar areas. In this thesis, I focus on the ecophysiology of psychrophiles adapted to the sea ice environment. Physiological acclimation to environmental change needs to be studied in order to address how different stressors may influence organisms’ capacity to tolerate both naturally- and climatically-driven changes. Extremophiles growing close to their physiological limits may be especially susceptible to environmental stressors, such as rapid climate change. Therefore, a series of studies has been performed to investigate how environmental stressors, such as increased temperature and elevated CO2, affect microbial physiology and community structure in polar areas. The ecophysiology of sea ice microorganisms has been addressed in laboratory experiments (Papers I, II, and IV) and in field measurements (Paper III). In brief, relatively small changes in temperature had considerable effects on the physiology of sea ice diatoms, and indirectly affected the structure of sea ice bacterial communities. Increasing temperature (on both climatic and seasonal scales) positively affected the growth and primary productivity of two sea ice diatom species, and negatively affected the taxonomic richness and diversity of sea ice bacterial communities, probably by the subsequent changes in salinity. On the other hand, sea ice diatoms seem quite tolerant to changes in pH and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in terms of growth, probably due to the fact that they grow in an environment with large seasonal variations in the carbonate system. However, increased pCO2 resulted in other cellular changes that may have important ecological consequences, such as cellular stoichiometry. This includes changes in fatty acid composition and dissolved organic carbon exudation, which are important components in food webs and biogeochemistry in many marine ecosystems. Although most studies on marine organisms have focused on short-term responses to increased pCO2, acclimation and adaptation are key components in…

Subjects/Keywords: Climate change; Ocean acidification; Ocean warming; CO2; Arctic; Antarctica; Southern Ocean; Algae; Bacteria; Psychrophiles

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Torstensson, A. (2015). Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. (Thesis). University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Torstensson, Anders. “Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.” 2015. Thesis, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Torstensson, Anders. “Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World.” 2015. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Torstensson A. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2015. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Torstensson A. Ecophysiology of Polar Sea Ice Microorganisms in a Changing World. [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/40529

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of New South Wales

30. Sasse, Tristan. A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification.

Degree: Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2013, University of New South Wales

URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52867 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11545/SOURCE1?view=true

► Understanding the oceans role in mitigating atmospheric CO2 and climate requires a good constraint on spatiotemporal variability in the ocean carbon system. However, large spatiotemporal… (more)

▼ Understanding the oceans role in mitigating atmospheric CO2 and climate requires a good constraint on spatiotemporal variability in the ocean carbon system. However, large spatiotemporal data limitations hamper our ability to quantify and understand patterns of ocean carbon dynamics. Here, I have developed a novel empirical approach to predict inorganic CO2 concentrations (total inorganic carbon (CT), total alkalinity (AT) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)) in the global ocean mixed-layer using standard hydrographic parameters (SHP; temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients) in order to provide independent constraints and insights on our understanding of ocean carbon dynamics, air-sea gas exchange and ocean acidification. The novel technique, called SOMLO (Self-Organizing Multiple-Linear Output), couples a neural-network clustering algorithm with a multiple-linear regression to derive empirical relationships using bottle-data. Deploying and testing the SOMLO approach on a newly synthesized global bottle-dataset showed significant improvements over traditional linear approaches; improving global predictive skill by 19% for CT, with a global capacity to predict CT to within ±10.9 μmol kg-1 (±9.2 μmol kg-1 for AT and ±22.5 μatm for pCO2). In particular, the new non-linear method improved predictive skill in the most complex and dynamically important regions of the ocean (equatorial Pacific and Southern Ocean) by up to 30%.The SOMLO approach was then applied to monthly SHP climatologies (WOA09) in order to diagnose monthly ocean surface CT, AT and pCO2 patterns for the nominal year of 2000. Based on this analysis, patterns of air-sea CO2 flux were diagnosed and found to be broadly consistent with the global underway pCO2 database, suggesting a contemporary oceanic CO2 uptake of 1.10±0.25 PgC yr-1 for the year of 2000. However, significant differences were found in 30% of the ocean, particularly in the equatorial Pacific and Southern Oceans.For ocean acidification, seasonality in CO2 was found to bring forward the onset of aragonite under-saturation by about 19 years on average, exposing an additional 24×10⁶ km2 to at least month-long corrosive aragonite conditions by 2100. Strong seasonal variability was also found to obscure the detection of anthropogenic ocean acidification by ~45 years in subtropical regions and ~60 years in higher latitudes. Advisors/Committee Members: McNeil, Ben, Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Faculty of Science, UNSW, Abramowitz, Gab, Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Faculty of Science, UNSW, England, Matthew, Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Faculty of Science, UNSW.

Subjects/Keywords: Ocean acidification; Ocean carbon dynamics; Air-sea CO2 flux; Empirical ocean carbon model

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sasse, T. (2013). A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52867 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11545/SOURCE1?view=true

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sasse, Tristan. “A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New South Wales. Accessed March 20, 2019. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52867 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11545/SOURCE1?view=true.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sasse, Tristan. “A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification.” 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2019.

Vancouver:

Sasse T. A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2013. [cited 2019 Mar 20]. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52867 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11545/SOURCE1?view=true.

Council of Science Editors:

Sasse T. A novel empirical approach to diagnose patterns of air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes and ocean acidification. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2013. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52867 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:11545/SOURCE1?view=true

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Open Access Theses and Dissertations