subject:(inducible defenses)

Louisiana State University

1. Boeing, Wiebke Johanna. Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability.

Degree: PhD, 2002, Louisiana State University

URL: etd-0711102-063741 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/717

► Predator-prey interactions are an important factor in energy transfer through food webs. To estimate effects of altered energy flow caused by costs and benefits of… (more)

▼ Predator-prey interactions are an important factor in energy transfer through food webs. To estimate effects of altered energy flow caused by costs and benefits of antipredator defenses and to study their implications for community stability, I used the planktivorous fish - Chaoborus - Daphnia system. In the laboratory, I found that clonal variance of Daphnia antipredator defenses was high, and that behavioral, morphological, and life-history defenses were uncoupled. To estimate the costs and benefits of antipredator defenses in the presence of predators, I conducted lake-enclosure (1-m diameter x 7-m deep) experiments in the field, taking advantage of two features of the antipredator defense: (1) Daphnia exposed to only the predator-chemical should incur the cost of the defense, but not the cost of predation, and (2) antipredator response varies among Daphnia clones. Controls had no predators, 'real' predation exposed the clones to predators and in 'ghost' predation, predators were sequestered in a mesh tube away from Daphnia. I exposed a Daphnia clone responsive and a clone non-responsive to each predator, and I measured population growth (r) of Daphnia populations. Cost of predation was calculated as [responsive clone (r) in control treatments - responsive clone (r) in the ghost predation treatments]. Benefit was calculated as [responsive clone (r) - non-responsive clone (r) in the real predation treatments]. I found that, due to the antipredator defenses, Daphnia population growth was reduced by 32 % in the presence of Chaoborus predators. The benefit of the defense, however, was 68 % increased population growth. Defenses to fish predators caused a cost of 16 % and benefits of 35 %. In both cases, benefit of antipredator defense did exceed cost, but cost was nevertheless substantial. I also found the fish predator to benefit from the antipredator behavior of its prey. Planktivorous fish lost weight (-0.375 g) when preying on the non-responsive clone and gained weight (+0.225 g) in presence of the responsive clone, which was able to sustain a higher population density. Prey stability was highest in predation treatments with the responsive clone. In control treatments, Daphnia showed typical boom and bust cycles. A population model yielded similar results.

Subjects/Keywords: inducible defenses; aquatic ecology; mesocosms

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APA (6^th Edition):

Boeing, W. J. (2002). Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability. (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University. Retrieved from etd-0711102-063741 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/717

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Boeing, Wiebke Johanna. “Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability.” 2002. Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana State University. Accessed February 28, 2021. etd-0711102-063741 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/717.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Boeing, Wiebke Johanna. “Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability.” 2002. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Boeing WJ. Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Louisiana State University; 2002. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: etd-0711102-063741 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/717.

Council of Science Editors:

Boeing WJ. Costs and benefits of Daphnia antipredator behavior and consequences on community stability. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Louisiana State University; 2002. Available from: etd-0711102-063741 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/717

University of Delaware

2. Charpentier, Corie L. Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment.

Degree: PhD, University of Delaware, School of Marine Science and Policy, 2017, University of Delaware

URL: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/21770

► Predator chemical cues, or kairomones, induce behavioral and morphological defense strategies in zooplankton. For example, several species become more responsive to light following exposure to… (more)

▼ Predator chemical cues, or kairomones, induce behavioral and morphological defense strategies in zooplankton. For example, several species become more responsive to light following exposure to fish kairomones. These behavioral changes likely impact diel vertical migration (DVM). A nearly universal behavior amongst zooplankton, DVM generally describes the nighttime ascent to feed and daytime descent to avoid visual predators. Although predator avoidance was proposed as the adaptive significance of DVM decades ago, we know little about the mechanism by which kairomones alter photobehavior. In addition, several zooplankton species exhibit kairomone-induced morphological defenses (e.g. spines), although previous reports of morphological plasticity have been generally limited to freshwater zooplankters. Despite laboratory and field evidence of kairomone-induced defenses, further work is needed to quantify the effective concentration of kairomone molecules in marine environments. ☐ Here, I first evaluated the mechanism by which kairomones enhance photoresponses in zooplankton. Comparing behavior and visual physiology (electrophysiology, eye structure), I found that kairomones altered photobehavior by increasing visual sensitivity at the photoreceptor level in the larvae of two marine crab species, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Hemigrapsus sanguineus, as well as in a branchiopod crustacean, Artemia spp. Using similar behavioral experiments, I also found that signaling by a ubiquitous neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is required for detection and/or processing of predator kairomones in larval H. sanguineus. In addition, larvae lost the ability to detect kairomones after exposure to low pH/high CO2, over timescales that reflect diel/tidal pH cycles in coastal ecosystems (12 h). The mechanism of this pH effect differs from that described in fish, and the loss of kairomone-induced photosensitivity at low pH may be adaptive in these zooplankton under diel-cycling pH. ☐ In addition to behavioral defenses, crab larvae have spines. In some species, including R. harrisii, these spines are known to aid in predator defense. The freshwater crustacean zooplankton, Daphnia, exhibit drastic spine elongation after exposure to predator kairomones, but similar phenotypic plasticity has not been observed in estuarine or marine crustacean zooplankton. Here, I assessed the effect of developmental kairomone exposure on the morphology of crab larvae (R. harrisii and H. sanguineus). Kairomone exposure resulted in slightly elongated spines in larval R. harrisii as well as decreased consumption by a planktivorous fish, Menidia mendia, suggesting that the observed spine elongation is an inducible defense. ☐ The described behavioral and morphological defenses are induced by fish kairomones. In estuarine and marine systems, these signaling molecules are derived from body mucus and include sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Little work has been done to quantify these cues in marine environments or to assess whether kairomone concentrations… Advisors/Committee Members: Cohen, Jonathan H..

Subjects/Keywords: Biological sciences; Behavior; Brine shrimp; Chemical ecology; Crab larvae; Inducible defenses; Morphology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Charpentier, C. L. (2017). Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Delaware. Retrieved from http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/21770

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Charpentier, Corie L. “Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Delaware. Accessed February 28, 2021. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/21770.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Charpentier, Corie L. “Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Charpentier CL. Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Delaware; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/21770.

Council of Science Editors:

Charpentier CL. Fish kairomone-induced defenses in crustacean zooplankton: on the diversity of strategies, mechanism, and environment. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Delaware; 2017. Available from: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/21770

Queens University

3. Bresnehan, Amanda. Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake .

Degree: Biology, 2012, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7045

► Antipredator defenses are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. In the widely studied Chaoborus-Daphnia predator-prey system, Daphnia elicit a variety of phenotypically plastic responses to Chaoborus including:… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Copper Tolerance ; Adaptation ; Inducible Antipredator Defenses ; Trade-Offs ; Kairomone ; Chemosensory Impairment ; Co-Tolerance

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bresnehan, A. (2012). Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7045

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bresnehan, Amanda. “Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake .” 2012. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed February 28, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7045.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bresnehan, Amanda. “Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake .” 2012. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Bresnehan A. Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7045.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Bresnehan A. Fleeing Predation: the Effect of Copper Exposure on Inducible Antipredator Defenses in Daphnia Pulicaria Clones From a Historically Metal Contaminated Lake . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7045

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

4. Garza, Mark Isaac. Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators.

Degree: MS, Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 2006, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309

► Phenotypic plasticity is an environmentally based change in phenotype and can be adaptive. Often, the change in an organism's phenotype is induced by the presence… (more)

▼ Phenotypic plasticity is an environmentally based change in phenotype and can be adaptive. Often, the change in an organism's phenotype is induced by the presence of a predator and serves as a defense against that predator. Defensive phenotypes are induced in freshwater physid snails in response to both crayfish and molluscivorous fish. Alternative morphologies are produced depending on which of these two predators snails are raised with, thus protecting them from each of these predators' unique mode of predation. Snails and other mollusks have been shown to produce thicker, differently shaped shells when found with predators relative to those found without predators. This production of thicker, differently shaped shells offers better protection against predators because of increased predator resistance. The first study in this thesis explores costs and limits to plasticity using the snailfish- crayfish system. I exposed juvenile physid snails (using a family structure) to either early or late shifts in predation regimes to assess whether developmental flexibility is equally possible early and late in development. Physid snails were observed to produce alternative defensive morphologies when raised in the presence of each of the two predators. All families responded similarly to the environment in which they were raised. Morphology was found to be heritable, but plasticity itself was not heritable. Morphology was found to become less flexible as snails progressed along their respective developmental pathways. In the second study, I raised physid snails with and without shell-crushing sunfish and examined the differences in shell thickness, shell mass, shell size and shell microstructural properties between the two treatment groups. Shells of snails raised with predators were found to be larger, thicker and more massive than those raised without predators, but differences in microstructure were found to be insignificant. I conclude that the observed shell thickening is accomplished by the snails' depositing more of the same material into their shells and not by producing a more complex shell composition. Advisors/Committee Members: DeWitt, Thomas J. (advisor), Coganto, Anthony I. (committee member), Fitzgerald, Lee (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: inducible defenses; shell morphology; Physa; Lepomis microlophus; morphometrics

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Garza, M. I. (2006). Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators. (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Garza, Mark Isaac. “Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators.” 2006. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed February 28, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Garza, Mark Isaac. “Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators.” 2006. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Garza MI. Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2006. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309.

Council of Science Editors:

Garza MI. Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators. [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2006. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309

5. Scherer, Avery E. Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica.

Degree: 2018, Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.6/1170

Subjects/Keywords: chemical ecology; inducible defenses; nonconsumptive predator effects; oyster reef; oysters; predator-prey ecology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Scherer, A. E. (2018). Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. (Thesis). Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.6/1170

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Scherer, Avery E. “Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica.” 2018. Thesis, Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi. Accessed February 28, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.6/1170.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Scherer, Avery E. “Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Scherer AE. Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.6/1170.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Scherer AE. Characterization of an induced morphological defense in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.6/1170

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of South Florida

6. Freytes-Ortiz, Ileana M. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education.

Degree: 2018, University of South Florida

URL: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673

► Climate change is ecologically and socially complex, deemed the most important issue of our generation. Through this dissertation I have approached climate change research through… (more)

▼ Climate change is ecologically and socially complex, deemed the most important issue of our generation. Through this dissertation I have approached climate change research through an interdisciplinary perspective, investigating how this phenomenon will affect marine ecological systems, how we can better develop experimental systems to answer ecological questions, and how we can effectively educate about this issue. In Chapter 2, I provided accessible alternatives for researching the effects of climate change (elevated temperatures and pCO2) on marine ecosystems. I designed, built, and troubleshooted two accurate and inexpensive climate-controlled experimental systems capable of maintaining target conditions: a temperature-controlled system and an ocean acidification system. The temperature-controlled system was designed to manipulate experimental tank temperatures indirectly by controlling the temperature in a surrounding water bath, which buffered fluctuations and resulted in a high level of control. The ocean acidification experimental system was designed to elevate normally fluctuating pCO2 levels by a constant factor, which allowed pCO2 to fluctuate as expected in natural environments and made it more ecologically relevant than active pCO2-controlled systems. In Chapter 3, I experimentally tested the morphological responses of southern ribbed mussels Geukensia granosissima to two simultaneous stressors (elevated temperatures and the presence of water-borne predation cues from blue crab Callinectes sapidus) and if any effects of these treatments led to differences in handling times by predatory crabs. Bivalves may become more susceptible to predation as increased temperatures decrease the protection afforded by their shells, but few studies have tested the effects of elevated temperatures on inducible defenses in bivalves. Results showed that chronic heat stress can have detrimental morphological effects on intertidal mussels. Mussels reared in elevated temperatures manifested elongated shell shapes, exhibited a disruption of the predator effect on inducible defenses, and experienced decreased predator handling times. The observed responses to elevated temperatures could make southern ribbed mussels more vulnerable to predation. In Chapter 4, I experimentally tested the morphological responses of southern ribbed mussels to elevated pCO2 levels and the presence of water-borne predation cues from blue crabs, and if these effects led to differences in handling times by predatory crabs. Elevated pCO2 can have negative effects on bivalves’ morphology and physiology, but the consequences of these effects on predator-prey interactions are still unclear. I found that adult southern ribbed mussels’ inducible defenses were not affected by a medium-term exposure to elevated pCO2. Mussels grew more in shell length and width as a response to predation cues, independent of pCO2 conditions. However, and unexpectedly, mussels reared under elevated pCO2 exhibited greater growth in shell width independent of predator treatment,…

Subjects/Keywords: climate change; environmental education; inducible defenses; intertidal mussels; ocean acidification; systems engineering; Other Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology; Science and Mathematics Education

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Freytes-Ortiz, I. M. (2018). An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education. (Thesis). University of South Florida. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Freytes-Ortiz, Ileana M. “An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education.” 2018. Thesis, University of South Florida. Accessed February 28, 2021. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Freytes-Ortiz, Ileana M. “An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Freytes-Ortiz IM. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of South Florida; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Freytes-Ortiz IM. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education. [Thesis]. University of South Florida; 2018. Available from: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Georgia Southern University

7. Sarmiento, Leslie Vanesa. Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A.

Degree: MSin Biology (M.S.), Department of Biology, 2008, Georgia Southern University

URL: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/691

► Sessile organisms employing inducible defenses may receive protection from consumers while simultaneously minimizing the metabolic costs of maintaining these defenses. To investigate if reef… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: ETD; Temperate reefs; Sponge; Inducible chemical defenses; South atlantic bight; Secondary metabolites; Postcolonialism in literature; Maori in literature; Jack N. Averitt College of Graduate Studies, Electronic Theses & Dissertations, ETDs, Student Research

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sarmiento, L. V. (2008). Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A. (Masters Thesis). Georgia Southern University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/691

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sarmiento, Leslie Vanesa. “Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A.” 2008. Masters Thesis, Georgia Southern University. Accessed February 28, 2021. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/691.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sarmiento, Leslie Vanesa. “Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A.” 2008. Web. 28 Feb 2021.

Vancouver:

Sarmiento LV. Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Georgia Southern University; 2008. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/691.

Council of Science Editors:

Sarmiento LV. Inducible Chemical Defenses in Temperate Reef Sponges of the South Atlantic Bight, U.S.A. [Masters Thesis]. Georgia Southern University; 2008. Available from: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/691

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