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Oregon State University
1.
Han, Katherine M.
Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2014, Oregon State University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46911 
► To become a competitor for fossil fuels such as coal, solar installations will need to be produced and installed at a price equal to or…
(more)
▼ To become a competitor for fossil fuels such as coal, solar installations will need to be produced and installed at a price equal to or below grid parity. This price can be approached by either reducing the overall system cost or increasing system efficiency. The focus of this paper is on increasing both cell and module efficiency through application of nanotechnology and by numeral modeling. The first portion of this dissertation will focus on the production and characterization of
zinc oxide urchin-like nanostructures. These nanostructures have a very high surface area to volume ratio. Such nanostructures could be appropriate for dye sensitized solar cells, an emergent PV technology. The second portion focuses on improving a solar module’s anti-reflective properties. In a traditional glass-encapsulated solar module at least 4% of the incoming light is lost to reflections off of the first optical interface alone. This in turn lower system efficiency and increases the levelized cost of energy. The power loss can be reduced greatly by thin film or gradient index anti-reflective coatings. An in-depth review of the current options for mathematical modeling of the optics of anti-reflective coatings is presented. The following chapter describes a numerical approach to anti-reflective interface design and a comparison between the finite-difference time-domain and the transfer matrix method of optical modeling. The last chapter describes several approaches to applying anti-reflective coatings to solar module lamination materials, including glass and a flexible substrate, fluorinated ethylene polymer. Scale up deposition of the anti-reflective coating on the flexible substrate is discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Chang, Chih-hung (advisor), Conley, John (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: zinc oxide; Solar cells – Cost control
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APA (6th Edition):
Han, K. M. (2014). Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting. (Doctoral Dissertation). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46911
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Han, Katherine M. “Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Oregon State University. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46911.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Han, Katherine M. “Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting.” 2014. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Han KM. Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Oregon State University; 2014. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46911.
Council of Science Editors:
Han KM. Nanotechnology for solar module applications : zinc oxide nanostructures and anti-reflective coating modeling, deposition, analysis, and model fitting. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Oregon State University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46911
Georgia Tech
2.
McCune, Mallarie DeShea.
Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2012, Georgia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44725
► Because of its excellent and unique physical properties, ZnO nanowires have been widely used in numerous scientific fields such as sensors, solar cells, nanogenerators, etc.…
(more)
▼ Because of its excellent and unique physical properties, ZnO nanowires have been widely used in numerous scientific fields such as sensors, solar cells, nanogenerators, etc. Although it is believed that single crystal ZnO has a much higher electron transfer rate than TiO₂, it was found that ZnO nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have lower efficiencies than TiO₂ nanoparticle-based DSSCs because the density and surface area of ZnO nanowires are usually lower than that of TiO₂ nanoparticles, limiting the cell's light absorption, and because the open-root structure of ZnO nanowires results in electron back transfer that causes charge shortage of the cell. Here, experimental studies were performed that utilize strategic manipulations of the design of the ZnO nanowire based DSSCs in efforts to address and solve its key challenges. It was shown that by incorporating various blocking layers into the design of the cell, the performance of the DSSC can be improved. Specifically, by placing a hybrid blocking layer of TiO₂-P4VP polymer between the substrate and the ZnO nanowires, the conversion efficiency of the cell was 43 times higher than that of a cell without this blocking layer due to the reduction of electron back transfer. Furthermore, in efforts to improve the surface area of the ZnO nanowire array, unique three dimensional structures of ZnO nanowires were fabricated. It was found that by significantly improving the overall density and surface area of the ZnO nanowire array through distinctive hierarchal nanowire structures, the light harvesting efficiency and electron transport were enhanced allowing the DSSC to reach 5.20%, the highest reported value for 3D ZnO NW based DSSCs. Additionally, the development of a theoretical model was explored in efforts to investigate how the geometry of ZnO nanowires affects the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 1D ZnO nanowire-based N719-sensitized solar cells at the maximum absorption wavelength of 543 nm.
Advisors/Committee Members: Deng, Yulin (Committee Chair), Bidstrup Allen, Sue Ann (Committee Member), Fuller, Tom (Committee Member), Singh, Preet (Committee Member), Wang, Zhong Lin (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: Three-dimensional nanostructure; Power conversion efficiency; Zinc oxide nanowires; Dye-sensitized solar cells; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology; Zinc oxide
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APA (6th Edition):
McCune, M. D. (2012). Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications. (Doctoral Dissertation). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44725
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
McCune, Mallarie DeShea. “Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44725.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
McCune, Mallarie DeShea. “Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications.” 2012. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
McCune MD. Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Georgia Tech; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44725.
Council of Science Editors:
McCune MD. Fundamental study of the fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires and its dye-sensitized solar cell applications. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Georgia Tech; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44725
Penn State University
3.
Kumar, Nitin.
ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2008, Penn State University
URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8553
► Detection of biological species is central to many areas of biology and life sciences such as ultra sensitive disease detection, biochemical sensing and targeted drug…
(more)
▼ Detection of biological species is central to many
areas of biology and life sciences such as ultra sensitive disease
detection, biochemical sensing and targeted drug delivery.
Currently, detection of biomolecules like proteins and DNA is done
by fluorescence detection, however, enhancing detection sensitivity
and increasing signal to noise ratio still remains a major
challenge. Novel techniques are presently required which can
provide reliable, low cost, and ultra-sensitive detection of
proteins and DNA. This thesis will focus on two approaches in this
context: the use of diblock copolymer templates and zinc oxide
nanorods, with an aim to provide rapid, sensitive and accurate
biomolecular detection. While complementary, these approaches are
not necessarily interlinked. First approach will focus on utilizing
the microphase separation behavior of diblock copolymers to pattern
proteins with nanometer periodicity. The structural variety and
chemical heterogeneity of
polystyrene-block-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and
polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-PVP) template surfaces
were successfully exploited to spontaneous formation of
self-assembled, linear and hexagonally-ordered protein arrays that
exhibit repeat spacings in a nanoscopic dimension. More
importantly, protein molecules on the polymeric templates
maintained their natural conformation and activity for several
months. Our results demonstrate that self-assembling, chemically
heterogeneous, diblock copolymer templates can be used as
excellent, high payload, high density protein templates making them
highly suitable as functional substrates in many proteomics
applications. Second approach will focus on the remarkably enhanced
optical detection of DNA and proteins which is enabled by the use
of nanoscale zinc oxide platforms. Using model protein and nucleic
acid systems, we demonstrate that engineered nanoscale zinc oxide
nanostructures can significantly enhance the detection capability
of biomolecular fluorescence. Without any chemical or biological
amplification processes, nanoscale zinc oxide platforms enabled
increased fluorescence detection of these biomolecules when
compared to other commonly used substrates such as glass, quartz,
polymer, and silicon. We also demonstrate the easy integration
potential of zinc oxide nanostructures into periodically patterned
platforms which, in turn, will promote the assembly and fabrication
of these materials into multiplexed, high-throughput, optical
sensor arrays.
Subjects/Keywords: biomolecular fluorescence detection; diblock copolymers;
protein arrays; zinc oxide nanorods
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APA (6th Edition):
Kumar, N. (2008). ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION. (Doctoral Dissertation). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8553
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kumar, Nitin. “ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION.” 2008. Doctoral Dissertation, Penn State University. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8553.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kumar, Nitin. “ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION.” 2008. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Kumar N. ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Penn State University; 2008. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8553.
Council of Science Editors:
Kumar N. ENGINEERING NOVEL SUBSTRATES FOR ADVANCED BIOMOLECULAR
DETECTION. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Penn State University; 2008. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8553
4.
Singh, Tejinder.
Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2011, U of Massachusetts : PhD
URL: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/356
► Doping in bulk semiconductors (e.g., n- or p- type doping in silicon) allows for precise control of their properties and forms the basis for…
(more)
▼ Doping in bulk semiconductors (e.g.,
n- or
p- type doping in silicon) allows for precise control of their properties and forms the basis for the development of electronic and photovoltaic devices. Recently, there have been reports on the successful synthesis of doped semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots) for potential applications in solar cells and spintronics. For example, nanocrystals of ZnSe (with
zinc-blende lattice structure) and CdSe and ZnO (with wurtzite lattice structure) have been doped successfully with transition-metal (TM) elements (Mn, Co, or Ni). Despite the recent progress, however, the underlying mechanisms of doping in colloidal nanocrystals are not well understood. This thesis reports a comprehensive theoretical analysis toward a fundamental kinetic and thermodynamic understanding of doping in ZnO, CdSe, and ZnSe quantum dots based on first-principles density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The theoretical predictions of this thesis are consistent with experimental measurements and provide fundamental interpretations for the experimental observations. The mechanisms of doping of colloidal ZnO nanocrystals with the TM elements Mn, Co, and Ni is investigated. The dopant atoms are found to have high binding energies for adsorption onto the Zn-vacancy site of the (0001) basal surface and the O-vacancy site of the (0001) basal surface of ZnO nanocrystals; therefore, these surface vacancies provide viable sites for substitutional doping, which is consistent with experimental measurements. However, the doping efficiencies are affected by the strong tendencies of the TM dopants to segregate at the nanocrystal surface facets, as indicated by the corresponding computed dopant surface segregation energy profiles. Furthermore, using the Mn doping of CdSe as a case study, the effect of nanocrystal size on doping efficiency is explored. It is shown that Mn adsorption onto small clusters of CdSe is characterized by high binding energies, which, in conjunction with the Mn surface segregation characteristics on CdSe nanocrystals, explains experimental reports of high doping efficiency for small-size CdSe clusters. In addition, this thesis presents a systematic analysis of TM doping in ZnSe nanocrystals. The analysis focuses on the adsorption and surface segregation of Mn dopants on ZnSe nanocrystal surface facets, as well as dopant-induced nanocrystal morphological transitions, and leads to a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dopant incorporation into growing nanocrystals. Both surface kinetics (dopant adsorption onto the nanocrystal surface facets) and thermodynamics (dopant surface segregation) are found to have a significant effect on the doping efficiencies in ZnSe nanocrystals. The analysis also elucidates the important role in determining the doping efficiency of ZnSe nanocrystals played by the chemical potentials of the growth precursor species, which determine the surface structure and morphology of the nanocrystals.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dimitrios Maroudas, T. J. Mountziaris, David M. Ford.
Subjects/Keywords: cadmium selenide; colloidal synthesis; Density-functional theory; doping of semiconductor nanocrystals; zinc oxide; zinc selenide; Chemical Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Singh, T. (2011). Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals. (Doctoral Dissertation). U of Massachusetts : PhD. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/356
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Singh, Tejinder. “Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, U of Massachusetts : PhD. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/356.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Singh, Tejinder. “Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals.” 2011. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Singh T. Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. U of Massachusetts : PhD; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/356.
Council of Science Editors:
Singh T. Atomic-scale Modeling of Transition-metal Doping of Semiconductor Nanocrystals. [Doctoral Dissertation]. U of Massachusetts : PhD; 2011. Available from: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/356
University of Akron
5.
Rajala, Jonathan Watsell.
ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2016, University of Akron
URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480909959851349
► Electrospinning is a simple method used to produce ceramic nanofibers from a polymer precursor with reproducible results. In this work, ceramic aluminum oxide fibers are…
(more)
▼ Electrospinning is a simple method used to produce
ceramic nanofibers from a polymer precursor with reproducible
results. In this work, ceramic aluminum
oxide fibers are
investigated for liquid phase separation membranes. The goal of
this work is to produce hollow ceramic tubes by core-shell
electrospinning. In this method, two distinct materials flow out of
the core-shell electrospinning device coaxially and jet to form
fibers when in the presence of an electrical field outside of the
nozzle. The core of the fiber is a sacrificial polymer material
that is burned off during a secondary calcination process used to
convert the precursor shell material into a ceramic tubular
structure.Polymer and ceramic materials have been used in membrane
separation processes, but with tubes on the order of several
hundred micrometers in diameter. With core-shell electrospinning
processes, hollow fibers of several hundred nanometers to a few
micrometers in diameter can be produced. These materials take
advantage of the beneficial nanofiber properties of high surface
area to volume as well as having a high curvature to create a more
efficient separation process due to the amount of fiber surface
area in contact with the process fluid. The goal for these
materials is to produce a membrane for water desalination, which is
a global problem facing many countries with insufficient fresh
water supplies. These materials can be used as nano-filters, which
do not require the high pressure operating conditions and energy
consumption that the current method of reverse osmosis does. This
research shows that more work is needed on these materials before
their practical use in larger scale desalination
applications.
Advisors/Committee Members: Chase, George (Advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Chemical Engineering; electrospinning; core-shell; core-sheath; aluminum oxide; hollow; tube; membrane; transparent conducting oxide; ITO; indium tin oxide; indium zinc oxide
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APA (6th Edition):
Rajala, J. W. (2016). ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Akron. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480909959851349
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Rajala, Jonathan Watsell. “ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Akron. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480909959851349.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Rajala, Jonathan Watsell. “ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS.” 2016. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Rajala JW. ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Akron; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480909959851349.
Council of Science Editors:
Rajala JW. ELECTROSPINNING FABRICATION OF CERAMIC FIBERS FOR
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING AND HOLLOW TUBE MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Akron; 2016. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480909959851349
University of Minnesota
6.
Boercker, Janice Elaine.
Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2009, University of Minnesota
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54041
► Dye-sensitized, quantum-dot sensitized, quantum-dot, and hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells are promising excitonic photovoltaic devices for the generation of low cost, carbon free energy. Wide-band gap…
(more)
▼ Dye-sensitized, quantum-dot sensitized, quantum-dot, and hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells are promising excitonic photovoltaic devices for the generation of low cost, carbon free energy. Wide-band gap semiconductor nanowire photoanodes have the potential to increase the efficiencies of these excitonic solar cells. Controlling and tailoring the dimensions of the nanowires (i.e. nanowire height, diameter, and planar number density) for each solar cell type is important for efficiency improvement. Obtaining such control will require a detailed and fundamental understanding of the nanowire growth process. Towards this end, the synthesis of TiO2 and ZnO nanowire films in aqueous solutions was studied.
Anatase TiO2 nanowire films were grown on flexible titanium foil substrates using a three step hydrothermal synthesis. First, the top surface of the titanium foil was transformed to Na2Ti2O4(OH)2 nanotubes through hydrothermal oxidation in NaOH. Next, the Na2Ti2O4(OH)2 nanotubes were converted to H2Ti2O4(OH)2 nanotubes by ion exchange. Finally, the H2Ti2O4(OH)2 nanotubes were converted to polycrystalline anatase nanowires through a topotactic transformation. The film morphology evolution, crystal structure transformations, and growth mechanism were examined in detail. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were assembled from these TiO2 nanowire films. Transient photocurrent and photovoltage spectroscopies were used to measure the electron transport and recombination rates in these solar cells. Compared to TiO2 nanoparticle DSSCs the electron collection efficiency in the TiO2 nanowire DSSCs was increased due to decreased electron recombination. However, the electron transport in the nanowire DSSCs was similar to that of TiO2 nanoparticle DSSCs.
The synthesis of ZnO nanowires from aqueous solutions of methenamine (HMT) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate on substrates was studied in detail. A ZnO nanowire growth mechanism was proposed which predicts that the precursor is a zinc-methenamine complex (Zn-HMT2+ and Zn-HMT-Zn4+) which reacts at the hydroxyl terminated nanowire surface. This growth mechanism was supported by examining the growth with several experimental techniques, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamic calculations. In addition, the ZnO nanowire film growth, on ZnO seeded substrates, was found to be mass transport limited. This results in an inverse relationship between the nanowire planar number density and the height and diameter of the nanowires. By stirring the solution the growth rate is increased by approximately a factor of four.
Subjects/Keywords: Dye-sensitized; Excitonic Solar Cells; Nanowires; Quantum Dot; Titanium Dioxide; Zinc Oxide; Chemical Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Boercker, J. E. (2009). Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://purl.umn.edu/54041
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Boercker, Janice Elaine. “Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://purl.umn.edu/54041.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Boercker, Janice Elaine. “Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells.” 2009. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Boercker JE. Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/54041.
Council of Science Editors:
Boercker JE. Synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanowires for excitonic solar cells. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Minnesota; 2009. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/54041
University of Minnesota
7.
Tisdale, William A.
Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2010, University of Minnesota
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95738
► Finding a viable supply of clean, renewable energy is one of the most daunting challenges facing the world today. Solar cells have had limited impact…
(more)
▼ Finding a viable supply of clean, renewable energy is one of the most daunting challenges facing the world today. Solar cells have had limited impact in meeting this challenge because of their high cost and low power conversion efficiencies. Semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, are promising materials for use in novel solar cells because they can be processed with potentially inexpensive solution-based techniques and because they are predicted to have novel optoelectronic properties that could enable the realization of ultra-efficient solar power converters. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding regarding the behavior of highly-excited, or "hot," charge carriers near quantum-dot and semiconductor interfaces, which is of paramount importance to the rational design of high-efficiency devices. The elucidation of these ultrafast hot electron dynamics is the central aim of this Dissertation.
I present a theoretical framework for treating the electronic interactions between quantum dots and bulk semiconductor surfaces and propose a novel experimental technique, time-resolved surface second harmonic generation (TR-SHG), for probing these interactions. I then describe a series of experimental investigations into hot electron dynamics in specific quantum-dot/semiconductor systems. A two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) study of the technologically-relevant ZnO(10-10) surface reveals ultrafast (sub-30fs) cooling of hot electrons in the bulk conduction band, which is due to strong electron-phonon coupling in this highly polar material. The presence of a continuum of defect states near the conduction band edge results in Fermi-level pinning and upward (n-type) band-bending at the (10-10) surface and provides an alternate route for electronic relaxation. In monolayer films of colloidal PbSe quantum dots, chemical treatment with either hydrazine or 1,2-ethanedithiol results in strong and tunable electronic coupling between neighboring quantum dots. A TR-SHG study of these electronically-coupled quantum-dot films reveals temperature-activated cooling of hot charge carriers and coherent excitation of a previously-unidentified surface optical phonon. Finally, I report the first experimental observation of ultrafast electron transfer from the higher excited states of a colloidal quantum dot (PbSe) to delocalized conduction band states of a widely-used electron acceptor (TiO2). The electric field resulting from ultrafast (<50fs) separation of charge carriers across the PbSe/TiO2(110) interface excites coherent vibration of the TiO2 surface atoms, whose collective motions can be followed in real time.
Subjects/Keywords: Electron transfer; Lead selenide; Nanocrystal; Nonlinear optics; Ultrafast spectroscopy; Zinc oxide; Chemical Engineering
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Tisdale, W. A. (2010). Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://purl.umn.edu/95738
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Tisdale, William A. “Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://purl.umn.edu/95738.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Tisdale, William A. “Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics.” 2010. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Tisdale WA. Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/95738.
Council of Science Editors:
Tisdale WA. Hot electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces: implications for quantum dot photovoltaics. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Minnesota; 2010. Available from: http://purl.umn.edu/95738
North Carolina State University
8.
Na, Jeong-Seok.
Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2009, North Carolina State University
URL: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4164
► The work in this dissertation consists of a two-part study concerning molecular-based electronics and atomic layer deposition (ALD). As conventional “top-down†silicon-based technology approaches its…
(more)
▼ The work in this dissertation consists of a two-part study concerning molecular-based electronics and atomic layer deposition (ALD). As conventional “top-down†silicon-based technology approaches its expected physical and technical limits, researchers have paid considerable attention to “bottom-up†approaches including molecular-based electronics that self assembles molecular components and ALD techniques that deposit thin films with atomic layer control. Reliable fabrication of molecular-based devices and a lack of understanding of the conduction mechanisms through individual molecules still remain critical issues in molecular-based electronics. Nanoparticle/molecule(s)/nanoparticle assemblies of “dimers†and “trimers†, consisting of two and three nanoparticles bridged by oligomeric ethynylene phenylene molecules (OPEs), respectively, are successfully synthesized by coworkers and applied to contact nanogap electrodes (< 70 nm) fabricated by an angled metal evaporation technique. We demonstrate successful trapping of nanoparticle dimers across nanogap electrodes by dielectrophoresis at 2 VAC, 1 MHz, and 60 s. The structures can be maintained electrically connected for long periods of time, enabling time- and temperature-dependent current-voltage (I-V) characterization. Conduction mechanisms through independent molecules are investigated by temperature dependent I-V measurements. An Arrhenius plot of log (I) versus 1/T exhibits a change of slope at ~1.5 V, indicating the transition from direct tunneling to Fowlerï€ÂNordheim tunneling. Monitoring of the conductance is also performed in real-time during trapping as well as during other modification and exposure sequences after trapping over short-term and long-term time scales. The real-time monitoring of conductance through dimer structures during trapping offers immediate detection of a specific fault which is ascribed to a loss of active molecules and fusing of the nanoparticles in the junction occurring mostly at a high applied voltage (≥3 VAC). After successful trapping, the sample exposure to air reveals a small rapid decrease in current, followed by a slower exponential increase, and eventual current saturation. This work also reports on the dependence of electron transport on molecular length (2 to 4.7 nm) and structure (linear-type in dimers and Y-type in trimers). The extracted electronic decay constant of ~0.12/Ã… and effective contact resistance of ~4 Megaohmï — indicate a strong electronic coupling between the chain ends, facilitating electron transport over long distances. A three terminal molecular transistor is also demonstrated with trimers trapped across nanogap electrodes. The source-drain current is modulated within a factor of 2 with a gate bias voltage of -2 to +2 V. A subthreshold slope of ~110 mV/decade is obtained. Finally, we report on both fundamental understanding and application of atomic layer deposition. First, in situ analysis tools such as quartz crystal microbalance and…
Advisors/Committee Members: Gregory N. Parsons, Committee Chair (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: atomic layer deposition; nanoparticle; assembly; Zinc oxide; molecular electronics; in situ analysis
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APA (6th Edition):
Na, J. (2009). Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition. (Doctoral Dissertation). North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4164
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Na, Jeong-Seok. “Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, North Carolina State University. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4164.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Na, Jeong-Seok. “Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition.” 2009. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Na J. Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. North Carolina State University; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4164.
Council of Science Editors:
Na J. Nanoscale Assembly for Molecular Electronics and In Situ Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition. [Doctoral Dissertation]. North Carolina State University; 2009. Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4164
University of Florida
9.
Baran, Andre.
Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2009, University of Florida
URL: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022644
► Chemical bath deposition, or CBD, is used to successfully deposit ZnCdS buffer layers that have many benefits over the traditional CdS thin films used in…
(more)
▼ Chemical bath deposition, or CBD, is used to successfully deposit ZnCdS buffer layers that have many benefits over the traditional CdS thin films used in photovoltaic devices. The characteristics of films growth such as growth rate, optical transmission, and film composition is analyzed. The addition of Zn to CdS has important benefits that aid in improving device performance and therefore it is important to determine how the incorporation of
zinc affects film characteristics. Film thickness is found to increase with deposition time and growth rate is determined to be a function of the prepared bath
zinc composition. The
zinc composition in the prepared bath is also found to affect the optical transmission of deposited film, most notably in the short wavelength region. The transparent conductive
oxide ZnO is deposited via RF magnetron sputtering. The effect of aluminum and hydrogen doping is studied by sputtering an aluminum-doped
zinc oxide target with argon (AZO) and an argon mixture with hydrogen (HAZO). The addition of hydrogen to the working gas decreases film resistance in addition to improving other characteristics. The working gas pressure and position under the target are also found to have a significant effect on film properties. A figure of merit calculation allows for a single valued representation of the combined characteristics of the deposited films. The figure of merit calculation takes into consideration film resistivity, optical transmission, and provides a quantitative value of the potential performance in photovoltaic devices. The effect of thermal treatments on sputter deposited AZO and HAZO films are determined by way of rapid thermal annealing. High temperature annealing of ZnO is found to improve film characteristics. The gas ambient used in the thermal treatment process is found to be a critical parameter in post-anneal film quality. Gas ambients of nitrogen, argon, and forming gas, a nitrogen and hydrogen mixture, were employed in the thermal treatment studies. In general, optical transmission and resistivity improve for all films under each ambient, although films annealed in forming gas show the most improvement, with resulting figure of merit values two to three times their as deposited values. ( en )
Advisors/Committee Members: Crisalle, Oscar D. (committee chair), Hoflund, Gar B. (committee member), Svoronos, Spyros (committee member), Craciun, Valentin (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Argon; Cadmium; Chemicals; Electrical resistivity; Electrons; Nitrogen; Oxides; Photovoltaic cells; Thin films; Zinc; aluminum, bath, cadmium, chemical, deposition, hydrogen, oxide, sputtering, sulfide, zinc
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APA (6th Edition):
Baran, A. (2009). Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Florida. Retrieved from http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022644
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Baran, Andre. “Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Florida. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022644.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Baran, Andre. “Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication.” 2009. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Baran A. Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Florida; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022644.
Council of Science Editors:
Baran A. Chemical Bath Deposited Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Sputter Deposited Zinc Oxide for Thin Film Solar Cell Device Fabrication. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Florida; 2009. Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022644
University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign
10.
Li, Ming.
Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2016, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/95585
► The technological usefulness of a solid often depends upon the types and concentrations of the defects it contains. In semiconducting metal oxides like zinc oxide,…
(more)
▼ The technological usefulness of a solid often depends upon the types and concentrations of the defects it contains. In semiconducting metal oxides like
zinc oxide, the concentration and diffusion of oxygen point defects, like interstitials and vacancies, play a central role in various physical phenomena, such as gas sensing, bipolar switching, photoluminescence and photocatalysis. Defect engineering in metal oxides aims at manipulating material properties through controlling the defects’ type, concentration, charge, spatial distribution, and mobility.
A specific challenge that inhibits performance improvement in metal
oxide devices for microelectronics, photonics, and photocatalysis usages is that bulk oxygen vacancies (VO) are typically numerous and serve as carrier recombination centers or electron current scatterers. One solution suggested by our laboratory is to thermally inject highly mobile charged oxygen interstitials (Oi) through metal
oxide surfaces from the gas phase to annihilate VO in the underlying bulk. Developing novel mechanisms to control such diffusion process would be crucial in tailoring material defect chemistry for real life applications. The present work demostrates two special surface-based control mechanisms for this purpose in the case of
zinc oxide: near-surface electrostatics and the chemical state of surface active sites.
Advisors/Committee Members: Seebauer, Edmund G (advisor), Seebauer, Edmund G (Committee Chair), Yang, Hong (committee member), Flaherty, David W (committee member), Ertekin, Elif (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Defect engineering; Surface science; Metal oxides; Zinc oxide; Oxygen interstitial; Oxygen diffusion; Isotope gas-solid exchange
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APA ·
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CSE |
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APA (6th Edition):
Li, M. (2016). Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/95585
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Li, Ming. “Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/2142/95585.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Li, Ming. “Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide.” 2016. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Li M. Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/95585.
Council of Science Editors:
Li M. Surface-mediated mechanisms for defect engineering in zinc oxide. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/95585
Colorado School of Mines
11.
Barnes, Teresa M.
Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2016, Colorado School of Mines
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/170539
Subjects/Keywords: Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition; Vapor-plating; Thin films; Zinc oxide
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Barnes, T. M. (2016). Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/170539
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Barnes, Teresa M. “Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/11124/170539.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Barnes, Teresa M. “Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide.” 2016. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Barnes TM. Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/170539.
Council of Science Editors:
Barnes TM. Development of high vacuum plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and its application to zinc oxide. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/170539
University of Southern California
12.
Mehrabani, Simin.
Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2015, University of Southern California
URL: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll3/id/539338/rec/1941
► Ever since silica microtoroid optical resonators were developed in 2003, a significant amount of research has focused on utilizing their unique properties in various applications,…
(more)
▼ Ever since silica microtoroid optical resonators were
developed in 2003, a significant amount of research has focused on
utilizing their unique properties in various applications, ranging
from fundamental physics research to chemical and biological
detection. However, many of these applications require further
design improvements for their optimum performance to be fully
realized. Additionally, as the technology evolves, new applications
are discovered. The focus of this thesis is to outline the
development of such optimized microtoroids and their technological
role. ❧ While biological detection has been the focal point of
optical resonant cavity sensing, monitoring the environment can
also benefit from these unique microsensors. Slight variations in
environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity and
electromagnetic radiations such as ultraviolet, can significantly
alter our lives. In addition, these factors play major roles in
various industrial processes. Considering the rapid increase in the
complexity of these processes, sensors that monitor the environment
quickly, reliably, and sensitively will become more important. ❧ In
this thesis, it is first shown that silica microtoroids provide an
exceptional platform for monitoring different levels of ultraviolet
radiation (UV) and relative humidity (RH) in the environment. The
second part of this thesis discusses the possibility of utilizing
silica microtoroids in creating various types of microlasers, which
will improve the sensing performance metrics of silica microtoroids
for environmental monitoring and biodetection.
Advisors/Committee Members: Armani, Andrea M. (Committee Chair), Sahimi, Muhammad (Committee Member), Wang, Pin (Committee Member), Thompson, Barry C. (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: optical microresonator; whispering gallery mode resonator; silica; sol-gel; zinc oxide; titanium oxide; quantum dot; upconversion; rare-earth elements; thulium; initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD); polymeric thin films; poly (N-isopropylacrylamide); hybrid organic/inorganic sensor; solid state microlaser; biological microsensor; relative humidity microsensor; ultraviolet radiation microsensor; phase shift ring down cavity spectroscopy
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APA (6th Edition):
Mehrabani, S. (2015). Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Southern California. Retrieved from http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll3/id/539338/rec/1941
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Mehrabani, Simin. “Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll3/id/539338/rec/1941.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Mehrabani, Simin. “Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection.” 2015. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Mehrabani S. Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll3/id/539338/rec/1941.
Council of Science Editors:
Mehrabani S. Development of hybrid microsensors for environmental
monitoring and biodetection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2015. Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll3/id/539338/rec/1941
13.
Zhou, Zhengzhi.
Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2009, Georgia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29703
► Understanding the fundamentals of the growth of nanostructures is key to controlling their size and morphology. This thesis investigated the supersaturation effect as well as…
(more)
▼ Understanding the fundamentals of the growth of nanostructures is key to controlling their size and morphology. This thesis investigated the supersaturation effect as well as other effects on the growth of two one-dimensional nanomaterials - Magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate(MHSH) nanobelt and ZnO nanorod. It was found that the supersaturation for the growth of 1D nanomaterial had to be controlled at low level and it could be controlled through sparingly soluble carbonate salts. To examine the supersaturation effect on one-dimensional nanostructure growth, this study developed a quantitative kinetic model was developed to describe the one-dimensional nanostructure growth. The qualitative investigation and the quantitative model should provide more insight to the processes and some guide-lines for one-dimensional nanostructure growth in the future. This thesis also examines other factors such as agitation and temperature. Some other process parameters can have a significant effect on the growth process. The Zn(NO3)2 and HMT system was used as a model system to demonstrate that agitation had dramatic effects on the final morphology of the nanostructure. Spherical morphology could be obtained through mixing the reaction solution. The building blocks of the nanospheres were similar to those forming the nanorods. Thus, the spherical morphology was believed to result from the breakdown of the free diffusion of building blocks to the growing nanocrystal surface.
Advisors/Committee Members: Deng,Yulin (Committee Chair), Hsieh, Jeffery S. (Committee Member), Nair, Sankar (Committee Member), Singh, Preet (Committee Member), Yao, Donggang (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: MgO; Mg(OH)2; Nanostructure; Supersaturation one; ZnO; Nanostructured materials; Zinc oxide; Chemical vapor deposition; Salts, Soluble
…70
Chapter 4 : Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods Using Carbonate Salts as
Supersaturation… …the first
stage, calcium carbonate reacted with zinc ion to form zinc carbonate hydroxide… …concentration of Zn2+
with the length of the nanorods. The results show that the concentration of zinc…
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Zhou, Z. (2009). Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials. (Doctoral Dissertation). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29703
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Zhou, Zhengzhi. “Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech. Accessed December 08, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29703.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Zhou, Zhengzhi. “Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials.” 2009. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Zhou Z. Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Georgia Tech; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29703.
Council of Science Editors:
Zhou Z. Synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructure materials. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Georgia Tech; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29703
. 
Open Access Theses and Dissertations
