subject:(Zidovudine)

1. PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva. Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea .

Degree: 2015, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

URL: http://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469

► Os Insumos Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) são considerados uma nova classe de micropoluentes orgânicos ambientais podendo causar impactos negativos aos ecossistemas. As indústrias farmacêuticas são umas… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Zidovudina; Degradação; Eletrólise; Zidovudine; Degradation; Electrolysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

PONTES, T. T. e. S. (2015). Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea . (Thesis). Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Retrieved from http://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva. “Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea .” 2015. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva. “Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea .” 2015. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

PONTES TTeS. Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea . [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

PONTES TTeS. Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea . [Thesis]. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2015. Available from: http://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

McGill University

2. Rooke, Ronald. Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance.

Degree: PhD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology., 1991, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile70202.pdf

►

The great adaptability of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the exclusive use of zidovudine (3 sp primeazido-3 sp primedeoxythymidine or AZT) in… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Zidovudine.; HIV-1.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rooke, R. (1991). Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance. (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile70202.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rooke, Ronald. “Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance.” 1991. Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile70202.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rooke, Ronald. “Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance.” 1991. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Rooke R. Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McGill University; 1991. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile70202.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Rooke R. Studies on mechanism of action of AZT and HIV-1 drug resistance. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McGill University; 1991. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile70202.pdf

3. Palani, S. Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -.

Degree: Pharmacy, 2007, Bundelkhand University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784

None

References p.255-271

Advisors/Committee Members: Sharma, P K.

Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacy; drug delivery; Zidovudine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Palani, S. (2007). Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -. (Thesis). Bundelkhand University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Palani, S. “Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -.” 2007. Thesis, Bundelkhand University. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Palani, S. “Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -.” 2007. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Palani S. Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Bundelkhand University; 2007. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Palani S. Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its evaluation; -. [Thesis]. Bundelkhand University; 2007. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

4. Prasad, S V U M. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -.

Degree: Pharmacy, 2013, Andhra University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761

None

References given chapter wise

Advisors/Committee Members: Chowdary, K P R, Rajeswara Rao, P.

Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacy; pharmacokinetic studies; Lamivudine; Zidovudine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Prasad, S. V. U. M. (2013). Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -. (Thesis). Andhra University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Prasad, S V U M. “Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -.” 2013. Thesis, Andhra University. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Prasad, S V U M. “Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -.” 2013. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Prasad SVUM. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Andhra University; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Prasad SVUM. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination and its application in formulation development and pharmacokinetic studies; -. [Thesis]. Andhra University; 2013. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of the Western Cape

5. Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied. Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability .

Degree: 2016, University of the Western Cape

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052

► Background: Zidovudine (AZT) is a very useful drug for the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Its optimal use is limited by its bitter… (more)

▼ Background: Zidovudine (AZT) is a very useful drug for the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Its optimal use is limited by its bitter taste, sparing solubility (20.1 mg/ml) and acid lability. Cyclodextrins (CD) are a class of compounds which can be used to form inclusion complexes with drugs such as AZT to improve it is taste, solubility and palatability. Purpose: This study complexed hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) with AZT. The formulated inclusion complex was evaluated for suitability as a dosage form and as a tool for improving AZT’s palatability, solubility and acid liability. Method: AZT was complexed with HPβCD using the lyophilisation method. The binding constant for the formulation was determined by the phase solubility method, and complex formation between AZT and HPβCD evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and hot stage microscopy (HSM). Tablets of the inclusion complex were formulated by direct compression, using the least possible amount of excipients, and the dosage form evaluated for hardness, friability, durability, disintegration time and dissolution. Results: The binding constant of the formulation was 3.919, and the degree of incorporation was 4.0 mg AZT/g of CD per complex. 1H NMR showed significant chemical shifts between the inclusion complex and AZT. DSC and TGA analyses showed significant differences in the curves for the pure AZT and HPβCD. Values for tablet hardness, friability, durability and disintegration time were 236 ± 20 N, 0.7 %, 1.02 % and 10.25 minutes, respectively. The solubility of the formulation was 148.08 mg/ml, and its dissolution profile was different from that of the branded formulation. Conclusions: AZT-HPβCD inclusion complex, with a 7.4-fold increase in AZT solubility, was successfully prepared using the lyophilisation method. The binding constant and friability of the formulation were within acceptable limits. Although the hardness value is high, the tablet still disintegrated within acceptable specified times. This study has significant implications for anti-retroviral complex formulations. Advisors/Committee Members: Samsodien, Halima (advisor), Mbamalu, Oluchi (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Cyclodextrins; Zidovudine (AZT); HIV; Solubility; Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Al-Derbali, M. A. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability . (Thesis). University of the Western Cape. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied. “Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability .” 2016. Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied. “Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability .” 2016. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Al-Derbali MA. Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Al-Derbali MA. Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability . [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Boston University

6. Brennan, Alana Teresa. Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.

Degree: PhD, Epidemiology, 2016, Boston University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521

► The success of scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is in large part due to the introduction of a… (more)

▼ The success of scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is in large part due to the introduction of a “public health approach” to access advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) which emphasized standardized treatment regimens that could be purchased in large quantities and delivered at scale. In 2010 the WHO updated their global HIV treatment guidelines recommending the substitution of stavudine with tenofovir (both of which are members of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) class of drugs) in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Given the size of treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa, changing the NRTI used in first-line therapy for HIV could have a substantial impact on treatment outcomes. We conducted three prospective cohort studies using clinical datasets from several sub-Saharan African countries to answer questions surrounding the impacts of exposure to tenofovir in first-line therapy. The first study examines the frequency of stavudine use and single-drug substitutions (substituting the NRTI in first-line ART) in three regions in sub-Saharan Africa by calendar year, 2004–2014. We found a total of 33,441 (8.9%; 95% CI: 8.7–8.9%) single-drug substitutions occurred among 377,656 patients in the first 24 months on ART, close to 40% of which were amongst patients on stavudine. The decrease in single-drug substitutions corresponded with the phasing out of stavudine. We saw an 80% reduction in the risk of single-drug substitutions when comparing tenofovir to stavudine and close to a 70% reduction in the risk when comparing zidovudine to stavudine. The second study uses a regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of national HIV treatment guideline changes in South Africa and Zambia recommending tenofovir in first-line ART on treatment outcomes. We found that updated WHO guidelines increased the proportion of patients initiating tenofovir (risk difference (RD) (South Africa): 81%; 95% CI: 73%, 89%; RD (Zambia): 42%; 95% CI: 38%, 45%). Intent to treat estimates showed a decrease in single-drug substitutions in South Africa (RD: -15%; 95% CI: -18%, -12%) and Zambia (RD: -2.0%; 95% CI: -3.6%, -0.3%). In both countries, there was no effect on mortality, attrition or viral load failure (South Africa only). The third study investigates the effect of the 2012 tenofovir stock shortage in South Africa on provider and patient level outcomes, using data from four public-sector Right to Care clinics, two of which experienced a tenofovir stock shortage and two that did not. While imprecise, our results suggest a potential shift in how providers managed patients during the period of the shortage, mainly, a noticeable decrease in the average number of days between visits during the shortage compare to before or after at all four clinics and a significant difference in the proportion of patients missing visits. Difference-in-difference regression results showed a small, but significant, increase in the risk of missed visits during…

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; HIV; Stavudine; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tenofovir; Zidovudine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Brennan, A. T. (2016). Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Brennan, Alana Teresa. “Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Brennan, Alana Teresa. “Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.” 2016. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Brennan AT. Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston University; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521.

Council of Science Editors:

Brennan AT. Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Boston University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521

7. Fauchet, Floris. Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.

Degree: Docteur es, Pharmacologie, 2014, Université Paris Descartes – Paris V

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632

►

L’utilisation d’un traitement antirétroviral, chez la femme enceinte ou chez l’enfant infecté par le VIH, doit être optimale en termes d’efficacité et de tolérance. De… (more)

▼

L’utilisation d’un traitement antirétroviral, chez la femme enceinte ou chez l’enfant infecté par le VIH, doit être optimale en termes d’efficacité et de tolérance. De nombreuses modifications physiologiques ont lieu tout au long de la grossesse ainsi que pendant les premières années de vie d’un enfant. Ces changements peuvent intervenir à tous les niveaux du devenir du médicament dans l’organisme. Une mauvaise connaissance des variations pharmacocinétiques associées à ces changements physiologiques peut amener à une toxicité ou à une inefficacité de ces traitements. Il est donc primordial de connaître la pharmacocinétique des différentes molécules antirétrovirales recommandées chez la femme enceinte et l’enfant infectés par le VIH. Les pharmacocinétiques de deux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse, la zidovudine et l’abacavir et celle d'un inhibiteur de protéase, le lopinavir, ont été étudiées chez la femme enceinte et/ou chez l'enfant par une approche de population. L’évaluation et l’optimisation des recommandations posologiques de ces trois molécules ont été réalisées en tenant compte de relations concentration-effet et/ou concentration-toxicité précédemment établies. L'étude décrivant la pharmacocinétique de l’abacavir a montré qu’une adaptation posologique n’était pas nécessaire pendant la grossesse. En revanche, les études sur la pharmacocinétique de la zidovudine ont montré que les doses recommandées, chez la femme enceinte et chez l’enfant, devraient être diminuées afin de limiter les risques de toxicité. Pour finir, l’étude sur la pharmacocinétique du lopinavir a suggéré qu’il n’était pas nécessaire d’augmenter les posologies pendant la grossesse, contrairement à ce qui est recommandé dans la littérature.

The use of an antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women or in HIV-infected child should be optimal in terms of efficacy and safety. Important physiological changes occur during pregnancy and the first years of life. These changes can affect drug pharmacokinetics. Poor knowledge of pharmacokinetic variations associated with these physiological changes can lead to toxicity or failure of these treatments. Therefore, it is important to know the antiretroviral pharmacokinetics of recommended drugs in pregnant women and in HIV-infected children. The pharmacokinetics of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine and abacavir and one protease inhibitor, lopinavir, have been studied in pregnant women and/or in children with a population approach. The evaluation and optimization of dosage recommendations of these three molecules have been achieved using concentration-efficacy and/or concentration-toxicity relationships previously established. The study describing the abacavir pharmacokinetics showed that a dose adjustment was not necessary during pregnancy. However, studies on zidovudine pharmacokinetics presented that the doses recommended in pregnant women and in children should be reduced in order to limit the toxicity risks. Finally, the study on lopinavir…

Advisors/Committee Members: Tréluyer, Jean-Marc (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: VIH; Femme enceinte; Prévention mère-enfant; Pharmacocinétique de population; Passage transplacentaire; Zidovudine; Lopinavir; Abacavir; HIV; Pregnant women; PMTCT; Population pharmacokinetics; Placental transfer; Zidovudine; Lopinavir; Abacavir; 615.7

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fauchet, F. (2014). Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Paris Descartes – Paris V. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fauchet, Floris. “Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris Descartes – Paris V. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fauchet, Floris. “Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.” 2014. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Fauchet F. Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Paris Descartes – Paris V; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632.

Council of Science Editors:

Fauchet F. Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Paris Descartes – Paris V; 2014. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632

8. Novaes, André Luís da Silva. Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.

Degree: Mestrado, Produção e Controle Farmacêuticos, 2013, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/ ;

►

A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese… (more)

▼

A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese de ácidos nucléicos. Estes são dois dos 21 fármacos componentes dos medicamentos distribuídas pelo Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro em programas de combate a Síndrome da imunodeficiência Adquirida (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS), configurando-se assim uma grande demanda de produção de medicamentos com estes fármacos. Programas de Tecnologia Analítica em Processo (Process Analytical techology - PAT), embasadas por avanços nos guias internacionais da Conferência Internacional sobre a Harmonização dos Requerimentos Técnicos para o Registro de Produtos Farmacêuticos para o uso Humano (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use - ICH) e pela agência norte-americana para a Administração de Alimentos e Medicamentos (Food and Drugs Administration - FDA), estão ganhando força como alternativas para aumentar a eficiência e a segurança na produção de medicamentos, tanto para aqueles já em processo produtivo como também para medicamentos em fase de desenvolvimento. Estes últimos são denominados desenvolvimento em programas de Qualidade por Design (QbD). Métodos de quantificação por espectroscopia (NIR, MID, RAMAM, entre outras) são reconhecidos como ferramentas para a PAT. Neste contexto propôs-se comparar objetivamente o método tradicional de quantificação destes dois fármacos frente a um método de quantificação desenvolvido utilizando-se a espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID). Prepararam-se assim 41 amostras de calibração e 23 amostras de validação, compostas por misturas de zidovudina, lamivudina e placebo (qs) em escala laboratorial, na faixa de 80 a 120% da concentração nominal de uma associação comercial dos dois fármacos. As concentrações de referência de todas as preparações foram determinadas empregando-se o método de referência por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) da Farmacopeia Americana (United States Pharmacopeia - USP). Subsequentemente, obtiveram-se cinco espectros no infravermelho de cada uma das preparações, na faixa de 450 a 4000 cm-1. Os espectros foram então pré-processados e utilizados para a construção de um modelo de calibração multivariado por PLS (mínimo quadrados parciais), de acordo com a ASTM E1655-05. Adicionalmente, o método de CLAE foi transferido para um método de UPLC de acordo com o Capitulo Geral descrito no volume 37(3) do Fórum da USP (United States Pharmacopeia). O desempenho do método MID foi então comparado com o método tradicional, bem como com o novo método de quantificação por UPLC. Foram definidaLs assim regiões de confiança para embasar a utilização dos métodos desenvolvidos. O método de quantificação por MID apresentou uma grande variabilidade enquanto que o método por UPLC foi totalmente comparável com o método tradicional, reduzindo o tempo de corrida de 60 minutos para 12.55 minutos.

Zidovudine, also known as AZT…

Advisors/Committee Members: Pinto, Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli.

Subjects/Keywords: Espectroscopia infravermelha; Infrared spectroscopy; Lamivudina; Lamivudine; MID; MID; PAT; PAT; UPLC; UPLC; Zidovudina; Zidovudine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Novaes, A. L. d. S. (2013). Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Novaes, André Luís da Silva. “Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Novaes, André Luís da Silva. “Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.” 2013. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Novaes ALdS. Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Novaes ALdS. Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2013. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/ ;

9. Pereira, Thaisa Marinho. Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.

Degree: Mestrado, Produção e Controle Farmacêuticos, 2012, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/ ;

► A biodisponibilidade de um fármaco é o fator determinante da eficácia clínica e depende principalmente das seguintes etapas: liberação da substância ativa a partir da… (more)

▼ A biodisponibilidade de um fármaco é o fator determinante da eficácia clínica e depende principalmente das seguintes etapas: liberação da substância ativa a partir da forma farmacêutica e absorção. Assim, o controle da extensão e da velocidade de absorção de um fármaco administrado por via oral depende basicamente de dois aspectos: solubilidade nos líquidos fisiológicos e permeabilidade através das membranas biológicas. Fundamentado nestas características, o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB) foi proposto como ferramenta que permite a classificação dos fármacos e tem como finalidade auxiliar nas bioisenções e na predição da biodisponibilidade in vivo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a solubilidade da estavudina e a permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais por meio do modelo de perfusão in situ. Os meios empregados nos estudos de solubilidade e dissolução intrínseca foram: água purificada, tampão pH 1,2, tampão pH 4,5, tampão pH 6,8 e tampão pH 7,5. Para a determinação da solubilidade pelo método do equilíbrio (técnica shake-flask), quantidades conhecidas do fármaco foram adicionadas em cada meio até atingir a saturação e esta mistura foi submetida à agitação de 150 rpm por 72 horas a 37°C. Para os ensaios de dissolução intrínseca, quantidade conhecida de estavudina foi compactada na matriz do aparato de Wood e submetida à dissolução em cada meio, sob agitação de 50 rpm a 37°C. A determinação da permeabilidade dos antirretrovirais foi realizada empregando o modelo de perfusão in situ em ratos machos Wistar. Uma porção do jejuno foi isolada e a solução de perfusão (pH 6,5) contendo o fármaco foi perfundida a um fluxo de 0,2 mL.min-1 a 37°C por 120 minutos. Os resultados obtidos referentes à solubilidade da estavudina pelo método do equilíbrio foram (em mg.mL-1): 146,49 (água), 149,22 (pH 4,5), 139,43 (pH 6,8) e 130,15 (pH 7,5). A determinação da razão dose:solubilidade (D:S) em cada meio permitiu a obtenção dos seguintes resultados (em mL): 0,27 (água), 0,27 (pH 4,5), 0,29 (pH 6,8) e 0,31 (pH 7,5). Tais dados indicaram que este fármaco apresenta alta solubilidade nos meios utilizados no estudo, exceto em meio pH 1,2, onde a estavudina apresentou instabilidade demonstrada pela presença de coloração e odor alterados, inviabilizando a determinação da solubilidade nestas condições. Os ensaios de dissolução intrínseca da estavudina permitiram a determinação das taxas de dissolução intrínseca (TDI), as quais foram (em mg/min/cm²): 2,3570 (água), 2,7389 (pH 1,2), 2,7590 (pH 4,5) e 2,5947 (pH 6,8), demonstrando que este fármaco apresenta alta velocidade de dissolução nos meios utilizados. Com relação ao estudo de permeabilidade por meio do modelo de perfusão in situ, nas condições experimentais empregadas, os resultados obtidos foram (em cm.s-1): 3,96 x 10-5 (estavudina), 3,08 x 10-5 (lamivudina) e 4,17 x 10-5 (zidovudina) sugerindo que os fármacos estavudina e zidovudina apresentam alta permeabilidade. Para a lamivudina não é descartada a possibilidade de ser considerada… Advisors/Committee Members: Serra, Cristina Helena dos Reis.

Subjects/Keywords: Antiretrovirals; Antirretrovirais; Biofarmácia; Biopharmacy; Estavudina; in situ Perfusion; Lamivudina; Lamivudine; Perfusão in situ; Permeabilidade; Permeability; Solubilidade; Solubility; Stavudine; Zidovudina; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Pereira, T. M. (2012). Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pereira, Thaisa Marinho. “Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pereira, Thaisa Marinho. “Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.” 2012. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Pereira TM. Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Pereira TM. Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2012. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/ ;

University of Pretoria

10. Adebanjo, Adefolarin Babafemi. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.

Degree: Clinical Epidemiology, 2013, University of Pretoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507

► Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence… (more)

▼ Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence predict response to HAART as measured by CD4 count, weight gain and functional status in a cohort of patients in Roma, the Kingdom of Lesotho. Method: Data were collected from a computerised database of the Antiretroviral Centre of the hospital. A cohort of 300 subjects was identified from hospital records from January 2007. Each of these subjects was followed up over a period of 12 months with data obtained for at least two visits within the 12-month span. Data were obtained on weight and CD4 at baseline, three months and also at six and 12 months, and data for haemoglobin were obtained only at 12 months. Variables that may be potential confounders were identified and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to establish differences independent of confounding factors for the combined endpoints, as well as for each endpoint separately. Results: Three-hundred patient records were analysed. Approximately 70% of the patients had a CD4 increase of at least 150 cells over baseline values at the end of the review period and in 52.3% of the patients an increase in weight of 10% over baseline measurements was seen. Seventy-nine patients (26.3%) had a haemoglobin level of at least 14g/dL at 12 months, regardless of baseline values or gender. The inclusion of Zidovudine (AZT) in treatment regimens was found in 73% of the patients and in multivariate analysis AZT was associated with not having anaemia at the end of the review period. However there was a slight reduction in haemoglobin level in the first two to three months of therapy in comparison with both Stavudine (d4T) and Tenofovir (TDF) but not significant enough to result in clinical anaemia. Baseline CD4 values were similar for all treatments options but dissimilar in other outcome variables and continued to vary significantly throughout the review period. The outcomes of multivariate analyses suggest that the male gender appears to have better response to HAART as seen in each of the multivariate models. The most important determinant of haemoglobin response was baseline haemoglobin values. In the haemoglobin-associated multivariate model, HAART is associated with an increase in haemoglobin over baseline values. A history of TB prior to HAART was a major factor in weight response and it is thought to be as a result of IRIS, which is the unmasking of latent infections as the immune system reconstitutes. CD4 values have no direct influence on weight however, but an increase in weight was observed in all therapy groups. Conclusion: Clinical and immunological parameters can be used to monitor response to HAART and predict treatment outcomes. These parameters can be organised into monitoring tools that will be useful in resource-limited areas. This study suggests that AZT-containing regimens appear not to result in anaemia and that… Advisors/Committee Members: Rheeder, Paul (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: CD4; Weight; Haemoglobin; Resource-limited; Stavudine; Tenofovir anaemia; Zidovudine; Response; Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); UCTD

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Adebanjo, A. (2013). Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Adebanjo, Adefolarin. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Adebanjo, Adefolarin. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.” 2013. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Adebanjo A. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507.

Council of Science Editors:

Adebanjo A. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507

University of Pretoria

11. [No author]. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho .

Degree: 2013, University of Pretoria

URL: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/

► Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence… (more)

▼ Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence predict response to HAART as measured by CD4 count, weight gain and functional status in a cohort of patients in Roma, the Kingdom of Lesotho. Method: Data were collected from a computerised database of the Antiretroviral Centre of the hospital. A cohort of 300 subjects was identified from hospital records from January 2007. Each of these subjects was followed up over a period of 12 months with data obtained for at least two visits within the 12-month span. Data were obtained on weight and CD4 at baseline, three months and also at six and 12 months, and data for haemoglobin were obtained only at 12 months. Variables that may be potential confounders were identified and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to establish differences independent of confounding factors for the combined endpoints, as well as for each endpoint separately. Results: Three-hundred patient records were analysed. Approximately 70% of the patients had a CD4 increase of at least 150 cells over baseline values at the end of the review period and in 52.3% of the patients an increase in weight of 10% over baseline measurements was seen. Seventy-nine patients (26.3%) had a haemoglobin level of at least 14g/dL at 12 months, regardless of baseline values or gender. The inclusion of Zidovudine (AZT) in treatment regimens was found in 73% of the patients and in multivariate analysis AZT was associated with not having anaemia at the end of the review period. However there was a slight reduction in haemoglobin level in the first two to three months of therapy in comparison with both Stavudine (d4T) and Tenofovir (TDF) but not significant enough to result in clinical anaemia. Baseline CD4 values were similar for all treatments options but dissimilar in other outcome variables and continued to vary significantly throughout the review period. The outcomes of multivariate analyses suggest that the male gender appears to have better response to HAART as seen in each of the multivariate models. The most important determinant of haemoglobin response was baseline haemoglobin values. In the haemoglobin-associated multivariate model, HAART is associated with an increase in haemoglobin over baseline values. A history of TB prior to HAART was a major factor in weight response and it is thought to be as a result of IRIS, which is the unmasking of latent infections as the immune system reconstitutes. CD4 values have no direct influence on weight however, but an increase in weight was observed in all therapy groups. Conclusion: Clinical and immunological parameters can be used to monitor response to HAART and predict treatment outcomes. These parameters can be organised into monitoring tools that will be useful in resource-limited areas. This study suggests that AZT-containing regimens appear not to result in anaemia and that… Advisors/Committee Members: Rheeder, Paul (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: CD4; Weight; Haemoglobin; Resource-limited; Stavudine; Tenofovir anaemia; Zidovudine; Response; Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); UCTD

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❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

author], [. (2013). Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho . (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

author], [No. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho .” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

author], [No. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho .” 2013. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

author] [. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/.

Council of Science Editors:

author] [. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho . [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/

University of KwaZulu-Natal

12. Mollo, Lerato Joy. A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.

Degree: 2016, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671

Abstract available in PDF file. Advisors/Committee Members: Martincigh, Bice Susan. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Theses - Chemistry.; Photochemistry.; Zidovudine.; HIV/AIDS.; Photodegradation.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mollo, L. J. (2016). A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mollo, Lerato Joy. “A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.” 2016. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mollo, Lerato Joy. “A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.” 2016. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Mollo LJ. A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mollo LJ. A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Florida

13. Demir, Meryem. In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse.

Degree: PhD, Medical Sciences - Neuroscience (IDP), 2010, University of Florida

URL: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042169

► IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EFFECTS OF AZIDOTHYMIDINE ON NEURAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS IN MOUSE By Meryem Demir December 2010 Chair: Eric D. Laywell Major: Medical… (more)

▼ IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EFFECTS OF AZIDOTHYMIDINE ON NEURAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS IN MOUSE By Meryem Demir December 2010 Chair: Eric D. Laywell Major: Medical Sciences - Neuroscience Azidothymidine (3?-azido-3?-deoxythymidine; AZT) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been used in the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Even though there is no active transportation of AZT across the blood brain barrier, AZT is shown to accumulate in high levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with limited penetration into the parenchyma. Due to the close anatomical proximity of the neurogenic niches to the ventricular system, we suggest that passive diffusion from CSF may be sufficient to expose the neurogenic cells to biologically relevant levels of AZT that may be sufficient to perturb the normal production and/or survival of newly-generated neurons. In turn, this perturbed neurogenesis contribute to, or be the basis of many of the neurological deficits seen in some cases of AIDS. In order to assess the effects of clinically relevant AZT regimens on neuronal production, we have employed in vitro and in vivo models of mouse neurogenesis. Our in vitro results show that AZT reduces the expansion potential of neural stem/progenitor cells, eventually inducing a senescent phenotype. In addition, AZT treated cells display impaired differentiation potential and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. In vivo, our AZT administration paradigm mimicking dosing regimens that administered to human patients revealed a remarkable decrease in the survival of newly formed cells in (subventricular zone)SVZ in contrast to the short term neurogenesis which is not affected significantly within the dentate gyrus and SVZ of adult mice. Finally, our analysis of in utero exposure demonstrates that AZT affects SVZ stem/ progenitor cells so their neurogenic potential is perturbed and the expansion potential of cultured neural stem/progenitor cells from treated offspring is decreased. Together, these data reveal uncharacterized negative consequences of AZT treatment on neural stem/progenitor cells. Given that HIV infection leads to the development of neurological deficits, and that human HIV (+) patients are usually treated with AZT over many years, it is important to determine to what extent AZT regimens might perturb normal levels of neurogenesis to exacerbate or contribute to these neurological problems. We suggest that in case of increased delivery of AZT into the brain, a direct exposure to the CNS would cause more dramatic changes as we have shown with in vitro cell culture systems. We expect our results will reveal new insights regarding the effect of AZT on stem/progenitor cell functioning, and the development of new treatment approaches to prevent the HIV infection in CNS. ( en ) Advisors/Committee Members: Laywell, Eric (committee chair), Notterpek, Lucia (committee member), Ishov, Alexander M. (committee member), Terada, Naohiro (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Administered dose; Astrocytes; Brain; Cells; Dosage; HIV; In vitro fertilization; Mitogens; Neurogenesis; Progenitor cells; adult, azidothymidine, azt, prenatal, zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Demir, M. (2010). In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Florida. Retrieved from http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042169

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Demir, Meryem. “In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Florida. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042169.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Demir, Meryem. “In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse.” 2010. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Demir M. In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Florida; 2010. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042169.

Council of Science Editors:

Demir M. In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Azidothymidine on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mouse. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Florida; 2010. Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042169

University of Notre Dame

14. Matthew David Lynx. An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.

Degree: PhD, Biological Sciences, 2007, University of Notre Dame

URL: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736

► 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT) has been a staple of AIDS therapy for over two decades. Long-term use of high dosage AZT, as seen in the late… (more)

▼ 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT) has been a staple of AIDS therapy for over two decades. Long-term use of high dosage AZT, as seen in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, was associated with tissue toxicities, including hepatotoxicity and cardiomyopathy. Low dosage AZT therapy used in modern regimens is associated with lipodystrophy. Mitochondria in the affected tissues are dysfunctional and have depleted mitochondrial DNA. The toxicity of AZT is hypothesized to be due to AZT-5’-triphosphate (AZT-TP) inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, leading to mitochondrial DNA depletion. In this work with isolated rat liver mitochondria and previous work with isolated rat heart mitochondria, AZT was phosphorylated to AZT-5’-monophosphate (AZT-MP), but no AZT-TP was detectable over two hours of incubation. However, in these mitochondria, AZT was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylation. From this work, an alternative mechanism for AZT toxicity was proposed, wherein AZT’s inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation leads to a depletion of the TTP pool, which causes mitochondrial DNA depletion. The 3T3-F442a cell culture model was used to further investigate this mechanism of toxicity. These cells are mouse pre-adipocytes that can be differentiated into adipocytes, making these cells a good model for lipodystrophy. The 3T3-F442a cells were grown and differentiated in the presence of 1 and 10 ÌåM AZT for 12 days. Samples were analyzed to determine mitochondrial DNA content and deoxynuceloside-triphosphate (dNTP) levels. Both 1 and 10 ÌåM AZT were toxic to mitochondria but caused a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA content relative to untreated cells. This is the opposite of the expected effect and may reflect a compensatory mechanism to overcome toxicity. Also, AZT did not cause any trend of variation from the untreated cells in the dNTP pools during the 12 days of treatment. These results do not provide any further evidence to advance the proposed mechanism of AZT toxicity due to AZT inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation. Advisors/Committee Members: Edward E. McKee, Committee Chair, Kenneth Olson, Committee Member, Thomas Nowak, Committee Member, Martin Tenniswood, Committee Member.

Subjects/Keywords: mitochondria; 3t3-f442a; zidovudine; inhibition; AZT; thymidine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Lynx, M. D. (2007). An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Notre Dame. Retrieved from https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lynx, Matthew David. “An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.” 2007. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Notre Dame. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lynx, Matthew David. “An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.” 2007. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Lynx MD. An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Notre Dame; 2007. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736.

Council of Science Editors:

Lynx MD. An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity: Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Notre Dame; 2007. Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736

Universidad del Rosario

15. Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.

Degree: 2015, Universidad del Rosario

URL: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510

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Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la… (more)

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Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), son importantes tanto para el mejoramiento del bienestar de los pacientes, como para el buen funcionamiento de las instituciones de salud. La presente investigación compara la intervención farmacológica de dos líneas de tratamiento, Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz contra Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir que se encuentran en la recomendación de esquema de primera línea según la Guía Práctica Clínica (2014). Se evaluó el efecto costo-efectivo de estos dos tratamientos basado en el aumento de los niveles de CD4 a lo largo de tres tiempos diferentes (inicial, 6 y 12 meses) y los costos de los medicamentos de acuerdo a los precios en Colombia según el SISMED en el año 2014. Se realizó un análisis de varianza factorial con medidas repetidas, un árbol de decisiones y un análisis de costo-efectividad incremental (ACEI). Se obtuvo información de 546 pacientes, tanto hombres como mujeres, de la Institución Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se encontró que el esquema 1 (Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz) fue considerado más efectivo y menos costoso que el tratamiento 2 (Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir), sin embargo no se evidenció una alta frecuencia de efectos adversos que pueda contribuir a la escogencia de un tratamiento u otro. De acuerdo a estos resultados la institución o los médicos tratantes tienen una alternativa farmacoeconómica para la toma de decisión del tratamiento a utilizar y así iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de pacientes que conviven con VHI con carga viral indetectable.

The treatments to increase 4-CD4 differentiation cluster levels in people who are suffering from the disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are important both for the improvement of the wellbeing of the patients, as well as for the proper functioning of the healthcare institutions. The current research compares the pharmacological interventions of two different treatment lines: Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz versus Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil, which are to be found recommended as the first scheme line for treatment in the Clinical Practice Guide (2014).The cost-effectiveness of both treatment lines was evaluated, taking into account their elevation of the CD4 levels throughout three different time periods (initial, 6 and 12 months) and the prices of the medication according to the price lists in Colombia established by the SISMED for 2014. A factorial-variance with repetitive measures analysis was carried out, as well as a decision tree and an incremental cost-effective analysis (ICEA) and information was obtained from 546 patients, men and women, who were attended at the Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S. institution in Bogotá. It was discovered that scheme 1 (Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz) was more effective and less…

Advisors/Committee Members: Conde Martínez, Rafael Enrique.

Subjects/Keywords: Costo-efectividad; Carga viral; Efavirenz; Lamivudina; VIH; Zidovudina; Cost-effectiveness; viral load; Efavirenz; HIV; Lamivudine; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, C. P. (2015). Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. (Thesis). Universidad del Rosario. Retrieved from http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Thesis, Universidad del Rosario. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Kentucky

16. Feola, David James. EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.

Degree: 2005, University of Kentucky

URL: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411

► The drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was investigated using an in vitro culture system, an in vivo mouse model, and a clinical trial in… (more)

▼ The drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was investigated using an in vitro culture system, an in vivo mouse model, and a clinical trial in HIV-infected patients. We hypothesized that combination exposure causes immune cell populations in the bone marrow to undergo apoptotic cell death, and that the toxicity would affect the host response to an infectious stimulus. Mice were dosed with zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both drugs, or vehicle only control via oral gavage. Focusing on B-lineage cells in the bone marrow, we determined that cells of the rapidly cycling, early pre-B cell subset are targeted, as well as pro-B cells earlier in development. This toxicity was found to be cell cycle dependent, with an increase in percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cycle. In vitro experiments using the drugs in a bone marrow culture system demonstrated that the effect of cytotoxicity with combination exposure is synergistic and concentration-dependent. The mechanism of apoptosis that is induced appears to be caspase-independent. To measure host response in mice, animals treated with zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were infected with Pneumocystis murina pneumonia, and the group that received the combination of agents had a blunted antigen-specific IgG response, possibly due to a decreased number of B cells and activated B cells in the draining lymph nodes of the lungs. A clinical trial was conducted in HIV-infected patients, dividing subjects into groups receiving zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both, or neither agent. Upon vaccination with the influenza vaccine, the combination treatment group had a blunted humoral response, with reduced antigen-specific serum IgG titers as compared to the control group. We conclude that the drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is clinically-significant, and clinicians must consider this toxicity when treating patients with these agents concurrently.

Subjects/Keywords: zidovudine; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; apoptosis; B lymphocytes; humoral immunity

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Feola, D. J. (2005). EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Kentucky. Retrieved from https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Feola, David James. “EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.” 2005. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Feola, David James. “EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.” 2005. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Feola DJ. EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Kentucky; 2005. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411.

Council of Science Editors:

Feola DJ. EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Kentucky; 2005. Available from: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411

University of the Western Cape

17. Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles .

Degree: 2018, University of the Western Cape

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770

► Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and Zidovudine (AZT) are both nucleotide and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs and NRTIs), respectively. They are used for… (more)

▼ Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and Zidovudine (AZT) are both nucleotide and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs and NRTIs), respectively. They are used for the management and prevention of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. These drugs are faced with oral delivery challenges such as low intestinal permeability and extensive first pass liver metabolism for TDF and AZT, respectively. Their use may also be limited by dose-dependent adverse effects, which may result in treatment failure when patients become non-compliant and non-adherent to their prescribed antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. Non-compliance and non-adherence to ARV regimen may lead to drug resistance and a need for change in regimen, which can be very expensive, not only financially but in terms of morbidity and mortality. To solve such issues, a new drug can be formulated, or an existing drug can be modified. The development and formulation of a new drug is time consuming and expensive, especially with no available data and a high probability of failure. Modifying existing drugs is a cheaper, less time-consuming option with lower probability of failure. Such modification can be achieved via non-covalent interactions using various methods such as preparation of nano-particulates with polymeric micelles (a non-covalent interaction). Polymeric micelles offer a variety of polymers to choose from for drug modification purposes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate polymeric nanoparticles of TDF and AZT using different ratios of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterize the formulated nanoparticles (using the following analyses: particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, hot stage microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy), analyze for stability during storage (2-8˚C) and determine the release rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulated nanoparticles. Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared using a modified version of the double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) solvent evaporation and diffusion method. Two ratios of PLGA (50:50 and 85:15) were used to prepare four formulations (two each of TDF and AZT). Thereafter, the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the formulations were assessed by characterizing the nanoparticles for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, percentage yield, release profile and particle morphology, using the suggested analytical techniques. Results: For TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and AZT-PLGA 50:50, nanoparticles of 160.4±1.7 nm,154.3±3.1 nm,127.0±2.32 nm and 153.2±4.3 nm, respectively, were recovered after washing. The polydispersity index (PDI) values were ≤0.418±0.004 after washing, indicating that the formulations were monodispersed. The zeta potential of the particles was -5.72±1 mV, -19.1 mV, -12.2±0.6 mV and -15.3±0.5 mV for TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and… Advisors/Committee Members: Samsodien, Halima (advisor), Mbamalu, Oluchi (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; Zidovudine; Nanoparticles; Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion (W/O/W); Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Tenghe, L. A. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles . (Thesis). University of the Western Cape. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. “Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles .” 2018. Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. “Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles .” 2018. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Tenghe LA. Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Tenghe LA. Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles . [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

18. Krekels, Elke Henriëtte Josephina. Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children.

Degree: 2012, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947

► The maturation of UGT2B7-mediated drug glucuronidation was studied in preterm and term neonates up to infants of three years of age using a population approach.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Glucuronidation; Morphine; Ontogeny; Paediatrics; Pharmacokinetics; Population modeling; UGT2B7; Zidovudine; Glucuronidation; Morphine; Ontogeny; Paediatrics; Pharmacokinetics; Population modeling; UGT2B7; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Krekels, E. H. J. (2012). Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children. (Doctoral Dissertation). Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Krekels, Elke Henriëtte Josephina. “Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Krekels, Elke Henriëtte Josephina. “Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children.” 2012. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Krekels EHJ. Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947.

Council of Science Editors:

Krekels EHJ. Size does matter: drug glucuronidation in children. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947

19. Souza, Paula Cristina Torres de. Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.

Degree: Mestrado, Produção e Controle Farmacêuticos, 2014, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/ ;

►

Métodos in vitro utilizando epitélio intestinal animal são importantes ferramentas para avaliar a permeabilidade de fármacos, propriedade que é um importante parâmetro de biodiosponibilidade. Considerando… (more)

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Métodos in vitro utilizando epitélio intestinal animal são importantes ferramentas para avaliar a permeabilidade de fármacos, propriedade que é um importante parâmetro de biodiosponibilidade. Considerando que o maior objetivo na indústria farmacêutica é desenvolver novos fármacos com boa biodisponibilidade oral, o projeto teve como objetivo padronizar o modelo de permeação com membrana de intestino de rã (Rana catesbeiana) em células de Franz, comparando seus resultados com ensaios de células Caco-2. Os fármacos modelo utilizados foram os antivirais zidovudina e aciclovir. A quantidade de fármaco permeado foi determinada por método de eletroforese capilar para o método com intestino de rã touro e por HPLC-UV para os ensaios com células Caco-2. O parâmetro de permeação foi o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente (Papp) dos fármacos para ambos modelos experimentais. Para estabelecimento do protocolo experimental dos estudos de permeabilidade intestinal de rã, foi proposto um projeto fracionado 24-1 com 4 ensaios adicionais usando o software Minitab, e as variáveis foram: secção intestinal, pH da solução de Ringer e temperatura. A análise do planejamento experimental feita pela estimativa dos parâmetros da regressão obtidos através dos resultados do modelo fatorial possibilitou a determinação dos coeficientes da equação matemática que definiu a influência das variáveis sobre o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente dos fármacos. Os efeitos das variáveis pH e temperatura interpretados conjuntamente apresentaram interferência leve, porém as variáveis fármaco e secção intestinal interpretados juntos tiveram interferência importante, mostrando maior permeação dos fármacos através da secção inicial do intestino da rã. Os resultados de Papp foram: para o metoprolol, pelo método das células Caco-2 foi de 28 x 10-6 cm/s, valor que está de acordo com demais dados de células Caco-2 na literatura e o valor obtido com células de Franz que mais se adequada a estes resultados e demais disponíveis provenientes de outras técnicas na literatura, foi de 28,1 x 10-6 cm/s, em uma das condições do planejamento estatístico utilizando segmento final da membrana epitelial da rã. No caso do aciclovir, o resultado de Papp de 0,48 x 10-6 cm/s também obtido em uma das condições envolvendo segmento intestinal final da rã foi exatamente igual a o valor 0,48 x 10 - 6 cm/s, encontrado com células Caco-2 no presente estudo e estão de acordo com outros valores disponíveis na literatura por Trapani e colaboradores, 2004 e também com células Caco-2. Para zidovudina o valor de Papp obtido em uma das condições utilizando segmento intestinal inicial da rã, de 13 x 10-6 cm/s, foi a que mais se assemelhou ao obtido pela técnica de células Caco-2, 13,6 x 10-6 cm/s, e também está de acordo com demais dados da literatura.

There are lots of different in vitro technics in the literature using animal intestinal epithelium to estimate permeability of drugs, property that is an important parameter of bioavailabity. Considering that the main objective of…

Advisors/Committee Members: Consiglieri, Vladi Olga.

Subjects/Keywords: Aciclovir; Acyclovir; Antivirais; Antiviral; Caco-2 cells; Células Caco - 2; Epitélio intestinal de rã - touro; Frog intestinal epithelium; Intestinal permeability; Permeabilidade intestinal; Zidovudina; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Souza, P. C. T. d. (2014). Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Souza, Paula Cristina Torres de. “Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Souza, Paula Cristina Torres de. “Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.” 2014. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Souza PCTd. Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Souza PCTd. Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/ ;

Universidad del Rosario

20. Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.

Degree: 2015, Universidad del Rosario

URL: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509

►

Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la… (more)

▼

Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), son importantes tanto para el mejoramiento del bienestar de los pacientes, como para el buen funcionamiento de las instituciones de salud. La presente investigación compara la intervención farmacológica de dos líneas de tratamiento, Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz contra Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir que se encuentran en la recomendación de esquema de primera línea según la Guía Práctica Clínica (2014). Se evaluó el efecto costo-efectivo de estos dos tratamientos basado en el aumento de los niveles de CD4 a lo largo de tres tiempos diferentes (inicial, 6 y 12 meses) y los costos de los medicamentos de acuerdo a los precios en Colombia según el SISMED en el año 2014. Se realizó un análisis de varianza factorial con medidas repetidas, un árbol de decisiones y un análisis de costo-efectividad incremental (ACEI). Se obtuvo información de 546 pacientes, tanto hombres como mujeres, de la Institución Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se encontró que el esquema 1 (Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz) fue considerado más efectivo y menos costoso que el tratamiento 2 (Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir), sin embargo no se evidenció una alta frecuencia de efectos adversos que pueda contribuir a la escogencia de un tratamiento u otro. De acuerdo a estos resultados la institución o los médicos tratantes tienen una alternativa farmacoeconómica para la toma de decisión del tratamiento a utilizar y así iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de pacientes que conviven con VHI con carga viral indetectable.

The treatments to increase 4-CD4 differentiation cluster levels in people who are suffering from the disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are important both for the improvement of the wellbeing of the patients, as well as for the proper functioning of the healthcare institutions. The current research compares the pharmacological interventions of two different treatment lines: Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz versus Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil, which are to be found recommended as the first scheme line for treatment in the Clinical Practice Guide (2014).The cost-effectiveness of both treatment lines was evaluated, taking into account their elevation of the CD4 levels throughout three different time periods (initial, 6 and 12 months) and the prices of the medication according to the price lists in Colombia established by the SISMED for 2014. A factorial-variance with repetitive measures analysis was carried out, as well as a decision tree and an incremental cost-effective analysis (ICEA) and information was obtained from 546 patients, men and women, who were attended at the Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S. institution in Bogotá. It was discovered that scheme 1 (Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz) was more effective and less…

Advisors/Committee Members: Conde Martínez, Rafael Enrique.

Subjects/Keywords: Costo-efectividad; Carga viral; Efavirenz; Lamivudina; VIH; Zidovudina; 610; Cost-effectiveness; Viral load; Efavirenz; HIV; Lamivudine; Zidovudine; Infecciones por VIH; Antirretrovirales; Antirretrovirales – Aspectos económicos

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, C. P. (2015). Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. (Thesis). Universidad del Rosario. Retrieved from http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Thesis, Universidad del Rosario. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Freie Universität Berlin

21. Ziske, Judith. Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.

Degree: 2015, Freie Universität Berlin

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965

► Introduction WHO-guidelines from 2006 for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings recommend complex antiretroviral prophylaxis comprising antenatal zidovudine (AZT), nevirapine single-dose (NVP-SD)… (more)

▼ Introduction WHO-guidelines from 2006 for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings recommend complex antiretroviral prophylaxis comprising antenatal zidovudine (AZT), nevirapine single-dose (NVP-SD) at labor onset and AZT/lamivudine (3TC) during labor and one week postpartum. We assessed drug toxicities as haematological alterations and depletion and mutation of mtDNA and analysed the emergence of minor drug- resistant HIV-1 variants in Tanzanian women following complex prophylaxis in a rural area in Tanzania. Methods A cohort of HIV-positive pregnant women either with AZT intake (group 1) or without AZT intake (group 2) was established at Kyela District Hospital, Tanzania. Complete blood counts of mothers and newborns were evaluated during pregnancy, birth, weeks four to six and twelve postpartum. Mitochondrial DNA levels in placentas and umbilical cords were quantified using real-time PCR. We checked for the mitochondrial deletion mtDNA4977. Allele-specific real-time PCR assays specific for HIV-1 subtypes A, C and D were developed to quantify key resistance mutations of AZT (K70R/T215Y/T215F), NVP (K103N/Y181C) and 3TC (M184V) at detection limits of 1%. Results We found statistically significant alterations in blood count during AZT intake in pregnancy. At delivery, the median red blood cell count was significantly lower and the median platelet count was significantly higher in women of group 1 compared to group 2. At birth, infants from group 1 showed a lower median hemoglobin level and granulocyte count. The median mtDNA levels in placentas and umbilical cords of women and infants exposed to AZT were significantly higher than in AZT-unexposed women and infants. The dmtDNA4977 was found in placentas of one woman of each group and in 3 umbilical cords of AZT-unexposed infants but not in umbilical cords of AZT-exposed infants. HIV-1 resistance mutations were detected in 20/50 women, of which 70% displayed minority species. Variants of HIV-1 with AZT-resistance mutations were found in 11/50 (22%), NVP-resistant variants in 9/50 (18%) and 3TC-resistant variants in 4/50 women (8%). Three women harbored resistant HIV-1 against more than one drug. 3/7 vertically infected infants exhibited drug-resistant virus. Conclusion AZT exposure during pregnancy as well as after birth resulted in significant hematological alterations for women and their newborns, although these changes were mostly mild and transient in nature. Antenatal AZT intake did not increase the risk for the common mitochondrial deletion dmtDNA4977. Complex prophylaxis resulted in lower levels of NVP-selected resistance as compared to NVP-SD, but AZT-resistant HIV-1 emerged in a substantial proportion of women. Advisors/Committee Members: [email protected] (contact), w (gender), N. N. (firstReferee), N. N. (furtherReferee).

Subjects/Keywords: antiretroviral prophylaxis; HIV-1; mother-to-child transmission; Zidovudine; Lamivudine; Nevirapine; drug toxicities; 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Ziske, J. (2015). Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. (Thesis). Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ziske, Judith. “Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.” 2015. Thesis, Freie Universität Berlin. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ziske, Judith. “Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.” 2015. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Ziske J. Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. [Internet] [Thesis]. Freie Universität Berlin; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ziske J. Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to- child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. [Thesis]. Freie Universität Berlin; 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

22. Yamashiro, Juliana. Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática.

Degree: Mestrado, Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, 2014, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02062014-114612/ ;

►

INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) é a manifestação neurológica mais descrita da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Embora o risco de seu desenvolvimento… (more)

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INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) é a manifestação neurológica mais descrita da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Embora o risco de seu desenvolvimento ao longo da vida do portador dessa retrovirose seja pequeno, 2% a 5%, tal afecção pode causar um importante comprometimento funcional e prejuízo na qualidade de vida. Dadas as exigências atuais por melhores cuidados de saúde, os profissionais de saúde frequentemente empregam diferentes terapêuticas disponíveis para tratar pacientes com HAM/TSP, dentre os quais se destacam as drogas imunomoduladoras, visando reduzir a incapacidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos. Porém, ainda não há consenso sobre qual seria a melhor intervenção e, quando indicado, qual o melhor imunomodulador para o tratamento da HAM/TSP. MÉTODOS: Com o propósito de buscar-se evidência da eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da HAM/TSP, foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Clínicos Controlados. Selecionaram-se estudos relevantes, sem restrição de idioma e publicados até em 31/01/13. Além disso, foi realizada busca manual das referências bibliográficas dos estudos selecionados. RESULTADOS: Três ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram analisados: dois deles abordando a eficácia do interferon alfa e um de zidovudina associada à lamivudina. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes que receberam 3,0 milhões de UI de interferon alfa, pela via intramuscular, uma vez por dia, durante 28 dias consecutivos, apresentaram melhora temporária do comprometimento funcional e do distúrbio urinário, quando comparados aos que receberam 0,3 ou 1,0 milhão de UI de interferon alfa, e apresentaram efeitos adversos toleráveis e temporários. A intensidade da melhora e o tempo do benefício dependeram do grau de comprometimento funcional e urinário prévio ao estudo. Os pacientes que receberam 300 mg de zidovudina e 150 mg de lamivudina, pela via oral, duas vezes por dia, durante 24 semanas, não apresentaram melhora significativa do comprometimento funcional, da dor em membros inferiores ou do distúrbio urinário, quando comparados aos pacientes que receberam placebo. A literatura revisada mostrou-se escassa e heterogênea no que se refere às drogas utilizadas e à dosagem, bem como nos desfechos clínicos avaliados. Em função disso, não se realizou metanálise. Conclui-se que não há evidência definitiva de eficácia do uso de imunomoduladores para o tratamento da HAM/TSP

BACKGROUND: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the most frequently described neurological manifestation of this retroviral infection. Even through the lifetime risk of HTLV-1 carries developing HAM/TSP is low (2% to 5%) this condition may cause significant disability and compromise quality of life. Given current demands for better health care, health professionals often use different…

Advisors/Committee Members: Segurado, Aluisio Augusto Cotrim.

Subjects/Keywords: Ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados com assunto; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Interferon alfa; Interferon-alpha; Lamivudina; Lamivudine; Paraparesia espástica tropical/terapia; Randomized trial; Revisão sistemática; Systematic review; Tropical spastic paraparesis/therapy; Vírus 1 linfotrópico T humano; Zidovudina; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Yamashiro, J. (2014). Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02062014-114612/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yamashiro, Juliana. “Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02062014-114612/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yamashiro, Juliana. “Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática.” 2014. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Yamashiro J. Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02062014-114612/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Yamashiro J. Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02062014-114612/ ;

23. Taborianski, Andréia Montoro. Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas.

Degree: Mestrado, Produção e Controle Farmacêuticos, 2003, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/ ;

►

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida é causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e é caracterizada por provocar depleção física e funcional do sistema imune do… (more)

▼

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida é causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e é caracterizada por provocar depleção física e funcional do sistema imune do organismo, através da infecção citopática de células CD4+. Muitos fármacos anti-retrovirais tem sido desenvolvidos e estão disponíveis comercialmente. Para atuar no controle de qualidade de medicamentos deve-se continuamente estudar o desenvolvimento e a validação de novas metodologias para quantificação de fármacos, para serem aplicadas nos estudos de estabilidade de formulações farmacêuticas e na análise de produtos de degradação. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas técnicas analíticas, a espectrofotometria direta no UV/VIS e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), para a determinação quantitativa de zidovudina (AZT) e estavudina (d4T).em medicamentos. Ambos os métodos foram validados com relação à linearidade, exatidão, precisão, especificidade e limite de detecção e quantificação. O método validado para a CLAE foi também empregado para a determinação quantitativa da timina, produto de degradação do AZT e da d4T. A metodologia validada por CLAE foi utilizada na realização de estudos de estabilidade acelerada dos anti-retrovirais contidos nas diferentes preparações farmacêuticas. Realizou-se o estudo da estabilidade em três diferentes condições: temperatura ambiente, 40 °C / 75% UR e 50 °C / 90% UR. Tanto a zidovudina (Fabricante A) e estavudina (Fabricante B) apresentaram decaimento cinético de zero ordem com prazos de validade a 50 °C / 90% UR de 10, 3 e 2 meses, respectivamente.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by causing physical and functional depletion of the organisms immune system, through the cytophatic infection of CD4+ cells. Several antiretroviral drugs has been developed and commercially made available. In order to assure the quality control of drugs it is necessary to develop and validate new analytical methodologies to perform the quantitative determination of drugs and stability studies of pharmaceutical formulations by determining the drug itself and its degradation products. In this research two analytical techniques, direct UV/VIS spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were used for the quantitative determination of zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) in pharmaceutical preparations. Both methods were validated and parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification, were determined. The validated HPLC method was also applied for quantitative determination of timine, a degradation product of AZT and d4T. The validated HPLC method was applied to accelerate stability studies of AZT and d4T in different pharmaceutical preparations. The stability studies were performed at three different conditions: room temperature, 40 °C / 75% RH and 50 °C / 90% RH. Both AZT and d4T (Industry A) and d4T (Industry B) pharmaceutical preparations presented a zero order degradation reaction. The three formulations presented a…

Advisors/Committee Members: Santoro, Maria Ines Rocha Miritello.

Subjects/Keywords: accelerated stability studies; estavudina; estudos de estabilidade acelerada; stavudine; validação de métodos analíticos; validation of analytical methods; zidovudina; zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Taborianski, A. M. (2003). Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Taborianski, Andréia Montoro. “Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas.” 2003. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Taborianski, Andréia Montoro. “Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas.” 2003. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Taborianski AM. Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2003. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Taborianski AM. Validação de métodos para análise e estudos de estabilidade de anti-retrovirais em preparações farmacêuticas. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2003. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-15102003-165120/ ;

24. Araújo, Adriano Antunes de Souza. Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT).

Degree: PhD, Produção e Controle Farmacêuticos, 2003, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16012015-113728/ ;

► Pouco mais de 20 anos marcam a disseminação da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) em todo o mundo. Durante este período, avanços reais… (more)

▼ Pouco mais de 20 anos marcam a disseminação da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) em todo o mundo. Durante este período, avanços reais no diagnóstico, na clínica e na terapêutica podem ser observados como, por exemplo, a disponibilidade de 14 fármacos potencialmente ativos no combate direto ao vírus. Embora, nos últimos anos, os progressos no tratamento de pacientes infectados pelo HIV e/ou doentes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) tenham sido significativos, novos estudos mostram-se importantes na área de Fármacos e Medicamentos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar a tecnologia farmacêutica à produção e controle de fármacos e medicamentos anti-HIV/AIDS, em especial a zidovudina (AZT). A utilização de diversas técnicas físico-químicas e analíticas possibilitou o desenvolvimento de estudos relacionados à avaliação da estabilidade e decomposição térmica do AZT, de excipientes e de misturas físicas utilizadas para a obtenção de formas farmacêuticas sólidas; caracterização dos produtos sólidos e voláteis do processo de degradação térmica do AZT; determinação do grau de pureza, faixa de fusão e variação dos valores de entalpia de fusão de princípios ativos de AZT de diferentes procedências; síntese e caracterização de compostos de inclusão de AZT com ciclodextrinas e com sais de lantanídeos caracteristicamente luminescentes; avaliação da estabilidade acelerada e a longo prazo de cápsulas de AZT disponíveis no mercado brasileiro; determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos da decomposição térmica do conteúdo das cápsulas de AZT. O método de planejamento fatorial foi utilizado na avaliação estatística dos dados de cinética obtidos por termogravimetria (TG) não-isotérmica. Os estudos de pré-formulação indicaram que não há interação entre o AZT e a maioria dos excipientes testados. Algumas alterações nos perfis termoanalíticos foram observadas em relação aos excipientes PEG 4000, 6000 e 20000, PVP, sorbitol e polióxido de etileno (polyox30®). No processo de decomposição térmica do AZT destaca-se a formação de timina. A utilização do sistema simultâneo e acoplado TG/DTA-GC/MS viabilizou a identificação de furano e 2-furanometanol como produtos voláteis. Os ensaios de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) permitiram a determinação da temperatura de fusão (118,0 a 122,9°C), do ΔHfusão (valor médio 30 kJ.min-1) e da percentagem de pureza (97,5 a 99,8%) para seis amostras comerciais do fármaco. O complexo de inclusão com β-ciclodextrina pode ser formado pela solubilização das espécies em meio aquoso e posterior obtenção do produto sólido por liofilização ou secagem à pressão reduzida. A interação não ocorre pela simples mistura mecânica das espécies. Foram preparados complexos de tenoiltrifluoracetonatos (TTA) de terras raras (Eu3+ e Sm3+) com AZT que apresentam alta luminescência. Os dados de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) do complexo [RE(TTA)3·(AZT)2] sugerem que o ligante está coordenado ao íon de terra rara pelo átomo de nitrogênio do grupo azido. Os… Advisors/Committee Members: Matos, Jivaldo do Rosario, Storpirtis, Silvia.

Subjects/Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV; HIV; Medicamento (Análise); Medicine (analysis); Síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida; Zidovudina (Análise); Zidovudine (analysis)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Araújo, A. A. d. S. (2003). Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16012015-113728/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Araújo, Adriano Antunes de Souza. “Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT).” 2003. Doctoral Dissertation, University of São Paulo. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16012015-113728/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Araújo, Adriano Antunes de Souza. “Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT).” 2003. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Araújo AAdS. Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2003. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16012015-113728/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Araújo AAdS. Análise térmica e determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de preparações farmacêuticas e novas especialidades de zidovudina (AZT). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2003. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16012015-113728/ ;

25. Anil Kumar, U. R. Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.

Degree: 2008, University of Mysore

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457

newline

Advisors/Committee Members: Basavaiah, K..

Subjects/Keywords: Body Fluids; Gatifloxacin Sesquihydrate; HPLC Methods; HPLC-MS-MS Methods; Organic Therapeutic Agents; Raloxifene Hydrochloride; Spectrophotometric Methods; Titrimetric Methods; Zidovudine

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Anil Kumar, U. R. (2008). Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. (Thesis). University of Mysore. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Anil Kumar, U R. “Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.” 2008. Thesis, University of Mysore. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Anil Kumar, U R. “Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.” 2008. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Anil Kumar UR. Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2008. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Anil Kumar UR. Development and validation of some physical and chemical methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2008. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro

26. KATIA CHRISTINA LEANDRO ANTUNES. [en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE.

Degree: 2004, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro

URL: http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5571

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[pt] O comportamento eletroquímico e o desenvolvimento de metodologias eletroanalíticas para a determinação de zidovudina (AZT), lamivudina (3TC) e zalcitabina (DDC) em medicamentos foram investigados… (more)

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[pt] O comportamento eletroquímico e o desenvolvimento de metodologias eletroanalíticas para a determinação de zidovudina (AZT), lamivudina (3TC) e zalcitabina (DDC) em medicamentos foram investigados no presente trabalhoatravés de técnicas voltamétricas. Estas substâncias possuem atividade antiretroviral, sendo utilizadas no tratamento de indivíduos portadores de HIV. AZT, 3TC e DDC sofrem redução na superfície do eletrodo de mercúrio. Ainfluência dos parâmetros eletroquímicos, tais como, velocidade de varredura, amplitude, natureza do eletrólito suporte e pH foram estudados para selecionar as melhores condições para quantificar estes princípios ativos em formulações farmacêuticas. A redução da zidovudina ocorre em apenas uma etapa, sendo esta atribuída à redução do grupo azida (-N3), originando em um pico de potencial de-970 mV vs Ag/AgCl (3 mol L-1), utilizando tampão fosfato, pH 8,0. A faixa linear encontrada foi de 0,25 a 1,25 mg L-1. O mecanismo de redução da zidovudina envolve a participação de 4 elétrons e 2 prótons. Adicionalmente novos estudos eletroquímicos foram desenvolvidos para a determinação de lamivudina e de zalcitabina através da voltametria em pulso diferencial em tampão Clark-Lubs, pH 2,0, onde se obteve um pico no potencial de -1160 e -1180 mV, respectivamente. Lamivudina obteve faixa linear de 2,28 a 8,85 mg L-1 e zalcitabina de 10,0 a 23,3 mg L-1. O mecanismo de redução destas drogas envolve a participação de números iguais de prótons e elétrons. Todas as metodologias desenvolvidas também foram validadas.

[en] The electrochemical behaviour and the development of an analytical methodology for the zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and zalcitabine (DDC)determination in drugs using voltammetrics techniques were the objectives of the current study. These drugs have been extensively used in the treatment of HIV patients because its antiretroviral activity. The AZT, 3TC and DDC are reduced at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The influence of electroanalytical parameters such as, scan rate, amplitude, nature of the support electrolyte and pH in the signal was verified to select the best conditions for quantifying these drugs in pharmaceutical forms. The obtained results had showed AZT, in solution of pH 8.0 of phosphate buffer, with only one reduction in -970 mV vs Ag/AgCl (3 mol L-1). This peak is due to reduction of the azido group present on zidovudine molecule. The linear range of standards is from 0.25 to 1.25 mg L-1. The electrodic mechanism involving the participation of 4 electrons and 2 protons in the reduction of AZT molecules. News studies were development for lamivudine and zalcitabine determination by differential pulse voltammetry in solution of pH 2.0 of Clark-Lubs buffer, with only one reduction in - 1160 and -1180 mV, respectively. Lamivudine has been the linear range of standards from 2.28 to 8.85 mg L-1 and zalcitabine from 10.0 to 23.3 mg L-1. The mechanism of these drugs involving the participation of the same number of electrons and protons. All these analytical…

Advisors/Committee Members: PERCIO AUGUSTO MARDINI FARIAS.

Subjects/Keywords: [pt] ZIDOVUDINA; [en] ZIDOVUDINE; [pt] VOLTAMETRIA; [en] VOLTAMMETRY; [pt] ANTIRETROVIRAIS; [en] ANTIRETROVIRAL; [pt] LAMIVUDINA; [en] LAMIVUDINE; [pt] ZALCITABINA; [en] ZALCITABINE

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

ANTUNES, K. C. L. (2004). [en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE. (Thesis). Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5571

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

ANTUNES, KATIA CHRISTINA LEANDRO. “[en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE.” 2004. Thesis, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5571.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

ANTUNES, KATIA CHRISTINA LEANDRO. “[en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE.” 2004. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

ANTUNES KCL. [en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE. [Internet] [Thesis]. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; 2004. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5571.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

ANTUNES KCL. [en] DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROANALYTICALS METODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND ZALCITABINE. [Thesis]. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; 2004. Available from: http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5571

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Luleå University of Technology

27. Kerttu, Marie. Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie.

Degree: 2009, Luleå University of Technology

URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-55524

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Subjects/Keywords: Medicine; Medicin; HIV; HIV-infection; Antiretroviraltherapy; Zidovudine; Highly Active Antiretrovirla terapy; HIV-1; Monotherapy

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kerttu, M. (2009). Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie. (Thesis). Luleå University of Technology. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-55524

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kerttu, Marie. “Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie.” 2009. Thesis, Luleå University of Technology. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-55524.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kerttu, Marie. “Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie.” 2009. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Kerttu M. Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie. [Internet] [Thesis]. Luleå University of Technology; 2009. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-55524.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kerttu M. Utveckling av behandlingsstrategier för HIV-1 smittade i Sverige från 1980-talet till idag 2009 : en litteraturstudie. [Thesis]. Luleå University of Technology; 2009. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-55524

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of South Africa

28. Shoopala, Naemi Ndahambemlela. Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia .

Degree: 2012, University of South Africa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6082

► The aim of this study was to assess the extent on how effective was the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: HIV; Nevirapine; Exclusive breastfeeding; HIV virus transmission; Zidovudine; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Antepartum; Intrapartum; Postpartum; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Nevirapine; Challenges; Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Namibia

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Shoopala, N. N. (2012). Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia . (Doctoral Dissertation). University of South Africa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6082

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shoopala, Naemi Ndahambemlela. “Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia .” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Africa. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6082.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shoopala, Naemi Ndahambemlela. “Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia .” 2012. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Shoopala NN. Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of South Africa; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6082.

Council of Science Editors:

Shoopala NN. Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Oshakati District Health Centre in the Republic of Namibia . [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of South Africa; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6082

University of Florida

29. Aleixo, Lucia Fernandes. HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Degree: 1996, University of Florida

URL: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00026564

Subjects/Keywords: AIDS; Blood; Diseases; DNA; HIV; HIV 1; Infants; Infections; Monocytes; T lymphocytes; Antigens, CD14 ( mesh ); CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ( mesh ); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine thesis Ph.D ( mesh ); Disease Reservoirs ( mesh ); Disease Transmission, Vertical ( mesh ); HIV Infections ( mesh ); HIV Infections – etiology ( mesh ); HIV Infections – transmission ( mesh ); HIV-1 – pathogenicity ( mesh ); Infant ( mesh ); Monocytes ( mesh ); Pregnancy ( mesh ); Zidovudine – pharmacology ( mesh ); Zidovudine – therapeutic use ( mesh )

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Aleixo, L. F. (1996). HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes. (Thesis). University of Florida. Retrieved from http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00026564

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Aleixo, Lucia Fernandes. “HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes.” 1996. Thesis, University of Florida. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00026564.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Aleixo, Lucia Fernandes. “HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes.” 1996. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Aleixo LF. HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Florida; 1996. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00026564.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Aleixo LF. HIV-1 maternal transmission and pediatric disease occur in the absence of detectable infection in CD14+ monocytes and in direct association with proviral copy number in CD4+ T lymphocytes. [Thesis]. University of Florida; 1996. Available from: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00026564

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of South Africa

30. Skhosana, Thabang Johannes. A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole.

Degree: 2000, University of South Africa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16052

► This dissertation is a challenge to the Pentecostal churches, particularly, the Apostolic Faith Mission Church in Tumahole, to take an action in meeting the challenges… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: AFM: The Apostolic Faith Mission Of South Africa; AIDS: Acquired Immunedeficiency Syndrome; ARC: AIDS Related Complex (sicknesses); AZT: Zidovudine Drug; HIV: Human Immunedeficiency Virus; SIV: Simian Immunedeficiency Virus (virus with the same characteristics as HlV, but found in chimpanzee); TB: Tuberculosis; TLC: Transitional Local Council; PCP: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia; WHO: World Health Organisation

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Skhosana, T. J. (2000). A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole. (Masters Thesis). University of South Africa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16052

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Skhosana, Thabang Johannes. “A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole.” 2000. Masters Thesis, University of South Africa. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16052.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Skhosana, Thabang Johannes. “A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole.” 2000. Web. 13 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Skhosana TJ. A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of South Africa; 2000. [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16052.

Council of Science Editors:

Skhosana TJ. A pentecostal response to the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Tumahole. [Masters Thesis]. University of South Africa; 2000. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16052

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Open Access Theses and Dissertations