subject:(Williston Basin)

University of Houston

1. Herrera, Henry 1985-. A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2013, University of Houston

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1294

► The Williston Basin is a Phanerozoic intracratonic basin located in the northern USA (North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana) and southern Canada (Manitoba and Saskatchewan).… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Basin models; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Herrera, H. 1. (2013). A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY. (Masters Thesis). University of Houston. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1294

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Herrera, Henry 1985-. “A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Houston. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1294.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Herrera, Henry 1985-. “A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY.” 2013. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Herrera H1. A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Houston; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1294.

Council of Science Editors:

Herrera H1. A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY. [Masters Thesis]. University of Houston; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1294

Colorado School of Mines

2. Bazzell, Aaron. Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geology and Geological Engineering, 2014, Colorado School of Mines

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/442

► The Three Forks Formation of the Williston Basin in North Dakota is currently of interest to the petroleum industry and can be subdivided into three… (more)

▼ The Three Forks Formation of the Williston Basin in North Dakota is currently of interest to the petroleum industry and can be subdivided into three units: upper, middle, and lower. The Three Forks is Devonian in age and lies stratigraphically below the Bakken Formation. The upper 50ft of the Three Forks is included in the Bakken Petroleum System. The upper and middle units of the Three Forks are the focus of this study. These units can be subdivided into four lithofacies: (1) a green to gray or red mudstone, (2) a disrupted to mottled, interbedded silty dolostone and mudstone, (3) a silty, tan dolostone, (4) and an interbedded silty dolostone and mudstone. The middle Three Forks consists of a deepening upwards sequence capped by a basin wide mudstone marker. The upper Three Forks represents a shallowing upwards sequence capped by an intertidal lithofacies. The Three Forks contains environments ranging from supratidal to a restricted, basinal mudstone. The Three Forks, primarily the middle, contains multiple brecciated units that are predominantly the result of reworking of sediments through storm influence. These brecciated units are most commonly found in lithofacies TF2 and TF3, and grade from intraclasts in disrupted dolostone beds to floating clasts in mudstones; however the clasts themselves rarely exhibit any grading. In addition to storm reworking, there are brecciated units in the upper Three Forks that appear to be the result of dissolution collapse. The Three Forks is a petrophysically complex unit to evaluate, as it contains thin bedded sequences, clays, and conductive minerals that all contribute to inherently low resistivity values. To evaluate water saturation in the Three Forks, all the input variables are analyzed and compared to core data. The density porosity curve demonstrates a favorable comparison to core data when a matrix density of 2.78 g/cm3 is applied. Resistivity is corrected for the presence of pyrite, and other variables are determined using the triple porosity model. All of these inputs lead to the development of a pseudo-Archie equation for evaluation of fluids within the upper and middle Three Forks that compares favorably to core saturations. In addition to water saturation, a Vsh log is created which demonstrates that the upper Three Forks contains a lower mud content than the middle Three Forks. Data from core indicates that the middle Three Forks has slightly higher porosities and permeabilities, 6.9% and 0.198md, than the upper Three Forks, 6.4% and 0.070md. However, fluid saturations from core and log analyses indicate that the upper Three Forks has a higher hydrocarbon potential. Regional mapping of the petrophysical attributes and isopachs reveal that the hydrocarbon potential of the Three Forks is stratigraphically constrained. Thickness of the source rock, the Lower Bakken Shale, and stratigraphical vertical distance from the source are the most important factors for hydrocarbon potential within the upper units of the Three Forks. While stratigraphical constraints are the… Advisors/Committee Members: Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (advisor), Meckel, Lawrence D. (committee member), Hendricks, Michael L. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Formations (Geology) – Williston Basin; Lithofacies – Williston Basin; Breccia – Williston Basin; Sedimentation and deposition – Williston Basin; Permeability; Porosity; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bazzell, A. (2014). Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A. (Masters Thesis). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/442

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bazzell, Aaron. “Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11124/442.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bazzell, Aaron. “Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.” 2014. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Bazzell A. Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/442.

Council of Science Editors:

Bazzell A. Origin of brecciated intervals and petrophysical analyses: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/442

3. Ricker, Faye N. Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2015, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/246

► Understanding the thermal regime of a large intracontinental basin such as the Williston Basin can be enhanced by analysis of the relationships among radiogenic… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Terrestrial heat flow – Williston Basin; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ricker, F. N. (2015). Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/246

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ricker, Faye N. “Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/246.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ricker, Faye N. “Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ricker FN. Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/246.

Council of Science Editors:

Ricker FN. Geothermal regime of the Williston Basin in North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/246

4. Stevenson, Dilyn. Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2018, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2432

► Results from source rock analysis and sequence stratigraphy techniques suggest the lower Tyler Formation in McKenzie County, North Dakota is a deltaic dominated environmental… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Source Rock; Tyler Formation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Stevenson, D. (2018). Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/2432

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Stevenson, Dilyn. “Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2432.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Stevenson, Dilyn. “Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota.” 2018. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Stevenson D. Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2432.

Council of Science Editors:

Stevenson D. Examination Of The Depositional History Of The Lower Tyler Formation (pennsylvanian) And Source Rock Analysis In Mckenzie County, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2018. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2432

5. Sarnoski, Anthony Henry. The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2015, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1957

► The Deadwood Formation is an assemblage of siliciclastic, carbonate, and evaporite sedimentary rocks in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The… (more)

▼ The Deadwood Formation is an assemblage of siliciclastic, carbonate, and evaporite sedimentary rocks in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The majority of the lateral extent of the Deadwood Formation is in the subsurface of the Williston Basin, where it is the basal lithostratigraphic unit. Deposition began roughly 501 million years ago, as the Sauk sequence reached the exposed Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock of the North American Craton. Six identifiable and widespread gamma ray markers occur in the well logs, dividing the formation into six informal units, label members A through F in ascending order. The initial deposits on the craton were conglomerates and sandstones of the Cambrian Member A. These sediments were overlain by glauconite rich, siltstones and fine-grained sandstones of the Cambrian and Ordovician Member B. After the deposition of Member B, three regressive-transgressive sequences took place, depositing a succession of sandstones, limestones, dolomudstones, siliciclastic mudstones, and calcareous siltstones. These deposits represent the Ordovician members, C, D, E and F. Using the thickness, depositional environments, age of each member, and other well information, tectonic subsidence values were determined using backstripping analysis. This analysis was completed by inputting all of the information into NovvaÂ®, a 1D geological modeling software released by Sirius Exploration Geochemistry Inc. Data collected from well logs and core, other data researched by the author, and information from previous works was combined with information and calculations supplied by NovvaÂ®. The results produce an accurate computation of the depositional history for the seven wells that penetrated all six members of the Deadwood Formation and the Precambrian basement. Prior to and at the start of Deadwood deposition the Williston Basin did not exist. Evidence from isopach maps created for each member of the Deadwood Formation and the results from NovvaÂ® concluded that subsidence in the area, now known as the Williston Basin, did not begin until Member C was being deposited. This places the initiation of the Williston Basin to be roughly 485 to 482 million years ago. Advisors/Committee Members: Richard D. LeFever.

Subjects/Keywords: Cambrian; Deadwood; Newporte; Ordovician; Subsidence; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sarnoski, A. H. (2015). The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/1957

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sarnoski, Anthony Henry. “The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1957.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sarnoski, Anthony Henry. “The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Sarnoski AH. The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1957.

Council of Science Editors:

Sarnoski AH. The Stratigraphy And Depositional History Of The Deadwood Formation, With A Focus On Early Paleozoic Subsidence In The Williston Basin. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1957

Colorado State University

6. Mackie, James. Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geosciences, 2013, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/79106

► The Scallion and overlying False Bakken intervals represent the lowermost portion of the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation, a predominantly carbonate unit located in the Williston Basin… (more)

▼ The Scallion and overlying False Bakken intervals represent the lowermost portion of the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation, a predominantly carbonate unit located in the Williston Basin of North Dakota (ND) and Montana (MT) in the US, and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in southern Canada. Macroscopic and microscopic observations allow a subdivision of these mostly fine-grained sediments into five carbonate and two siliciclastic facies. These facies form distinct stratigraphic units that can be traced through western ND and easternmost MT with nodular skeletal wackestones and packstones of the Scallion interval at the base showing a distinct coarsening-upward trend, overlain by between one and three black siliciclastic mudstones with interbedded carbonate mudstones of the False Bakken unit. This lowermost part of the Lodgepole Formation represents mid-ramp to basinal settings of a low-inclination carbonate platform system within the half-enclosed intracratonic Williston Basin. The observed stacking patterns reflect relative sea-level changes that influenced facies distribution within the basin throughout its evolution: the coarsening-upward observed within the Scallion interval shows a general shoaling of the setting during progradation, representing a lowstand systems tract. The False Bakken interval consisting of up to three shale beds with intercalated carbonate mudstones shows a significant fining within the lower Lodgepole Formation depositional system and is interpreted as representing the transgressive systems tract. The subdivision into a maximum of three mudstone units reflects three backstepping parasequences during relative sea-level rise. The subsequent renewed onset of fine-grained carbonate deposition on top of the False Bakken interval reflects deposition during highstand conditions. During burial, the Lodgepole Formation experienced a complex series of diagenetic events with nodule formation, dolomitization, and pressure dissolution being the most prominent. The results of these processes are irregularly distributed both stratigraphically and geographically and play a significant role in reservoir quality of the formation. Advisors/Committee Members: Egenhoff, Sven (advisor), Schutt, Derek (committee member), Rocca, Monique (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: carbonate ramp; sedimentology; Lodgepole Formation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mackie, J. (2013). Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/79106

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mackie, James. “Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/79106.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mackie, James. “Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2013. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Mackie J. Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/79106.

Council of Science Editors:

Mackie J. Sedimentology and diagenesis of the lower Lodgepole Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/79106

Colorado State University

7. Spansel, Joel. 'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geosciences, 2020, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208416

► The lateral facies transition on deep shelves between carbonates and siliciclastic mudstones is largely enigmatic. Based on detailed facies descriptions and interpretations, this study explores… (more)

▼ The lateral facies transition on deep shelves between carbonates and siliciclastic mudstones is largely enigmatic. Based on detailed facies descriptions and interpretations, this study explores which processes have shaped the sedimentary rocks on both sides of this lithological divide, and adds to our understanding of processes operating on deep shelves in general. Both siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the 'False Bakken' and 'Scallion' intervals of the lower Lodgepole Formation in the Williston Basin, ND, can be grouped into twelve facies: these facies are graded argillaceous mudstone (F1), massive siliciclastic-argillaceous mudstone (F2a), massive calcareous-argillaceous mudstone (F2b), bioturbated pyrtitized bioclast-bearing mudstone (F3), lenticular mudstone (F4), bioclast-rich wavy mudstone (F5), siliciclastic siltstone (F6), glauconitic siltstone (F7), calcareous siltstone (F8), massive to bioturbated carbonate mudstone (F9), nodular skeletal wackestone (F10), and laminated skeletal packstone (F11). These facies are here presented in order of increasing grain size, carbonate content, and bioturbation from F1 to F11. They are arranged in three fining- and coarsening-upward units that can be identified throughout the basin within the succession. These twelve facies are interpreted to represent distinct processes on a low-inclined shelf system with carbonate occupying the proximal, and siliciclastic mudstones the distal portions of this transect. An overall decrease in energy is reflected from the proximal carbonate to distal siliciclastic facies in this sedimentary system. Nevertheless, most of the mudstone facies still reflect high energy processes operating within the distal portions of the basin; in fact, only one mudstone facies is interpreted to reflect suspension settling under tranquil conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that storm wave base is best placed within the distal siliciclastic mudstones instead of in the proximal carbonates. Carbonate mudstones, deposited above storm wave base but lacking tempestite deposition are therefore interpreted as having been subject to intense degradation of storm-derived bioclasts. A decrease in oxygen concentration is inferred from proximal carbonates to distal siliciclastics as indicated by the decrease in size and type of burrows; yet, the presence of burrows within the most distal facies belt indicates that at least dysoxic conditions prevailed throughout the Williston Basin during the deposition of the 'False Bakken'. Three transgressions and regressions are identified within this succession based on laterally correlated facies patterns and indicate an overall increase in sea level from the beginning to the end of 'False Bakken' times. Sediment starvation occurred in the northeastern and/or southwestern portions of the basin as indicated by the presence of glauconitic siltstones and/or lenticular mudstones at various locations within the succession. However, a source of sediment input is interpreted to be located in the northwestern part of the basin… Advisors/Committee Members: Egenhoff, Sven (advisor), Sutton, Sally (committee member), von Fischer, Joe (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: mudstone; shale; False Bakken; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Spansel, J. (2020). 'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208416

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Spansel, Joel. “'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208416.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Spansel, Joel. “'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND.” 2020. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Spansel J. 'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208416.

Council of Science Editors:

Spansel J. 'False Bakken' interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND: False Bakken interval- sediment patterns and depositional architecture at the facies boundary between siliciclastic mudstones and carbonates, Lodgepole Formation, Mississippian in the Williston Basin, ND. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208416

8. Hartig, Caitlyn M. Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2015, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/128

► Fracture stimulated enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) can be installed in both crystalline rocks and sedimentary basins. The Red River Formation (Ordovician), which lies between 3.6… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Geothermal resources – Williston Basin – Computer simulation; Hydraulic fracturing – Williston Basin – Computer simulation; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hartig, C. M. (2015). Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/128

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hartig, Caitlyn M. “Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/128.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hartig, Caitlyn M. “Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hartig CM. Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/128.

Council of Science Editors:

Hartig CM. Interplay of porous media and fracture stimulation in sedimentary enhanced geothermal systems : Red River Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2015. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/128

Colorado School of Mines

9. Franklin Dykes, Alyssa. Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin.

Degree: PhD, Geology and Geological Engineering, 2014, Colorado School of Mines

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17031

► This thesis uses a drill core database from a 250 square mile area of North Dakota and Montana to evaluate the depositional environment, stratigraphic development,… (more)

▼ This thesis uses a drill core database from a 250 square mile area of North Dakota and Montana to evaluate the depositional environment, stratigraphic development, provenance, and reservoir quality of the Famennian Three Forks carbonate mudstones. Depositional environments and lithofacies include the following. Schizohaline, storm dominated intrashelf deposits defined by disturbed claystone, dolomudstone, sandstone, laminated mudstone, and distorted to brecciated dolomudstone lithofacies. These lithofacies often contain syneresis cracks, desiccation cracks, high depositional rate features such as convolute bedding and load features, and many scours. Ichnofacies vary from fairweather mobile and sessile feeding traces, early post-storm event escape traces, post-event opportunistic colonizers, and a final return to fairweather colonies. Arid shallow shelf deposits form during times of minimal fluvial and resultant minimal siliciclastic input into the basin, as well as times of evaporation conducive to broad salina, evaporative gypsum deposits. Mudflats rim these two shelf environments. During arid times they commonly contain abundant syndepositional nodular anhydrites and during less arid times they are full of intraclasts that range in abundance and size. Significant autogenic organization of these deposits is inferred to result in high frequency facies variability due to geomorphologic buildups. A major allogenically controlled shift progresses upwards in the stratigraphy as the deposits decrease in evidence of aridity and increase in evidence of fluvial inputs. Detailed correlations and calibrations to regional biostratigraphic studies delineate seven third-order transgressive-regressive cycles within the formation. Calibration to the biostratigraphic timescale facilitates comparison of [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr data to eustatic trends. These data indicate freshwater inputs that also provide more radiogenic Sr than the well-mixed global curve. Additionally [delta][superscript 34]S values across chronostratigraphically equivalent Famennian deposits in western North America corroborate this conclusion. Quantitative mineralogy trends, siliciclastic grain size comparisons, and [epsilon][subscript Nd] values support a primary fluvial system of sediments derived and progressively recycled from the Ellesmerian and Caledonian orogens north of the Canadian Shield as the primary siliciclastic sources. Some petrographic trends however do suggest some ephemeral drainage behavior from multiple directions surrounding the basin. Gypsum converted to anhydrite was precipitated directly from the fluvially-modified seawater indicated by radiogenically enriched [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr values. Dolomites predominantly formed as automicrites through freshwater mixing and meso- to hypersaline reflux based on elevated [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr values, fluvial input evidence including syneresis and sand pulses, ichnofacies and bedded evaporites. Automicrite nucleated through biological processes… Advisors/Committee Members: Sarg, J. F. (J. Frederick) (advisor), Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (advisor), Humphrey, John D. (committee member), Kazemi, Hossein (committee member), Skinner, Orion (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Famennian; Williston Basin; Three Forks Formation; sedimentology; Epeiric sea; reservoir characterization; Sedimentology – Williston Basin; Lithofacies – Williston Basin; Mudstone – Williston Basin; Carbonate rocks – Williston Basin; Sequence stratigraphy; Drill core analysis; Hydrocarbons – Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Franklin Dykes, A. (2014). Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17031

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Franklin Dykes, Alyssa. “Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17031.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Franklin Dykes, Alyssa. “Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin.” 2014. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Franklin Dykes A. Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17031.

Council of Science Editors:

Franklin Dykes A. Deposition, stratigraphy, provenance, and reservoir characterization of carbonate mudstones: the Three Forks Formation, Williston Basin. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17031

10. Winczewski, Laramie M. Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin.

Degree: PhD, Geology, 1982, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/329

► Outcrop and test hole data for 225 sites in a 33,700-km² area of southwestern North Dakota were examined. Seven sedimentation intervals were identified for… (more)

▼ Outcrop and test hole data for 225 sites in a 33,700-km² area of southwestern North Dakota were examined. Seven sedimentation intervals were identified for the Paleocene Bullion Creek and Sentinel Butte Formations. The intervals extend from the top of the Harmon coal (lower Bullion Creek) to the top of the Twin Buttes coal (upper Sentinel Butte). Each interval consists of medium and fine elastics underlying a persistent lignite coal, or some other lithology at the stratigraphic position of the coal. Clastics are finer-grained upwards within intervals and within both formations to the upper Sentinel Butte. Sand-rich zones align northwest-southeast, parallel to the axis of the Williston Basin. Southwest of the axis, clay and silt dominate, and coal beds are few but thick; to the northeast, fine sand and silt dominate, and coal beds are many but thin. The Williston Basin received sediments whenever the Powder River Basin fluvial system episodically diverted between the Cedar Creek and Nesson Anticlines. Flow was initially southeasterly along the axis of the basin, beginning each new sedimentation interval. Northwest-southeast-trending sandy belts resulted, and thick, single-bedded coals formed southwest of the axis. As sediments accumulated, the base level migrated north, forcing the system to flow easterly to northeasterly, down regional paleoslope. Diffuse, distributary-like sandy belts resulted, and thin coals, in multiple beds, formed northeast of the axis. Finally, sediment accumulation choked the diversion, and only a small amount of sediment entered the area. Fine and limy elastics and capping coals were deposited at the top of the interval. During Bullion Creek time, the basin axis plunged southeast and the basin depocenter was south of Billings County, near what is now the southern edge of the basin. Anticlines in Billings County were not actively rising during Bullion Creek time. During Sentinel Butte time, the anticlines rose, but at less than the rate of basin subsidence. The depocenter migrated northeast to east of Billings County. After Sentinel Butte time, the southern end of the basin rose, producing the present subcircular southern margin and reversing the plunge of the basin axis to its present direction. The depocenter moved northwest to its present position north of Billings County. Advisors/Committee Members: A.M. Cvancara.

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Stratigraphic – Paleocene; Geology – Williston Basin; Petrology – Williston Basin; Coal – Williston Basin; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Winczewski, L. M. (1982). Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/329

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Winczewski, Laramie M. “Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin.” 1982. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/329.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Winczewski, Laramie M. “Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin.” 1982. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Winczewski LM. Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 1982. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/329.

Council of Science Editors:

Winczewski LM. Paleocene coal-bearing sediments of the Williston Basin, North Dakota : an interaction between fluvial systems and an intracratonic basin. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 1982. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/329

University of Montana

11. Moe, Jeffery A. Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin.

Degree: MS, 1990, University of Montana

URL: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8117

Subjects/Keywords: Clay minerals Williston Basin.; Diagenesis Williston Basin.; Illite Williston Basin.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Moe, J. A. (1990). Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin. (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8117

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Moe, Jeffery A. “Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin.” 1990. Masters Thesis, University of Montana. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8117.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Moe, Jeffery A. “Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin.” 1990. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Moe JA. Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Montana; 1990. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8117.

Council of Science Editors:

Moe JA. Survey of the clay mineralogy and diagenesis in the Williston Basin. [Masters Thesis]. University of Montana; 1990. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8117

Colorado School of Mines

12. Jin, Hui. Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana.

Degree: PhD, Geology and Geological Engineering, 2014, Colorado School of Mines

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/293

► The lower and upper Bakken shales are world class source rocks in the Williston Basin, sourcing reservoirs in the Bakken, upper Three Forks, and lower… (more)

▼ The lower and upper Bakken shales are world class source rocks in the Williston Basin, sourcing reservoirs in the Bakken, upper Three Forks, and lower Lodgepole formations, which comprise the economically significant Bakken Petroleum System (BPS). Lower and upper Bakken shales exhibit a wide range in TOC contents, and the kerogen type present in Bakken shale is primarily Type II. Lower and upper Bakken shales also exhibit vertical recurrent patterns in each shale section. Vanadium and Nickel elements are strongly sensitive to the paleoredox conditions of the depositional setting. The location of maximum flooding surface was identified near the top contact of the lower and upper Bakken shales, where the most enrichment of V and Ni occurs. Oil-generation kinetics were also experimentally derived by the method of hydrous pyrolysis from the immature upper Bakken shale samples. After the whole series of HP experiments, the kinetics (E[subscript a] and A[subscript 0]) of upper Bakken composite sample are summarized as follow: (E[subscript a]= 55.17 kcal/mole and A[subscript 0]= 3.89x10[superscript 27]m.y.[superscript -1]) for unadjusted kinetics and (E[subscript a]= 53.79 kcal/mole and A[subscript 0]= 1.25x10[superscript 27]m.y.[superscript -1]) for adjusted kinetics. After modeling, the adjusted HP kinetics from this study were recommended to apply to the Bakken shales in other areas of the Williston Basin for the estimation of the extent of oil generation. A systematic increase in PI and Tmax and a significant reduction in HI, TOC, and residual kerogen contents with increasing experiment temperatures (thermal maturity) were also observed for both unextracted and extracted rocks. The west-east cross-section through the Parshall Field indicate that Bakken shales in the Parshall area are immature with very minimal extent of oil generation, but significant amount of oil resources are discovered in this area. So, most of the produced oil was probably migrated from deeper areas, because just west to the Parshall/Sanish area, there are much more mature Bakken shales generating and expelling significant amounts of oil, which short laterally migrated to the Parshall Field. It is suggested that the maturity should be the primary control on oil generation and expulsion. Advisors/Committee Members: Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (advisor), Sarg, J. F. (J. Frederick) (committee member), Curtis, John B. (committee member), Prasad, Manika (committee member), LeFever, Julie A. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: kerogen; Bakken shales; kinetics; TOC; Parshall field; maximum flooding surface; Shale – Bakken Formation; Petrology – Williston Basin; Paleontology – Williston Basin; Pyrolysis; Chemical kinetics; Williston Basin; Bakken Formation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jin, H. (2014). Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/293

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jin, Hui. “Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11124/293.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jin, Hui. “Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana.” 2014. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Jin H. Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/293.

Council of Science Editors:

Jin H. Source rock potential of the Bakken shales in the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado School of Mines; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/293

13. Zhou, Xue J. Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation.

Degree: PhD, Geology, 2011, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/333

► Geomechanical analysis is one of the fundamental pillars to build up the confidence of geological sequestration of CO2. Large scale CO2 sequestration in deep… (more)

▼ Geomechanical analysis is one of the fundamental pillars to build up the confidence of geological sequestration of CO2. Large scale CO2 sequestration in deep carbonate formation is a complicated geological process, which will non-reversibly transform the presumed equivalent and stable status of a sedimentary basin that formed over millions of years: chemically, hydraulically, geothermally, and geomechanically. In this dissertation, thermoporoelasticity guides the theoretical establishment of a conservative baseline for the geomechanical stability analysis of CO2 sequestration. Extensive laboratory tests, including CO2 flooding tests, permeability tests, uniaxial and triaxial tests, Brazilian tensile strength tests, poroelasticity tests, point load tests, and fracture toughness tests, etc, were conducted on Indiana limestone and Pierre shale to investigate the effects of CO2 sequestration on storage rock and caprock. Numerical simulations using finite difference method of FLAC3D were also conducted to understand the mechanism of strain localization due to pore pressure fluctuation. Based on these laboratory and numerical tests, it is concluded that two mechanisms are competing for rock failures in deep carbonate formations during CO2 sequestration. One is the faulting induced by pore-pressure buildup, and another is the compaction failure because of rock quality deterioration due to exposure to CO2 enriched solution. Fracture toughness measurements on limestone and shale suggest that the fracture toughness of target formation may not be necessarily lower than that of cap rock formation; then the fractures developed in target formation may be easily extended to the cap rock formation, ruining the sealing mechanism. As such, preventing extensive fracturing, and monitoring the seismicity in target formation are essential. Finally, the potential problems of CO2 sequestration in the Williston Basin were investigated. The in-situ stress regime of the Williston Basin was estimated as a mixture of normal and strike-slip faulting regimes, in favor of a vertical or sub-vertical fracture development pattern, which is negative to the CO2 sequestration. However, as the basin is not very close to an incipient failure, compaction failures are expected to be more pronounced, and naturally occurred geological phenomena, stylolites, will help to understand the CO2 sequestration in deep carbonate formation in the long run. Advisors/Committee Members: Z.W. Zeng.

Subjects/Keywords: Geological carbon sequestration – Williston Basin; Greenhouse gas mitigation; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhou, X. J. (2011). Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/333

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhou, Xue J. “Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/333.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhou, Xue J. “Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation.” 2011. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhou XJ. Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/333.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhou XJ. Geomechanical Stability Analysis for Co2 Sequestration in Carbonate Formation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 2011. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/333

14. Wheeling, Spencer. Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Degree: PhD, Geology, 2018, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2379

► The Red River Formation is North Dakotaâs third most productive hydrocarbon unit. The unit has been interpreted to be self-sourced, but the locations of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Dolomitization; Gloeocapsomorpha prisca; Kukersite; Ordovician; Red River Formation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wheeling, S. (2018). Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/2379

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wheeling, Spencer. “Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2379.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wheeling, Spencer. “Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 2018. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Wheeling S. Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2379.

Council of Science Editors:

Wheeling S. Origin And Preservation Of Organic-Rich Zones And Kukersite Beds Of The Red River Formation (Upper Ordovician), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of North Dakota; 2018. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2379

15. Brunson, Daniel Burke. Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2017, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2179

► Past researchers have suggested that elevated heat flow once existed in the Williston Basin during the Eocene Epoch or younger time frame, based on… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Geophysical Modeling; Geothermal; Heat Flow; North Dakota; Thermal Maturity; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Brunson, D. B. (2017). Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/2179

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Brunson, Daniel Burke. “Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2179.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Brunson, Daniel Burke. “Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND.” 2017. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Brunson DB. Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2179.

Council of Science Editors:

Brunson DB. Geophysical Analysis Of The Paleogeothermal Gradient And Heat Flow In The Williston Basin, ND. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2017. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2179

16. Detwiler, Stephen Lockwood. Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geological Engineering, 2018, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2197

► This research employs an integrated geological modeling and numerical simulation method on an ultra-tight rock formation to determine if the surfactant imbibition process is… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Bakken; Geological Model; Geology; Numerical Simulation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Detwiler, S. L. (2018). Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/2197

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Detwiler, Stephen Lockwood. “Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2197.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Detwiler, Stephen Lockwood. “Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota.” 2018. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Detwiler SL. Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2197.

Council of Science Editors:

Detwiler SL. Development Of A Geological And Oil Reservoir Numerical Simulation Model To Predict The Effectiveness Of Surfactant Imbibition Enhanced Oil Recovery For The Bakken Formation In North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2018. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2197

17. Farzaneh, Michael Christopher. Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2017, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2207

► Applying sequence stratigraphy methods to the Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) can yield valuable data about Tyler geological history. The Tyler Formation has 14 facies across… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Paleosol; Pennsylvanian; Sequence Stratigraphy; Tyler Formation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Farzaneh, M. C. (2017). Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/2207

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Farzaneh, Michael Christopher. “Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2207.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Farzaneh, Michael Christopher. “Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota.” 2017. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Farzaneh MC. Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2207.

Council of Science Editors:

Farzaneh MC. Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Tyler Formation (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) In Dickinson Field, Stark County, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2017. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/2207

University of Colorado

18. Herber, Benjamin David. 3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geological Sciences, 2010, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/8

► The Red Wing Creek Field in the Williston Basin was discovered in 1972, and is one of a few well-known petroleum fields in the… (more)

▼ The Red Wing Creek Field in the Williston Basin was discovered in 1972, and is one of a few well-known petroleum fields in the world to produce from a structure associated with a meteorite impact. Interpretation of a 3-D seismic dataset, covering 145 km2 over Red Wing Creek Field, shows that the crater has a diameter of 9.1 km and can be divided into three unique structural zones. First, the central uplift complex has a maximum diameter of 5.1 km, and consists of an uplifted central core, composed entirely of strata of the Mississippian Madison Group, and a flanking inner rim. The seismic reflectivity within the central core is poor, but well log data indicates extensive stratigraphic repetition. The central core is surrounded by an annular rim (1.7 km wide), which is structurally thickened by imbricate thrusts that dip towards the central core. This rim comprises eight distinct radial sectors, segmented by nine high-angle, reverse faults. The second portion of the crater is a depressed annular trough with a maximum diameter of 1.5 km; its inner limit is bounded by antithetic normal faults and its outer limit by concentrically linked normal faults that dip toward the central part of the crater. This group of faults marks the edge of the third zone, the outer rim. The outer rim is slightly uplifted, relatively undisturbed, and its strata dip at a maximum angle of 8° away from the central crater. Through detailed mapping of the stratigraphy and structural features within the Red Wing Creek seismic dataset, a multistep kinematic model of crater formation has been developed. The first step is the contact/compression stage that produced a shockwave, which propagated as deep as the Middle Devonian strata. The next stage was the excavation stage that removed the Upper Mississippian through Triassic/Jurassic section in the central crater. The final stage of formation is the modification stage, which produced most of the structural features, present in the crater’s final morphology (folding, outward directed thrusting, and radial faulting), due to the interaction of the inward collapsing crater walls and the outward collapsing central uplift complex. Advisors/Committee Members: Paul Weimer, Renaud Bouroullec.

Subjects/Keywords: Impact Craters; Meteorite Impacts; Red Wing Creek; Williston Basin; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Herber, B. D. (2010). 3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/8

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Herber, Benjamin David. “3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota.” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/8.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Herber, Benjamin David. “3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota.” 2010. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Herber BD. 3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/8.

Council of Science Editors:

Herber BD. 3D Seismic Interpretation of a Meteorite Impact, Red Wing Creek Field, Williston Basin, Western North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/8

19. Sandberg, Kilynn. Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production.

Degree: MS, Geology, 2016, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1956

► The Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian) is present in the subsurface in the western two-third of North Dakota and conformably overlies the Birdbear Formation… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Depositional Environment; Diagenesis; North Dakota; Three Forks Formation; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sandberg, K. (2016). Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/1956

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sandberg, Kilynn. “Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1956.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sandberg, Kilynn. “Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production.” 2016. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Sandberg K. Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1956.

Council of Science Editors:

Sandberg K. Depositional Environment Of The Top Four Members Of The Three Forks Formation In Northwestern North Dakota, Williston Basin And Its Relation To Variables In Oil Production. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 2016. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/1956

Colorado School of Mines

20. Rolfs, Spencer A. Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geology and Geological Engineering, 2015, Colorado School of Mines

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/20130

► Hydraulic fracturing is widely implemented in unconventional reservoirs. It requires comprehensive characterization of rock properties in order to determine accurate hydraulic fracture design and well… (more)

▼ Hydraulic fracturing is widely implemented in unconventional reservoirs. It requires comprehensive characterization of rock properties in order to determine accurate hydraulic fracture design and well placement. Core analysis has become a critical part of unconventional exploration and development. However, due to the exorbitant costs of core extraction, wireline acoustic logging tools have become the primary source of downhole measurements of geomechanical properties. This study is an integrated approach at defining the core derived geomechanical properties of the Bakken Formation and its relationship with wireline logs, facies characterization, and field scale structural features. The Bakken Petroleum System at Elm Coulee Field is comprised of three formations of upper Devonian to lower Mississippian age: the upper Three Forks, Bakken, and lower Lodgepole (the Scallion Member and the False Bakken) formations. Elm Coulee Field is located in Richland County, Montana and covers 530 square miles on the southwestern margin of the Williston Basin. The Bakken Formation within this field contains three members: the Upper Shale, Middle Bakken silty dolostone, and Lower Shale, with total thicknesses ranging from 8 to 50 feet. Bulk mineralogy provided for this study describes a dolomite-rich interval in the Middle Bakken Member, which is where primary Bakken production occurs within Elm Coulee Field. In order to assist in the upscaling of geomechanical properties to wireline logs, a lithofacies, bulk mineralogy (XRD), and elemental (XRF) analysis were performed using two supplied cores. This information provides insights onto the depositional environment and helps define why specific mechanical components occur in determined zones. Core mechanical analysis was conducted using a micro-rebound hammer, Proceq Bambino, to acquire the Leeb hardness value of the rock. Hardness refers to the measure of resistance to a permanent deformation and can lead to the evaluation of fine-scaled heterogeneity and anisotropy of the rock. To confirm this data, TerraTek supplied core analysis work from TSI scratch testing and confirmed the converted Leeb hardness values with the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values. The UCS values show a direct correlation to the mechanical properties of the formation. The ductile nature of the Upper Bakken Shales represent lower UCS values and the dolomite rich upper Middle Bakken Member display brittle mechanical properties. Log analysis was performed on 25 wells within the study area to create synthetic shear sonic logs by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to train off one well that was supplied with a shear sonic log. Using this new log suite, dynamic geomechanical logs were calculated as well as cluster analysis tagging for all wells. Cross-sections transecting the study area were created to identify the geomechanical properties derived from the cluster analysis in relation to the dynamic logs. Geomechanically ideal reservoir conditions and the ductile nature of the UBS were identified with… Advisors/Committee Members: Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (advisor), Humphrey, John D. (committee member), Davis, Thomas L. (Thomas Leonard), 1947- (committee member), Hart, Bruce (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: geochemical; geophysics; Williston Basin; geomechanics; Bakken formation; seismic

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rolfs, S. A. (2015). Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana. (Masters Thesis). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/20130

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rolfs, Spencer A. “Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11124/20130.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rolfs, Spencer A. “Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rolfs SA. Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/20130.

Council of Science Editors:

Rolfs SA. Integrated geomechanical, geophysical, and geochemical analysis of the Bakken Formation, Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin, Montana. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/20130

University of Arizona

21. Pantano, Christopher Patrick. Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota .

Degree: 2012, University of Arizona

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228441

► Extensive research has been conducted in numerous coalbed methane (CBM) basins; however, the Williston Basin (WB) remains largely unexamined due to the absence of CBM… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: methanogenesis; natural gas; sulfate reduction; Williston Basin; Hydrology; coal; methane

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pantano, C. P. (2012). Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota . (Masters Thesis). University of Arizona. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228441

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pantano, Christopher Patrick. “Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota .” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Arizona. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228441.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pantano, Christopher Patrick. “Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota .” 2012. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Pantano CP. Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Arizona; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228441.

Council of Science Editors:

Pantano CP. Hydrogeochemical Controls on Microbial Coalbed Methane Accumulations in the Williston Basin, North Dakota . [Masters Thesis]. University of Arizona; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228441

University of Montana

22. Phelps, Anna S. FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA.

Degree: MS, 2015, University of Montana

URL: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4529

► The Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Sappington Formation in Montana is a marine unit comprised of lower and upper organic-rich shale members and a middle calcareous… (more)

▼ The Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Sappington Formation in Montana is a marine unit comprised of lower and upper organic-rich shale members and a middle calcareous siltstone member. The Sappington Formation was deposited during a period of complex paleogeography in Montana, characterized by deposition in sub-basins and onlap onto structural highs, and eustatically- and tectonically-driven transgressive-regressive cycles. Detailed outcrop analysis was conducted on the Sappington Formation across the Bridger Range in southwestern Montana to better understand the Sappington Formation depositional system and changing regional paleogeography. The Sappington Formation is further interpreted in a stratigraphic architectural framework to improve the ability to predict hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity within Late Devonian-Early Mississippian strata more regionally. Fourteen facies within the Sappington Formation are identified: 1) organic-rich mudstone and siltstone; 2) silty mudstone; 3) clay-rich, calcareous siltstone; 4) quartzose siltstone, 5) interlaminated siltstone and mudstone; 6) lenticular siltstone and mudstone; 7) wavy siltstone and mudstone; 8) combined flow siltstone; 9) ripple laminated siltstone; 10) convoluted siltstone; 11) tabular siltstone; 12) low-angle-stratified sandstone; 13) fossiliferous dolomite; and 14) oncoid-bearing floatstone. Genetically related facies are assigned to facies associations that generally represent deposition along a wave-storm-dominated prograding shoreface-shelf system sourced from the Beartooth Shelf to the south. Stratigraphic sequences, surfaces, and systems tracts are interpreted based on facies relationships, depositional processes, and regional stratal stacking patterns. The sequence stratigraphic framework includes two full depositional sequences, the oldest including a TST and HST, the second including a TST, HST and FSST, and a third sequence containing a TST and HST continuing into the overlying Lodgepole Formation. Depositional sequences are interpreted to be controlled by glacioeustatic, third-order sea level fluctuations, whereas basin geometry and configuration is inferred to be tectonic in origin. Analysis of facies stacking and stratigraphic architecture indicate significant lateral lithologic heterogeneity on the field and reservoir scale. Observed facies heterogeneity and architectural complexity of the Sappington Formation may help explain hydrocarbon production heterogeneity of the contemporaneous Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin and might have strong implications for new development and secondary recovery for the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin.

Subjects/Keywords: Bakken Formation; Williston Basin; sedimentology; eustacy; paleogeography; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Phelps, A. S. (2015). FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA. (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4529

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Phelps, Anna S. “FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Montana. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4529.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Phelps, Anna S. “FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Phelps AS. FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Montana; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4529.

Council of Science Editors:

Phelps AS. FACIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN SAPPINGTON FORMATION, BRIDGER RANGE, MONTANA. [Masters Thesis]. University of Montana; 2015. Available from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4529

Colorado State University

23. Borcovsky, Damien A. Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geosciences, 2013, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88362

► The early Mississippian age, upper member of the Bakken Formation in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin consists of a succession of organic-rich,… (more)

▼ The early Mississippian age, upper member of the Bakken Formation in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin consists of a succession of organic-rich, black siliciclastic mudstones deposited offshore on a low-gradient ramp or shelf. Based on ichnological and sedimentological characteristics twelve fine-grained facies are recognized within the succession and these are grouped into five reoccurring facies associations. Very fine-grained, massive to faintly laminated mudstone (FA1) records deposition in the deepest, calmest parts of the offshore environment, whereas well laminated mudstones (FA2a), well laminated clay clast-bearing mudstones (FA2b), burrow-mottled mudstone with shells (FA3), and interlaminated siltstone and mudstone (FA4) contain sedimentological evidence that argues for deposition in the shallower, less calm, and generally more proximal parts of the offshore environment. These proximal-offshore mudstones (FA2a, FA2b, FA3, and FA4) reflect (1) variation in overall bottom water oxygen levels from dysoxic to possibly as high as oxic, and (2) lateral variation in the input of silt and clay clasts along the basin margin. Ubiquitous Phycosiphon incertum fecal strings throughout the succession along with patches of small shells and centimeter-scale burrows, and rare agglutinated foraminifera indicate that the upper Bakken member was likely deposited primarily in dysoxic to suboxic basinal conditions, and not within a persistently stratified, anoxic environment. In all facies associations, storm event laminae deposited by bedload processes range from sparse to ubiquitous. Repeated stacking of facies associations, which reflect different offshore energy regimes define up to ten coarsening-upward parasequences mostly 0.15-0.60 m thick. These are bounded by flooding surfaces that can be correlated laterally for at least 300 km through the basin, delimiting individual parasequences. Distinct formation-scale facies changes indicate that the lower half of the succession, herein termed Interval 1, represents the distal expression of a transgressive systems tract and was characterized by high radiolaria productivity with minor silt input during higher order sea level lowstands. The upper half of the succession, herein termed Interval 2 represents the distal expression of the base of a highstand systems tract. In contrast to Interval 1, the Interval 2 mudstones are generally characterized by high clay content, low radiolaria productivity, and intermittent colonization of the sea floor by bivalves and millimeter to centimeter-scale burrowing organisms during higher order sea level lowstands. Core descriptions, radiolaria distribution patterns, x-ray diffraction data and comparisons to other shale plays in the United States of America suggest that mature mudstones in the Interval 1 part of the succession outside of the depocenter, and in isolated silt-rich sub-basins, might be sufficiently brittle and permeable to exploit for hydrocarbons utilizing horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies. Advisors/Committee Members: Egenhoff, Sven (advisor), Harry, Dennis (committee member), von Fischer, Joseph (committee member), Fishman, Neil (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: mudstones; stratigraphy; radiolaria; black shale; lithofacies; Williston Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Borcovsky, D. A. (2013). Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88362

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Borcovsky, Damien A. “Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88362.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Borcovsky, Damien A. “Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A.” 2013. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Borcovsky DA. Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88362.

Council of Science Editors:

Borcovsky DA. Sedimentology, facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of a Mississippian age, black mudstone succession – the upper member of the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, U.S.A. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88362

University of Saskatchewan

24. Tipton, Kristl J 1982-. VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES.

Degree: 2018, University of Saskatchewan

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/11910

► Industry provided and public domain geochemical and isotopic data from 1950 to present day were collected for the purpose of this research. The intent of… (more)

▼ Industry provided and public domain geochemical and isotopic data from 1950 to present day were collected for the purpose of this research. The intent of this study is to better understand the groundwater flow patterns and hydrochemistry in Devonian carbonates within the Saskatchewan and Williston basins. The Birdbear, Duperow, Souris River, and Dawson Bay formations are of interest owing to their proximity to the mining units of the Prairie Evaporite Formation. Due to the undesirable outcomes of groundwater interacting with the soluble minerals of the mining unit, the understanding of the nature of the water contained in the overlying units is of great importance. The creation of a comprehensive database has allowed for graphical as well as spatial analysis of water chemistry data within the basin. In addition, it is now possible to assess for patterns of variation and to attempt to track chemical evolution at a regional scale through the manipulation of this data. By combining data on water chemistry, interpreting the salinity characteristics and expressing the results in a spatial context, information on mineral precipitation, dissolution, and fluid migration were obtained. Patterns found were then utilized to assess regional scale hydrogeology, recharge and discharge. Through a graphical and regional assessment of the stratigraphic hydrochemistry it has been shown that the four units differ. The Birdbear, Duperow, Souris River, and Dawson Bay formations were shown to comprise of an end member type system ranging from meteoric water dominated to original syndepositional evaporated sea water dominated chemistries. Ratios of Na to Cl and Br to Cl, TDS concentrations, as well as δD and δ18O isotope values of water samples have demonstrated Birdbear and Duperow formations have seen the greatest influence from meteoric water input and halite dissolution while the Dawson Bay Formation shows a signature indicative of syndepositional evaporated sea water. The Souris River Formation consists of a mixture of these two end-member hydrochemistries. At a regional scale, the four formations follow known trends in hydrogeology, with recharge indicated in in the south and south west sides of the basins, and discharge in the north and north east along the Manitoba escarpment. Concentrations of TDS also support the location of previously mapped large-scale evaporite dissolution features. It has been shown using TDS, Na/Cl, and δH2/δO18 that the signature of a water sample from a stratigraphic unit in the center of the basin can look identical to that of the signature of a different stratigraphy at the basin edge. Resultant variation in salinities, indicating the different sources of ground water as well as the evolution through various degrees of water rock interaction, has raised questions on the validity of attempting to use chemistry to stratigraphically fingerprint water samples. It has been shown groundwater salinity characteristics have a great degree of variability depending on the location in the basin. Therefore when… Advisors/Committee Members: Ferguson, Grant, Hawkes, Chris, Holmden, Chris, Egglington, Bruce, Elwood, Dave.

Subjects/Keywords: Hydrogeology; Devonian; Fluid Flow; Groundwater; Mixing; Saskatchewan; Elk Point Basin; Williston Basin; Potash

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tipton, K. J. 1. (2018). VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES. (Thesis). University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10388/11910

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tipton, Kristl J 1982-. “VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES.” 2018. Thesis, University of Saskatchewan. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/11910.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tipton, Kristl J 1982-. “VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES.” 2018. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Tipton KJ1. VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/11910.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Tipton KJ1. VARIATIONS IN SALINITY STRUCTURE IN SASKATCHEWAN’S DEVONIAN CARBONATES. [Thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/11910

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Saskatchewan

25. Nadeau, Matthew D 1994-. Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium.

Degree: 2019, University of Saskatchewan

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/12541

► Dolomitized carbonates in the Williston Basin are common below the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation, highlighting the conceivable role of brine reflux as the source… (more)

▼ Dolomitized carbonates in the Williston Basin are common below the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation, highlighting the conceivable role of brine reflux as the source of magnesium (Mg) for dolomitization. However, strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr), and iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in a dolomite body directly below the evaporite (in the Lower Member Winnipegosis Formation near Saskatoon, SK) are inconsistent with its formation using seawater as the source of reactive Mg. It has been proposed instead that the dolomitizing fluids ascended from deep in the basin where sedimentary formation waters may develop very radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios through water-rock interaction with Rb-bearing siliciclastic sediments and old crystalline rocks of the Precambrian basement (Fu et al., 2006). In this thesis, I expand the geographic range of the studied dolomite samples covering most of the northern half of the Williston Basin, and I employed novel stable Mg isotopes (26Mg) as a tracer of the dolomitizing fluids. The main finding is that the Lower Member Winnipegosis records a basin scale gradient in dolomite 26Mg values, with low values (~ –2.0‰) in the deep center of the basin in North Dakota, and higher values (~ –1.3‰) near the outcrop edge of the basin in Manitoba. The 26Mg and 87Sr/86Sr data, when plotted on a geographic map of the Williston Basin and contoured using Surfer® software, reveal a radial pattern of increasing 26Mg values and decreasing 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Using water-rock interaction modeling, I show that the gradients in 26Mg and 87Sr/86Sr formed when hot Mg-bearing and 87Sr-bearing fluids flowed upwards through the Winnipegosis from a source in the center of the basin. The gradient in 87Sr occurs from dilution of the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the dolomitizing fluid by the release of seawater-derived Sr to pore fluids with a lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio along the flow path. The gradient in 26Mg reflects Mg isotope exchange between: (1) an early formed replacive proto-dolomite with a uniform 26Mg value (~ –1.55‰) reflecting its formation at ambient temperature in an open diagenetic system using seawater as a source of reactive Mg (26Mg  0.15‰), and (2) a hot (~90ºC) upwardly ascending Mg-bearing fluid with a lower 26Mg value (~ –0.80‰). The gradient arises from greater exchange occurring between proto-dolomite and fluid at higher cumulative water-rock ratios in the deep basin (closer to the source of reactive Mg) and less exchange occurring near the edges at lower cumulative water-rock ratios. The resulting ~1.0‰ gradient in dolomite 26Mg signifies cryptic mixing between primary and secondary dolomite formed at two different temperatures from Mg bearing fluids with different 26Mg values at two different stages in the basin history. The burial history of the basin is punctuated by heat flow anomalies, with fluid movement indicated by the resetting of thermal remnant magnetizations in dolomite and evaporite minerals within the basin. I speculate that ultramafic rocks supplied Mg to… Advisors/Committee Members: Holmden, Chris, Merriam, Jim, Patterson, Bill, Eglington, Bruce, Immenhauser, Adrian.

Subjects/Keywords: Magnesium Isotopes; Strontium Isotopes; Dolomitization; Winnipegosis Formation; Middle Devonian; Williston Basin; Elk Point Basin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nadeau, M. D. 1. (2019). Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium. (Thesis). University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10388/12541

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nadeau, Matthew D 1994-. “Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium.” 2019. Thesis, University of Saskatchewan. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/12541.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nadeau, Matthew D 1994-. “Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium.” 2019. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Nadeau MD1. Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/12541.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Nadeau MD1. Deciphering the Dolomitization History of the Lower Member Winnipegosis Carbonates: Basin-Scale Gradients in Magnesium and Strontium Isotopes Identify the Deep Structural Center of the Williston Basin as a Source of Reactive Magnesium. [Thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10388/12541

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Colorado School of Mines

26. Jacob, Dayna. Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Geology and Geological Engineering, 2015, Colorado School of Mines

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17146

► The goal of this project is to investigate the effectiveness of using Basement Heat Flow and Platte River Associates, Inc. (PRA) 2014 approach of finding… (more)

▼ The goal of this project is to investigate the effectiveness of using Basement Heat Flow and Platte River Associates, Inc. (PRA) 2014 approach of finding the sediment-water/air interface temperatures to estimate the thermal history. This was carried out by creating 1D wells models in the Williston, Uinta, Paradox, and Norwegian North Sea basins in the BasinMod® software. These models were also used to investigate the effects of different tectonic histories, erosion estimates, and thermal properties of kerogen on thermal indicators in the basin. Multiple scenarios with different settings were carried out on each well model until a model that matched the measured data was produced. A thermal history in each basin was successfully derived. The most reasonable models for the Williston Basin that matched the measured data included either a failed Tertiary rift or a basement conductivity anomaly in order to explain high maturities in the basin center although there is little to no evidence to support either theory. The models for both the Uinta and Paradox basins included thinning of the mantle lid followed by thickening of the crust during the Tertiary due to their location on the Colorado Plateau. Thinning the mantle lid during the Tertiary and having a thin present day mantle lid thickness of 60km was crucial for the maturation of the source rocks in the Uinta Basin model. The temperature histories in these two basins were slightly different because of their different locations on the Colorado Plateau and the deposition of highly conductive salt in the Paradox Basin. In these three basins (Williston, Uinta, Paradox), the rapid deposition of shale in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway created a thermal blanket that either enhanced or hindered maturation of source rocks. For the well models in the North Sea, a thinner mantle lid during the Tertiary was required to mature the source rocks; therefore the models that included a rifting or thinning event later than the Permo-Triassic rift event best matched the measured data. Other conclusions made from the model 1) constrain the amount of erosion in the Williston, Uinta, and Paradox basins, and 2) determine that including the thermal properties of kerogen in the well models would not impact the thermal history especially in thin source rock with lower TOC content. The Basement Heat Flow tool and Platte River Associates, Inc. (PRA) 2014 approach of finding the sediment-water/air interface temperatures were effective in estimating the thermal history. This process of determining the tectonic history of the basin can be complicated by anomalies and hydrodynamic flow but the other factors included in the calculations of the subsurface temperatures and heat flux are valuable in determining the thermal history of the basin. Advisors/Committee Members: Boak, Jeremy (advisor), Trudgill, Bruce, 1964- (committee member), Leonard, Jay E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Uinta Basin; thermal modeling; 1D-modeling; Williston Basin; Paradox Basin; North Sea; Basins (Geology); Heat flux; Temperature; Thermal conductivity; Computer software

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jacob, D. (2015). Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model. (Masters Thesis). Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17146

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jacob, Dayna. “Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17146.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jacob, Dayna. “Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Jacob D. Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17146.

Council of Science Editors:

Jacob D. Investigating the effectiveness of using basement heat flow as a tool for modeling the thermal history of a basin in a 1D basin model. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11124/17146

University of Alberta

27. Toop, David Charles. Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan.

Degree: MS, Department of Geology, 1992, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/70795984z

Subjects/Keywords: Water chemistry – Saskatchewan – Williston Basin.; Hydrogeology – Saskatchewan – Williston Basin.; Groundwater – Saskatchewan.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Toop, D. C. (1992). Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/70795984z

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Toop, David Charles. “Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan.” 1992. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/70795984z.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Toop, David Charles. “Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan.” 1992. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Toop DC. Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 1992. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/70795984z.

Council of Science Editors:

Toop DC. Petroleum hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of south-central Saskatchewan. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 1992. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/70795984z

28. Dumonceaux, Gayle M. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 1984, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/76

► The Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian) is present in the subsurface in the western two-thirds of North Dakota and is generally conformable with the… (more)

▼ The Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian) is present in the subsurface in the western two-thirds of North Dakota and is generally conformable with the underlying Birdbear Formation and the overlying Bakken Formation. The Three Forks attains a maximum thickness of 265 feet (81 meters) in the central basin, east and south of the Nesson Anticline, and thins to an erosional edge in eastern North Dakota. The Three Forks is composed of micrite and dolomicrite, which may be fcssiliferous and argillaceous. From the study of core samples and detailed petrographic analysis of thin sections, five lithofacies were recognized and their extent determined. These lithofacies are: micrite, argillaceous micrite, dolomicrite, argillaceous dolomicrite, and argillaceous biomicrite. Major criteria used in categorization of each lithofacies were fossil biota, sedimentary structures, and other lithologic features. Sedimentation of the Three Forks Formation occurred in an epeiric sea setting. The five lithofacies represent deposition in supralittoral, littoral, and low-energy sublittoral environmen~s. These environments were formed approximately parallel to the periphery of the basin. Of the three energy zones depicted for an epeiric sea depositional setting, the Three Forks is interpreted to have been deposited solely within the most landward, lowest energy zone. Extreme sea level fluctuations and resultant progradations are responsible for the widespread distribution of argillaceous material. Allochthonous material was distributed by wind-generated waves and currents. Repeated transgressions and regressions caused the lateral migration of environments and produced the complex mosaic of lithe, facies. Major diagenetic features within the Three Forks include dolorritization, anhydritization, and calcite recrystallization (neorrorphism). Dolomitization is best accounted for by the evaporative pumping model, which may also have been responsible for anhydrite formation in the supralittoral environment. Eight structural types of anhydrite are present in those rocks interpreted as being deposited in an arid, supralittoral environment. These structural types are: nodular, distorted nodular, bedded nodular, distorted bedded nodular, distorted nodular mosaic, bedded nodular mosaic, distorted mosaic, and bedded massive. Calcite recrystallization involves microspar and pseudospar formation. Advisors/Committee Members: R.D. LeFever.

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Stratigraphic – Devonian; Geology – Williston Basin; Sedimentation and deposition – Williston Basin; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Dumonceaux, G. M. (1984). Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/76

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dumonceaux, Gayle M. “Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 1984. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/76.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dumonceaux, Gayle M. “Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 1984. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Dumonceaux GM. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1984. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/76.

Council of Science Editors:

Dumonceaux GM. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Three Forks Formation (Upper Devonian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1984. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/76

29. Huang, Yue-Chain. Thermal history model of the Williston Basin.

Degree: MS, Geology, 1988, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/143

► The factors that affect the subsurface temperature of a sedimentary basin were investigated by empirical and analytical methods. A review of thermal-mechanical models suggests… (more)

▼ The factors that affect the subsurface temperature of a sedimentary basin were investigated by empirical and analytical methods. A review of thermal-mechanical models suggests that the Williston Basin was formed by more than one mechanism. The Williston Basin may have been initiated by a thermal event followed by thermo-flexural or phase transition subsidence. The heat that initiated the formation of the Basin was significant to the thermal history of the Basin at its very beginning stage. However, most of the anomalous heat would have dissipated before the deposition of Bakken Formation 363 Ma ago. The heat flow history of the Basin was probably a steady-state condition after the Bakken was deposited. Compaction is the major factor that affected the thermal structure of the Williston Basin after deposition of the Bakken Formation. Application of a decompaction scheme indicates higher paleotemperatures for the Williston Basin than would be calculated without decompaction. Calculation of depth-porosity relationships for the Bakken Formation for four wells in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin shows a predictable correspondence between compaction and burial depths. The thickness of the Bakken Formation at each location changed proportionally with time as porosity decreased. The decrease in porosity and thickness of the entire sedimentary section reduced the temperature of the rocks due to the increase in thermal conductivity and thinning of the thermal blanket. The temperature history of the Bakken Formation shows a four-stage development. The different rates of temperature change reflect variations in rates of deposition and diagenesis of the overlying sediments. The temperature of the Bakken Shale increased slowly in its early history but rapidly in its late history. Analysis of the thermal history of a sedimentary basin must consider the following: 1. time, temperature, and depth dependency of thermal conductivity 2. burial history 3. time-dependency in heat flow 4. surface temperature history The time-temperature index (TTI) is an accurate measurement of thermal maturity if the above factors are included in the thermal history analysis. Advisors/Committee Members: W.D. Gosnold Jr..

Subjects/Keywords: Sediments (Geology) – Williston Basin; Earth temperature – Williston Basin; Sediment compaction; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Huang, Y. (1988). Thermal history model of the Williston Basin. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/143

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Huang, Yue-Chain. “Thermal history model of the Williston Basin.” 1988. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/143.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Huang, Yue-Chain. “Thermal history model of the Williston Basin.” 1988. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Huang Y. Thermal history model of the Williston Basin. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1988. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/143.

Council of Science Editors:

Huang Y. Thermal history model of the Williston Basin. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1988. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/143

30. Waters, Douglas L. Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.

Degree: MS, Geology, 1984, University of North Dakota

URL: https://commons.und.edu/theses/316

► The distribution of corals, other fossils, and rock types of the Madison Group in the Williston Basin were studied in 29 cores (involving over… (more)

▼ The distribution of corals, other fossils, and rock types of the Madison Group in the Williston Basin were studied in 29 cores (involving over 6,200 feet of core) from the Bottineau, Tilston, Frobisher-Alida, and Ratcliffe intervals in the western half of North Dakota. Occurrence of rock types, corals, and other fossils (brachiopods, bryozoans, red algae, and gastropods) of the Mission Canyon and lower Charles Formations were plotted in three cross-sections against the informal marker-defined intervals (Tilston, Frobisher-Alida, and Ratcliffe), as identified from well logs. Distribution and abundance of corals in nine of the more extensive cores were related to interpreted depositional environments. Three regressive carbonate cycles, corresponding to the Tilston, Frobisher-Alida, and Ratcliffe intervals, were recognized for the Mission Canyon and lower Charles. Each depositional cycle was interpreted to comprise five successive depositional environments (I, Supratidal-Intertidal; II, Intertidal; III, Restricted Marine; N, Transitional; and V, Open-Marine) and six subenvironments. Each cycle begins with rocks representing an open-marine environment (V), followed by rocks representing progressively shallower environments (IV, III, and II) and culminating in rocks representing a supratidal-intertidal environment (I) at the top of each cycle. Ninety-two percent of the coral fauna is dominated by four genera. Forty-five percent of the coral fauna consists of Vesiculophyllum, 18 percent of Sychoelasma, 17 percent of Amplexizaphrentis, and 12 percent of Cyathaxonia. The remaining 8 percent of the coral fauna consists of Syringopora, Siphonodendron, Stelechophyllum, Michelinia, Lophophyllum, and Amplexocarinia. This study is the first record of occurrence of Stelechophyllum micrum and S. banffense in the conterminous United States. The occurrence of these two species in southwestern Alberta indicates a connection between the Mississippian Alberta shelf and the Madison depositional complex in North Dakota. As the result of this study, four coral zonules are proposed for the Williston Basin of North Dakota; in ascending order they are: the Stelechophyllum micrum zonule, the Michelinia-Cyathaxonia zonule, the Stelechophyllum banffense zonule, and the Siphonodendron oculinum zonule. Diagnostic zonule index corals were found in different lithologies representing several depositional environments, and the zonules were found to parallel the Madison markers which define the intervals. This supports previous suggestions that the marker-defined intervals are time-parallel units in North Dakota. Moreover, the coral zonation can be used in the central part of the basin beyond the limit of the defining log markers. Coral biostratigraphic data suggest that the Bottineau interval is late Kinderhookian to early Osagean in age, the Tilston interval is middle Osagean, the Frobisher-Alida is late Osagean to early Meramecian, and the Ratcliffe is early Meramecian. Advisors/Committee Members: F.D. Holland, Jr.

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Stratigraphic – Mississippian; Petrology – Williston Basin; Corals – Williston Basin; Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Waters, D. L. (1984). Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. (Masters Thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved from https://commons.und.edu/theses/316

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Waters, Douglas L. “Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 1984. Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. Accessed March 02, 2021. https://commons.und.edu/theses/316.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Waters, Douglas L. “Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota.” 1984. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Waters DL. Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1984. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/316.

Council of Science Editors:

Waters DL. Depositional cycles and coral distribution, Mission Canyon and Charles Formations, Madison Group (Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota. [Masters Thesis]. University of North Dakota; 1984. Available from: https://commons.und.edu/theses/316

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