subject:(West Nile Virus)

University of Hawaii – Manoa

1. Roe, Kelsey Olds. Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice.

Degree: 2016, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101576

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M.S. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2011.

Purpose: West Nile virus (WNV) disease is characterized by neuronal loss, neuroinflammation and increased permeability of the blood-brain… (more)

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M.S. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2011.

Purpose: West Nile virus (WNV) disease is characterized by neuronal loss, neuroinflammation and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Several in vivo studies demonstrate that BBB disruption and virus replication in the brain correlates with mortality associated with WNV-encephalitis. BBB integrity is maintained through complex interactions between the tight junction proteins (TJP), adherens junction proteins (AJP) of the microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that are known to degrade components of the basal lamina of the BBB as well as multiple TJP, contributing to BBB disruption in several neuroinflammatory diseases. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that multiple MMPs secreted by WNV-infected astrocytes degrade TJP of the EC and compromise the integrity of the in vitro BBB model. However, the precise mechanisms underlying BBB disruption in vivo, specifically the kinetics of the morphological changes in tight junctions of the BBB and the relationship of BBB breakdown with virus replication in the brain are unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in vivo effect of WNV infection on the BBB integrity markers in the mouse brain. Methods: Ten-week old C57BL/6 mice were inoculated via footpad with 100 PFU of WNV and serum, spleen, kidney, and brain tissues were collected at days 2, 4, 6 and 8 after infection. In addition, BBB permeability was assessed using Evan's blue dye at days 6 and 8 after infection. Expression of TJP, AJP and MMP was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting or immunohistochemical staining. A separate group of mice were inoculated via the intracranial route with 100 PFU of WNV, and brains were harvested at day 6 for analysis of TJP, AJP, and MMPs. Results: Peak peripheral viremia was observed at day 3 after infection and the virus was mostly cleared by day 6. In the brain, WNV was not detected at day 3 after infection, however robust virus replication was observed at day 6 and 8 after infection. Leakage of Evans blue dye into the brain was minimal at day 6 after infection, and became intense at day 8 after infection, suggesting disruption of the BBB. The mRNA levels of TJP (claudin-1, occludin, zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1), and junctioanl adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A)) and AJP (VE-cadherin and β-catenin) in the brain did not alter at any time point after infection. Although there was no significant change in the protein level of TJP or AJP at day 4 after infection, these proteins decreased slightly in the WNV-infected brain at day 6 after infection, which became more pronounced and significant at day 8 after infection. These results were validated using immunostaining of brain sections at day 8 after infection. Similarly, at day 8 after infection, the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-1,-3, and-9 in WNV-infected brain increased significantly and correlated with high WNV titers in the brain. Assay of MMP-9 in the…

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Roe, K. O. (2016). Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101576

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Roe, Kelsey Olds. “Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101576.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Roe, Kelsey Olds. “Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice.” 2016. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Roe KO. Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101576.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Roe KO. Characterization of the markers of blood-brain barrier disruption in West Nile virus infected mice. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101576

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hawaii – Manoa

2. Kumar, Mukesh. Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis.

Degree: 2016, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101980

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Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2013.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNVE), the leading cause… (more)

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Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2013.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNVE), the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in the U.S. However, no experimental studies have elucidated the role of diabetes in WNV neuropathogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to employ a diabetic mouse model, db/db, and evaluate the progression of WNV disease as well as the resultant host antiviral immune response to better understand WNV immunopathogenesis in diabetics. Methods: db/db mice and wild-type (WT) mice were inoculated with 10 PFU of WNV and clinical symptoms and mortality were observed for 21 days. Virus burden in the serum, peripheral organs and brain was analyzed by plaque assay. Host immune responses such as interferon, antibodies production, leukocyte infiltration, expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and levels of cytokines and chemokines in the serum and brain were determined by qRT-PCR, WB, ELISA, Luminex assay, PCR arrays and flow cytometry. Further, activation of astrocytes and neuronal death were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay. Results: Our results demonstrate that db/db mice were highly susceptible to WNV disease, exhibited increased tissue tropism and mortality than the WT mice, and were unable to clear the infection. Increased and sustained WNV replication was observed in the serum, peripheral tissues and brain of db/db mice. Antiviral immune response was impaired in db/db mice as characterized by delayed induction of IFN-α, significantly reduced levels of WNV-specific antibodies and reduced infiltration of immune cells in the brain. db/db mice exhibited attenuated expression of CAM such as Eselectin, and ICAM-1, which correlated with reduced immune cells recruitment in the brain. WNV infection in db/db mice was also associated with enhanced inflammatory response in the serum and brain. Elevated levels of cytokines correlated with increase in astrocytes activation and neuronal damage in the brain of db/db mice. Conclusion: These data suggest that compromised immune response coupled with failure to clear virus leads to increased mortality in db/db mice. Our findings provide direct experimental evidence of diabetes as a risk factor for WNVE and provide unique mechanistic insight into the immunopathogenesis of WNVE in diabetics.

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kumar, M. (2016). Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101980

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kumar, Mukesh. “Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101980.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kumar, Mukesh. “Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis.” 2016. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Kumar M. Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101980.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kumar M. Diabetes as a risk factor for West Nile virus-associated encephalitis. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101980

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

3. Laine, Christopher Glen. Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality.

Degree: 2014, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/153915

► West Nile virus (WNV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, naturally circulates between passeriform birds and mosquitoes. Other vertebrates, such as humans, may become infected during the bloodmeal… (more)

▼ West Nile virus (WNV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, naturally circulates between passeriform birds and mosquitoes. Other vertebrates, such as humans, may become infected during the bloodmeal of infectious mosquitoes. WNV initially invaded New York in 1999, rapidly swept west across the North American continent, and is now endemic across the continental United States. The focus of this study was to use mathematical modeling, for improving current public health understanding on how infectious cycles of birds and mosquitoes, infection and cross-infection, and environmental dynamics of WNV, along with human pathology, influences human morbidity and mortality in the Dallas, Tarrant, and Denton counties of Texas. During a comprehensive literature review of WNV, avian pathophysiology, public health entomology, human pathophysiology, and epidemiology, we proposed a novel mathematical model. Subsequently, we developed an epidemic model of the WNV dynamics, in the avian host (American crow), mosquito vector (Culex), and two age classifications of humans (?39 & ?40). The bifurcation of human age was conducted due to the risk of humans developing neuroinvasive disease increases 1.5X for every decade of life. We also divided human infected classes into asymptomatic, West Nile Fever (WNF), and West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), as WNND is the only fatal form. The model was then calibrated to observed data, from the endemic years between 2003-1012. A sensitivity analysis of each individual variable and parameter was conducted to test influence on human morbidity and mortality. Focusing on the most sensitive variables, we conducted a multivariate analysis, in which we formulated situations such as drought, avian concentration and population fragmentation, insecticide usage, larvae side usage, and habitat modification through the reduction of standing water. We were able to successfully simulate the endemic years, and outbreaks, between 2003 and 2012, but underestimated the outbreak year of 2012. This model illustrates the observed link between infected mosquito densities to human health outcomes. Climate changes that effect the mosquito population and their interaction with humans have been shown to be important factors influencing human morbidity and mortality. In the future this model may also be useful in predicting the effect of various disease control strategies. Advisors/Committee Members: Lillibridge, Scott R (advisor), Bissett, Wesley (committee member), Cizmas, Leslie (committee member), Tekwe, Carmen (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus; West Nile virus epidemiology; West Nile virus disease modeling; West Nile virus mathematical modeling; neuroinvasive West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Laine, C. G. (2014). Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/153915

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Laine, Christopher Glen. “Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality.” 2014. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/153915.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Laine, Christopher Glen. “Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality.” 2014. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Laine CG. Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2014. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/153915.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Laine CG. Mathematical Modeling the Zoonotic and Vector Transmission Dynamics of West Nile virus as They Relate to Human Morbidity and Mortality. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/153915

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

4. Wittich, Courtney Anne. Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry.

Degree: 2009, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2074

► West Nile Virus (WNV) first appeared in Texas equids during June 2002. It has since spread rapidly across the state and apparently become endemic. Data… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile Virus; Spatial Epidemiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wittich, C. A. (2009). Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2074

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wittich, Courtney Anne. “Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry.” 2009. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2074.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wittich, Courtney Anne. “Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry.” 2009. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Wittich CA. Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2074.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wittich CA. Spatial analysis of West Nile Virus and predictors of hyperendemicity in the Texas equine industry. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2074

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University

5. Berhane, Stephen. The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007.

Degree: 2010, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-794

► Between the years 2006-2007, Harris County, located at the heart of the Houston metropolitan area, experienced a nearly 90% decline in the number of female… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Medical geography; West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Berhane, S. (2010). The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-794

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Berhane, Stephen. “The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007.” 2010. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-794.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Berhane, Stephen. “The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007.” 2010. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Berhane S. The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-794.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Berhane S. The Role of Climatic and Environmental Variability on West Nile Virus in Harris County, Texas, 2006-2007. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-794

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Notre Dame

6. Catherine Louise Elizabeth Young. Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>.

Degree: PhD, Biological Sciences, 2009, University of Notre Dame

URL: https://curate.nd.edu/show/b2773t9672b

► West Nile virus is a novel pathogen in the United States, the agent of an emerging infectious disease which poses a significant public health… (more)

▼ West Nile virus is a novel pathogen in the United States, the agent of an emerging infectious disease which poses a significant public health threat in its own right and also underscores the need for a more thorough and updated understanding of the ecology and transmission of arboviruses in general. Mosquito collections were performed in St. Joseph County, Indiana in 2003-2006, the four years immediately following the initial epidemic of West Nile virus infection in Indiana, and the results were combined with historical data to provide an updated summary of the mosquito fauna of the region. An illustrated guide to morphological identification of all reported species from the five-state region surrounding and including Indiana was produced, including information of interest to public health professionals and researchers. Mosquitoes collected during the four-year survey were tested for infection with West Nile virus, and virus was detected in a total of 15 pools of mosquitoes, including nine pools of Cx. pipiens, five pools of mixed or undifferentiated Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans, and one pool of Aedes triseriatus. Viral RNA was isolated from the brains of dead birds collected in the county during periods of viral transmission, and sequence information from this RNA was analyzed to infer relationships among local viral isolates and those made elsewhere in North America over the course of several years. The results of this analysis suggest that the rate of overwinter survival of individual strains of virus in cold-winter areas is very low, while the rate of transportation of novel strains of virus over large geographic distances is relatively high. The data presented are consistent with the long-standing hypothesis of long-distance rapid transportation of West Nile virus by migratory birds. Advisors/Committee Members: David W. Severson, Committee Member, Ronald A. Hellenthal, Committee Member, Frank H. Collins, Committee Chair, Paul R. Grimstad, Committee Member.

Subjects/Keywords: mosquito; West Nile virus; arbovirus

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Young, C. L. E. (2009). Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Notre Dame. Retrieved from https://curate.nd.edu/show/b2773t9672b

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Young, Catherine Louise Elizabeth. “Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Notre Dame. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://curate.nd.edu/show/b2773t9672b.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Young, Catherine Louise Elizabeth. “Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>.” 2009. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Young CLE. Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Notre Dame; 2009. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/b2773t9672b.

Council of Science Editors:

Young CLE. Vermin, Vectors, and Virus: The Mosquitoes of Northern Indiana, Their Role in Arboviral Transmission, and the Spread of West Nile Virus</h1>. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Notre Dame; 2009. Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/b2773t9672b

Universiteit Utrecht

7. Nijdam, P. Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

Degree: 2013, Universiteit Utrecht

URL: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/285248

► With the emergence of West Nile virus in Northern America and the re-emergence ofthe virus in Europe, the relevance of West Nile virus as a… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Diergeneeskunde; West Nile virus, immunohistochemistry

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nijdam, P. (2013). Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. (Masters Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht. Retrieved from http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/285248

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nijdam, P. “Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/285248.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nijdam, P. “Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.” 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Nijdam P. Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/285248.

Council of Science Editors:

Nijdam P. Establishment of an immunohistochemical method to detect West Nile virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. [Masters Thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2013. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/285248

Rutgers University

8. Shappell, Laura Jean, 1984-. Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk.

Degree: PhD, Ecology and Evolution, 2015, Rutgers University

URL: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48651/

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Wetlands provide crucial ecosystem functions that aid water security, stormwater management, and biodiversity conservation. However, the underlying mechanisms that influence headwater wetlands in urban landscapes… (more)

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Wetlands provide crucial ecosystem functions that aid water security, stormwater management, and biodiversity conservation. However, the underlying mechanisms that influence headwater wetlands in urban landscapes are poorly understood. Further, biodiversity loss may reduce ecosystem function and increase the transmission risk for some enzootic diseases, such as West Nile virus (WNV). My research aimed to: 1) assess wetland vegetation structure and the importance of fragment size and landscape position on biodiversity; 2) test the importance of flooding conditions for mitigating invasive plant dominance in forested wetlands using Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) as my study system; and 3) identify relationships between vegetation structure, fragment size, and the relative abundance of competent avian WNV hosts and mosquito vectors. I used a combination of measurative and experimental research methods to address these objectives, the third of which was part of a collaborative interdisciplinary research grant. Vegetation structure was measured in 36 plots located in six forested wetlands and data loggers were used to monitor aboveground flooding. Avian and mosquito research teams coordinated iii with my sampling points. My results illustrate the capacity for urban headwater wetlands to support a diverse flora, as well as the complex interactions between human activities and wetland structure and function. Red maple, oak, sweetgum, and green ash were the dominant tree species. Half of the 287 plant species identified only occurred at 1-2 sample points. Groundcover composition reflected the confluence of hydrogeomorphology, and past and present human actions. Connectivity via nearby streams or ditches had a greater impact on exotic plant richness than did wetland patch size. Aboveground flooding prior to seedling emergence significantly reduced the distribution of Japanese stiltgrass. Avian species richness was positively correlated with plant richness. In contrast, mosquito richness was negatively correlated to plant richness. WNV hosts and vector abundance both increased with maple (Acer spp.) tree canopy dominance. Cumulative host abundance averaged 24% and was composed primarily of American Robin, which showed large interannual shifts in fragments <15 ha. The relative abundance of competent vectors ranged from 5 to 26% and their populations demonstrated less interannual variation than were observed in the host populations.

Advisors/Committee Members: Struwe, Lena (chair), Hartman, Jean Marie (internal member), Handel, Steven (internal member), Schneider, Laura (outside member).

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus; Wetlands; Biodiversity

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shappell, Laura Jean, 1. (2015). Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk. (Doctoral Dissertation). Rutgers University. Retrieved from https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48651/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shappell, Laura Jean, 1984-. “Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers University. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48651/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shappell, Laura Jean, 1984-. “Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk.” 2015. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Shappell, Laura Jean 1. Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2015. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48651/.

Council of Science Editors:

Shappell, Laura Jean 1. Urban wetland structure and its relationship to exotic plants, biodiversity, and West Nile virus risk. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2015. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/48651/

Colorado State University

9. Romo, Hannah Elizabeth. Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus.

Degree: PhD, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 2017, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181331

► The ability of arboviruses to impart significant global disease burdens is related to the corresponding capacity of arboviruses to emerge in naïve environments or re-emerge… (more)

▼ The ability of arboviruses to impart significant global disease burdens is related to the corresponding capacity of arboviruses to emerge in naïve environments or re-emerge in endemic environments. The introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America was marked by rapid spread across the continent, high rates of neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses, and subsequent displacement by newer evolved genotypes. In the last 12 years, an underrepresented lineage of WNV, lineage 2 (L2) has similarly emerged from sub-Saharan Africa into areas of Europe and Russia, causing widespread neurological disease and recurrent enzootic transmission. Given the potential for further geographic spread of L2 WNV and to understand mechanisms that drive emergence events for WNV, I sought to characterize L2 WNV in a comprehensive and comparative manner by investigating potential molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in mosquitoes, birds, and mice (as models for human disease). A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms that dictate rapid dispersal and endemic maintenance of arboviruses will improve our ability to predict emergence events, increase the effectiveness of surveillance mechanisms, and develop effective intervention strategies. Within lineage 1 (L1) WNV, the role of the NS3-249P amino acid in modulating severe virogenesis in American Crows (AMCRs) has been well established and is predicted to be involved in facilitating the emergent capacity of L1 WNV. The evolution of a proline at the same NS3-249 locus in L2 WNV was initially observed during the first L2 WNV associated outbreak in Europe. However, no bird mortality was observed during the NS3-249P associated L2 WNV outbreak, and the extent of L2 WNV pathogenesis in birds is unclear. In this aim, I examined the viremia titers and mortality profiles of North American AMCRs and house sparrows following infection with African and European L2 WNV strains with and without amino acid mutations at the NS3-249 locus. Our results demonstrate that L2 WNV strains can elicit severe virogenic and fatal outcomes in AMCRs and HOSPs. Additionally, I found that the NS3-249 locus is modulating AMCR viremia titer outcomes, similar to what has been previously observed for the NS3-249 locus in L1 WNV strains. I also demonstrated the 3' UTR of NS10 reduces viremia titers of AMCRs at later time points. The vast majority of our understanding regarding the vector competence of Culex mosquitoes for WNV originates from studies performed with L1 WNV strains, and as such, little information is available regarding the competency of Culex mosquitoes for L2 WNV. To remediate this, I assessed the vector competence phenotypes of two different North American Culex mosquito species for multiple L2 WNV strains. Our results demonstrate that Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes can effectively transmit L2 WNV. I also identified a L2 strain harboring an NS3-249P mutation (NS10) that limited infection to the midgut of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The competence of North American Culex… Advisors/Committee Members: Ebel, Greg (advisor), Brault, Aaron (advisor), Blair, Carol (committee member), Bowen, Richard (committee member), Huyvaert, Kate (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus; Lineage 2

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APA (6^th Edition):

Romo, H. E. (2017). Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181331

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Romo, Hannah Elizabeth. “Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181331.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Romo, Hannah Elizabeth. “Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus.” 2017. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Romo HE. Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2017. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181331.

Council of Science Editors:

Romo HE. Molecular analysis of the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence in lineage 2 West Nile virus. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181331

Université Montpellier II

10. Bergaoui, Ramzi. Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia.

Degree: Docteur es, Biologie Santé, 2012, Université Montpellier II

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055

►

Nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre la situation épidémiologique du virus West Nile (VWN) en Tunisie. Nous avons tout d'abord produit une carte du risque… (more)

▼

Nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre la situation épidémiologique du virus West Nile (VWN) en Tunisie. Nous avons tout d'abord produit une carte du risque de transmission du VWN aux équidés montrant un risque élevé dans de nombreuses régions, dépendant de facteurs environnementaux : zones humides et climat favorables aux populations d'oiseaux sauvages et de moustiques. Le taux élevé de séroprévalence observé chez les équidés est compatible avec l'hypothèse d'une circulation endémique du VWN sans exclure la possibilité d'introductions répétées.Une étude complémentaire a démontré l'exposition des oiseaux domestiques, péri-domestiques et sauvages au VWN et a permis d'établir un premier inventaire des espèces d'oiseaux les plus exposées, pouvant servir de base à un système de surveillance de l'avifaune sauvage en Tunisie.Le suivi sérologique mensuel de poules sentinelles a permis de détecter la circulation du virus en fin de saison chaude (septembre, octobre) à proximité de zones humides pendant une période de forte activité des moustiques et d‘abondance des oiseaux sauvages. L'occurrence simultanée de cas humains de fièvre West Nile (FWN) laisse penser qu'un système de poules sentinelles serait utile pour une alerte précoce de recrudescence de l'activité du VWN.A l'issue de ce travail, nous proposons des pistes pour un système de surveillance multidisciplinaire de la FWN, adapté au contexte tunisien, et devant permettre la détection précoce de toute circulation virale.

Our investigations aimed at clarifying some aspects of the West Nile virus (WNV) epidemiological situation in Tunisia, and in particular at identifying areas at high risk of WNV circulation. A major achievement was the establishment of a risk map for the transmission of WNF in horses. This map shows that the risk of transmission strongly depends on environmental factors: increased risk associated to wetlands proximity and climatic factors favourable to wild birds and mosquitoes. The high seroprevalence observed in horses is compatible with an endemic circulation of WNV without excluding the possibility of repeated introductions.Another study in birds showed the exposure of domestic, wild resident and migratory birds to WNV, and helped establishing an initial inventory of bird species most exposed to WNV. These studies can serve as a basis for a monitoring system of wild birds in Tunisia.A system of monthly follow-up of sentinel chickens detected virus circulation at the end of the hot season (September, October), near wetlands and during a period of high mosquito activity, and abundance of wild birds. The simultaneous occurrence of human cases of WNF brought us to suggest that active surveillance in sentinel chickens would be useful for early warning of increased activity of WNV. This work allows us to propose trails for a WNV multidisciplinary monitoring system adapted to the Tunisian situation, enabling early detection of viral circulation.

Advisors/Committee Members: Lefrançois, Thierry (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Virus; West nile; Épidémiologie; Tunisie; Virus; West Nile; Epidemiology; Tunisia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bergaoui, R. (2012). Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Montpellier II. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bergaoui, Ramzi. “Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Montpellier II. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bergaoui, Ramzi. “Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia.” 2012. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Bergaoui R. Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055.

Council of Science Editors:

Bergaoui R. Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie : Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Tunisia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2012. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055

University of Georgia

11. Ellis, Angela Elise. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Pathology, 2008, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/ellis_angela_e_200812_phd

► The major objective of this research was to further explore the pathogenesis of West Nile virus (WNV) in wild birds. Since it was first recognized… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus; avian; immunohistochemistry; cytokines; macrophages

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ellis, A. E. (2008). The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/ellis_angela_e_200812_phd

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ellis, Angela Elise. “The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds.” 2008. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/ellis_angela_e_200812_phd.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ellis, Angela Elise. “The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds.” 2008. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Ellis AE. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2008. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/ellis_angela_e_200812_phd.

Council of Science Editors:

Ellis AE. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus in wild birds. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2008. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/ellis_angela_e_200812_phd

University of Georgia

12. Gibbs, Samantha elizabeth johnson. Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia.

Degree: PhD, Medical Microbiology, 2005, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/gibbs_samantha_e_200508_phd

► Blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are an effective indicator species for West Nile virus (WNV). The objectives were to describe the gross and microscopic pathology associated… (more)

▼ Blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are an effective indicator species for West Nile virus (WNV). The objectives were to describe the gross and microscopic pathology associated with natural WNV infection in blue jays, and determine the most appropriate tissues to be used for virus isolation, reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Brain, heart, and lung had the highest viral titers among the tissues. WNV antigen was most often detected by IHC in heart, kidney, liver, and lung. RT-nPCR proved to be the most sensitive diagnostic test applied in this study irrespective of the tissue type. Wild caught rock pigeons (Columba livia) with WNV antibodies were monitored for 15 months to determine antibody persistence and compare results of three serologic techniques. Antibodies persisted for the entire study as detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. Maternal antibodies in squabs derived from seropositive birds persisted for an average of 27 days. Avian species that are locally involved as potential amplifying hosts of WNV could serve as indicators of WNV transmission over the physiographic and land use variation present in the southeastern United States. Avian serum samples (n = 14,207) from 83 species of birds captured throughout Georgia during the summers of 2000 through 2004 were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test for antibodies to WNV. Antibodies to WNV were detected in 869 (6.1%) of the samples, increased significantly throughout the study, and were species dependent. The highest antibody prevalence rates were detected in rock pigeons (Columba livia), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and common ground doves (Columbina passerina). Geographic information systems (GIS) and logistic regression analyses were used to predict the distribution of WNV in the state of Georgia based on a wild bird indicator system, and to identify variables that are important in the determination of WNV distribution. Temperature, housing density, urban/suburban land use, and mountain physiographic region were important variables in predicting the distribution of WNV in the state of Georgia. The risks associated with WNV endemnicity appear to be increased in urban/suburban areas and decreased in the mountainous region of the state. Advisors/Committee Members: David Stallknecht.

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gibbs, S. e. j. (2005). Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/gibbs_samantha_e_200508_phd

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gibbs, Samantha elizabeth johnson. “Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia.” 2005. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/gibbs_samantha_e_200508_phd.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gibbs, Samantha elizabeth johnson. “Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia.” 2005. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Gibbs Sej. Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2005. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/gibbs_samantha_e_200508_phd.

Council of Science Editors:

Gibbs Sej. Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and sentinels of West Nile virus in Georgia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Georgia; 2005. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/gibbs_samantha_e_200508_phd

Washington University in St. Louis

13. Vasek, Michael John. Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease.

Degree: PhD, Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Neurosciences), 2015, Washington University in St. Louis

URL: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/688

► Neurocognitive sequelae are observed in >50% of patients who survive neuroinvasive infections with encephalitic arboviruses, such as the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV). Early… (more)

▼ Neurocognitive sequelae are observed in >50% of patients who survive neuroinvasive infections with encephalitic arboviruses, such as the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV). Early diagnosis and high survival rates from WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) (>90%) have thus led cumulatively to approximately ten thousand patients living with neurocognitive impairments, with 1-3000 cases accruing yearly, yet underlying mechanisms responsible for these deficits have not been investigated. Within the last 15 years, studies have begun uncover many pathways which are utilized both by the developing CNS as well as the immune system, including the use of cytokines in the regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and synaptic refinement via the classical complement cascade. Under healthy conditions, an intact blood-brain-barrier limits potential crosstalk between these domains. But amidst settings of CNS infection or damage, invocation of CNS developmental programs could be initiated by proinflammatory factors. With this in mind, the chapters of this thesis are centered around a theme of studying pathways utilized by both the immune system and the developing CNS and determining what the consequences are for cognition and memory during CNS West Nile virus infection. First we have established a novel murine model of recovery from WNND in which intracranial inoculation of the attenuated mutant WNV-NS5-E218A leads to similar CNS viral loads and inflammation as peripheral inoculation of its parent strain, WNV-NY99, with rates of survival and cognitive dysfunction that mirror human WNND. WNV-NS5-E218A-recovered mice exhibit impaired spatial learning without significant alterations in cortical and hippocampal volume or total neuron numbers, but exhibit persistently activated microglia. Whole transcriptome analysis of hippocampi from WNV-NS5-E218A-recovered mice with poor spatial learning revealed increased expression of genes known to drive microglial effects on synaptic pruning, including the classical complement pathway and phagocytosis. Indeed, the classical complement cascade initiation factor, C1qA, was found to be produced primarily by microglia and localized to infected neurons and synapses during WNND. Electron and confocal microscopy revealed a loss of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses while synaptophysin-positive puncta and phagosomes containing synaptic vesicles were observed within microglia. This loss of mossy fiber synapses was also observed in human WNND post-mortem samples. Importantly, mice with fewer microglia (IL34 -/-) or mice deficient in complement (C3 -/-) were protected from WNV-induced synapse loss. This study provides a novel murine model of WNV-induced spatial memory impairment, provides evidence that viral infection of adult neurons may induce complement-mediated elimination of synapses, and identifies a potential mechanism underlying neurocognitive impairments experienced by patients recovering from WNND. Next we report that during WNND recovery, significantly fewer new granule cell… Advisors/Committee Members: Robyn S Klein, John Cirrito, Michael Diamond, David Gutmann, Keiko Hirose.

Subjects/Keywords: Complement; Memory; Neurogenesis; West Nile Virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Vasek, M. J. (2015). Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease. (Doctoral Dissertation). Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved from https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/688

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vasek, Michael John. “Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/688.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vasek, Michael John. “Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease.” 2015. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Vasek MJ. Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Washington University in St. Louis; 2015. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/688.

Council of Science Editors:

Vasek MJ. Mechanisms Underlying Memory Deficits Following West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Washington University in St. Louis; 2015. Available from: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/688

Latrobe University

14. Ambrose, Rebecca L. Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication.

Degree: PhD, 2013, Latrobe University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.9/496783

►

Thesis (Ph.D.) - La Trobe University, 2013

Submission note: "A thesis submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus.; Viruses Physiology.; Proteins.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ambrose, R. L. (2013). Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication. (Doctoral Dissertation). Latrobe University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.9/496783

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ambrose, Rebecca L. “Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Latrobe University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.9/496783.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ambrose, Rebecca L. “Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication.” 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Ambrose RL. Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Latrobe University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.9/496783.

Council of Science Editors:

Ambrose RL. Contributions of NS4A and the unfolded protein response during West Nile Virus replication. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Latrobe University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.9/496783

University of North Texas

15. Adiji, Olubu Adeoye. Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region.

Degree: 2016, University of North Texas

URL: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862878/

► West Nile virus (WNV) is a geographically endemic mosquito-borne flavivirus that has spread across the United States infecting birds, mosquitos, humans, horses and other mammals.… (more)

▼ West Nile virus (WNV) is a geographically endemic mosquito-borne flavivirus that has spread across the United States infecting birds, mosquitos, humans, horses and other mammals. The wide spread nature of this virus is due to the ability of the mosquito vector to persist in broad, ecological diverse environments across the United States. In this study, mosquito populations in North Texas region were sampled for detection of Wolbachia, blood meal source, and WNV. The ultimate goal of this study was to examine the potential of a biocontrol agent, Wolbachia sp. that colonizes the hindgut of various insects, including mosquitos, as a natural means to interrupt virus transmission from mosquitos to other hosts, including humans. In Australia, Wolbachia sp. from fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have been successfully used to block transmission of a similar pathogenic virus from mosquitos responsible for transmission of Dengue fever. Here, mosquitoes were collected using CDC style Gravid Traps in Denton, Texas, from October 2012 through September 2014. Collected mosquitoes were identified, sexed, and categorized as to the amount of host blood in their alimentary system using a Zeiss Axio Zoom microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, Thornwood, NY). Culex quinquefaciatus was the dominant blood engorged species collected. Smaller populations of Culex tarsalis and Aedes albopictus, another known vector for WNV were also collected. Mosquito larva were also collected from the UNT water research field station and reared to adults. Cx. tarsalis was the dominant mosquito taken from this habitat. Samples of Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis and A. albopictus were analyzed for Wolbachia sp. and to identify host blood in the mosquito alimentary system. Total DNA extraction from the pool of mosquito samples was by both commercially available DNA extraction kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and salt extraction technique. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify and identify Wolbachia sp. 16SrDNA and mitochondrial DNA from vertebrate blood. The maternally inherited endosymbiont, Wolbachia, were found to be uniformly distributed across the mosquitoes sampled in this study. Blood meal analysis by PCR showed that Cx. quinquefaciatus fed more on birds than on mammalian blood sources based on the previously developed primers used in this study. Advisors/Committee Members: Goven, Arthur, Kennedy, James, Allen, Michael S..

Subjects/Keywords: Wolbachia; Mosquito; West Nile Virus; Culex quinquefaciatus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Adiji, O. A. (2016). Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region. (Thesis). University of North Texas. Retrieved from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862878/

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Adiji, Olubu Adeoye. “Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region.” 2016. Thesis, University of North Texas. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862878/.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Adiji, Olubu Adeoye. “Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region.” 2016. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Adiji OA. Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Texas; 2016. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862878/.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Adiji OA. Presence of Wolbachia, A Potential Biocontrol Agent: Screening for Vertebrate Blood Meal Source and West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in the North Texas Region. [Thesis]. University of North Texas; 2016. Available from: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862878/

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

16. Yu, Don Wonchae. The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics.

Degree: PhD, Mathematics & Statistics, 2018, York University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/34560

► West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne disease that first appeared in New York in 1999, then in Southern Ontario, Canada in 2002. Since its… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biology; Mosquito; Temperature; West Nile virus

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APA (6^th Edition):

Yu, D. W. (2018). The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics. (Doctoral Dissertation). York University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10315/34560

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yu, Don Wonchae. “The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, York University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10315/34560.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yu, Don Wonchae. “The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics.” 2018. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Yu DW. The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. York University; 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/34560.

Council of Science Editors:

Yu DW. The Effect of Temperature on West Nile Virus Transmission Dynamics. [Doctoral Dissertation]. York University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/34560

University of Texas – Austin

17. Fox-Baker, Daniel. Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose.

Degree: MSin Community and Regional Planning, Community and Regional Planning, 2014, University of Texas – Austin

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/32247

► This paper delves into the issue of mosquito control strategies through an examination of present day issues and evaluates literature on administrative, technical, regulatory and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Mosquito; West Nile Virus; Public health

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fox-Baker, D. (2014). Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose. (Masters Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/32247

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fox-Baker, Daniel. “Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/32247.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fox-Baker, Daniel. “Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose.” 2014. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Fox-Baker D. Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/32247.

Council of Science Editors:

Fox-Baker D. Mosquitoes and the urban environment : towards establishing a more sustainable planning framework for the control of mosquitoes and the health threats they may pose. [Masters Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/32247

University of Western Australia

18. Sturrock, Keryn Lorraine. The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia.

Degree: MS, 2009, University of Western Australia

URL: http://repository.uwa.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29590&local_base=GEN01-INS01

► [Truncated abstract] Arboviral activity in Western Australia (WA) was widespread throughout 2000 in both enzootic and epizootic areas of the state. The aim of this… (more)

▼ [Truncated abstract] Arboviral activity in Western Australia (WA) was widespread throughout 2000 in both enzootic and epizootic areas of the state. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) (WNV/KUNV) during and after an epizootic. Serological investigations provided information on the timing and spread of the viruses throughout WA during 2000. A seroprevalence study of MVEV and WNV/KUNV antibodies in residents of the Mid West region was the first to be undertaken in the region and provided valuable information on the changing seroprevalence before and after epidemic MVEV activity in an immunologically susceptible population. The likely vectors of MVEV and WNV/KUNV in mid and southerly regions of WA were investigated. Simultaneous MVEV initiation was recorded from sentinel chicken seroconversions in the Kimberley and Pilbara regions of WA. The mechanisms of initiation in the Kimberley and Pilbara regions are thought to be the movement of viraemic water birds and the dispersal of infected mosquitoes, with the possibility that vertical transmission may have contributed to virus initiation in 2000. This study did not provide evidence of vertical transmission in mosquito collections, however this does not preclude the occurrence of this mechanism of virus initiation occurring in WA during 2000. Investigations into possible vectors suggest that Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse is the most likely vector of MVEV and WNV/KUNV in the Pilbara and Mid West regions of WA. Virus activity in WA tended to spread in a southerly direction following widespread rainfall and flooding. Rainfall associated with cyclonic activity was recorded throughout WA from October 1999 to April 2000 and following cyclone Steve in March 2000, many areas of WA recorded highest on record rainfall and extensive flooding. This rainfall is likely to have facilitated environmental conditions conducive to increased food resources and breeding areas of vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes, thus increasing their populations and potentially MVEV and WNV/KUNV transmission. The geographical distribution of MVEV activity detected in WA extended from Dongara on the Mid West coast, inland to Coroow, 268 km north of Perth, and north east to Leinster in the Goldfields region. The most southern location where WNV/KUNV activity was detected was at Kellerberrin in the Wheatbelt region and the eastern most location with detectable WNV/KUNV activity was Leinster. This, in addition to cases of MVEV disease in 2000 (Cordova et al. 2000), was the first recorded detection of MVEV and WNV/KUNV in the Midwest and Goldfields regions and the only known instance of WNV/KUNV in the Wheatbelt region. The human antibody seroprevalence to MVEV and WNV/KUNV in the Mid West population studied did not significantly rise following the epidemic activity of MVEV recorded during 2000. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in antibody seroprevalence in males and females. The…

Subjects/Keywords: Flaviviruses; West Nile virus; Encephalitis; Arbovirus infections; Epidemiology; Murray Valley encephalitis; Kunjin virus; West Nile virus; Western Australia

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sturrock, K. L. (2009). The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia. (Masters Thesis). University of Western Australia. Retrieved from http://repository.uwa.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29590&local_base=GEN01-INS01

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sturrock, Keryn Lorraine. “The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia.” 2009. Masters Thesis, University of Western Australia. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://repository.uwa.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29590&local_base=GEN01-INS01.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sturrock, Keryn Lorraine. “The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia.” 2009. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Sturrock KL. The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Western Australia; 2009. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://repository.uwa.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29590&local_base=GEN01-INS01.

Council of Science Editors:

Sturrock KL. The changing epidemiology of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) in epizootic regions of Western Australia. [Masters Thesis]. University of Western Australia; 2009. Available from: http://repository.uwa.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29590&local_base=GEN01-INS01

Purdue University

19. Chang, Jinsam. Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras.

Degree: MS, Biological Science, 2015, Purdue University

URL: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1172

► The flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), glycosylated, and secreted from the infected cell. Among its various functions, a… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: chimera; Dengue Virus; Non structural protein 1; West Nile Virus

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Chang, J. (2015). Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras. (Thesis). Purdue University. Retrieved from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1172

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chang, Jinsam. “Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras.” 2015. Thesis, Purdue University. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1172.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chang, Jinsam. “Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras.” 2015. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Chang J. Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras. [Internet] [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2015. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1172.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Chang J. Role of NS1 in virus replication using Dengue virus and West Nile virus chimeras. [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2015. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1172

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of New Mexico

20. Pesko, Kendra. Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States.

Degree: Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, 2012, University of New Mexico

URL: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biom_etds/55

► The genus Flavivirus comprises viral species with positive sense, single stranded RNA genomes, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. During replication, RNA… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: "West Nile virus; Powassan virus; Molecular epidemiology; vector borne disease"

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pesko, K. (2012). Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New Mexico. Retrieved from https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biom_etds/55

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pesko, Kendra. “Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New Mexico. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biom_etds/55.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pesko, Kendra. “Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States.” 2012. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Pesko K. Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New Mexico; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biom_etds/55.

Council of Science Editors:

Pesko K. Population dynamics of flaviviruses in the United States. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New Mexico; 2012. Available from: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biom_etds/55

McMaster University

21. Lelic, Alina. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL.

Degree: PhD, 2013, McMaster University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/13514

►

The incidence and severity of infectious diseases increases in elderly people (>60 years of age). It is believe that the age-associated changes in the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Hamilton; Immunosenescence; West Nile virus; Medical Immunology; Virus Diseases; Medical Immunology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lelic, A. (2013). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL. (Doctoral Dissertation). McMaster University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11375/13514

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lelic, Alina. “RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, McMaster University. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11375/13514.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lelic, Alina. “RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL.” 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Lelic A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McMaster University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/13514.

Council of Science Editors:

Lelic A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CD8+ T CELL IMMUNITY AND AGING USING WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION AS A MODEL. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McMaster University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/13514

Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI

22. Bahuon, Céline. Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence.

Degree: Docteur es, Microbiologie et thérapeutiques anti-infectieuses, 2012, Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114828

►

Le virus West Nile (VWN) est un virus neurotrope principalement transmis par piqûre de moustique et dont le réservoir est constitué par la faune aviaire… (more)

▼

Le virus West Nile (VWN) est un virus neurotrope principalement transmis par piqûre de moustique et dont le réservoir est constitué par la faune aviaire sauvage. Les souches circulant en Europe appartiennent à 4 lignages génétiques différents à l’origine de nombreuses épidémies d’ampleur modérée à faible et limitées géographiquement, contrairement à ce qui a été observé en Amérique du Nord. En 1998 en Israël, une importante épidémie a a été associée pour la première fois à une forte mortalité de la faune aviaire sauvage. Le virus (souche IS-98-ST1, lignage 1a) a été isolé du cerveau d’une cigogne moribonde. L’objet de cette thèse a été de construire un clone infectieux de la souche IS-98-ST1 afin d’en explorer les propriétés de neuroinvasion et de pouvoir mettre en évidence les déterminants moléculaires de sa virulence.Le virus obtenu à partir de la construction clone infectieux s’est révélé posséder les mêmes propriétés biologiques que le virus parental, que ce soit in vitro sur cellules Vero ou in vivo sur souris sensibles ou résistantes ou encore sur l’embryon de poulet. L’embryon de poulet est présenté ici comme un nouveau modèle d’évaluation de la virulence du VWN. Un modèle cellulaire neuronale (lignée de neuroblastomes humains, SK-N-SH) est aussi évalué dans ce manuscrit. En conclusion, un nouvel outil de génétique inverse a été obtenu pour le VWN. Cet outil permettra de travailler sur l’impact de mutations ponctuelles, ou de modifications plus importantes touchant un ou plusieurs gènes viraux sur la virulence du VWN, spécifiquement dans le contexte européen.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic virus mainly transmitted through mosquito bites. Wild birds represent the main reservoir hosts. Strains circulating in Europe belong to four lineages and have caused numerous but limited epidemics over the last few years. In 1998, an important outbreak associated to huge bird fatalities caused by a highly neuroinvasive strain (IS-98-ST1) took place in Israel. We aimed at producing a new infectious clone, based on the lineage 1a IS-98-ST1 WNV strain, for the characterization of its neuroinvasion properties as well as the molecular determinants of European WNV virulence. The growth kinetics of recombinant and parental WNV were similar in Vero cells. Moreover, the phenotypes of recombinant and parental WNV were indistinguishable in terms of viremia, viral load in the brain and mortality in susceptible and resistant mice. Finally, the pathobiology of the infectious clone was examined in embryonated chicken eggs, proposed as a new model for the evaluation of WNV virulence. The potential of human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) to discriminate between highly and mildly virulent WNV strains was assayed. In conclusion: a new molecular tool that is useful for the study of molecular determinants of WNV virulence has been generated. We take advantage of the high genetic stability of our one-piece infectious WNV cDNA clone to produce mutant viruses through the insertion of point mutations or the exchange of genetic fragments…

Advisors/Committee Members: Zientara, Stéphan (thesis director), Lecollinet, Sylvie (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Virus West Nile; Clone infectieux; Déterminants moléculaires; Virulence; West Nile virus; Infectious clone; Molecular determinants; Virulence

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Bahuon, C. (2012). Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114828

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bahuon, Céline. “Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114828.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bahuon, Céline. “Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence.” 2012. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Bahuon C. Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114828.

Council of Science Editors:

Bahuon C. Construction d’un clone infectieux d’une souche méditerranéenne du Virus West Nile, validation de ses propriétés biologiques et développement de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation de la virulence : Construction of an infectious clone of a West Nile Mediterranean strain, validation of its biological properties and development of new models for the evaluation of virulence. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Paris-Sud – Paris XI; 2012. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114828

University of Illinois – Chicago

23. Matzke, Hannah. Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.

Degree: 2016, University of Illinois – Chicago

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21337

► The first case of human West Nile Virus (WNV) in Illinois was reported in 2002, and infections have been reported in Illinois every year since.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile Virus; Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus; Temperature; Precipitation; Land Cover; Developed Land; Weather; Climate; Climate Change; BRACE Illinois; Culex

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Matzke, H. (2016). Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection. (Thesis). University of Illinois – Chicago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21337

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Matzke, Hannah. “Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.” 2016. Thesis, University of Illinois – Chicago. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21337.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Matzke, Hannah. “Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.” 2016. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Matzke H. Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Chicago; 2016. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21337.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Matzke H. Urbanization, Land Cover, Weather, and Incidence Rates of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection. [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Chicago; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21337

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Université Montpellier II

24. Vittecoq, Marion. Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands.

Degree: Docteur es, Evolution, écologie, ressources génétiques, paléontologie, 2012, Université Montpellier II

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269

►

L'émergence de maladies telles que le SRAS et le SIDA au cours des dernières décennies a fait prendre conscience des liens étroits existant entre santé… (more)

▼

L'émergence de maladies telles que le SRAS et le SIDA au cours des dernières décennies a fait prendre conscience des liens étroits existant entre santé animale, santé humaine et santé des écosystèmes. En effet, les pathogènes émergents ont pour la plupart une origine zoonotique (i.e. ils circulaient à l'origine au sein des populations animales). Les risques sanitaires associés à ces émergences sont en constante évolution sous l'influence des changements globaux qui modifient les écosystèmes et les contacts entre les hôtes. La prévention et le contrôle des maladies infectieuses émergentes nécessitent la compréhension de leur dynamique dans l'ensemble des compartiments dans lesquels elles circulent. Le travail présenté ici avait pour objectif d'améliorer cette compréhension au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes en ce concentrant sur deux pathogènes émergents : les virus Influenza A (VIA) et le virus West Nile. Il a été structuré selon trois axes de recherche : i) Utiliser la surveillance épidémiologique de l'avifaune sauvage pour comprendre la circulation du virus West Nile dans le bassin méditerranéen ii) Comprendre la dynamique des VIA au sein des différents compartiments où ils circulent et à leur interface iii) Comprendre le rôle des conditions environnementales dans la dynamique des VIA notamment au sein des populations humaines. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l'intérêt de mener des études multidisciplinaires sur le long terme pour comprendre l'épidémiologie des maladies émergentes. Ils soulignent également le rôle des activités anthropiques et des conditions environnementales dans la dynamique de ces maladies. Nos études apportent des éléments de réflexion pour allier gestion des risques d'émergence et gestion des écosystèmes et des populations. Elles encouragent à développer ce type d'approche afin de relever le défi de la prévention et du contrôle des pathogènes émergents.

During the last decades, the emergence of numerous infectious diseases such as SARS and AIDS has raised awareness of the close links that exist between animal health, human health and ecosystem health. Many of the emerging pathogens have a zoonotic origin (i.e. they originally circulated among animal populations). The health risks associated with the emergence of these diseases are progressing under the influence of global changes that affect ecosystems and contacts between hosts. The prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases require an in-depth understanding of their dynamics in all the compartments in which they occur. The aim of the present work is to improve our understanding of these phenomena within the context of Mediterranean wetlands by focusing on two emerging pathogens: Influenza A viruses (IAV) and West Nile virus. The thesis is structured around three research axes i) Using epidemiological surveillance of wild birds to investigate the circulation of West Nile virus in the Mediterranean Basin ii) Exploring IAV dynamics in the different compartments in which they circulate and at their interface iii)…

Advisors/Committee Members: Gauthier-Clerc, Michel (thesis director), Thomas, Frédéric (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Maladies infectieuses; Influenza; Virus West Nile; Changements globaux; Méditerrannée; Infectious diseases; Influenza; West nile Virus; Global change; Mediterranean

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Vittecoq, M. (2012). Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Montpellier II. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vittecoq, Marion. “Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Montpellier II. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vittecoq, Marion. “Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands.” 2012. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Vittecoq M. Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269.

Council of Science Editors:

Vittecoq M. Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux : Climate changes and emerging infectious diseases in the Mediterranean wetlands. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2012. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269

University of Alberta

25. Xu, Zaikun. Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions.

Degree: PhD, Department of Cell Biology, 2013, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/1n79h534r

► West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, blood-borne flavivirus that can cause serious neurological disease in humans and animals. While significant progress has been made… (more)

▼ West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, blood-borne flavivirus that can cause serious neurological disease in humans and animals. While significant progress has been made in identifying virus-encoded pathogenic determinants, very little is known regarding how these viral proteins interact with host cell proteins. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to its structural role in packaging genomic RNA, the WNV capsid protein plays important roles in virus host interactions and therefore, characterizing the interactions between capsid and cellular proteins should contribute to our understanding of WNV disease and may even reveal targets for antiviral therapy. Through an extensive yeast two-hybrid screen, I identified DDX56, a novel WNV capsid-interacting nucleolar RNA helicase. Experimental analyses revealed DDX56 is not required for production of viral RNA or proteins, however, WNV virions secreted from DDX56-depleted cells are 100 times less infectious than those produced in normal cells. Collectively, these data suggest that DDX56 is critical for assembly of infectious WNV virions possibly by facilitating the packaging of viral RNA. I also investigated how WNV infection affects tight junctions in polarized cells with the goal of understanding how the virus breaches the blood-brain barrier to gain access to the central nervous system. While a number of recent studies have documented that WNV infection negatively impacts the barrier function of tight junctions, the intracellular mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood. Using a coordinated approach to understand the direct effects of WNV infection on tight junction proteins in both epithelial and endothelial cells, I discovered that WNV infection results in endocytosis of a specific subset of tight junction membrane proteins including claudin-1 and JAM-1 followed by microtubule-based transport to and degradation in lysosomes. Further studies into this process could lead to therapeutic treatments that block viral spread and/or design of attenuated vaccine strains.

Subjects/Keywords: Virus-Host interactions; Endocytosis; DDX56; Capsid; Virus assembly; Tight junction; West Nile virus; RNA helicase

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Xu, Z. (2013). Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/1n79h534r

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Xu, Zaikun. “Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Alberta. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/1n79h534r.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Xu, Zaikun. “Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions.” 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Xu Z. Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Alberta; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/1n79h534r.

Council of Science Editors:

Xu Z. Functional Analyses of West Nile virus-Host Interactions. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Alberta; 2013. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/1n79h534r

University of New Mexico

26. Tevie, Justin. An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards.

Degree: Department of Economics, 2013, University of New Mexico

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23375

► Health hazards (e.g., West Nile virus and antibiotic resistance) by their nature are detrimental to the health of mankind and are a vexing problem for… (more)

▼ Health hazards (e.g., West Nile virus and antibiotic resistance) by their nature are detrimental to the health of mankind and are a vexing problem for society. Health authorities awareness of the rising health care costs associated with these health hazards highlights the need to undertake research in these areas. This dissertation presents a series of papers on these health hazards. Chapter 2 develops a spatial filtering panel data count model to examine the factors that contributed to the high prevalence of human West Nile virus (WNV) in California and Colorado using county-level data from 2003 to 2007. An econometric analysis was performed using a random effects negative binomial model to analyze the economic (income and home foreclosures) and biological (mosquitoes) factors associated with human WNV. Tests reveal the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the dependent variable (human WNV). The presence of this phenomenon implies that WNV in neighboring counties do impact the presence of WNV in adjacent counties. Consequently, the random effects negative binomial model is augmented with a spatially-lagged dependent variable and a spatial filtering term to correct for this problem and obtain unbiased estimates of the variance. Specification tests also show that income and home foreclosures are endogenous, i.e., home foreclosures, income and human WNV counts are determined jointly. Hence an instrumental variable (IV) technique is applied to the spatial filtering and spatial lag random effects negative binomial models to obtain consistent estimates. The former model is preferred because it is parsimonious in terms of a model selection criterion. Tests of over-identification (validity tests) reveal that the excluded instruments are indeed exogenous and for that matter valid. A number of hypotheses are tested regarding the economic and biological variables. The findings indicate that West Nile virus is higher in counties characterized by a low median income, high home foreclosures and high number of mosquito breeding sites. It is recommended that counties that exhibit these economic and biological characteristics should be allocated a higher percentage of resources for surveillance and monitoring of the disease. Chapter 3 is devoted to disease mapping and presentation of the variography of the various human WNV risk measures. It employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping tools to create thematic risk or hazard maps that visually depict the predicted probabilities of human WNV and the standardized morbidity ratios. The predicted probabilities were generated from the IV spatial filtering random effects negative binomial model. The hazard maps may ultimately assist policy makers in identifying areas of high and low West Nile virus risk, allocating scarce resources, and disease etiology. Variograms are estimated using geo-statistical methods to examine the spatial structure of the various risk measures. In this regard, both isotropic and anisotropic (directional) variograms are generated using exponential and… Advisors/Committee Members: Bohara, Alok, Valdez, Robert, Berrens, Robert, Zhang, Guoyi, Hofkin, Bruce.

Subjects/Keywords: Health Hazards; West Nile Virus; Antibiotic Resistance; Disease Mapping

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tevie, J. (2013). An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New Mexico. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23375

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tevie, Justin. “An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New Mexico. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23375.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tevie, Justin. “An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards.” 2013. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Tevie J. An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New Mexico; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23375.

Council of Science Editors:

Tevie J. An Economic Analysis of Evolving Health Hazards. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New Mexico; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23375

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

27. Gardner, Allison. Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois.

Degree: MS, 5216, 2012, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/32041

► West Nile virus (family Flaviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) was first reported in Chicago in 2001, where it has since been the most common vector-borne pathogen… (more)

▼ West Nile virus (family Flaviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) was first reported in Chicago in 2001, where it has since been the most common vector-borne pathogen in the region, with consistently high mosquito infection rates and persistent cases of human and veterinary illness. As in most vector-borne systems, one focus of current WNV research is studying the biology of the mosquito vector. Areas with high vector densities are likely to have high rates of pathogen transmission from avian reservoir hosts to mammalian hosts, so understanding the ecological drivers of vector abundance and distribution patterns is critical for obtaining accurate estimates of risk for human infection. The most important enzootic vectors for WNV in the midwestern United States are Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Cx. restuans Theobald. Both species have complex life cycles with aquatic juvenile stages and terrestrial adult stages. Because exposure to the bite of a mosquito is clearly linked to risk for WNV infection, the majority of previous field research has focused on the habitat and behavior of adult females. The relative paucity of attention to the aquatic stages is surprising because laboratory studies consistently have demonstrated that many physiological traits that later determine the vector competence of adults develop as products of environmental exposures in the larval stage. Furthermore, most mosquito abatement focuses on the larval stage, so it is in the interest of mosquito control programs to understand the ecological conditions that favor Culex production. In this study, I examine multiple potential environmental determinants of the abundance and spatial distribution of larval Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans in suburban Cook County, Illinois. Over the course of two seasons from May to September 2009 and 2010, mosquito larvae were sampled from a total of 80 storm water catch basins, a common oviposition site in urban locales, in three Chicago municipalities (Oak Lawn, Alsip, and Evergreen Park). Larval sampling was supplemented by daily temperature and precipitation measurements taken at Midway Airport and Cook County Precipitation Network weather stations, as well as quantification of the trees and shrubs within 40 m of each catch basin and, in 2009, measurements of aquatic pH, ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate content. I found that weather conditions and neighborhood structural characteristics contribute to both the seasonality and geographic patterns of mosquito abundance in the urban storm water catch basin system. Field-collected data from 2010 demonstrated that large precipitation events (>3.48 cm rainfall over a period over 2 consecutive hours) dramatically reduced the number of Culex larvae while high ambient temperature (>23.9°C) was associated with high larval abundance. Data from 2009 indicated that local density of certain tree genera was an important predictor of Culex production, with arborvitae (Thuja spp.) and magnolia (Magnolia spp.) positively associated with larval abundance and… Advisors/Committee Members: Ruiz, Marilyn O. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: West Nile virus; mosquito; weather; vegetation; Geographic Information Science

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gardner, A. (2012). Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois. (Thesis). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/32041

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gardner, Allison. “Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois.” 2012. Thesis, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/32041.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gardner, Allison. “Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois.” 2012. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Gardner A. Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/32041.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gardner A. Influence of neighborhood structure and weather conditions on density of vectors and risk for West Nile Virus in Cook County Illinois. [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/32041

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Pretoria

28. [No author]. Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay .

Degree: 2008, University of Pretoria

URL: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122008-130924/

► West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family, a virus family of which many members are known as human pathogens. WNV has a worldwide… (more)

▼ West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family, a virus family of which many members are known as human pathogens. WNV has a worldwide distribution and strains that cluster in lineage II is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. The complete nucleotide sequence of four lineage II West Nile virus strains, isolated in South Africa from patients with mild or severe WNV infections, were determined. Using a murine model, these strains had been shown to produce either highly or less neuroinvasive infections and induced similar genes to corresponding highly or less neuroinvasive lineage I strains. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparison between highly and less pathogenic lineage II strains demonstrated that the non-structural genes and in particular the gene coding for the NS5 proteins were the most variable. All the lineage II strains sequenced in this study were found to possess the E-protein glycosylation site previously postulated to be associated with virulence. Comparison of the signalase cleavage sites suggested that lineage II strains may be cleaved slightly more efficiently than lineage I strains in the C-prM junction, but less efficiently between prM and E genes. Relative to the highly neuroinvasive strains sequenced in this study major deletions were found in the 3’ noncoding region of 2 lineage II strains shown in previous studies to be either less- or not at all neuroinvasive. This is the first report of full genome sequences of highly neuroinvasive lineage II WNV strains. Currently available commercial WNV ELISA kits were developed with lineage I WNV strains and are expensive to use. For these reasons the development of a potential ELISA diagnostic assay based on the South African lineage II strain, H442, was envisaged. Such assay, if reliable and efficacious would be a useful tool towards WNV surveillance. The prM and E genes were selected to be expressed as recombinant antigens because of their co-expression nature and because the envelope protein is the principal target for neutralization. After cloning of the respective genes and verification of integrity, a mammalian expression system was utilized. Different mammalian cells and transfection media were tested and BHK 21 cells with SuperFect transfection medium were found to be best. Attempted expression of proteins was tested with immunofluorescent antibody testing as well as SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Expression of recombinant WNV antigens were also tested in indirect and sandwich ELISA’s systems. It was however not possible to perform these two ELISA systems at a satisfactory level or clearly indicated if expression of proteins was successful. Advisors/Committee Members: Prof L H Nel (advisor), Dr W Markotter (advisor), Dr J Paweska (advisor), Dr M Venter (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: South africa; West nile virus; Infections; Molecular; UCTD

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

author], [. (2008). Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay . (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122008-130924/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

author], [No. “Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay .” 2008. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122008-130924/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

author], [No. “Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay .” 2008. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

author] [. Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2008. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122008-130924/.

Council of Science Editors:

author] [. Molecular characterization of South African lineage II West Nile virus isolates and development of a diagnostic assay . [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2008. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122008-130924/

Universiteit Utrecht

29. Jonquière, F.J. West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study.

Degree: 2008, Universiteit Utrecht

URL: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/183163

► West Nile Virus Vaccination: West Nile Virus (WNV) may cause severe symptoms in birds, horses and humans. WNV is not (yet) present in the Netherlands,… (more)

▼ West Nile Virus Vaccination: West Nile Virus (WNV) may cause severe symptoms in birds, horses and humans. WNV is not (yet) present in the Netherlands, but it is steadily approaching from south-eastern Europe. Recently, a WNV-vaccine (Duvaxyn®-WNV) became available in Europe. It is claimed that vaccination results solely in an IgG response making it possible to differentiate acutely-infected horses from vaccinated horses by using an IgM-based ELISA. The aims of the study were to investigate this claim and to evaluate whether different intramuscular injection sites influence the immunological responses and whether any local or systemic adverse reactions would occur. Twenty horses, 3 to 21 years old, were vaccinated twice (day 0 and 21) in different muscle groups. Weekly blood samples were collected over a period of 42 days and tested for Flavivirus IgM antibodies using a WNV-IgM ELISA and for Flavivirus Ig antibodies using a WNV blocking ELISA. None of the horses tested positive for WNV antibodies on Day 0. No side effects were found following any of the intramuscular injections. Location of the intramuscular injections showed no significant effect on the immunogenic response. All horses showed a clear Ig (total antibody) response to the WNV vaccination, but in two horses this response was limited. Surprisingly, ten horses gave also a (limited) positive IgM response. This indicates that an IgM capture ELISA is not reliable to diagnose acute WNV infections in recently vaccinated horses. MRSA: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to be an increasing problem in hospitalized horses in the Netherlands. In 2008, 24 of 259 horses admitted to a veterinary hospital tested positive (1), while in a study in 2005, 200 randomly selected ostensibly healthy horses all tested negative for MRSA (2). This raised the question as to whether the high percentage of MRSA-positive horses reflected an overall increase in the population or was a product of the selection of the referral horses. The aim of the present study was to perform a follow-up screening of the 200 horses tested previously in the 2005 study. Of the horses screened in 2005, only 48 were still accessible (11 different premises). These horses were sampled with an additional 54 horses selected randomly at 6 other premises. Two nasal swabs were collected from each horse and incubated in two different selective media: one method similar to the study in 2005 (2) and one more sensitive method that is now used as a standard and has been used in the study of the referral horses (1). All 102 horses tested negative for MRSA using both isolation methods. No MRSA was found in the 102 healthy horses tested in the Netherlands. Further studies are needed to establish whether specific risk factors for testing MRSA-positive can be identified in the group of referred horses. Advisors/Committee Members: Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M., Duijkeren, E. van, Wagenaar, J..

Subjects/Keywords: Diergeneeskunde; West Nile Virus, Vaccination response, ELISA, MRSA, Staphylococcus Aureus

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Jonquière, F. J. (2008). West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study. (Doctoral Dissertation). Universiteit Utrecht. Retrieved from http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/183163

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jonquière, F J. “West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study.” 2008. Doctoral Dissertation, Universiteit Utrecht. Accessed January 29, 2020. http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/183163.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jonquière, F J. “West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study.” 2008. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Jonquière FJ. West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2008. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/183163.

Council of Science Editors:

Jonquière FJ. West NileVirus Vaccination: IgM and IgG responses in horses after injection in Different Muscles & The Prevalence of MRSA in healthy horses in the Netherlands: a follow-up study. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2008. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/183163

Penn State University

30. Schneider, Rhiannon Marie. ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS.

Degree: MS, Pathobiology, 2010, Penn State University

URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11536

► West Nile Virus (WNV) was first identified in the United States in 1999 in several avian species, the natural host and transmitters of the virus.… (more)

▼ West Nile Virus (WNV) was first identified in the United States in 1999 in several avian species, the natural host and transmitters of the virus. Incidental infection can occur in horses, and , although infections are most often asymptomatic, neurological signs such as ataxia, hind limb paresis and muscle tremors can occur. In severe cases, encephalitis, myelitis or death may occur. Currently, the only significant protection against WNV infection in horses is through vaccination. There are currently seven licensed vaccines on the market to protect horses against WNV infection. The first approved vaccine was an inactivated whole virus product but others include a modified live canarypox-vectored vaccine, a purified DNA plasmid vaccine, and several combination vaccines using both the whole killed and modified live viral products. Combination vaccines have been made to protect horses from WNV and eastern/western encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis, and/or tetanus toxoid. Much of the current research on equine immunity to WNV infection demonstrated that antibody was protective against infection. Interestingly research has also shown that horses have more IgG isotypes than most other species which suggests that isotype variation may be important for an effective immune response in the horse. Other studies showed that specific IgG subtypes should be targeted in the production of specific vaccines to maximize effector function. However, there was a paucity of data to define the specific subtypes responsible for protection afforded by many of the current vaccines. Also, little research has been conducted in horses to define specific cellular immune responses elicited in response to vaccination against WNV. There is a strong need to evaluate the current vaccines for efficacy so that future vaccines may be optimized to afford greater protection against WNV infection of horses with more effective vaccine protocols. The aim of this study was to evaluate both the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in Quarter Horse foals vaccinated with either the killed or modified live vectored vaccine with specific emphasis on T-cell activation and antibody subtype production. Our results suggested that the killed vaccine produced a significantly higher antibody response in foals compared to the modified live vaccine for each subtype tested with the IgG(T) subtype having the highest titer followed by IgG(b) and IgG(a). An assay for analysis of T- cell activation measured by interferon gamma production from peripheral blood lymphocytes in WNV-vaccinated foals was validated in this study. Lymphocytes were isolated either by direct lysis of red blood cells or by ficoll gradient separation, and interferon gamma measured by RT-PCR. Phenotyping results of the peripheral blood lymphocytes showed comparable retention of T lymphocyte populations using either method of isolation. Further research is needed to identify specific differences that may exist between the stimulation of the immune system. This research will benefit…

Subjects/Keywords: Interferon gamma; IgG; West Nile Virus; real time RT PCR

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Schneider, R. M. (2010). ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS. (Masters Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11536

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schneider, Rhiannon Marie. “ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed January 29, 2020. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11536.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schneider, Rhiannon Marie. “ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS.” 2010. Web. 29 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Schneider RM. ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Penn State University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11536.

Council of Science Editors:

Schneider RM. ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY SUBTYPES AND T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF HEALTHY FOALS AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS. [Masters Thesis]. Penn State University; 2010. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11536

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