subject:(Torrefaction)

University of Georgia

1. Bibens, Brian Paul. Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition.

Degree: MS, Biochemical Engineering, 2010, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/bibens_brian_p_201008_ms

► The effect of torrefaction of pine chips prior to its gasification was studied by measuring changes in yields, efficiency, and tar production during gasification. Feed… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bibens, B. P. (2010). Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition. (Masters Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/bibens_brian_p_201008_ms

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bibens, Brian Paul. “Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition.” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/bibens_brian_p_201008_ms.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bibens, Brian Paul. “Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition.” 2010. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Bibens BP. Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Georgia; 2010. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/bibens_brian_p_201008_ms.

Council of Science Editors:

Bibens BP. Integrating biomass torrefaction pretreatment with gasification: effect on syngas yield and tar composition. [Masters Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2010. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/bibens_brian_p_201008_ms

Texas A&M University

2. Eseltine, Dustin E. Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region.

Degree: 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10551

► The research presented focuses on the use of Carbon-dioxide (CO?), Nitrogen (N?) and Argon (Ar) as purge gases for torrefaction. Torrefaction using CO? as a… (more)

▼ The research presented focuses on the use of Carbon-dioxide (CO?), Nitrogen (N?) and Argon (Ar) as purge gases for torrefaction. Torrefaction using CO? as a purge gas may further improve the fuel characteristics of the torrefied fuel when compared to N? and Ar (which are entirely inert), making it better suited for use as a fuel for co-firing with coal or gasification. Three different biomasses were investigated: Juniper wood chips, Mesquite wood chips, and forage Sorghum. Experiments were conducted using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA, TA Instruments Model Q-600) to determine the effect of the purge gas over a wide range of torrefaction temperatures (200-300?C). TGA weight traces (thermograms) showed an increased mass loss when using CO2 as a purge gas when compared to N?. The increased mass loss when CO? was used is attributed to a hypothesized reaction between the CO? and fixed Carbon contained within the biomass. Torrefaction of biomass, using Ar as the purge gas, produced results similar to torrefaction using N?. Derivative Thermo-Gravimetric analysis (DTG) was done to determine the temperature ranges over which the three main components of biomass (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) decomposed. The DTG results are in agreement with previously published research. From TGA thermograms and DTG analysis it was determined that torrefaction at higher temperatures (>260?C) likely result in the breakdown of cellulose during torrefaction, an undesired outcome. Proximate, ultimate, and heat value analysis was done on all three biomasses. All three contain a relatively high Oxygen content, which serves to decrease the higher heating value (HHV) of the biomass. The HHV of Juniper, Mesquite, and Sorghum on a dry ash-free (DAF) basis were 20,584 kJ/kg, 20,128 kJ/kg, and 19,389 kJ/kg respectively. The HHV of the three biomasses were relatively constant as expected for agricultural biomass. From TGA analysis (thermograms and DTG), an optimal torrefaction temperature was determined (240?C) based upon the amount of mass lost during torrefaction and estimates of energy retained. Batch torrefaction of all three biomasses at the optimal torrefaction temperature was completed using a laboratory oven. All three biomasses were torrefied using CO?, N?, and Ar as a purge gas. Proximate, ultimate, and heat value analysis was done for each of the torrefied fuels and compared. Results of the fuel property analysis showed torrefaction reduced the moisture content and oxygen percentage of the fuel resulting in the torrefied biomass having a larger HHV when compared to raw biomass. Due to inherent mass lost during torrefaction, the amount of energy retained in the torrefied biomass was calculated to determine the percentage of the virgin biomass energy content that remained. Torrefaction using CO2 resulted in the lowest amount of energy retention of all three purge gases tested (78.86% for Juniper); conversely, Nitrogen resulted in the highest amount of energy retention (91.81% for Sorghum.) Torrefaction of the biomass also increased… Advisors/Committee Members: Ranjan, Devesh (advisor), Annamalai, Kalyan (advisor), Jacobs, Timothy (committee member), Capareda, Sergio (committee member), Ansley, James (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Biomass Torrefaction; thermal degradation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Eseltine, D. E. (2012). Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10551

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Eseltine, Dustin E. “Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region.” 2012. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10551.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Eseltine, Dustin E. “Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region.” 2012. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Eseltine DE. Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10551.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Eseltine DE. Effect of Using Inert and Non-Inert Gases on the Thermal Degradation and Fuel Properties of Biomass in the Torrefaction and Pyrolysis Region. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10551

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Guelph

3. Regmi, Bharat. Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) .

Degree: 2017, University of Guelph

URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10442

► This present thesis focuses on production of biochar with good fuel characteristics through torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass. The changes in physicochemical characteristics of hybrid poplar… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Kinetics; Heat Transfer

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APA (6^th Edition):

Regmi, B. (2017). Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) . (Thesis). University of Guelph. Retrieved from https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10442

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Regmi, Bharat. “Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) .” 2017. Thesis, University of Guelph. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10442.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Regmi, Bharat. “Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) .” 2017. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Regmi B. Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10442.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Regmi B. Thermal pre-treatment of hybrid poplar wood (Populus nigra-NM 6) . [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2017. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10442

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Guelph

4. Kambo, Harpreet Singh. Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction .

Degree: 2014, University of Guelph

URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/8304

► The work presented in this study demonstrated the potential of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass for the production of carbon-rich solid fuel, known as hydrochar… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; Torrefaction; Biochar; Hydrothermal; Carbonization

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kambo, H. S. (2014). Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction . (Thesis). University of Guelph. Retrieved from https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/8304

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kambo, Harpreet Singh. “Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction .” 2014. Thesis, University of Guelph. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/8304.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kambo, Harpreet Singh. “Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction .” 2014. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Kambo HS. Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/8304.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kambo HS. Energy Densification of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction . [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2014. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/8304

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Dalhousie University

5. Dhungana, Alok. TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS.

Degree: Master of Applied Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2011, Dalhousie University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14236

► Torrefaction is a thermo-chemical pre-treatment of biomass within a narrow temperature range from 200°C to 300°C, where mostly the hemicellulose components of a biomass depolymerise.… (more)

▼ Torrefaction is a thermo-chemical pre-treatment of biomass within a narrow temperature range from 200°C to 300°C, where mostly the hemicellulose components of a biomass depolymerise. This treatment is carried out under atmospheric conditions in a non-oxidizing environment at low heating rates (< 50°C/min) and for a relatively long reactor residence time. Torrefaction increases the energy density of a biomass and reduces its O/C and H/C ratio, so its properties approach to that of coal. Biomass is usually referred to as lignocellulose, as its major mass constituents are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Research on torrefaction carried out to date deals solely with lignocellulose biomasses, and their degradation mechanism is explained primarily in terms of hemicellulose. However, there are biomasses which are non-lignocellulosic, have a small fraction of fibres in them or could possibly benefit from torrefaction. These include municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, animal waste, etc. Experiments were conducted on three non-cellulose biomasses (poultry waste, digested sludge, and undigested sludge) along with three typical lignocellulose biomasses (wood pellet and switchgrass and an agricultural waste – coffee bean husks). Results showed that non-lignocellulose biomasses torrefy similarly to their lignocellulose counterparts. Due to the immense potential of the torrefaction process, numerous manufacturers have developed their own patented technology for torrefying. Nevertheless, choosing the right torrefaction technology has become exceptionally difficult because of a near absence of a comparative assessment of different types of reactors. An experimental work was conducted to review the major generic types of reactors such as rotating drum, convective bed, fluidized bed and microwave, delineating the essential features of generic types of reactors. According to the results of this study, biomass torrefaction in a rotating drum gave the highest energy dense product, followed by fluidized bed and convective bed; the microwave reactor showed over-torrefaction at the core, while leaving the exterior green. To help effective design of a torrefier, several systematic experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of some of the more important operating parameters, such as torrefaction temperature, residence time and biomass particles size on the torrefaction yield. Although the mass yield decreased with the torrefaction temperature, energy density increased with it. Moreover, torrefaction yield varied for different biomass particle sizes depending on the type of reactor used, but the particle size did not have any clear effect on the energy density of the torrefied product. Advisors/Committee Members: N/A (external-examiner), Dr. Alex Kalamkarov (graduate-coordinator), Dr. Dominic Groulx (thesis-reader), Dr. Kenneth Corscadden (thesis-reader), Dr. Prabir Basu, Dr. Animesh Dutta (thesis-supervisor), Not Applicable (ethics-approval), No (manuscripts), Yes (copyright-release).

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; Biocoal; Renewable Energy; Carbonization; Torrefaction

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APA (6^th Edition):

Dhungana, A. (2011). TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS. (Masters Thesis). Dalhousie University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14236

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dhungana, Alok. “TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Dalhousie University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14236.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dhungana, Alok. “TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS.” 2011. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Dhungana A. TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14236.

Council of Science Editors:

Dhungana A. TORREFACTION OF BIOMASS. [Masters Thesis]. Dalhousie University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14236

6. Boakye, Eric Amo. Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products.

Degree: PhD, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2017, South Dakota State University

URL: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1185

► Lignocellulosic materials derived from plants have the ability to serve as feedstocks in place of depleting petroleum and coal for production of fuels and… (more)

▼ Lignocellulosic materials derived from plants have the ability to serve as feedstocks in place of depleting petroleum and coal for production of fuels and chemicals. Lignin forms about 30% of lignocellulosic material, and is the second most abundant non-fossil organic carbon source in the biosphere. However, it is often treated as waste or, in some instances, burned to supply energy. Developing an efficient and environmentally benign method to convert lignin to high value-added aromatic monomers (e.g., guaiacol, vanillin, acetovanillone, and eugenol) for synthesis of polymers is of interest. Mineral bases, such as NaOH and CsOH, or supported-metal catalysts (Pt, Ru, Pd, and Ni on C) have been used to form aromatic monomers, but associated drawbacks are corrosion, catalyst recovery, sintering of metals, and loss of activity. Lignin conversion into useful aromatic compounds is highly desired but often hindered by recondensation and accompanied undesired products. Zeolite-supported metal oxide catalysts (CoO, LaO, and MoO) with subcritical water at 200°C and 240°C were used to convert lignin to value-added aromatic monomers. Separation of the resulting organic and aqueous phases was done by liquidliquid extraction using ethyl acetate. Our results indicate the formation of guaiacol, homovanillic acid, isoeugenol, 3-methoxyacetophenone, acetovanillone, and vanillin as the main products. GC-MS analysis of the organic extract shows 2-4.8 wt% and 3-15 wt% formation of phenolic compounds at 200 °C and 240 °C, respectively, at 12 MPa and 15 minutes. MoO catalyst gave the highest yield of phenolic monomers at both temperatures. The presence of the aromatic products was confirmed by FTIR, GC-MS, and UHPLC analysis. Extracted lignin from torrefied prairie cordgrass at 250 °C (Tor250), 300 °C (Tor300), and 350 °C (Tor350) yielded 23.5±1.6 wt%, 5.4±6.8 wt%, and 4.1±7.3 wt% of lignin respectively with 92-93.1 wt% recovered lignin relative to the organosolvent method. Torrefaction at 350 °C provided higher lignin purity (93.1±3.2 wt%) than lignin extracted from PCG (89.2±2.5 wt%). Thermogravimetric analysis shows breakdown of β- O-4 linkages in the lignin by mass loss between 250 to 350°C. Pyrolytic bio-oil obtained ranged between 13 and 37 wt% of prairie cordgrass at temperatures of 250°C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 600 °C, and 900 °C. The bio-oil contains the useful aromatic compounds - phenol, guaiacol, m-cresol, xylenol, ethyl-phenol, ethyl-guaiacol, catechol, syringol, furan-2-one, vanillin, and 3-furancarboxaldehyde. Advisors/Committee Members: Douglas E. Raynie.

Subjects/Keywords: catalyst; depolymerization; hydrotreatment; lignin; pyrolysis; torrefaction; Chemistry

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APA (6^th Edition):

Boakye, E. A. (2017). Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products. (Doctoral Dissertation). South Dakota State University. Retrieved from http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1185

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Boakye, Eric Amo. “Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, South Dakota State University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1185.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Boakye, Eric Amo. “Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products.” 2017. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Boakye EA. Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. South Dakota State University; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1185.

Council of Science Editors:

Boakye EA. Lignin Transformation and Characterization of Pyrolytic Products. [Doctoral Dissertation]. South Dakota State University; 2017. Available from: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1185

Université Montpellier II

7. Castellanos Onorio, Olaya Pirene. Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica).

Degree: Docteur es, Biochimie, chimie et technologie des aliments, 2011, Université Montpellier II

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20033

► L'ochratoxine A (OTA) est un métabolite secondaire produit par des espèces appartenant aux genres Aspergillus et Penicillium qui a été liée à certaines conditions avec… (more)

▼ L'ochratoxine A (OTA) est un métabolite secondaire produit par des espèces appartenant aux genres Aspergillus et Penicillium qui a été liée à certaines conditions avec des effets néphrotoxiques, immunotoxiques, tératogènes et cancérogènes. La présence d'OTA dans le café vert a été détectée depuis 1974 et sa transmission à la boisson a été mise en évidence en 1989. La torréfaction du café est un procédé thermique qui peut avoir un effet sur la teneur en OTA, avant 1988, on pensait que l'OTA était détruite pendant la torréfaction, mais après plusieurs chercher sont des résultats contradictoires publiés dans % de réduction (de 0 à 100%). Plusieurs auteurs émis les hypothèses suivantes pour expliquer cette réduction : Isomérisation de la toxine dans la position C3 formant un diastéréoisomère moins toxique (Studer-Rohr et al, 1995 et Bruinink et al, 1997), protection de la dégradation d’OTA par l'humidité du grain (Boudra et al 1995; Blanc et al, 1998 et Stegen et al, 2001.), existence de réactions avec le café toxine parent ou réarrangements de la molécule OTA à températures de torréfaction (Suarez-Quiroz et al, 2005). Une autre étude sur la dégradation thermique de OTA pure a montré la formation de deux composés moins toxiques, 14-(R)-ochratoxine A et de la 14-descarboxi-ochratoxine A (Cramer et al, 2008). Parce qu'il n'y a pas de données concluantes sur l'effet de la torréfaction sur l'OTA dans le grain et le besoin de bases scientifiques pour établir des règles pour l'exportation de café vert, l'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier l'impact des différents types de torréfaction sur la stabilité thermique de l'OTA dans le café et l'élucidation chimique des produits de transformation. Deux niveaux de contamination ont été obtenus à partir de café contaminés artificiellement par Aspergillus westerdijkiae (5,3 et 57,2 ppb d'OTA). Ces lots sont grillés à 230° en utilisant deux méthodes : La torréfaction à tambour (TR) et à lit fluidisé (LF). Les échantillons ont été prélevés toutes les 3 min pour TR et chaque min 0,9 pour LF pour quantifier la valeur résiduelle d¡¯OTA. Les résultats ont montré que le procédé de torréfaction par TR (plus lent) était plus efficace que la FL dans l'élimination de l'OTA (67% et 36%, respectivement, pour une torréfaction moyenne). Nous avons déterminé le taux de dégradation thermique de OTA pure et de l'OTA mélangée avec les composants du café (5 sucres, 3 acides aminés, la caféine et les acides chlorogéniques), montrant que les interactions se déroulent en fonction des conditions de pH et de pKa des composants testés, dans ce cas, en influant sur la réactivité et la vitesse de dégradation de l'OTA. Un produit de transformation (PT) a été observé sur les chromatogrammes obtenus à partir de l'interaction de l'OTA avec les composants du café. Des tests d'alcalinisation et de chauffage de OTA pure ont confirmé que le PT provient de la modification structurale de la molécule d'OTA et n’est pas un produit de l'interaction avec les composants naturels du café. L'effet du pH et de la température sur… Advisors/Committee Members: Galindo, Sabine (thesis director), Suàrez-Quiroz, Mirna Leonor (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Mycotoxines; Torrefaction; Ota; Mycotoxins; Roasting; Ota

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APA (6^th Edition):

Castellanos Onorio, O. P. (2011). Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica). (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Montpellier II. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20033

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Castellanos Onorio, Olaya Pirene. “Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica).” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Montpellier II. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20033.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Castellanos Onorio, Olaya Pirene. “Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica).” 2011. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Castellanos Onorio OP. Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20033.

Council of Science Editors:

Castellanos Onorio OP. Estudio de la estabilidad termica de la ocratoxina a durante el tostado del café (Coffea arabica) : Etude de la stabilité thermique de l'ochratoxine A au cours de la torréfaction du café (Coffea arabica). [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Montpellier II; 2011. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20033

Oklahoma State University

8. Sarkar, Madhura. Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass.

Degree: Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, 2013, Oklahoma State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11244/15102

► The overall goal of this research was to investigate effects of pretreatments (torrefaction at 230 and 270°C, densification, and combined torrefaction and densification) on biomass… (more)

▼ The overall goal of this research was to investigate effects of pretreatments (torrefaction at 230 and 270°C, densification, and combined torrefaction and densification) on biomass properties, devolatilization kinetics and gasification performance of switchgrass. Devolatilization kinetics was determined at three heating rates (10, 30 and 50°C min-1) in inert (nitrogen) and oxidizing (air) atmospheres using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Gasification performance were evaluated at three gasification temperatures (700, 800 and 900°C) using an externally-heated fixed&ndashbed reactor with air at an equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.3. Devolatilization study showed that switchgrass torrefied at 270°C had the highest carbon (C) and the lowest hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) contents (59.16, 4.67, and 34.53% d.b., respectively). This resulted in the lowest atomic O/C (0.44) and H/C (0.95) ratios and the highest higher heating value (27.11 MJ kg-1, d.b.). Combined torrefaction and densification of switchgrass resulted in the least volatile and the highest ash and fixed carbon contents (62.63, 5.91, and 31.45% d.b., respectively). Combined torrefied and densified switchgrass had the highest rate of devolatilization in both atmospheres as evidenced by the largest rate of weight loss peaks (34 and 44 mg min-1 in inert and oxidizing atmospheres, respectively), the lowest start and end temperatures of the rate of weight loss peak (250-300 and 230-310�C in inert and oxidizing atmospheres, respectively). Gasification study showed that bulk density of combined torrefied and densified switchgrass was the highest (598.17 kg m-3, d.b.) requiring less space to store and transport. Pretreatments of switchgrass and gasification temperatures had significant effects on gasification performance. Among all pretreatments, gasification of combined torrefied and densified switchgrass resulted in the highest yields of H2 (0.03 kg/kg biomass) and CO (0.71 kg/kg biomass), highest syngas LHV (4.97 MJ Nm-3), CCE (90.56%), and CGE (68.69%) at the gasification temperature of 900°C, which show that combined torrefaction and densification significantly improved gasification performance of switchgrass. Advisors/Committee Members: Kumar, Ajay (advisor), Patil, Krushna N. (committee member), Bellmer, Danielle D. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: densification; devolatilization; gasification; kinetics; switchgrass; torrefaction

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sarkar, M. (2013). Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass. (Thesis). Oklahoma State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11244/15102

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sarkar, Madhura. “Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass.” 2013. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11244/15102.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sarkar, Madhura. “Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass.” 2013. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Sarkar M. Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass. [Internet] [Thesis]. Oklahoma State University; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11244/15102.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sarkar M. Effects of Torrefaction and Densification on Devolatilization Kinetics and Gasification Performance of Switchgrass. [Thesis]. Oklahoma State University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11244/15102

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Guelph

9. Sule, Idris. Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass .

Degree: 2012, University of Guelph

URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/3970

► Torrefaction has become a topic of interest in recent times not only because farmers could increase their income due to more farming activities for biomass… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; energy density; grindability; hydrophobicity; heat transfer

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sule, I. (2012). Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass . (Thesis). University of Guelph. Retrieved from https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/3970

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sule, Idris. “Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass .” 2012. Thesis, University of Guelph. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/3970.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sule, Idris. “Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass .” 2012. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Sule I. Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/3970.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sule I. Torrefaction Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass . [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2012. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/3970

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Queens University

10. Nicksy, Daniel. Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets .

Degree: Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2014, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12179

► A novel compacted, torrefied, spherical biomass pellet, known as the "Q'Pellet", is aimed at overcoming the challenges of modern biomass pellets by building on the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Spherical Pellet; Biomass; Pelletization; Q'Pellet

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nicksy, D. (2014). Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12179

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nicksy, Daniel. “Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets .” 2014. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12179.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nicksy, Daniel. “Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets .” 2014. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Nicksy D. Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12179.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Nicksy D. Design Specifications for the Development of a Continuous Pelletizing Process for the Production of Spherical, Torrefied Biomass Pellets . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12179

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

11. Rudolfsson, Magnus. Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass.

Degree: 2016, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

URL: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/13395/

► This thesis focuses on developing two main areas: characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass. Thermally treated biomass undergoes changes that enrich the content of… (more)

▼ This thesis focuses on developing two main areas: characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass. Thermally treated biomass undergoes changes that enrich the content of carbon in the remaining solid fraction. The carbon content is correlated to the temperature and residence time of the treatment and affects the properties of the material as a fuel e.g. gross calorific value. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict a wide range of variables from forest- and agro-based biomass thermally treated at 240 to 850 ˚C. The result showed that NIR provided excellent predictions e.g. for energy, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen contents. The changes of the biomass properties after thermal treatment, such as torrefaction, change also the pelletizing properties. A parametric study was conducted at bench scale in a single pellet press tool where four parameters were examined with respect to pellet quality responses. The study showed a narrow process window for pelletizing at around 5% moisture content. Further pelletizing studies in pilot scale demonstrated that higher moisture contents were needed for satisfying pellet quality. This indicated that there is a discrepancy between the material’s moisture content before pelletizing and at the actual moment of feed layer formation and pelletizing. By drying both torrefied and untreated material it was shown that torrefied materials dried at a significantly higher rate. Thus, observed uneven pellet production caused by feed layer breakage was related to the drying rate due to heat from friction in the pellet press channels. This was demonstrated by developing two methods for cooling the pelletizing process: one with direct cooling by water injection and one with indirect cooling by coils in the die, and hereby reduce drying and keep the moisture content at a level where pelletizing was possible. This showed that cooling of the pelletizing process can be beneficial for the pellet quality. The overall result for successful densification of thermally treated lignocellulosic biomass into a standardized commodity with high energy and bulk density stresses the need: (1) to find tools that characterize biomass facilitating suitable settings in the densification step; (2) to apply new innovative steps in sub-processes like cooling of the feed layer; and, finally, (3) to find matching combinations of torrefaction and pelletization.

Subjects/Keywords: picea abies; pinus sylvestris; salix; phalaris arundinacea; wood; lignocellulose; biomass; heat treatment; torrefaction; wood density; pelleting; spectroscopy; densification; characterization; torrefaction

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rudolfsson, M. (2016). Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass. (Doctoral Dissertation). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved from http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/13395/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rudolfsson, Magnus. “Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/13395/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rudolfsson, Magnus. “Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass.” 2016. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Rudolfsson M. Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/13395/.

Council of Science Editors:

Rudolfsson M. Characterization and densification of carbonized lignocellulosic biomass. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 2016. Available from: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/13395/

12. Almberg, Evan. Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2016, South Dakota State University

URL: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1026

► This study investigated the economic feasibility of distributed torrefaction biorefining systems using corn stover feedstock to generate value-‐added products. Distributed torrefaction systems have the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: corn; feasibility; stover; techno-economic; torrefaction; torrgas; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Almberg, E. (2016). Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock. (Masters Thesis). South Dakota State University. Retrieved from http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1026

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Almberg, Evan. “Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock.” 2016. Masters Thesis, South Dakota State University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1026.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Almberg, Evan. “Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock.” 2016. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Almberg E. Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. South Dakota State University; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1026.

Council of Science Editors:

Almberg E. Techno-Economic Feasibility of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock. [Masters Thesis]. South Dakota State University; 2016. Available from: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1026

Texas A&M University

13. Thanapal, Siva S. Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner.

Degree: 2014, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152768

► Mesquite and juniper can be beneficially utilized for gasification and combustion applications. Torrefaction has been considered to be one of the thermal pretreatment options to… (more)

▼ Mesquite and juniper can be beneficially utilized for gasification and combustion applications. Torrefaction has been considered to be one of the thermal pretreatment options to improve the chemical (e.g. heat content) and physical (e.g. grindability) properties of raw biomass. A simple three component parallel reaction model (TCM) was formulated to study the effect of heating rate, temperature, residence time and type of biomass on torrefaction process. Typically inert environment (e.g. N_(2), He, Ar) is maintained to prevent oxidation of biomass during torrefaction. A novel method for utilization of carbon dioxide as the pretreatment medium for woody biomass has been investigated in the current study. Both raw and the torrefied biomass (TB) were pyrolyzed using TGA under N_(2). The TB fuels were also fired with coal in a 30 kWt downfired burner to study the NOx emission. In addition, tests were also done using raw biomass (RB) (mesquite and juniper) blended with coal and compared with results obtained from cofiring TB with coal. A zero dimensional model has been developed to predict the combustion performance of cofired fuels. The results are as follows. TGA studies yielded global kinetics based on maximum volatile release (MVR) method. TCM predicts higher loss of hemicellulose upon torrefaction when compared to the other components, cellulose and lignin resulting in improved heat values of TB. Comparable mass loss at lower temperatures, improved grindability, and improved fuel properties were observed upon using CO_(2) as the torrefaction medium. Co-firing 10% by mass of raw mesquite with coal reduced the NOx emission from 420 ppm to 280 ppm for an Equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.9. Further cofiring TB with coal reduced the NOx emission by 10% when compared to base case NOx emission from combustion of pure PRB coal. NOx emission decreased with increase in equivalence ratio. In addition, a term used in the biological literature, respiratory quotient (RQ), is applied to fossil and biomass fuels to rank the potential of fuels to produce carbon dioxide during oxidation process. Lesser the value of ?RQ? of a fuel, lower the global warming potential. Advisors/Committee Members: Annamalai, Kalyan (advisor), Ranjan, Devesh (advisor), Strzelec, Andrea (committee member), Ansley, Jim (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Torrefaction; Pyrolysis; Combustion; Biomass; Coal; Co-firing; Emission

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APA (6^th Edition):

Thanapal, S. S. (2014). Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner. (Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152768

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Thanapal, Siva S. “Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner.” 2014. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152768.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Thanapal, Siva S. “Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner.” 2014. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Thanapal SS. Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152768.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Thanapal SS. Effect of Co-Firing Torrefied Woody Biomass with Coal in a 30 kWt Downfired Burner. [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152768

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

14. Cavagnol, Sofien. Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit.

Degree: Docteur es, Génie des procédés, 2013, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0063

►

La torréfaction est une étape nécessaire pour la production de gazoles à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique par voie thermochimique (chaîne Biomass To Liquid). Il s'agit… (more)

▼

La torréfaction est une étape nécessaire pour la production de gazoles à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique par voie thermochimique (chaîne Biomass To Liquid). Il s'agit d'un traitement thermique dans le domaine de température compris entre 200 et 300°C en milieu non oxydant ; le but de cette étape est de modifier la structure de la biomasse afin d'en faciliter le transport pneumatique après broyage. Cependant, des réactions exothermiques ont été observées et peuvent mener à un mauvais contrôle de la température au sein du réacteur et nuire à la qualité des produits, voire endommager l'installation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier la chaleur émise par les réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique, et d'en étudier les impactes lors du changement d'échelle, où les phénomènes de transfert de masse et de chaleur ne sont plus négligeables. Durant nos travaux, des mesures de perte de masse et de flux de chaleur ont été réalisées à l'échelle de la poudre (microparticule) sur trois types d'essence de bois (robinier, épicéa et eucalyptus) ainsi que sur les principaux constituants de la matière lignocellulosique (cellulose, xylane, glucomannane et lignine). Un modèle cinétique capable de reproduire la perte de masse ainsi que le flux de chaleur généré par les réactions exothermiques, a été développé. Il utilise le concept de distribution d'énergie d'activation. Tous les paramètres du modèle ont été identifiés par méthode inverse sur un ensemble de tests isothermes d'une durée de 10 heures. Cela permet de proposer des paramètres cinétiques robustes et des valeurs fiables d'énergie d'activation. Par la suite, des mesures de température pendant des essais de torréfaction sur des planches de bois (méso-échelle) et sur un lit fixe de particules (échelle macroscopique) ont permis de mesurer la propagation d'une onde thermique générée par les réactions exothermiques. Une modélisation macroscopique qui intègre le modèle cinétique développé permet de propager l'effet des réactions exothermiques à l'échelle de la macro particule. L'analyse de l'ensemble des résultats permet de mettre en exergue l'importance de l'échelle lit sur l'emballement thermique observé expérimentalement. L'ensemble du travail, mené à différentes échelles spatiales et complété par une analyse permettant de relier ces échelles entre-elles, constitue une avancée significative vers la prédiction de l'exothermicité de la torréfaction afin d'assurer la sécurité et la faisabilité à l'échelle industrielle.

Lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction is an important step for diesel production through the BTL (Biomass To Liquid) chain. Torrefaction is a non-oxidative thermal treatment in the temperature range from 200 to 300°C. The aim of this process is to modify biomass structure in order to facilitate pneumatic transportation after grinding. However, some exothermic reactions are triggered in this temperature range which can lead to a lack of temperature control inside the reactor with detrimental effects on the product quality…

Advisors/Committee Members: Perré, Patrick (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Torréfaction; Cinétique chimique; Transferts de masse; Torrefaction; Kinetic; Mass transfer

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cavagnol, S. (2013). Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit. (Doctoral Dissertation). Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0063

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cavagnol, Sofien. “Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0063.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cavagnol, Sofien. “Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit.” 2013. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Cavagnol S. Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0063.

Council of Science Editors:

Cavagnol S. Approche multi échelle de l'emballement des réactions exothermiques de torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : de la cinétique chimique au lit de particules : kinetics and heat flux experiments and modelling of wood torrefaction : from microscale to pilot unit. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris; 2013. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0063

Michigan Technological University

15. Klinger, Jordan L. MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

Degree: PhD, Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, 2015, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1013

► Utilizing biomass provides a possible near-term alternative solution for fossil energy dependence in both electricity generation and transportation. Though thermochemical conversion can produce solid/liquid… (more)

▼ Utilizing biomass provides a possible near-term alternative solution for fossil energy dependence in both electricity generation and transportation. Though thermochemical conversion can produce solid/liquid fuels that are compatible in existing infrastructure, detailed scientific chemical and mechanistic understanding are still being developed. In contribution to these efforts, this work is focused on development of a semiempirical, lumped parameter, chemical kinetic model to describe the degradation of woody biomass. The initial kinetic model was developed in the torrefaction region to describe the gas-phase evolution of products (water, organic acids, permanent gases, and furfural) through a three consecutive reaction model. In this model, the initial biomass degrades through several solid intermediates that represent of partially degraded polymers to produce the observed gas-phase species through product detachment. The model was able to well describe the measured species transients, and revealed important considerations between processing severity (time, temperature) and enhancement of solid fuel properties. After the model was calibrated to predict the weight distribution between products, it was able to describe the elemental composition of the solid material up to removal of approximately thirty percent of the initial dry sample mass. Engineering considerations such as process efficiency based on the intrinsic reaction (mass and energy yield) were explored. The model was then extended into a more traditional pyrolysis range (up to 425°C), while avoiding any significant secondary thermal reactions. Here the model was extended in similar fashion to six consecutive reactions to describe to observed product evolution. It was found that the model not only describes the gas-phase species from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, but also the entirety of torrefaction and pyrolysis within a single unified mechanism, implying that they are similar processes that occur at kinetically different rates due to process temperature. The presented kinetic parameters, process chemistry, and dynamic product removal traces offer unique insight into the thermal degradation mechanism. The unified model predictions were then explored to present product distribution/composition over the complete processing range, and obtain model validation. Also of great importance, the presented model is able to account for differences in solid degradation due to variation in woody feedstock. Advisors/Committee Members: Ezra Bar-Ziv, David Shonnard.

Subjects/Keywords: Kinetic Model; Pyrolysis; Torrefaction; Chemical Engineering; Energy Systems; Mechanical Engineering

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Klinger, J. L. (2015). MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1013

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Klinger, Jordan L. “MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1013.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Klinger, Jordan L. “MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.” 2015. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Klinger JL. MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1013.

Council of Science Editors:

Klinger JL. MODELING OF BIOMASS TORREFACTION AND PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2015. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/1013

16. Li, Dong. Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi.

Degree: 2016, University of Hawaii – Manoa

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42578

►

M.S. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2015.

Torrefaction is a thermal treatment process that can significantly improve fuel properties of solid biomass, provide alternative fuel… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Fuel; Biomass; Pretreatment

…6 Figure 2. Reaction pathways during heating and torrefaction of lignocellulosic materials… …x5B;20]. ... 7 Figure 3. Typical mass/energy balance of torrefaction… …17 Figure 6. Schematic of first lab scale torrefaction unit… …33 Figure 10. Schematic of second torrefaction unit… …34 Figure 11. Square torrefaction reactor…

11 more images…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Li, D. (2016). Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi. (Thesis). University of Hawaii – Manoa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42578

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Li, Dong. “Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hawaii – Manoa. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42578.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Li, Dong. “Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi.” 2016. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Li D. Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42578.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Li D. Impact of torrefaction on grindability, hydrophobicity and fuel characteristics of biomass relevant to Hawaiʻi. [Thesis]. University of Hawaii – Manoa; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42578

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Victoria

17. Brown, Duncan. Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production.

Degree: Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, University of Victoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5067

► Distributed mobile conversion facilities using either fast pyrolysis or torrefaction processes can be used to convert forest residues to more energy dense substances (bio-oil, bio-slurry… (more)

▼ Distributed mobile conversion facilities using either fast pyrolysis or torrefaction processes can be used to convert forest residues to more energy dense substances (bio-oil, bio-slurry or torrefied wood) that can be transported as feedstock for bio-fuel facilities. All feedstock are suited for gasification, which produces syngas that can be used to synthesise petrol or diesel via Fischer-Tropsch reactions, or produce hydrogen via water gas shift reactions. Alternatively, the bio-oil product of fast pyrolysis may be upgraded to produce petrol and diesel, or can undergo steam reformation to produce hydrogen. Implementing a network of mobile facilities reduces the energy content of forest residues delivered to a bio-fuel facility as mobile facilities use a fraction of the biomass energy content to meet thermal or electrical demands. The total energy delivered by bio-oil, bio-slurry and torrefied wood is 45%, 65% and 87% of the initial forest residue energy content, respectively. However, implementing mobile facilities is economically feasible when large transport distances are required. For an annual harvest of 1.717 million m3 (equivalent to 2000 ODTPD), transport costs are reduced to less than 40% of the total levelised delivered feedstock cost when mobile facilities are implemented; transport costs account for up to 80% of feedstock costs for conventional woodchip delivery. Torrefaction provides the lowest cost pathway of delivering a forest residue resource when using mobile facilities. Cost savings occur against woodchip delivery for annual forest residue harvests above 2.25 million m3 or when transport distances greater than 250 km are required. Important parameters that influence levelised delivered costs of feedstock are transport distances (forest residue spatial density), haul cost factors, thermal and electrical demands of mobile facilities, and initial moisture content of forest residues. Relocating mobile facilities can be optimised for lowest cost delivery as transport distances of raw biomass are reduced. The overall cost of bio-fuel production is determined by the feedstock delivery pathway and also the bio-fuel production process employed. Results show that the minimum cost of petrol and diesel production is 0.86 litre-1 when a bio-oil feedstock is upgraded. This corresponds to a 2750 TPD upgrading facility requiring an annual harvest of 4.30 million m3. The minimum cost of hydrogen production is 2.92 kg-1, via the gasification of a woodchip feedstock and subsequent water gas shift reactions. This corresponds to a 1100 ODTPD facility and requires an annual harvest of 947,000 m3. The levelised cost of bio-fuel strongly depends on the size of annual harvest required for bio-fuel facilities. There are optimal harvest volumes (bio-fuel facility sizes) for each bio-fuel production route, which yield minimum bio-fuel production costs. These occur as the benefits of economies of scale for larger bio-fuel facilities compete against increasing transport costs for larger harvests. Optimal harvest… Advisors/Committee Members: Rowe, Andrew Michael (supervisor), Wild, Peter Martin (supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: forest residue; pyrolysis; torrefaction; bio-fuel; bio-oil; techno-economic

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APA (6^th Edition):

Brown, D. (2013). Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production. (Masters Thesis). University of Victoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5067

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Brown, Duncan. “Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Victoria. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5067.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Brown, Duncan. “Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production.” 2013. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Brown D. Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Victoria; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5067.

Council of Science Editors:

Brown D. Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-fuel production. [Masters Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5067

Vytautas Magnus University

18. Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai.

Degree: Master, Physics, 2014, Vytautas Magnus University

URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140122_114336-41905 ;

►

Torefikacija yra perspektyvi biomasės apdirbimo technologija, leidžianti pagerinti biomasės fizikines savybes, kartu sumažinti išlaidas skirtas biomasės smulkinimui. Torefikuota biomasė gali būti panaudojama esamose anglimi kūrenamose… (more)

▼

Torefikacija yra perspektyvi biomasės apdirbimo technologija, leidžianti pagerinti biomasės fizikines savybes, kartu sumažinti išlaidas skirtas biomasės smulkinimui. Torefikuota biomasė gali būti panaudojama esamose anglimi kūrenamose elektrinėse, ją santykine dalimi maišant su įprastomis anglimis, taip sumažinant CO2 kiekį išsiskiriantį deginant iškastinį kurą (Kioto protokolas). Šiuo metu trūksta mokslinių tyrimų ir duomenų apie torefikacijos panaudojimą agrokultūrų atliekoms (šiaudams) apdirbti, pagaminant naują energetiškai patrauklų kurą pasižymintį unikaliomis savybėmis. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti ir įvertinti iš skirtingų biomasės rūšių pagaminto torefikuoto kuro savybes ir torefikacijos proceso sąlygas. Tam būtina sąlyga: bandomojo torefikacijos reaktoriaus sukūrimas. Sauso kuro aukštutinė degimo šiluma nustatymo (HHV), anglies, vandenilio, azoto, sieros, chloro, lakiųjų organinių junginių kiekio, peleningumo ir pelenų lydumo, masės išeigos, energijos našumo, energetinio tankumo, reaktoriaus patikimumo lyginant su TGA, lakiųjų organinių junginių sudėties ir hidrofobiškumo testai – tai pagrindiniai parametrai kurie buvo nustatinėjami atliekant šį darbą. Torefikacijos procesas buvo atliekamas azotinėje aplinkoje, prie skirtingų temperatūrų (250 °C, 280 °C, 300 °C), bandinį reaktoriuje išlaikant 30 minučių, plius papildomas išlaikymas 10 minučių naudojant 300 °C. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad po torefikacijos proceso medžiaga turi didesnę sausojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Torrefaction is a promising fuel pre-treatment technology for biomass, as it improves the physical characteristics, reduces the energy consumption for grinding, improves the co-firing process due to more stable characteristics of this fuel. However, there is still lack of data on torrefaction of agricultural waste which have more unequal composition. The aim of this work was to create fixed bed reactor for torrefaction process and investigate the dependence of properties of formed torrefied products on various biomass materials and process conditions. HHV, amounts of C, H, N, S, Cl, VOC, ash content and ash melting behavior, mass and energy yields, energy density, reactor reliability comparing with TGA results and composition of VOC analysed with TGA-GC/MS, hydrophobicity test were studied as the main factors for comparison. Torrefaction was carried out in the nitrogen environment at variuos temperatures (250°C, 280°C, 300°C) for 30 min and for 10 min at 300 °C too. HHV of woody and agricultural waste after torefaction was increased as energy density too (which allows cheaper logistics), also was found that torrefied material has better hydrophobic properties, biodegradation slows down, material is easy to grind. Determining energy yield for each type of biofuel, assess to find most suitable conditions for torrefied biofuel production. It was found that torrefaction solves one of the major straw as biofuel problems: it’s large amount of sulfur and chlorine levels. Torrefied... [to full text]

Advisors/Committee Members: Pedišius, Nerijus (Master’s thesis supervisor), Pranevičius, Liudvikas (Master’s thesis reviewer).

Subjects/Keywords: Torefikacija; Šiaudai; Chloras; Siera; Torrefaction; Straw; Chlorine; Sulpfur

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. (2014). Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai. (Masters Thesis). Vytautas Magnus University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140122_114336-41905 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. “Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Vytautas Magnus University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140122_114336-41905 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. “Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai.” 2014. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vytautas Magnus University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140122_114336-41905 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Council of Science Editors:

Kriščiūnas, Mindaugas. Torefikuoto biokuro gamyba ir jo savybių tyrimai. [Masters Thesis]. Vytautas Magnus University; 2014. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140122_114336-41905 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

19. Verburg, M.W. Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:.

Degree: 2013, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ef4361c-3d48-4baf-a29c-55a03daabdbf

► Current energy production is done in a way that cannot be sustained ultimately. Biomass is ideal as a sustainable alternative because it can be used… (more)

▼ Current energy production is done in a way that cannot be sustained ultimately. Biomass is ideal as a sustainable alternative because it can be used in the existing energy infrastructure. For coal power plants verge grass is one of the products being considered for co-firing. The moisture content and its bioactivity currently prevent direct co-firing on a large scale. A very new and promising pre-treatment technique to counter this is wet torrefaction. Wet torrefaction does not evaporate the moisture, it allows a precise temperature and thus process control, high heat transfer and a combined washing out of unwanted salts. To predict the decomposition of verge grass during wet torrefaction a reaction model was set up. Hemicellulose and cellulose kinetic data was used from previous work on corn cob and pure cellulose. The model was tested with data from research on sugar maple wood meal decomposition. Wet torrefaction experiments showed that verge grass decomposes very rapidly in contrary to the model. Experiments done on xylan showed a very slow decomposition. Bagasse decomposition was very hard to monitor because very little decomposition products were detected. A possible explanation could be that grass is very young and thus has a low degree of polymerization. Xylan and bagasse on the other hand are already treated and therefore the toughest parts of the original material are being torrefied. Overall the biomass species had a very high solid mass loss. Verge grass and bagasse retained around 30% of the original mass and no solid residue was found with xylan. The solid fraction and liquid fraction that could be accounted for is lower than half of the original mass. Although additional tests are needed to accurately predict the decomposition of verge grass a design was made for a pre-treatment plant. This facility was regarded as a stand-alone facility and consists of several parallel CSTR’s and a heat exchanger. The needed calculations are performed to compare wet torrefaction with alternatives. Advisors/Committee Members: De Jong, W. ., Joshi, Y..

Subjects/Keywords: torrefaction; biomass; co-combustion

…69 8 TGA different wet torrefaction temperatures… …Torrefaction Torrefaction is a rather new technology in the field of energy production. At a… …torrefaction is also called low temperature pyrolysis. Torrefaction causes the biomass to decompose a… …enables the removal of salts afterwards and it produces a brittle product. Torrefaction has been… …Torrefaction of for example beechwood [5]raises the LHV of a dry product by approximately…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Verburg, M. W. (2013). Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ef4361c-3d48-4baf-a29c-55a03daabdbf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Verburg, M W. “Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ef4361c-3d48-4baf-a29c-55a03daabdbf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Verburg, M W. “Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:.” 2013. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Verburg MW. Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ef4361c-3d48-4baf-a29c-55a03daabdbf.

Council of Science Editors:

Verburg MW. Wet torrefaction of verge grass - a pretreatment to enable co-firing in a coal power plant:. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2013. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ef4361c-3d48-4baf-a29c-55a03daabdbf

Delft University of Technology

20. Wang, M. Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :.

Degree: 2015, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:50100136-e393-47be-be19-d25bc4f5d27e

► In the Netherlands, green residues such as verge grass are a possible alternative to (partially) replace traditional fossil fuels. A feasible way of doing this,… (more)

▼ In the Netherlands, green residues such as verge grass are a possible alternative to (partially) replace traditional fossil fuels. A feasible way of doing this, without large modification costs on existing power plants, is biomass co-firing. However, grass has high moisture content, poor grindability properties and high ash content, which have prevented it from being directly co-combusted. Pre-treatments consisting of mechanical dewatering and thermal treatment (torrefaction) could greatly improve the feedstock properties in an energy efficient way. This study firstly investigates the effect of mechanical fractionation on the biomass composition, with focus on the mass losses of carbohydrates, lignin, extractives and inorganic matters during pressing. Secondly, an experimental bench-top, batch torrefaction setup was built. This test rig could provide valuable data from drying and torrefaction experiments, which could be used for modeling purposes and operating experiences for designing a larger-scale torrefaction plant in the future. Also, a preliminary study on the biomass torrefaction behavior was done by analyzing the experimental products. Mechanical dewatering was found to be quite effective for handling herbaceous biomass feedstock as it removes approximately 30% of the moisture; this pre-treatment also improves the biomass quality by removing about half of the inorganic matters, which could cause slagging and fouling problems during combustion. Besides this, chemical analysis incorporating extraction, hydrolysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) showed that pressing had removed about 10wt% of the carbohydrates and 20wt% of acid insoluble lignin. In addition, studies on extractive free samples proved that extractives had a catalytic effect on the thermal reactivity of biomass, which means that removal of extractives could lead to (slightly) higher thermal decomposition temperature. Depending on the process conditions, dried biomass will suffer a 20% - 50% mass loss during torrefaction. Results from the chemical analysis on the torrefied grass had shown the reduction of carbohydrates content at different torrefaction temperatures. The resulted solid product, biochar, has a higher energy density than the primary feedstock and it is easier to store and transport. Also, torrefaction makes the biomass feedstock more brittle and less fibrous, which would benefit the fuel preparation for co-firing. Advisors/Committee Members: De Jong, W..

Subjects/Keywords: biomass; co-firing; pre-treatment; mechanical fractionation; torrefaction

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wang, M. (2015). Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:50100136-e393-47be-be19-d25bc4f5d27e

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wang, M. “Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:50100136-e393-47be-be19-d25bc4f5d27e.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wang, M. “Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :.” 2015. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Wang M. Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:50100136-e393-47be-be19-d25bc4f5d27e.

Council of Science Editors:

Wang M. Effect of mechanical fractionation and torrefaction on the biomass composition :. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:50100136-e393-47be-be19-d25bc4f5d27e

Delft University of Technology

21. Helmer, R.M. Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:.

Degree: 2015, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:900d7a90-4106-431a-befd-968438709118

► Novel methods of the implementation of technology can be instrumental in aiding the growth of developing countries. Here, torrefaction has been investigated for its application… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: sustainable development; biomass energy; torrefaction; social entrepreneurship; business culture; India

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APA (6^th Edition):

Helmer, R. M. (2015). Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:900d7a90-4106-431a-befd-968438709118

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Helmer, R M. “Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:900d7a90-4106-431a-befd-968438709118.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Helmer, R M. “Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:.” 2015. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Helmer RM. Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:900d7a90-4106-431a-befd-968438709118.

Council of Science Editors:

Helmer RM. Light Coal: Development of a torrefaction reactor and business system for Himalayan India:. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:900d7a90-4106-431a-befd-968438709118

Michigan Technological University

22. Ko, Sangpil. WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION.

Degree: PhD, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018, Michigan Technological University

URL: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/766

► Bioenergy has received increasing attention as potential replacement for fossil fuels in energy production. This is to a great extend due to the expected… (more)

▼ Bioenergy has received increasing attention as potential replacement for fossil fuels in energy production. This is to a great extend due to the expected environmental benefits from such replacement. However, the share of the US energy generated by biomass has remained stagnant over the past decade, as the implementation of bioenergy can increase only if it can be justified from economic, environmental and social perspective. One of the critical aspects required for increase is cost-effective transportation. Transportation is critical to bioenergy production, as the intrinsic characteristics of biomass cause transportation to account for a high proportion of costs in the overall biomass supply chain. This also makes transportation one of the most important criteria in terms of optimized supply chain. This dissertation concentrates on investigation of multimodal alternatives for woody biomass transportation and logistics. More specifically, the research developed and three MILP transportation optimization models that use region specific data in the Great Lakes States to evaluate alternative logistics systems for dedicated and co-firing bioenergy plants. The research first reviewed peer-reviewed articles focusing on the biomass transportation and logistics to enhance the understanding of the current state of research on this topic (Chapter 1). Based on the knowledge obtained from past literature and the acquisition of region specific data set, analytical models were developed and tested in case studies. In addition, sensitivity analysis was used to investigate the importance of individual parameters on the modeling outcomes. The first analytical model was developed to investigate the relationship between sustainable transportation cost and location of a dedicated bioenergy plant. This sustainability is incorporated in the analysis by combining all three main sustainability components: economic, environmental, and social factors (Chapter 2). The next two models concentrated on transportation logistics as part of decision-making for biomass co-firing on existing coal power plants. To take advantage of co-firing, a plant must pay attention to the sourcing and blending strategy of feedstocks and combine them as efficiently as possible. An analytical model was developed to determine the preferred logistics system for biomass co-firing that compares the conventional woody biomass logistics system with the option for advanced woody biomass logistics system that includes torrefaction process to upgrade the feedstock (Chapter 3). Finally, an analytical model was developed to determine optimal co-firing ratio that minimized total logistics costs. The approach also integrated the advanced logistics system and the optimized co-firing ratio to investigate the impact of potential government tax credits on the strategy (Chapter 4). To test the models in Chapters 3 and 4, they were both applied to case studies of 26 actual coal power plants in the Great… Advisors/Committee Members: Pasi Lautala.

Subjects/Keywords: Woody biomass transportation; Logistics; External costs; Co-firing; Torrefaction; Transportation Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ko, S. (2018). WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/766

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ko, Sangpil. “WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/766.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ko, Sangpil. “WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION.” 2018. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Ko S. WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/766.

Council of Science Editors:

Ko S. WOODY BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS - MODELING STUDIES FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2018. Available from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/766

INP Toulouse

23. Lê Thành, Kim. Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales.

Degree: Docteur es, Génie des Procédés et de l'Environnement, 2015, INP Toulouse

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0128

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La torréfaction est un traitement thermique opéré entre 200 et 300 °C en atmosphère inerte améliorant certaines propriétés de la biomasse, afin d’utiliser celle-ci comme… (more)

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La torréfaction est un traitement thermique opéré entre 200 et 300 °C en atmosphère inerte améliorant certaines propriétés de la biomasse, afin d’utiliser celle-ci comme biocombustible. Nos travaux portent spécifiquement sur la caractérisation des espèces condensables produites en torréfaction, aux échelles laboratoire et pilote. En laboratoire, des échantillons de pin, frêne, miscanthus et paille de blé ont été torréfiés à 250, 280 et 300 °C en réacteur à lit fixe. Les espèces condensables ont ensuite été analysées par GC-MS, GC-GC et HPLC-MS. Cette analyse a permis d’identifier une centaine d’espèces, dont une vingtaine, quantifiée, représente 77 % des condensables. À l’échelle pilote, un réacteur continu a été conçu, amélioré et caractérisé pour torréfier quelques kg.h-1 de biomasse. Un système de récupération multi-étagée des condensables a été développé. Des essais de torréfaction ont montré que les fractions condensées présentent des compositions chimiques différentes.

Orrefaction is mild thermal treatment carried out between 200 and 300 °C, in an inert atmosphere, improving properties of biomass, in order to use it as a biocombustible. This study focuses on the characterisation of the condensable species released during torrefaction, at laboratory and pilot scale. In the laboratory, some samples of pine, ash wood, miscanthus and wheat straw were torrefied at 250, 280 and 300 °C in a fixed bed reactor. The condensable species were analysed by GC-MS, GC-GC and HPLC-MS. Around a hundred of species were identified, including around twenty were quantified and represented 77 % of the condensable species. At pilot scale, a continuous reactor was designed, improved and characterised to treat several kg.h-1 of biomass. A multi-step recovery system for the condensable species was developped. Torrefaction experiments showed that the condensed fractions had different chemical compositions

Advisors/Committee Members: Meyer, Michel (thesis director), Commandré, Jean-Michel (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Torréfaction; Biomasse; Condensables; Chromatographie; Adsorption; Torrefaction; Biomass; Condensable species; Chromatography; Adsorption

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lê Thành, K. (2015). Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales. (Doctoral Dissertation). INP Toulouse. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0128

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lê Thành, Kim. “Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, INP Toulouse. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0128.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lê Thành, Kim. “Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales.” 2015. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Lê Thành K. Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. INP Toulouse; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0128.

Council of Science Editors:

Lê Thành K. Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote : Condensable species released by torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass : characterisation at pilot and laboratory scales. [Doctoral Dissertation]. INP Toulouse; 2015. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0128

Iowa State University

24. Kasparbauer, Randall Dennis. The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis.

Degree: 2009, Iowa State University

URL: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10064

► Fast pyrolysis thermochemically degrades lignocellulosic material into solid char, organic liquids, and gaseous products. Using fast pyrolysis to produce renewable liquid bio-oil to replace crude… (more)

▼ Fast pyrolysis thermochemically degrades lignocellulosic material into solid char, organic liquids, and gaseous products. Using fast pyrolysis to produce renewable liquid bio-oil to replace crude oil is gaining commercial interest. The production of pyrolysis bio-oil needs to be improved through standardization. Only with standard operational methods can pyrolysis bio-oil be commercially refined into chemicals or transportation fuels. Pretreatments such as washing or torrefaction of biomass prior to pyrolysis are not required to produce high liquid yields, but may improve the end products' yield or quality. Improved quality will offset future processing costs that would otherwise be required. Solid biochar and non-condensable gas products are also formed during fast pyrolysis. Water wash, torrefaction, grinding, and drying pretreatments of biomass were studied to determine how each affects the products of fast pyrolysis. Three modified central composite experimental designs were developed to study a control and two major biomass pretreatments: washing, and torrefaction for effects of grinding, moisture content or torrefaction, and pyrolysis temperature. A fluidized bed fast pyrolyzer was operated at 0.1 kg/hr to complete the three separate experimental design studies, in a total of sixty tests. The experimental study was used to develop model equations that express how feedstock pretreatments (grinding and moisture content or torrefaction) and pyrolysis temperature affected the products of fast pyrolysis. In each case, a model equation was derived for the three major studies. Model equations were developed for: biochar yield and composition; bio-oil yield, moisture content, and water insoluble content; and non-condensable gas yield and composition. The results showed pyrolysis temperature was the most significant variable in product modeling. The grind size impacted the extent of decomposition during pyrolysis and the biomass moisture content affected mass balances of low moisture biochar and high moisture bio-oil products. Results showed that water washing reduced the inorganic mineral content of the biomass but did not eliminate it. A 75% ash reduction in the feedstock was realized from the water wash. Pyrolysis product yields were not significantly affected by the pretreatment. Torrefaction caused non-moisture volatile mass loss in the biomass of 3.8% at 180yC to 15.4% at 250yC during the pretreatment step. The mass loss included the moisture (12 wt. % on a dry basis) as well as other volatile compounds contained in the biomass. The mass reduction caused reduced bio-oil yields of 5% during fast pyrolysis. The bio-oil yield reduction during pyrolysis was realized as an increase in biochar yield. Torrefaction reduced the production of water and light compounds collected in the bio-oil during fast pyrolysis because the compounds were removed during the pretreatment. The average biochar yield from the tests was 17.6 y 1.5% on a wet basis of the biomass fed. The biochar yield decreased with temperature for all biomass…

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass pretreatment; Fast pyrolysis; Thermochemical; Torrefaction; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kasparbauer, R. D. (2009). The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis. (Thesis). Iowa State University. Retrieved from https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10064

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kasparbauer, Randall Dennis. “The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis.” 2009. Thesis, Iowa State University. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10064.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kasparbauer, Randall Dennis. “The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis.” 2009. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Kasparbauer RD. The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis. [Internet] [Thesis]. Iowa State University; 2009. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10064.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kasparbauer RD. The effects of biomass pretreatments on the products of fast pyrolysis. [Thesis]. Iowa State University; 2009. Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10064

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Guelph

25. Acharya, Bimal. Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products .

Degree: 2017, University of Guelph

URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10325

► Greenhouse gas emissions can be minimized by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable fuel including biofuel. Biofuel feedstock should… (more)

▼ Greenhouse gas emissions can be minimized by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable fuel including biofuel. Biofuel feedstock should be economically feasible and consists of a variety of sources, different from the human food chain. Biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass has been recognized as an appropriate substitute to fossil fuels and first generation biofuel such as hydrolysis fermentation. There are a number of studies in progress worldwide to determine a method for the successfully and economically viable production of solid, liquid and gaseous biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass and municipal waste. Gasification-fermentation is one innovative method in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels. Synthesis gas components (CO, H2, and CO2) are easily converted to bioethanol by microorganisms such as Clostridium ljungdahlii. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass through conventional fermentation process does not utilize the lignin component, resulting in inefficient utilization of raw biomass. In comparison, hybrid thermochemical (gasification) and biochemical (syngas-fermentation) processes utilizes all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including lignin. Major challenges for the commercialization of biofuel include: low gas-liquid mass transfer, low bioethanol yield, impurities, high cost, and limited studies. Presently, most of the work has focused on fermentation; developing microbes for higher gas to energy conversion when the gas supply (mixture of H2 and CO) is controlled. Additional research is necessary to improve the reactor design such that higher gas-liquid mass transfer can be achieved. Similarly, the kinetic study of treated biomass-coal is an important factor for the future cascade operation of biomass-coal gasifier and syngas fermentation in the production of bioethanol. The blends of torrefied biomass and coal has potential to lower the net greenhouse gas emission by reducing carbon dioxide and NOx/SOx from the gasifier including coal fired electrical or thermal power plants by sacrificing heating value and ash content. This study focuses on the characterization and kinetic analysis of CO2 cogasification of dry torrefied biomass, hydrothermally treated biomass and coal to determine the optimum blend ratio, which has not been previously researched. Bioethanol has then been produced from the simulated syngas through the biochemical (biosynthesis) process in a bioreactor using novel gas-loop-back system. Syngas has been fermented with the microorganism Clostridium ljungdahlii. Different syngas composition and flow rate, media flow, stirrer speed, and reactor design tested to identify the most efficient pathway. This study helps to develop a better understanding of the process, thereby leading to the optimization of the overall system to produce sustainable bioethanol in Ontario. Similarly, mathematical models for thermochemical process (kinetic characterization for the blends) and biochemical process (ethanol extraction models) have been… Advisors/Committee Members: Dutta, Animesh (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Hydrothermal Carbonization; Gasification; Syngas fermentation; Clostridium ljungdahlii

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APA (6^th Edition):

Acharya, B. (2017). Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products . (Thesis). University of Guelph. Retrieved from https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10325

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Acharya, Bimal. “Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products .” 2017. Thesis, University of Guelph. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10325.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Acharya, Bimal. “Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products .” 2017. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Acharya B. Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10325.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Acharya B. Hybrid Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion of Biomass for Value Added Products . [Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2017. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/10325

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Queens University

26. Taylor, William. Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass .

Degree: Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2016, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14593

► A recently developed novel biomass fuel pellet, the Q’ Pellet, offers significant improvements over conventional white pellets, with characteristics comparable to those of coal. The… (more)

▼ A recently developed novel biomass fuel pellet, the Q’ Pellet, offers significant improvements over conventional white pellets, with characteristics comparable to those of coal. The Q’ Pellet was initially created at bench scale using a proprietary die and punch design, in which the biomass was torrefied in-situ¬ and then compressed. To bring the benefits of the Q’ Pellet to a commercial level, it must be capable of being produced in a continuous process at a competitive cost. A prototype machine was previously constructed in a first effort to assess continuous processing of the Q’ Pellet. The prototype torrefied biomass in a separate, ex-situ reactor and transported it into a rotary compression stage. Upon evaluation, parts of the prototype were found to be unsuccessful and required a redesign of the material transport method as well as the compression mechanism. A process was developed in which material was torrefied ex-situ and extruded in a pre-compression stage. The extruded biomass overcame multiple handling issues that had been experienced with un-densified biomass, facilitating efficient material transport. Biomass was extruded directly into a novel re-designed pelletizing die, which incorporated a removable cap, ejection pin and a die spring to accommodate a repeatable continuous process. Although after several uses the die required manual intervention due to minor design and manufacturing quality limitations, the system clearly demonstrated the capability of producing the Q’ Pellet in a continuous process. Q’ Pellets produced by the pre-compression method and pelletized in the re-designed die had an average dry basis gross calorific value of 22.04 MJ/kg, pellet durability index of 99.86% and dried to 6.2% of its initial mass following 24 hours submerged in water. This compares well with literature results of 21.29 MJ/kg, 100% pellet durability index and <5% mass increase in a water submersion test. These results indicate that the methods developed herein are capable of producing Q’ Pellets in a continuous process with fuel properties competitive with coal.

Subjects/Keywords: Q' Pellet; Torrefied; Pelletization; Biomass; Pellet; Torrefaction; Spherical

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APA (6^th Edition):

Taylor, W. (2016). Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14593

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Taylor, William. “Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass .” 2016. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14593.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Taylor, William. “Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass .” 2016. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Taylor W. Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14593.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Taylor W. Development of a Mechanism and Process to Continuously Produce Spherical, Torrefied Biomass . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14593

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Queens University

27. Duncan, William Andrew. Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities .

Degree: Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2015, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/13893

► Current biomass pellets are susceptible to fines production during handling and transportation, moisture absorption, biological degradation, low specific energy content, off-gassing and poor flow and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; Energy; Poplar; Torrefaction; Spherical Pellet; Hydrophobic; Renewable

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APA (6^th Edition):

Duncan, W. A. (2015). Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/13893

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Duncan, William Andrew. “Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities .” 2015. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/13893.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Duncan, William Andrew. “Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities .” 2015. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Duncan WA. Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/13893.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Duncan WA. Densified Biomass as a Fuel Source: A New Pellet For New Possibilities . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/13893

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Stellenbosch University

28. Nsaful, Frank. Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal.

Degree: PhD, Process Engineering, 2018, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103485

► ENGLISH SUMMARY: Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a sustainable and renewable fuel source with the potential to substitute or partially replace coal in applications such… (more)

▼ ENGLISH SUMMARY: Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a sustainable and renewable fuel source with the potential to substitute or partially replace coal in applications such as gasification for energy generation due to its sustainable carbon as well as its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, raw biomass differs significantly from coal in terms of several important fuel properties, such as low energy density, high moisture, oxygen and volatile matter contents. Due to this the co-utilization of raw biomass with coal in gasification systems has been shown to result in the increase in the production of oxygenated volatile compounds (tar precursors) which impacts negatively on the quality of the gasification products and causes critical operational problems. This challenge has limited the development of biomass-based gasification processes. Hence to ensure the effective and efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass with coal, an upgrading process is required to improve some biomass properties to make them more similar to that of coal. The approach of this work consists in a thermal pretreatment in order to generate char products with reduced oxygen and volatile matter contents. The overall aim of the study therefore was to use thermochemical technologies (torrefaction and slow pyrolysis) as methods to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks; pine (PN), bamboo (BB), corn cob (CC) and corn stover (CS) to produce upgraded biomass feedstocks (char), with reduced oxygen content as well as improved fuel properties, comparable to coal for use in co-gasification. For this task the study was divided into several objectives. The initial part focused on the characterization of the lignocellulosic chemical composition of the various biomass feedstocks. Next the types and quantities of oxygenated volatile products produced during the devolatilization of raw biomass feedstocks were studied. For this objective a novel analytical method incorporating the use of Thermogravimetric Analysis, thermal desorption and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (herein referred as (TGA-TD/GC-MS) was developed and used to analyse and quantify the oxygenated volatile products. The analysis of the volatile composition data by means of principal components analysis (PCA) showed a clear correlation between lignocellulose chemical composition and the type and quantities of oxygenated volatile compounds produced during biomass devolatilization. The influence of thermal pretreatment conditions (temperature and time) on the structural transformation of raw biomass and on the volatile evolution mechanism of the resulting char during subsequent char devolatilization was also studied. Thermal pretreatment was done within the temperature range of 250-400 °C and hold time at pretreatment temperature of 30 and 60 min. It was observed that the temperature had a more profound effect than hold time during thermal pretreatment. The distribution of char devolatilization products was shown to be consistent with the extent of biomass… Advisors/Committee Members: Gorgens, Johann F., Collard, Francois-Xavier, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Process Engineering..

Subjects/Keywords: Biomass gasification; Coal gasification; Renewable energy sources; Lignocellulose – Biodegradation; Thermochemistry; Thermal pretreatment; Pyrolysis; Torrefaction; UCTD

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Nsaful, F. (2018). Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103485

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nsaful, Frank. “Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103485.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nsaful, Frank. “Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal.” 2018. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Nsaful F. Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103485.

Council of Science Editors:

Nsaful F. Thermochemical biomass upgrading for co-gasification with coal. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103485

Stellenbosch University

29. Mundike, Jhonnah. Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications.

Degree: PhD, Process Engineering, 2018, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103615

► ENGLISH SUMMARY: Due to the popular worldwide demand for need to use cleaner fuels, lignocellulosic-derived char is gaining importance as a possible component in co-firing… (more)

▼ ENGLISH SUMMARY: Due to the popular worldwide demand for need to use cleaner fuels, lignocellulosic-derived char is gaining importance as a possible component in co-firing with coal. In order to avoid deforestation of indigenous forests in Zambia for char production, possibilities of using alternative feedstocks from invasive alien plants (IAPs) were investigated. In the present study, torrefaction and slow pyrolysis were used for char production from IAPs for energy applications. Both processes were optimised individually at milligram-scale in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) for char yield and higher heating value (HHV), through manipulation of the temperature, heating rate and holding time. Two IAPs, namely Lantana camara (LC) and Mimosa pigra (MP), from Zambia were used as feedstock materials. The feedstock particle size distribution (PSD) used was from 425 to 600 μm. The optimisation results for torrefaction and slow pyrolysis showed that temperature majorly influenced char yield and HHV. In case of torrefaction, operating at temperatures ≤ 300 ˚C, heating rate and hold time also influenced char HHV, while neither parameters had a statistically-significant influence on char yield and HHV during slow pyrolysis. During torrefaction at 300 ˚C, LC recorded a higher char yield of 43 wt.%, and a corresponding HHV of 27.0 MJ kg-1, mainly due to increased hemicelluloses content, compared with MP that had a char yield of 52 wt.% with HHV of 24.4 MJ kg-1. In case of slow pyrolysis, MP recorded the highest char HHV of 31.0 MJ kg-1 at 580 ˚C, due to increased lignin, in comparison with LC that had a highest char HHV of 30.0 MJ kg-1 at 525 ˚C. Based on optimised conditions from milligram-scale, LC and MP samples of PSD from 850 to 2800 μm were used for char production at gram-scale in a bench-scale reactor. Scaling-up promoted secondary char formation due to mass and heat transfer limitations in larger particles and increased sample size, thereby increasing char yields for both biomasses. Char yields were increased by 4 and 2 wt.% for MP and LC, respectively, due to scale-up. The highest HHVs at bench-scale were 30.8 MJ kg-1 (614 ˚C) and 31.6 MJ kg-1 (698 ˚C) for LC and MP, respectively. For the purposes of coal substitution and co-firing, a combustion study was conducted in a TGA reactor using LC and MP chars (torrefied and pyrolysed) from gram-scale of PSD from 850 to 2800 μm. LC and MP chars were blended with three South African coals between 5 to 90 wt.% (biomass char). The combustion characteristic results showed that LC chars were more reactive than MP chars, with significantly lower combustibility temperatures than the coals. During co-combustion, the combustion indices for blends < 30% were similar to those of the individual coals, showing that partial coal substitution could be done without significant modifications to existing equipment. There was better combustion performance through increased combustion indices for blends > 60%, though probably with a likelihood of modifications to existing reactors that… Advisors/Committee Members: Gorgens, Johann F., Collard, Francois-Xavier, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Process Engineering..

Subjects/Keywords: Invasive plants as fuel; Biochar – Combustion; Char industry; Clean energy; Pyrolysis; Torrefaction; UCTD

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mundike, J. (2018). Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103615

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mundike, Jhonnah. “Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103615.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mundike, Jhonnah. “Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications.” 2018. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Mundike J. Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103615.

Council of Science Editors:

Mundike J. Optimisation of thermal treatment of invasive alien plants (IAPs) for char production for use in combustion applications. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103615

Michigan Technological University

30. Winjobi, Olumide. TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING.

Degree: PhD, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2017, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/476

► Biofuel production through fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising conversion route in the production of biofuels compatible with existing technology. The bio-oil produced… (more)

▼ Biofuel production through fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising conversion route in the production of biofuels compatible with existing technology. The bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis is a versatile feedstock that can be used as a heating oil or upgraded to a transportation hydrocarbon biofuel. Comparative study of a one-step, fast pyrolysis only pathway and a two-step torrefaction-fast pyrolysis pathway was carried out to evaluate the effect of torrefcation on (i) the minimum selling price of biofuel and (ii) the potential life cycle GHG emissions of the biofuel production pathway. To produce bio-oil which can serve as a substitute for heating oil from loblolly pine biomass feedstock, torrefaction at three different temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated while fast pyrolysis occurred at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were also investigated. Economic assessment showed more favorable economics for the two-step bio-oil production pathway relative to the one-step bio-oil production pathway. The lowest minimum selling price of 1.04/gal was obtained for a two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C. The environmental impact assessment also showed more the two-step bio-oil production pathway to be more environmentally friendly. The lowest GWP of about -60g CO₂eq was observed for the two-step pathway at torrefaction temperature of 330°C while GWP of about 36g CO₂eq was observed for the one-step pathway. Relative to heavy fuel oil, the one-step and two-step pathways are more environmentally friendly with lower GWP. To produce hydrocarbon biofuel by the catalytic upgrade of bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of loblolly pine, three torrefaction temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated with fast pyrolysis taking place at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were investigated. The effect of heat integration was also examined. The economic assessment showed equal minimum selling price for the one-step hydrocarbon biofuel production pathway and a two-step pathway with torrefaction occurring at 290°C. A minimum selling price of 4.82/gal was estimated while higher torrefaction temperatures showed less favorable economics. The environmental impact assessment however showed the two-step pathway to be more environmentally friendly when compared with the one-step pathway. GWP of about -66g CO₂eq was observed for the two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C compared to a GWP of about 88g CO₂eq obtained for the one-step. Further reduction in minimum selling price and GWP were observed with heat integration. A minimum selling price of about 4.01/gal was estimated for the one-step and two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 290°C while GWP of about -144 g CO2eq was observed for the two-step hydrocarbon biofuel with torrefaction… Advisors/Committee Members: Wen Zhou, David Shonnard.

Subjects/Keywords: Torrefaction; Fast Pyrolysis; Process Simulation; Techno-Economic Analysis; Life Cycle Assessment; Chemical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Winjobi, O. (2017). TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/476

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Winjobi, Olumide. “TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/476.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Winjobi, Olumide. “TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING.” 2017. Web. 16 Oct 2019.

Vancouver:

Winjobi O. TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/476.

Council of Science Editors:

Winjobi O. TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2017. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/476

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