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Kansas State University
1.
Collins, Leah.
Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system.
Degree: MS, Department of Architectural
Engineering and Construction Science, 2020, Kansas State University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/40646
► The desire for sustainability has propelled innovation in structural engineering for much of the 21st century. Implement sustainable design without sacrificing the structural integrity of…
(more)
▼ The desire for sustainability has propelled innovation
in structural engineering for much of the 21st century. Implement
sustainable design without sacrificing the structural integrity of
a building is important. The
timber-concrete composite (TCC) floor
system is an alternative floor system that offers superior
sustainability and quick installation compared to other composite
floors. TCC is comprised of a reinforced concrete slab connected to
timber plate/beams by shear connectors that transfer the internal
forces through the shear flow. To resist bending forces the
reinforced concrete slab experiences the majority of compression
stress and the
timber plate/beam experience the majority of tension
stress. Compared to an equivalent all-concrete section the TCC
system has similar strength and stiffness as well as reduced
weight.
Advisors/Committee Members: Kimberly Waggle Kramer.
Subjects/Keywords: timber;
timber-concrete
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Collins, L. (2020). Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system. (Masters Thesis). Kansas State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/40646
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Collins, Leah. “Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Kansas State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2097/40646.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Collins, Leah. “Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system.” 2020. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Collins L. Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Kansas State University; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/40646.
Council of Science Editors:
Collins L. Timber-concrete composite: an alternative composite floor
system. [Masters Thesis]. Kansas State University; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/40646
2.
Bradley, Alistair.
The flood resilience of light frame timber structures.
Degree: PhD, 2016, University of Bath
URL: https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-flood-resilience-of-light-frame-timber-structures(8430c5b1-e1e8-489c-af5d-4d21efbbd38e).html
;
https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981
► The UK faces a significant risk from flooding in the future, however the impact of flooding on structures is an area that has suffered from…
(more)
▼ The UK faces a significant risk from flooding in the future, however the impact of flooding on structures is an area that has suffered from a lack of research. At the same time, more platform timber frame structures are constructed in theUK than ever before; a construction type that is susceptible to damage from flooding. This thesis explores the effect flooding and assisted drying have on themechanical properties of current timber frame construction methods. A multiscale, experimental approach is taken in order to characterise the response of timber frame to flooding, and to understand the effect that different assisteddrying strategies have on the recovery of the mechanical properties of platformtimber frame. The results provide new insight into the behaviour of platformtimber frame during flooding and recovery. Permanent losses in all mechanicalproperties were observed at all scales tested. Despite the permanent losses, drying can be optimised to reduce the reduction in strength and stiffness of walls. In the wall tests, buckling failure of the OSB sheathing was observed after restoration via assisted drying. This is a change in failure mode to one that has not been observed before and one that is not accounted for during design. This buckling failure is used to partially explain the loss in capacity observed. Finally the experimental results are used to develop a proposed design method for the repair of platform timber frame after flooding.
Subjects/Keywords: flood; timber
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
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APA (6th Edition):
Bradley, A. (2016). The flood resilience of light frame timber structures. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Bath. Retrieved from https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-flood-resilience-of-light-frame-timber-structures(8430c5b1-e1e8-489c-af5d-4d21efbbd38e).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bradley, Alistair. “The flood resilience of light frame timber structures.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Bath. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-flood-resilience-of-light-frame-timber-structures(8430c5b1-e1e8-489c-af5d-4d21efbbd38e).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bradley, Alistair. “The flood resilience of light frame timber structures.” 2016. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Bradley A. The flood resilience of light frame timber structures. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Bath; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-flood-resilience-of-light-frame-timber-structures(8430c5b1-e1e8-489c-af5d-4d21efbbd38e).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981.
Council of Science Editors:
Bradley A. The flood resilience of light frame timber structures. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Bath; 2016. Available from: https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-flood-resilience-of-light-frame-timber-structures(8430c5b1-e1e8-489c-af5d-4d21efbbd38e).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981

Virginia Tech
3.
Desalvatore, Ryan Joseph.
River Edge Retreat.
Degree: M. Arch., Architecture, 2013, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642
► Nature has the power to provide persepctive, an atmosphere of reflection and contemplation, and also allows one to retreat to seclusion and recharge. A retreat…
(more)
▼ Nature has the power to provide persepctive, an atmosphere of reflection and contemplation, and also allows one to retreat to seclusion and recharge. A retreat on a river's edge provides access to these attributes of
nature. An effort to blur the boundary of the outdoors was made to encourage emersion into it. The choice of natural and relatively local material provides a relationship between the built and the natural, allowing the
inhabitant to experience the marriage of the two. The rhythm of heavy
timber framework contrasts and
compliments the delicate and transulcent southern facade; the existence of the two perpetuates the
perspective of balance and harmony. The intention of balance and harmony was not successful the first couple of tries. Trying to manipulate the structure against it's natural geometry and rhythm only produced problems. Once the structure was allowed influence the form instead of vice versa, better spatial opportunities became apparent.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rott, Hans Christian (committeechair), Edge, Kay F. (committee member), Doan, Patrick A. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Timber; Frame
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Desalvatore, R. J. (2013). River Edge Retreat. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Desalvatore, Ryan Joseph. “River Edge Retreat.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Desalvatore, Ryan Joseph. “River Edge Retreat.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Desalvatore RJ. River Edge Retreat. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642.
Council of Science Editors:
Desalvatore RJ. River Edge Retreat. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642

Victoria University of Wellington
4.
Tran, Jasmine.
Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics.
Degree: 2020, Victoria University of Wellington
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/9208
► Well-made joinery can be pricey, no matter if it is hand-crafted or prefabricated. This thesis attempts to understand all available tectonics used to fabricate joints…
(more)
▼ Well-made joinery can be pricey, no matter if it is hand-crafted or prefabricated. This thesis attempts to understand all available tectonics used to fabricate joints and find a potential alternative to generate well-made joints in a more accessible manner. Specifically looking at traditional Japanese carpentry, Japanese joinery is a crucial precedent for examining due to its prestigious nature for withstanding the test of time and earthquakes. Here following the crafting of traditional joints is necessary to understand the hand-tool tectonic, allowing for an understanding to then iterate joints in the other tectonics with machine-tools and information-tools. Retrofitting provides for the opportunity for owners to add additional components to their existing properties. The standard residential home is commonly retrofitted by the owners to follow the ‘trend’ and ‘personalise’ their home. The want for retrofitting is usually due to the basic nature of cookie-cutter homes that are common to the New Zealand suburbs. By studying ways to construct joints, methods of fabricating joinery can assist the DIY culture in New Zealand, whether through prefabrication on the CNC router that is sold as kitsets or machine jigs that can be made onsite.
Advisors/Committee Members: Perkins, Natasha.
Subjects/Keywords: Timber joinery; Japanese Carpentry; DIY timber joints
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Tran, J. (2020). Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/9208
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Tran, Jasmine. “Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10063/9208.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Tran, Jasmine. “Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics.” 2020. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Tran J. Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/9208.
Council of Science Editors:
Tran J. Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/9208

Virginia Tech
5.
Stutesman, Jonathan Harley.
Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals.
Degree: MS, Forest Products, 2020, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712
► Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) are strong and lightweight structural building materials that also serve as a method of sequestering carbon rather than emitting carbon like more…
(more)
▼ Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) are strong and lightweight structural building materials that also serve as a method of sequestering carbon rather than emitting carbon like more traditional construction materials. CLT construction is straightforward and quick to assemble, requiring minimal time and labor. CLTs are made from abundant and renewable wood resources and have significant economic potential as a job creator and as a new value-added product for the United States. However, market penetration has been obstructed by product affordability and lack of availability for use. Previous studies and projects have surveyed opinions of designers and contractors about CLT use. However, no previous study has been found that examined the opinions of cost estimators, who serve an essential function in providing economic comparisons of different construction systems for designers and building owners to select in the commercial construction area. CLTs are currently not included in these cost estimates, and this lack of information may be limiting the potential of this construction system. The purpose of this study was to discover if cost estimation is being used to make structural decisions potentially affecting the marketability of CLT use in construction and building design because of the ability to estimate CLTs adequately. Through the use of a survey and discussions with
subject matter experts, this study examined the knowledge level of crosslaminated timbers of under-surveyed building construction professions and the relationship between cost estimation and structural material choices. They are demonstrating the need for better cost estimation tools for cross-laminated timbers such as inclusion in the Construction Specifications Institute’s classification systems in order for CLTs to become a more competitive product. Cost estimation is performed early in the design process before the structural material has been chosen. However, making cost estimates of CLT materials early in the design process is not a practical solution at this point due to the lack of cost data available. As an alternative solution, this project developed a design tool that is meant to accelerate the design process and allow companies to approach suppliers for quotes, which require mostly complete designs. While this is not a complete solution, if designs are made faster and more effortless, they should also be a more affordable investment for clients. 5 | Page Building construction professionals perceived CLT construction as too expensive, unavailable to the consumer, or unwanted by the client. It was found that the lack of data, due primarily to the material being new to the US construction industry, was a significant barrier to CLT cost estimation. The custom design of many previous CLT projects, due to the lack of CLT construction in the current building codes, limits the collection of standard CLT construction data. There is also an issue with the discrete sizes of CLT panels limiting their competitiveness. These barriers were identified in this…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hindman, Daniel P. (committeechair), Hammett, A. L. (committee member), Mills, Thomas H. (committee member), Edge, Kay F. (committee member), Becker, Edward Gentry (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Cross-Laminated Timber; Mass Timber; Cost Estimation
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Stutesman, J. H. (2020). Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Stutesman, Jonathan Harley. “Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Stutesman, Jonathan Harley. “Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals.” 2020. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Stutesman JH. Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712.
Council of Science Editors:
Stutesman JH. Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712

Delft University of Technology
6.
Boerenveen, Jair (author).
Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy.
Degree: 2019, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3259e6dd-8bf5-43f8-a6ed-d56d85f5eb29
► The fracture energy for hardwood was modeled using finite element modeling (FEM) software DIANA. The results of the model was compared to the fracture energy…
(more)
▼ The fracture energy for hardwood was modeled using finite element modeling (FEM) software DIANA. The results of the model was compared to the fracture energy experimental research performed by Boerenveen (2019). The fracture energy results obtained by the model are similar to the results obtained from the experimental research. An model fracture energy over tested fracture energy ratio of 1.02 was found.
Civil Engineering
Advisors/Committee Members: Ravenshorst, Geert (mentor), Esposito, Rita (mentor), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).
Subjects/Keywords: Fracture; Energy; Timber
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Boerenveen, J. (. (2019). Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy. (Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3259e6dd-8bf5-43f8-a6ed-d56d85f5eb29
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Boerenveen, Jair (author). “Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy.” 2019. Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3259e6dd-8bf5-43f8-a6ed-d56d85f5eb29.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Boerenveen, Jair (author). “Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Boerenveen J(. Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy. [Internet] [Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3259e6dd-8bf5-43f8-a6ed-d56d85f5eb29.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Boerenveen J(. Finite Element Modeling of Hardwood Fracture Energy. [Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3259e6dd-8bf5-43f8-a6ed-d56d85f5eb29
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Delft University of Technology
7.
Hüpscher, Juval (author).
Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber.
Degree: 2019, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:02f02df5-ac55-4ff8-8345-e262b887a8ae
► As timber is being used for several millennia as construction material, glued laminated timber (glulam), a highly engineered timber product, exists for about hundred and…
(more)
▼ As
timber is being used for several millennia as construction material, glued laminated
timber (glulam), a highly engineered
timber product, exists for about hundred and fifty years. In Europe, it is nowadays common practise to make glulam from softwood species, though in the last few decades glulam made from different kinds of hardwoods emerged. Iroko glulam is part of this development, as iroko is a hardwood species from the African tropical regions. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the bending strength of iroko glulam, as well as strength influencing features. From literature it is expected that the following features are of influence: density, modulus of elasticity, tension strength of the lamellas, finger joint strength and size. Several researches conducted in the past experiments to determine these mechanical and physical properties, focusing mainly on iroko sawn
timber. Only few investigated iroko glulam, and none of those focused on finger jointed iroko glulam. In this lies the originality of this work: determining bending strength values of finger jointed iroko glulam, as well as density, modulus of elasticity and investigating mechanical and physical properties of the base material: iroko sawn
timber and iroko finger joints. The laboratory experiments included the following: tension tests on 38 unjointed and 38 finger jointed lamellas, and four point bending tests on 12 glulam beams. Also density, modulus of elasticity and moisture content were determined. The experimental results yield the following characteristic values: a lamella tension strength of 17 N/mm2, a finger joint tension strength of 29 N/mm2, and a glulam bending strength of 42 N/mm2 (including size effect according to NEN-EN 1995, 2011). The experimentally determined characteristic lamella tension strength is a little lower than values found in literature. This is due to a large scatter in the test results: a coefficient of variance equal to 0.37 was found. However, if the grain angle is equal or smaller than 5°, a higher lamella tension strength of 27 N/mm2 is feasible. Grain angle is as expected a significant strength influencing parameter for iroko sawn
timber. And it would suggest that the strength class is as expected D40 if the lamella bending strength equals 0.6 divided by the lamella tension strength. The ratio of finger joint bending strength (30 N/mm2) and tension strength (29 N/mm2) on the characteristic level was found to be equal to 1.06. This is smaller than expected from theory: apparently the 1.4 ratio commonly assumed for softwood finger joint strength values does not hold for iroko finger joint strength values. The investigated iroko glulam beams with depth 108 mm yielded a mean bending strength of 66 N/mm2 and a characteristic bending strength of 42 N/mm2. Due to the size effect and quasi-brittle failure this figures lie lower for full scale glulam beams, however, strength class GL24h is indeed a safe assumption for iroko glulam beams. These aspects explain the higher mean glulam bending strength compared to the…
Advisors/Committee Members: van de Kuilen, Jan-Willem (mentor), Ravenshorst, GJP (graduation committee), Hoogenboom, Pierre (graduation committee), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).
Subjects/Keywords: Timber; Glulam; Iroko
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Hüpscher, J. (. (2019). Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:02f02df5-ac55-4ff8-8345-e262b887a8ae
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Hüpscher, Juval (author). “Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:02f02df5-ac55-4ff8-8345-e262b887a8ae.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Hüpscher, Juval (author). “Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Hüpscher J(. Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:02f02df5-ac55-4ff8-8345-e262b887a8ae.
Council of Science Editors:
Hüpscher J(. Strength influencing parameters of iroko glued laminated timber. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:02f02df5-ac55-4ff8-8345-e262b887a8ae

KTH
8.
Tjernberg, Frida.
Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project.
Degree: Building Materials, 2015, KTH
URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170636
► Folkhem is a Swedish company exclusively building timber residential buildings in the Stockholm area. The company is currently in the planning stages of what…
(more)
▼ Folkhem is a Swedish company exclusively building timber residential buildings in the Stockholm area. The company is currently in the planning stages of what would be the world’s tallest timber building, a 22-storey timber residential buiding in Hallonbergen, Sundbyberg. In this master thesis, this proposed building has been analyzed with regards to its wind-induced dynamic response. The work includes studies of stabilization of tall structures, case studies of existing buildings and developed systems for tall timber construction and analyzed options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. Eleven different structural systems have been investigated with regards to their displacement at the top and their peak acceleration when subject to wind loading. The peak acceleration has been calculated using both Eurocode and ISO 4354. The values have been assessed against ISO 6897 and ISO 10137. The results indicate that it is possible to construct the Hallonbergen project without risk of unacceptable dynamic response, using any of the following options; The Martinson’s system with 259 mm CLT platesThe Kauffmann systemThe structural system presented in “The Case for Tall Wood Buildings”The structural system presented in “The Timber Tower Research Project”
Subjects/Keywords: timber high-rise; dynamic response; wind-load; construction system; tall timber buildings; timber construction
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Tjernberg, F. (2015). Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. (Thesis). KTH. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170636
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Tjernberg, Frida. “Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project.” 2015. Thesis, KTH. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170636.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Tjernberg, Frida. “Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project.” 2015. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Tjernberg F. Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. [Internet] [Thesis]. KTH; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170636.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Tjernberg F. Wind-induced dynamic response of a 22-storey timber building : Options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. [Thesis]. KTH; 2015. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170636
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
9.
Cobucci Paolucci, Pedro.
Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
.
Degree: Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik (ACE), 2020, Chalmers University of Technology
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/301253
► Wood has long been used as a construction material, but the properties of solid wood in relation to strength, maximum length, and natural defects have…
(more)
▼ Wood has long been used as a construction material, but the properties of solid wood
in relation to strength, maximum length, and natural defects have always been a limiting
factor in the construction of more ambitious projects. The development of knowledge
in the field of concrete and steel has enabled the construction industry to shape modern
society, but it has also brought with it an eminent and gradually increasing abuse of the
environment. The rescue of construction using wood represents a conscious step towards
sustainable development. Progress in the manufacture of wooden laminated panels
and the production of synthetic glues has given greater scope for advances in the
fields of engineered wood products. More and more research has focused on improving
manufacturing techniques, making glued laminated wood a standardized product available
in various shapes and sizes. This product has made possible the execution of works
that previously only concrete or steel was capable of, such as bridges, high buildings,
and large roof structures.
The computer revolution that took place in the 1990s had an immense influence on the
construction industry, constructions that were previously mostly constituted by planar
elements began to have freely curved building shapes. From this moment on, structural
designers and architects have been able to explore fascinating architectural shapes, including
the free-form structures. In timber free-form structures, connections are necessary
to join single timber elements, which are necessary due to limitations in transportation
and production. When using large beams these connections may need to transfer
considerable high forces and moments to ensure an efficient structure. Besides the resistance
also the stiffness is of high importance for a satisfactory structural behavior
and to correspond to the assumptions made in the global model. The aim of this master’s
thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of timber connections in large timber beams
and point out the connection’s influence on the global behavior of the structure. The
study has been applied to a free-form timber roof structure in development at the Danish
consultant company COWI. The work presents different design concepts of connections
and how these concepts could be optimized.
Subjects/Keywords: sustainable development;
timber free-form structures;
large timber beams;
timber connections,;
COWI
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Cobucci Paolucci, P. (2020). Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
. (Thesis). Chalmers University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/301253
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Cobucci Paolucci, Pedro. “Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
.” 2020. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/301253.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Cobucci Paolucci, Pedro. “Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
.” 2020. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Cobucci Paolucci P. Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Chalmers University of Technology; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/301253.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Cobucci Paolucci P. Connections in Large Timber Beams Free-Form Structures
. [Thesis]. Chalmers University of Technology; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/301253
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Canterbury
10.
Smith, Tobias.
Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices.
Degree: PhD, Civil Engineering, 2014, University of Canterbury
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/2400
► In recent years the public expectation of what is acceptable in seismic resisting construction has changed significantly. Engineers today live under demands which are far…
(more)
▼ In recent years the public expectation of what is acceptable in seismic resisting construction has changed significantly. Engineers today live under demands which are far more intensive than their historical counterparts and recent seismic events have shown that preserving life is no longer sufficient, and a preservation of livelihood is now the minimum. This means that after a major seismic event a building should not only be intact but be usable with no or minimal post-quake intervention. In addition to this already high expectation these demands must be met in a green and sustainable fashion with minimal (or even negative) environmental impact. This doctoral project looks to further advance the research into a new and innovative method of timber construction which satisfies (and exceeds) these demands.
In response to these higher expectations recent developments in the field of seismic design have led to the development of damage control design philosophies and innovative seismic resistant systems. Jointed ductile connections for precast concrete structures have been implemented and successfully validated. One of these systems, referred to as the hybrid system, combines the use of unbonded post-tensioned tendons with grouted longitudinal mild steel bars or any other form of dissipation reinforcing device. During the controlled rocking of the system under seismic loading the post-tensioning provides desirable recentering properties, while the devices allow adequate energy dissipation from the system as well as increased moment resistance at column bases and beam-column connections.
The hybrid concept is material independent and in 2004 an extensive campaign was begun to investigate the performance of the hybrid system when applied to large engineered timber members. Numerous small and large scale tests on both subassemblies and full buildings were performed showing that post-tensioned timber meets the seismic resilience demands now imposed by society. Recently this technology has also been applied in practice with over ten structures now using post-tensioned timber walls or frames, or a combination of the two, in New Zealand.
In-spite of the extensive research effort and the acceptance and adoption in practice of post-tensioned timber as a structural system, significant work was still required in the review and refinement of both the system itself and the analytical and numerical methods used to predict and analyse structural performance. The objectives of this research were to review and refine comprehension of the static and dynamic response, analytical and numerical modelling, and design of post-tensioned timber frames under lateral loading. In order to do this a three phase experimental testing campaign was devised and performed including quasi-static testing of an angle dissipative reinforcing device, quasi-static testing of a full-scale beam-column joint and the mono-directional dynamic testing of a 2/3rd scale three storey frame. All testing used glue laminated timber, which had not been previously…
Subjects/Keywords: Post-tensioned timber frames; Dynamic timber; Pres-Lam; Timber shake table testing
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Smith, T. (2014). Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Canterbury. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/2400
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Smith, Tobias. “Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Canterbury. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/2400.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Smith, Tobias. “Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Smith T. Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Canterbury; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/2400.
Council of Science Editors:
Smith T. Post-tensioned Timber Frames with Supplemental Damping Devices. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Canterbury; 2014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/2400

University of Tasmania
11.
Derikvand, M.
Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications.
Degree: 2019, University of Tasmania
URL: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/34525/1/Derikvand_whole_thesis.pdf
;
Derikvand,
M
ORCID:
0000-0002-6715-2231
<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-2231>
2019
,
'Optimising
laminated
high-mass
timber
components
assembled
from
a
fibre-grown
resource
for
building
applications',
PhD
thesis,
University
of
Tasmania.
► In recent years, there has been a growing interest by the timber industry in Australia and worldwide in developing higher-value structural mass laminated timber products…
(more)
▼ In recent years, there has been a growing interest by the timber industry in Australia and worldwide in developing higher-value structural mass laminated timber products from fast-growing, fibre-managed plantation eucalypt resources (i.e., pulpwood eucalypt). The plantation eucalypt resources in Australia are predominantly managed to produce woodchips, which is considered as a low-value product. The timber from such plantation resources is of low-structural grade and contains a substantial number of strength-reducing features such as knots that can complicate its wider applications for structural purposes as individual boards.
This doctoral thesis aimed to develop and optimise higher-value structural nail-laminated timber (NLT) floor panels from fibre-managed plantation eucalypt timber. The target specie was Eucalyptus nitens (E. nitens), which is the main plantation hardwood specie in Tasmania. In parts of the experimental investigations of this thesis, however, tests have been done on plantation Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) as well to create a basis for comparison with E. nitens—E. globulus is the main plantation hardwood specie in Australia.
The experiments in this thesis were performed within three phases. The general aims and main findings of each phase are described as follow:
• In the first phase, the effectiveness of conventional timber processing regimes (i.e., harvesting, sawing, drying, and visual stress-grading) on fibre-managed plantation eucalypt and the physical and mechanical characteristics of the recovered sawn boards from this resource were determined. The aim of this phase was to investigate if the plantation eucalypt can be properly harvested, sawn, dried, and graded to produce sawn boards suitable for NLT production. Another aim of this phase was to create a profile of material characteristics for the plantation eucalypt sawn timber that can assist the development of NLT floor panels by better understanding the resource. Based on the results obtained in this phase, the conventional timber processing regimes used resulted in nominal sawn timber recovery rates of 25.8% for E. nitens and 31.8% for E. globulus. Considerable amounts of mechanical damages from debarker and sawing machines were detected in the recovered timber boards. Unrecoverable collapse, distortions, and surface checking were the main drying defects in the recovered boards. The visual stress-grading method showed no reliable accuracy in structural grading of plantation E. nitens timber. Alternative grading systems need to be developed for the structural use of this resource. A profile of visual, physical, and mechanical properties was created for the plantation eucalypt resources in this phase.
• In the second phase, NLT floor panels, with and without concrete topping, were constructed using different cross-sectional configurations and span lengths. Conventional methods were used in manufacturing these panels. The panels were subjected to both vibration and short-term four-point bending tests. The aim of this phase was to…
Subjects/Keywords: Plantation eucalypt timber; nail-laminated timber; visual stress-grading; timber-concrete composite
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Derikvand, M. (2019). Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications. (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/34525/1/Derikvand_whole_thesis.pdf ; Derikvand, M ORCID: 0000-0002-6715-2231 <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-2231> 2019 , 'Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Derikvand, M. “Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications.” 2019. Thesis, University of Tasmania. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://eprints.utas.edu.au/34525/1/Derikvand_whole_thesis.pdf ; Derikvand, M ORCID: 0000-0002-6715-2231 <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-2231> 2019 , 'Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania..
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Derikvand, M. “Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Derikvand M. Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/34525/1/Derikvand_whole_thesis.pdf ; Derikvand, M ORCID: 0000-0002-6715-2231 <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-2231> 2019 , 'Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania..
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Derikvand M. Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications. [Thesis]. University of Tasmania; 2019. Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/34525/1/Derikvand_whole_thesis.pdf ; Derikvand, M ORCID: 0000-0002-6715-2231 <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-2231> 2019 , 'Optimising laminated high-mass timber components assembled from a fibre-grown resource for building applications', PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Delft University of Technology
12.
Chan, Samantha (author).
New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam.
Degree: 2019, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df54e16b-f652-4195-b9a6-1341721ae272
► The project is about designing and constructing a flexible timber high-rise building that adapts to future needs with completely open plans and high degree of…
(more)
▼ The project is about designing and constructing a flexible
timber high-rise building that adapts to future needs with completely open plans and high degree of pre-fabricability. It aims at being easily erected and taken down and rebuilt after it passes the 10 years of temporal use at Marineterrein Amsterdam; user-wise, it aims at being easily customized by the users for suiting their own cultural backgrounds and their way of living. Currently it is designed for mainly apartment buildings but due to a very flexible structure that allows easy changes of plans, the building could be office space/commercial space/school/museum etc. too in future. It could be shorter or be separated into two buildings.
Advisors/Committee Members: van de Pas, Roel (mentor), van der Zaag, Engbert (graduation committee), Stoutjesdijk, Pieter (mentor), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).
Subjects/Keywords: Architectural Engineering; Timber; High-rise; adaptable dwelling; timber building; timber high-rise; marineterrein
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Chan, S. (. (2019). New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df54e16b-f652-4195-b9a6-1341721ae272
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Chan, Samantha (author). “New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df54e16b-f652-4195-b9a6-1341721ae272.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Chan, Samantha (author). “New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Chan S(. New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df54e16b-f652-4195-b9a6-1341721ae272.
Council of Science Editors:
Chan S(. New Comers, New Living, New Amsterdam. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df54e16b-f652-4195-b9a6-1341721ae272

Oregon State University
13.
Baker, Lyle Albert.
Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest.
Degree: M.F., Forest Management, 1941, Oregon State University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/12829
Subjects/Keywords: Timber – Oregon
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Baker, L. A. (1941). Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/12829
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Baker, Lyle Albert. “Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest.” 1941. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1957/12829.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Baker, Lyle Albert. “Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest.” 1941. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Baker LA. Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1941. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/12829.
Council of Science Editors:
Baker LA. Timber growing versus grazing on the non-forested areas of the McDonald forest. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1941. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/12829
14.
Rocha, Luís Manuel Fernandes.
Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest.
Degree: 2012, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança
URL: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/8139
► This thesis aimed to demonstrate the forestry potential of pellets and / or electricity production in the district of Bragança. First, the use of Forest…
(more)
▼ This thesis aimed to demonstrate the forestry potential of pellets and / or electricity production in the district of Bragança.
First, the use of Forest Biomass at international and national level was analyzed to better situate the forestry market and its growing potential up to today.
Then, the forest operating systems existing able to be used were analyzed, dividing them into five components: activities of production, forest biomass transportation, forest processing systems, and conversion technologies.
Next, a review of forest biomass in the district of Bragança, using the 2007 Land Cover Map for Continental Portugal, the 5th National Forest Inventory and Florestat 5.0 software, was carried. For annual values of forest biomass to be industrially processed, three scenarios were considered (conservative, regular and optimistic) estimating 144.645, 227.484 and 340.340 tones to be of industrial processes, using as example of study the pellet production plant and thermoelectric power station of Mortágua, Viseu.
The values of annual production of pellets range from 57.607 to 135.545 tonnes re-sulting in sales between 1,8 to 4,3 M€, and, for the thermoelectric power station the production was between 134,3 to 316 GWh achieving sales between 2,4 to 5,7 M€.
An estimate of electricity dependence reduction was performed to the district of Bragança using forest biomass, reaching 58% for a conservative scenario and 137% for an optimist scenario.
Finally, the political and environmental limitations are presented per scenario. Esta tese teve como objetivo demonstrar o potencial florestal na produção de pellets e / ou eletricidade no distrito de Bragança.
Inicialmente descreveu-se o uso da Biomassa Florestal a nível internacional e nacio-nal, para melhor situar o mercado florestal e o seu crescente potencial até aos dias de hoje.
Seguidamente foram analisados os sistemas operativos florestais, dividindo-os em cinco componentes: atividades de produção, transporte da biomassa florestal, sistemas de processamento florestal, transformação da biomassa florestal em produto final e tec-nologias de conversão.
Com uso da Carta de Ocupação do Solo de 2007, do 5.º Inventário Florestal Nacio-nal e software Florestat 5.0 foi determinada a área florestal de potencial interesse no distrito de Bragança. Consideraram-se três cenários de acréscimos médios anuais (con-servador, regular e otimista) estimando valores de 144.645, 227.484 e 340.340 tonela-das secas de biomassa florestal para serem industrialmente processadas, usando como exemplo de estudo a fábrica de produção de pellets e a central termoelétrica em Mortá-gua, Viseu.
Estimaram-se valores de produção anual de pellets entre 57.607 a 135.545 toneladas originando vendas de 1,8 a 4,3 milhões de Euros, e, a produção termoelétrica variou entre 134,3 a 316 GWh, atingindo vendas entre 2,4 a 5,7 milhões de Euros.
Ainda se estimou a redução da dependência elétrica no distrito de Bragança com uso da biomassa florestal, atingindo 58% para um cenário pessimista e 137% para um cená-rio otimista.…
Advisors/Committee Members: Castro, João Paulo, Ribeiro, Luís Frölén.
Subjects/Keywords: Biomass; pellets; electricity; timber
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Rocha, L. M. F. (2012). Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest. (Thesis). Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Retrieved from https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/8139
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Rocha, Luís Manuel Fernandes. “Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest.” 2012. Thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/8139.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Rocha, Luís Manuel Fernandes. “Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest.” 2012. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Rocha LMF. Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest. [Internet] [Thesis]. Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/8139.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Rocha LMF. Analysis on the feasibility of electricity and pellet production in the district of Bragança using coniferous forest. [Thesis]. Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; 2012. Available from: https://www.rcaap.pt/detail.jsp?id=oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/8139
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas A&M University
15.
Rachal, Lisa N.
Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load.
Degree: MS, Civil Engineering, 2016, Texas A&M University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187428
► Many aging timber railroad bridges are currently in use throughout the United States, and these bridges are being exposed to increasingly heavy loads from rolling…
(more)
▼ Many aging
timber railroad bridges are currently in use throughout the United States, and these bridges are being exposed to increasingly heavy loads from rolling stock and other harsh conditions. This could lead to flexural failure or horizontal shear cracking of the stringers, which could result in a split stringer. The maximum flexural stress in a split stringer is two times larger than that of an unimpaired stringer when exposed to the same load. This thesis outlines the instrumentation and analysis of a small-scale
timber bridge model and two large-scale bridges in order to better understand a
timber railroad bridge’s response to a live load. String potentiometers were used to measure bent-cap and stringer deflections, and wheel path position sensors were created and installed in order to determine vehicle speed and position as it traversed the bridge. Each test included different experimental parameters, such as different vehicle speeds and vehicle types.
During the course of each experiment, the bent-caps experienced very little deflection when under live load. It was also determined that vehicle speed did not significantly affect bent-cap deflection, total stringer mid-span deflection, or net stringer mid-span deflection. In the past, it has been assumed that stringers comprising a chord acted as one member. However, the results of this research demonstrated that each stringer in a chord experienced extremely different deflections in response to a vehicle traversing the bridge. This research also demonstrated a significant difference between the magnitude of the maximum total mid-span stringer deflections and the maximum net mid-span stringer deflections. The total mid-span stringer deflections were anywhere from 36% to 80% higher than the net deflections. It was also concluded that the maximum mid-span stringer deflection that occurred as a freight train traversed a bridge were due to the trucks that were on each side of the couplings connecting the rolling stock. In addition, the mid-span deflections of a split stringer were found to be four times larger than that of an unimpaired stringer when exposed to the same live load.
Advisors/Committee Members: Fry, Gary (advisor), Beason, W. Lynn (committee member), Muliana, Anastasia (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Stringer; Deflection; Timber; Railway; Bridges
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Rachal, L. N. (2016). Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load. (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187428
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Rachal, Lisa N. “Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187428.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Rachal, Lisa N. “Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load.” 2016. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Rachal LN. Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187428.
Council of Science Editors:
Rachal LN. Determination of Bent-Cap and Stringer Deflections for Timber Railway Bridges Under Live Load. [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187428

North Carolina State University
16.
Liu, Shan.
Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests.
Degree: MS, Forestry, 2009, North Carolina State University
URL: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/2384
► Several studies have examined the theoretical aspects of determining the optimal carbon rotation. This paper explores the tradeoff between timber and net carbon sequestration in…
(more)
▼ Several studies have examined the theoretical aspects of determining the optimal carbon rotation. This paper explores the tradeoff between
timber and net carbon sequestration in managing representative forest management types in North Carolina. Under conservative assumptions regarding the social benefits of carbon storage, optimal rotation periods are extended depending on the forest type, carbon price, interest rate, and emission penalty under consideration. Analysis shows when carbon price is low the extension of the joint
timber-carbon rotation are similar among DOE, CCX, and VCS protocols; when carbon price is high, the joint rotation extends longer under DOE protocol than the other two protocols, especially in the lowland hardwood forest type. Results suggest that such joint strategies could be financially attractive. Sensitivity analysis is used to examine the effects of changes in financial parameters on landowner returns and optimal management. Under most assumptions, our findings indicate that including carbon sequestration in forest management increases returns but leads to only marginal changes in rotation length.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Robert C. Abt, Committee Chair (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: NC; timber; FIA; Carbon
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Liu, S. (2009). Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests. (Thesis). North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/2384
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Liu, Shan. “Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests.” 2009. Thesis, North Carolina State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/2384.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Liu, Shan. “Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests.” 2009. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Liu S. Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests. [Internet] [Thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/2384.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Liu S. Estimating the Potential Impact of Carbon Markets on North Carolina Forests. [Thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2009. Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/2384
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Victoria University of Wellington
17.
Isaacs, Nigel.
Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982.
Degree: 2015, Victoria University of Wellington
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/4804
► A systematic investigation was undertaken of the techniques (materials and technologies) used to construct the shell of the New Zealand house (envelope and interior linings)…
(more)
▼ A systematic investigation was undertaken of the techniques (materials and technologies) used to construct the shell of the New Zealand house (envelope and interior linings) between 1792 and 1982. Using census, manufacturing and import statistics with analysis of local and international archives and publications, principal techniques were selected and documented. A review of local construction and building publications provide a background to the development of construction education and training, as well as the speed of change.
Analysis of census data showed that from 1858 to 1981 the majority of dwelling walls in terms of construction (appearance) were
timber, brick, board or concrete, while the structure was
timber frame. Analysis of import data for seven materials (galvanised iron, asbestos cement, cement, window glass, wood nails, gypsum and roofing slate) from 1870 to 1965 found the UK was a majority supplier until 1925, except for USA gypsum. For the rest of the period, the UK continued to play a preeminent role with increasing Australian imports and local manufacture.
Examination of archival and published information on techniques used for the sub-floor, floor, wall (construction and structure), fenestration, roof and thermal insulation provide an overview of country of orign, decade of arrival, spread of use and, if relevant, reasons for failure. Forty materials (including earth and brick, stone, cement and concrete,
timber and ferrous metals) and twenty-four technologies are documented. Revised dates of first NZ use are provided for eight of these e.g. the shift from balloon to platform framing occurred in the early 1880s rather than 1890s. Three case studies examine different aspects of the techniques (nails 1860 to 1965, hollow concrete blocks 1904 to 1910 and camerated concrete 1908 to 1920).
The research shows that
timber was the predominant structural (framing) material from 1792 to 1982. From the 1930s there was a shift away from
timber construction (external appearance) to a wider range of products, including brick, board (asbestos- and more recently fibre-cement) and concrete. A new chronological classification of house development is proposed.
These techniques travelled in a variety of ways and at speeds which indicate over this time New Zealand was technologically well connected and supported an innovative construction sector.
The techniques covered are: Boards: asbestos, and cellulose fibre-cement, particle, plywood, pumice, softboard, and hardboard; Bricks: double and veneer; Building paper; Cement and lime: local and imported; Concrete: hollow block, monolithic, reinforced, Camerated, Oratonu and Pearse patents; Fired earth: bricks and terracotta roof tiles; Floors: concrete slab, suspended, and terrazzo; Framing: balloon, braced, light steel, and platform; Insulation: cork, fibreglass, macerated paper, perlite, pumice, foil, and mineral wool; Iron and Steel: cast and wrought iron, steel; Linings: fibrous plaster, plasterboard and wet; metal tile, shingles and slates; Nails: cut,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Vale, Brenda, Kernohan, David.
Subjects/Keywords: House; Technology; History; Timber
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
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APA (6th Edition):
Isaacs, N. (2015). Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982. (Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/4804
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Isaacs, Nigel. “Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10063/4804.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Isaacs, Nigel. “Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982.” 2015. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Isaacs N. Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/4804.
Council of Science Editors:
Isaacs N. Making the New Zealand House 1792 – 1982. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/4804

Oregon State University
18.
Loferski, Joseph R.
Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing.
Degree: MS, Forest Products, 1980, Oregon State University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16656
► Defining the inelastic behavior of nail joints is essential in the development of a rational design procedure of wood-stud walls. Prediction equations were developed for…
(more)
▼ Defining the inelastic behavior of nail joints is essential
in the development of a rational design procedure of wood-stud walls.
Prediction equations were developed for the inelastic behavior
of joints commonly found in wood-stud walls. The equations relate
three elastic moduli that define the average inelastic joint stiffness
to the material properties of the wall coverings, studs and nails.
The equations were verified experimentally on joints between Douglas-fir
studs and 3/8-inch plywood sheathing.
Experiments also showed that the stiffness of machine pushed
nail joints was less variable than that of their hammer driven
mates, and that increased nail head size produced stiffer joints.
Furthermore, joints tested at faster loading rates were stiffer than
their mates tested at slower rates.
Advisors/Committee Members: Polensek, Anton (advisor), Thomas, D. R. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Timber joints
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Loferski, J. R. (1980). Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16656
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Loferski, Joseph R. “Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing.” 1980. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16656.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Loferski, Joseph R. “Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing.” 1980. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Loferski JR. Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1980. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16656.
Council of Science Editors:
Loferski JR. Inelastic stiffness moduli for nail joints between wood studs and plywood sheathing. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1980. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16656

Oregon State University
19.
Redlinger, Mark J., 1972-.
Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads.
Degree: MS, Forest Products, 1998, Oregon State University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18429
► The objective of this research is to understand the behavior of metal-plate- connected (MPC) joints by examining actual MPC truss heel and tension splice joints…
(more)
▼ The objective of this research is to understand the behavior of metal-plate-
connected (MPC) joints by examining actual MPC truss heel and tension
splice joints subjected to hurricane wind load simulations and impact loads.
A hurricane wind load simulation was applied to MPC heel joints to
determine if a large scale wind event would cause strength loss or change the
joint stiffness. An "impact" load of one second duration (as defined by the
American Forest and Paper Association (AFPA) (1991)) was also applied to
MPC heel joints and tension splice joints. Two different impact loads were
applied to MPC tension splice joints to determine if strength degradation or
stiffness change occurs due to loads with short duration and high maximum load.
Finally, MPC tension splice joints were subjected to a ramp load which linearly
increased ten times faster than the control group ramp load to determine if
shorter duration tests still produce "static" loading results. All observed properties were compared to a control group which was subjected to a static
ramp load.
Both MPC heel and tension splice joints exhibited non-linear behavior
under static ramp loads and failed with little warning because the tests were
load- controlled. Tooth withdrawal, wood shear failure, and plate failure modes
were all seen for both types of MPC joints.
Heel joints tested with the top member in tension proved to have 17%
higher average ultimate strength and 42% lower average ultimate deflection than
heel joints tested with the top member in compression. The stiffness of heel
joints increased by an average of 300% after the tension wind simulation. This
stiffness increase is possibly due to wood densification near the metal teeth.
The impact load, which increases from the dead load to double the design load
caused a stiffness increase similar to the stiffness increase produced by the
tension wind simulations. No significant strength degradation was caused by
dynamic loadings on heel joints.
The accelerated ramp load produced the same results as the static ramp
load in 1110th the time.
Joint stiffness decreased after the impact load for tension splice joints, but
increased for heel joints. Impact loads caused no decrease in strength.
Increasing the impact spike magnitude by 50% produced 360% more deflection
during the spike.
Advisors/Committee Members: Miller, Thomas H. (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Timber joints
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Redlinger, Mark J., 1. (1998). Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18429
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Redlinger, Mark J., 1972-. “Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads.” 1998. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18429.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Redlinger, Mark J., 1972-. “Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads.” 1998. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Redlinger, Mark J. 1. Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1998. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18429.
Council of Science Editors:
Redlinger, Mark J. 1. Behavior of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints under wind and impact loads. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1998. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18429

University of Manitoba
20.
Al-hayek, Hanan.
Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams.
Degree: Civil Engineering, 2014, University of Manitoba
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23968
► An experimental program was carried out to investigate the effect of post-tensioning on timber beams and the performance of timber bridge decks with post-tensioned stringers.…
(more)
▼ An experimental program was carried out to investigate the effect of post-tensioning on
timber beams and the performance of
timber bridge decks with post-tensioned stringers. The experimental program contains three phases. As part of the first phase, twenty shear tests were performed to determine the ultimate capacity of lag screws that could be used in the post-tensioning process. Results showed that six lag screws with a diameter of 12.7 mm were adequate for the anchorage system.
The second phase included testing 22 full scale
timber beams. Six beams were control without any reinforcement. The remaining sixteen beams were post-tensioned with either draped or straight carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons (Groups CD and C) or steel cables (Groups SD with draped cables and S with straight cables).The results revealed that the strength and the stiffness for Group CD were increased on average by 70% and 10%, respectively, while the strength for Group C was increased on average by 56%. In contrast, the strength and the stiffness for Group SD were increased on average by 45% and 4%, respectively, while the strength for Group S was increased on average by 49%. The bending strength of the post-tensioned
timber beams was predicted using analytical model.
The third phase of the research included the construction of four
timber bridge decks: control deck (BD-CO), deck with stringers post-tensioned with draped CFRP tendons (BD-DC), deck with stringers post-tensioned with draped steel tendons (BD-DS), and a deck with stringers strengthened with near-surface mounted glass fibre-reinforced polymer bars (NSM-GFRP) referred to as BD-G. Post-tensioning the stringers of BD-DS and the stringers of BD-DC increased the apparent stiffness on average by 2% and 3%, respectively. In contrast, the apparent stiffness for the stringers of BD-G increased on average by 29%. SECAN program was used to analyze the four
timber bridge decks. It was found that SECAN can predict the behaviour of the
timber bridge deck based on the experimental stiffness of the individual tests. Cost analysis was done for the three strengthening techniques. It was found that post-tensioning stringers with draped steel cables can be cost effective.
Advisors/Committee Members: Svecova, Dagmar (Civil Engineering) (supervisor), Mufti, Aftab (Civil Engineering) Thomson, Douglas (Electrical and Computer Engineering) Heffernan, Pat (Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada) (examiningcommittee).
Subjects/Keywords: timber; post-tensioned; beams; CFRP
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Al-hayek, H. (2014). Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams. (Thesis). University of Manitoba. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23968
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Al-hayek, Hanan. “Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams.” 2014. Thesis, University of Manitoba. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23968.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Al-hayek, Hanan. “Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Al-hayek H. Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Manitoba; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23968.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Al-hayek H. Flexural behaviour of post-tensioned timber beams. [Thesis]. University of Manitoba; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23968
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Manitoba
21.
Murison, Evangeline Rivera.
Anchored Log Decks.
Degree: Civil Engineering, 2014, University of Manitoba
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23430
► To improve the performance of the conventional nail laminated bridge deck, three generations of innovative decks have been developed during the last three decades: (a)…
(more)
▼ To improve the performance of the conventional nail laminated bridge deck, three generations of innovative decks have been developed during the last three decades: (a) the stress laminated wood deck, (b) the stressed log bridge, and (c) the grout laminated wood deck. The grout laminated wood deck, the most recent wood deck, consists of trimmed logs interconnected with internal grout cylinders, in compression or tension. Previous research has shown that the grout cylinders have superior load distribution characteristics, but the cost of trimming the treated logs was found to be relatively high. Recently, research has been conducted to develop the next generation of the bridge wood decks, called the anchored log decks. The anchored log deck, meant for use as decking of steel girder bridges, consists of untrimmed discarded utility
timber poles which have been treated with preservatives. The logs are held together by means of unstressed transverse proprietary Cintec anchors. The anchors consist of stainless steel rods encased in grout cylinders. Panels, each comprising of 5 to 6 logs, are preassembled to fit on a flatbed trailer for shipping. The smooth wearing surface over the log deck is provided by longitudinal sawn
timber planks, with high-density foam filling the gap between the logs and the planks. The panels are inter-connected through inclined anchors passing through adjacent logs. At the University of Manitoba, an anchored log deck with five preassembled panels was constructed and tested to failure at several locations under both static and fatigue loads. The test results have shown that anchored log decks have the potential of being economical preassembled decks for steel girder bridges.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mufti, Aftab (Civil Engineering) Svecova, Dagmar (Civil Engineering) (supervisor), Bakht, Baidar (Civil Engineering) Thomson, Douglas (Electrical & Computer Engineering) (examiningcommittee).
Subjects/Keywords: Bridge; Timber; Log; Anchor; Grout
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Murison, E. R. (2014). Anchored Log Decks. (Masters Thesis). University of Manitoba. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23430
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Murison, Evangeline Rivera. “Anchored Log Decks.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Manitoba. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23430.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Murison, Evangeline Rivera. “Anchored Log Decks.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Murison ER. Anchored Log Decks. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Manitoba; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23430.
Council of Science Editors:
Murison ER. Anchored Log Decks. [Masters Thesis]. University of Manitoba; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23430

Delft University of Technology
22.
Timmer, S.G.C. (author).
Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings.
Degree: 2011, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5da007ef-1021-46be-98ab-13284dba0505
► Advantages of timber as a building material are: small dead weight, good thermal characteristics and in some cases low overall building cost. Nature has created…
(more)
▼ Advantages of
timber as a building material are: small dead weight, good thermal characteristics and in some cases low overall building cost. Nature has created large cantilever structures of 150 m high in the form of eucalyptus threes. History show furthermore manmade structures as
timber radio towers of 190 m high and wooden religious structures of almost a 1000 years old, towering 67 m in the air. The most recent modern tall
timber building is about 29 m high, contains nine storey’s is located in London, UK, and is called “the Murray Grove Tower”. What is discussed above leads to the question: “What is the height limit for tall
timber buildings”. To answer this question, the objective of this thesis is twofold. The first objective of this thesis is to determine the influence factors on the height of
timber buildings. The second objective is to create proof through analysis of a case study design of at least 100 m high within a determined set of boundary conditions. A preliminary study was conducted to realise the first objective. This preliminary study contained a problem analysis in which the influence factors were determined and a definition was found for tall
timber buildings. The main influence factors are part of architectural requirements, structural issues, fire safety and building physics. The influence factors are quantified to achieve the highest potential. This deduction of influence factors resulted in a set of boundary conditions and proposed solutions. First a universal floor plan was designed as a starting point. A minimum wall-window ratio of 15% and a building slenderness of 1:4 were set as architectural boundary conditions. The material applied to the load bearing structure was chosen to consist of
timber laminations of strength class D70 which has a positive effect on the structural and fire characteristics. The proposed stability system consists of a braced tube-in-tube structure. The investigated types of bracing are the Diagid geometry, simple diagonal bracing and a solid
timber shear wall bracing. To realize a fire safe design, relevant objectives are satisfied though the choice of a fire concept, in combination with fire suppression measures, resulting in compartment burn out. In the second part of the thesis these proposed solutions are investigated. Four variants where created consisting of a set, corresponding to the geometry of the proposed types of bracing and associated joint solution. Three-dimensional models where created with finite element software of these variants. Of these models, parameters are modified in order to investigate: the influence of the joint stiffness; the building core stiffness; and the support stiffness on the global behavior. The investigation on the global behavior of the systems focused on the deflection at the top, the development of bending moments within members and the dynamical behavior. An optimisation of the cross sections of structural members was also conducted in order to investigate the competition of feasibility between variants. The fire…
Advisors/Committee Members: Nijsse, R. (mentor), Ravenshorst, G.J.P. (mentor), Terwel, K.C. (mentor), Sandhaas, C. (mentor), Vambersky, J.N.J.A. (mentor).
Subjects/Keywords: tall buildings; timber; wood; firesafety
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Timmer, S. G. C. (. (2011). Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5da007ef-1021-46be-98ab-13284dba0505
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Timmer, S G C (author). “Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5da007ef-1021-46be-98ab-13284dba0505.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Timmer, S G C (author). “Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings.” 2011. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Timmer SGC(. Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5da007ef-1021-46be-98ab-13284dba0505.
Council of Science Editors:
Timmer SGC(. Feasibility of Tall Timber Buildings. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2011. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5da007ef-1021-46be-98ab-13284dba0505

Delft University of Technology
23.
Wu, Q. (author).
The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11.
Degree: 2014, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16ad495c-3ec2-4438-96da-f65e63dc0729
► Two parts are included in this one year graduation project:first part is the technique research paper about complex timber structure in digital fabrication; second part…
(more)
▼ Two parts are included in this one year graduation project:first part is the technique research paper about complex timber structure in digital fabrication; second part is a cycle pavilion design based on the result of the research.
Architecture Engineering
Architecture
Architecture and The Built Environment
Advisors/Committee Members: Smit, M.J. (mentor), Meijs, M.H. (mentor), Borgart, A. (mentor), Stoutjesdijk, P. (mentor).
Subjects/Keywords: digital fabrication; complex timber structure
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Wu, Q. (. (2014). The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16ad495c-3ec2-4438-96da-f65e63dc0729
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Wu, Q (author). “The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16ad495c-3ec2-4438-96da-f65e63dc0729.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Wu, Q (author). “The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Wu Q(. The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16ad495c-3ec2-4438-96da-f65e63dc0729.
Council of Science Editors:
Wu Q(. The cycle pavilion in Brettenzone -Architecture Engineering Graduation Studio 11. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2014. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16ad495c-3ec2-4438-96da-f65e63dc0729

Delft University of Technology
24.
Van den Boogaard, T. (author).
Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study.
Degree: 2011, Delft University of Technology
URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23fde617-80c1-430d-bf4e-39c98e5a6048
► In recent years, various types of plate-like timber materials have been introduced to the building industry, offering a wide range of new possibilities. Due to…
(more)
▼ In recent years, various types of plate-like
timber materials have been introduced to the building industry, offering a wide range of new possibilities. Due to a lack of knowledge on these possibilities, in the Netherlands, the material is not used as often as could be expected. To explore the boundaries of
timber engineering, in this thesis, it is investigated whether it is feasible to engineer a stadium structure that is composed of
timber elements to the utmost extent. The focus within this feasibility study is on the structural system, the floors and the grandstands. The roof structure is not included, since it appeared that such structures are already common in practice. As a reference, use is made of the architectural design of the Euroborg stadium, which was designed and engineered by BAM Advies & Engineering in recent years. The first part of the thesis provides an introduction to the most important aspects concerning the design and engineering of a stadium structure. Next to that, reference projects are discussed to provide insight in the possibilities of
timber as a structural material. The preliminary design is elaborated on in the second part of the thesis. Investigating several structural systems it is found that a
timber core system proves to be most beneficial. Decisive factors are the excellent fitting to the existing architectural design and the ease of erection. The proposed cores have a height of 19.22 m and are compiled from 4 walls, having a width of 5 m each, which are made from LVL elements. Analysing various floor products that are available on the market,
timber hollow core elements called Lignatur appeared to be most beneficial to be implemented in the design. These span 14.4 m between the front and the back façades of the stadium structure and are supported by glued laminated
timber support beams. Accounting for the required free height at the distinct floors, the span-width of these beams is limited to 9.65 m. When the grandstands are concerned, 4-tier elements made from LVL are introduced. Accounting for grandstand elements with an increased riser height the maximum span-width becomes 10.4 m, where vibrations are governing and under the condition that the grandstand support beams are infinitesimally stiff. Accounting for Glulam support beams, the maximum span-width decreases to a certain extent. In the detailed design phase, the feasibility of the proposed structural system is considered more in detail. At first, the structural behaviour lintels that are present in the core walls are investigated. It appears that these comply with all requirements. Evaluating the preliminary design phase, an expert on construction technology posed questions on the erection of
timber cores with the proposed dimensions. It has therefore been investgated what structural consequences it holds when the core is divided in storey-high segments. It appeared that several measures are required to transfer the acting stresses at the horizontal joints. A feasible solution is acquired by applying a combined system…
Advisors/Committee Members: Van de Kuilen, J.W.G. (mentor), Ravenshorst, G.J.P. (mentor), De Vries, P.A. (mentor), Pasterkamp, S. (mentor), Van der Wal, V. (mentor).
Subjects/Keywords: stadium; engineering; timber; feasibility
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APA (6th Edition):
Van den Boogaard, T. (. (2011). Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23fde617-80c1-430d-bf4e-39c98e5a6048
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Van den Boogaard, T (author). “Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23fde617-80c1-430d-bf4e-39c98e5a6048.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Van den Boogaard, T (author). “Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study.” 2011. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Van den Boogaard T(. Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23fde617-80c1-430d-bf4e-39c98e5a6048.
Council of Science Editors:
Van den Boogaard T(. Timber Stadium Engineering: A feasibility study. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2011. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23fde617-80c1-430d-bf4e-39c98e5a6048

Victoria University of Wellington
25.
Heesterman, Mikayla.
The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections.
Degree: 2019, Victoria University of Wellington
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8364
► Timber is one of the most sustainable and renewable construction materials; coupled with computational tools engineered timber has the potential to be redefined as a…
(more)
▼ Timber is one of the most sustainable and renewable construction materials; coupled with computational tools engineered
timber has the potential to be redefined as a digital-age material for non-standard architecture. This research employs contemporary digital design and fabrication techniques to develop complex, CNC based parametric connections for engineered
timber construction Whilst CNC joinery that utilises machines with between three and five axes is increasingly common, the introduction of the six-axis robotic arm as a machining tool provides greater freedom of movement and a wider range of complex procedures. As a result, there is more design potential for interlocking
timber- only connections that were previously inefficient to fabricate. This research draws from traditional Japanese
timber craftsmanship, which offers unique structural and sustainable advantages. Combining this knowledge with computational tools has led to new complex customisable connections suitable for contemporary fabrication, and a revitalisation of
timber craftsmanship in this digital age.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sweet, Kevin.
Subjects/Keywords: Timber; Craftsmanship; Fabrication; Robotics; Architecture
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
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to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Heesterman, M. (2019). The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8364
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Heesterman, Mikayla. “The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8364.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Heesterman, Mikayla. “The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Heesterman M. The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8364.
Council of Science Editors:
Heesterman M. The Robotic Craftsman: Robotic Fabrication for Complex Timber Connections. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8364

Victoria University of Wellington
26.
Joyce, Gabriella.
Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels.
Degree: 2019, Victoria University of Wellington
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8691
► In a climate where standard methods of construction are being challenged, developments in engineered timbers are allowing mass timber construction to be explored as a…
(more)
▼ In a climate where standard methods of construction are being challenged, developments in engineered timbers are allowing mass
timber construction to be explored as a sustainable alternative to traditional building methods. Cross- laminated
timber (CLT) is at the forefront of this evolution and, with the advancement in computational design and digital fabrication tools, there lies an opportunity to redefine standard construction. This project explores how digital modelling and advance digital fabrication can be combined to generate a connection system for CLT panels.
The advantages of CLT and mass
timber construction are numerous and range from environmental and aesthetic benefits to site safety and cost reduction benefits. There are, however, issues that remain surrounding the connections between CLT panels. Steurer (2006, p.136) stated that, “Progress in engineered
timber construction is directly related to developments in connector technology.” This thesis creates connections inspired by traditional Japanese joinery that have been adapted to be used for the panel construction of CLT structures. Using CLT offcuts as a primary connection material, the system not only reduces waste but also mitigates thermal bridging and lowers the number of connection points whilst increasing the ease of building and fabrication.
The connections are first considered at a detail scale. They use the literature review and case studies as a base for design before being tested using digitally fabricated prototypes. These prototypes are evaluated against a framework created in line with the aforementioned criteria. Within this framework, the connections are analysed against existing connection systems as well as previous designs to establish a successful system. The connections are then evaluated within the context of a building scale and considers large-scale fabrication and on- site assembly whilst continuing to focus on the reduction of waste. This research found that the simplicity of the connections is key to a successful system as this allows for faster and cheaper fabrication and installation. However, there is still further research needed surrounding large-scale fabrication and the structural capacity of
timber connection systems.
Advisors/Committee Members: Pelosi, Antony.
Subjects/Keywords: Cross laminated timber; Robotics; Waste
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Joyce, G. (2019). Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels. (Masters Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8691
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Joyce, Gabriella. “Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8691.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Joyce, Gabriella. “Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Joyce G. Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8691.
Council of Science Editors:
Joyce G. Finding the Key: Designing Timber Connections for CLT Panels. [Masters Thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/8691

Michigan State University
27.
Manthy, Robert S.
Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region.
Degree: MS, 1962, Michigan State University
URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7857
Subjects/Keywords: Marketing; Timber
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APA ·
Chicago ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Manthy, R. S. (1962). Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7857
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Manthy, Robert S. “Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region.” 1962. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7857.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Manthy, Robert S. “Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region.” 1962. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Manthy RS. Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1962. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7857.
Council of Science Editors:
Manthy RS. Marketing posts, poles and piling in the North Central region. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1962. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7857

Clemson University
28.
Raymond, Augustus L.
An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures.
Degree: MS, Civil Engineering, 2019, Clemson University
URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3095
► This thesis covers initial concepts for a Cross-Laminated Timber house made to resist EF 3 tornado wind pressures. At the time of writing, it…
(more)
▼ This thesis covers initial concepts for a Cross-Laminated
Timber house made to resist EF 3 tornado wind pressures. At the time of writing, it is believed this is the first study to consider using CLT to make a tornado resistant house. Going through analytical approaches in conjunction with ASCE 7-16, NDS 15, and PRG-320, this research hopes to lay groundwork for future research into the feasibility of such a house design at larger sizes and faster tornadoes. Because it is rather difficult to test experimentally how these structures will behave in tornadoes directly, a Mathcad sheet was created that gives quantified information into the performance of the CLT house. A 640 ft2 house was used as this is an early attempt and the process to calculate the capacities and loads was demonstrated throughout the body of this thesis with procedures to make edits for other sizes and tornado categories. In the appendices are CAD drawings; calculations; some suggestions for further research including a different configurations, larger homes, and faster tornadoes; a cost analysis; and a hypothetical fragility curve. The short-term goal is to provide the design process for a single house, and the long-term goal is to eventually have a community of tornado resistant homes. For right now though, this thesis focuses on providing a single home, with the appendices hinting at the long-term goal.
Advisors/Committee Members: Weichiang Pang, Committee Chair, Thomas Cousins, Brandon Ross.
Subjects/Keywords: CLT; Mass Timber; Structure; Tornado
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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Export
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APA (6th Edition):
Raymond, A. L. (2019). An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures. (Masters Thesis). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3095
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Raymond, Augustus L. “An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Clemson University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3095.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Raymond, Augustus L. “An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures.” 2019. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Raymond AL. An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Clemson University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3095.
Council of Science Editors:
Raymond AL. An Exploration into Tornado Resistant Residential CLT Structures. [Masters Thesis]. Clemson University; 2019. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3095

University of Canterbury
29.
Iqbal, Md Asif.
Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings.
Degree: PhD, Civil Engineering, 2011, University of Canterbury
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3067
► Timber has experienced renewed interests as a sustainable building material in recent times. Although traditionally it has been the prime choice for residential construction in…
(more)
▼ Timber has experienced renewed interests as a sustainable building material in recent times. Although traditionally it has been the prime choice for residential construction in New Zealand and some other parts of the world, its use can be increased significantly in the future through a wider range of applications, particularly when adopting engineered wood material, Research has been started on the development of innovative solutions for multi-storey non-residential timber buildings in recent years and this study is part of that initiative. Application of timber in commercial and office spaces posed some challenges with requirements of large column-free spaces. The current construction practice with timber is not properly suited for structures with the aforementioned required characteristics and new type of structures has to be developed for this type of applications.
Any new structural system has to have adequate capacity for carry the gravity and lateral loads due to occupancy and the environmental effects. Along with wind loading, one of the major sources of lateral loads is earthquakes. New Zealand, being located in a seismically active region, has significant risk of earthquake hazard specially in the central region of the country and any structure has be designed for the seismic loading appropriate for the locality.
There have been some significant developments in precast concrete in terms of solutions for earthquake resistant structures in the last decade. The “Hybrid” concept combining post-tensioning and energy dissipating elements with structural members has been introduced in the late 1990s by the precast concrete industry to achieve moment-resistant connections based on dry jointed ductile connections. Recent research at the University of Canterbury has shown that the concept can be adopted for timber for similar applications. Hybrid timber frames using post-tensioned beams and dissipaters have the potential to allow longer spans and smaller cross sections than other forms of solid timber frames. Buildings with post-tensioned frames and walls can have larger column-free spaces which is a particular advantage for non-residential applications.
While other researchers are focusing on whole structural systems, this research concentrated on the analysis and design of individual members and connections between members or between member and foundation. This thesis extends existing knowledge on the seismic behaviour and response of post-tensioned single walls, columns under uni-direction loads and small scale beam-column joint connections into the response and design of post-tensioned coupled walls, columns under bi-directional loading and full-scale beam-column joints, as well as to generate further insight into practical applications of the design concept for subassemblies. Extensive experimental investigation of walls, column and beam-column joints provided valuable confirmation of the satisfactory performance of these systems. In general, they all exhibited almost complete re-centering capacity and…
Subjects/Keywords: Timber Buildings; Seismic Design
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Iqbal, M. A. (2011). Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Canterbury. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3067
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Iqbal, Md Asif. “Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Canterbury. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3067.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Iqbal, Md Asif. “Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings.” 2011. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Iqbal MA. Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Canterbury; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3067.
Council of Science Editors:
Iqbal MA. Seismic response and design of subassemblies for multi-storey prestressed timber buildings. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Canterbury; 2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3067

Virginia Tech
30.
Wolf, Collin Benjamin.
The Spirit of Building.
Degree: M. Arch., Not found, 2020, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99379
► What can be learned about design through the process of building? The aim of this Thesis was to take fundamental theoretical knowledge about building, acquired…
(more)
▼ What can be learned about design through the process of building?
The aim of this Thesis was to take fundamental theoretical knowledge about building, acquired through my architectural education, and apply it through building a small structure.
A freestanding concrete staircase, located at a research facility on Virginia Tech's campus, was chosen for the structure's site. The intent was to add an additional set of stairs to it, allowing visitors to reach a higher viewing point to look out over the hills of Blacksburg.
The project was conceived as something small enough to be built quickly and with few people. By using primarily wood and simple hardware store materials, the project would be easy to work on and relatively inexpensive.
Advisors/Committee Members: Galloway, William U. (committeechair), Edge, Kay F. (committee member), Becker, Edward Gentry (committee member), Hindman, Daniel P. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Timber; Design-Build; Craft; Staircase
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Wolf, C. B. (2020). The Spirit of Building. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99379
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Wolf, Collin Benjamin. “The Spirit of Building.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 04, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99379.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Wolf, Collin Benjamin. “The Spirit of Building.” 2020. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Wolf CB. The Spirit of Building. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99379.
Council of Science Editors:
Wolf CB. The Spirit of Building. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99379
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