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O modo de produção capitalista tem alcançado todas as esferas da sociedade e espaços. Com isso o campo brasileiro está embrenhado num modelo de produzir que se caracteriza pela expropriação e injustiça sociais. Deste modo, o espaço agrário tem se tornado o espaço onde o capitalismo, seja na figura do capitalista, do Estado, do Banco, do latifundiário, alimenta suas características mais marcantes: exploração, segregação, expropriação. Não é novidade falar a respeito da quantidade de homens, mulheres e crianças que lutam por um pedaço de chão neste Brasil, tampouco da tamanha precariedade com que vive populações inteiras dos mais variados estados em povoados rurais deste país, sem nenhuma infra-estrutura básica. Por isso, estudar o camponês, seu modo de vida mesclado com a inserção do capitalismo na agricultura se faz necessário. Este sujeito dotado de particularidades que o distingue do restante dos trabalhadores, mantém-se no campo, ainda hoje, com características que divergem daquilo apregoado pelo sistema capitalista de produção. Mesmo inserido no mercado, vendendo seu produto na feira, transformando-se periodicamente em trabalhador rural assalariado, a terra ainda lhe representa a vida e o alimento, o modo de vida. O Estado, na função de assistir a sociedade (sem afastar-se do modo de produção vigente) tem de certa forma subsidiado financeiramente muitas famílias camponesas a partir de benefícios previdenciários e programas assistencialistas. Contudo, muitas vezes essa assistência, somada ao trabalho agrícola, ainda não são capazes suprir as necessidades dessas famílias. Daí a busca por um trabalho acessório capaz de assegurar essa população no campo. O camponês do município de Itabaiana é um sujeito com modo de vida próprio que lhe confere autonomia, contudo com a inserção cada vez maior do capitalismo no campo, a dependência financeira muitas vezes se torna real na vida desse sujeito, mas independentemente de ser autônomo ou dependente, o certo é que este sujeito social mantém-se ativo com suas peculiaridades que ao menos são intrigantes àqueles que têm como modo de vida o padrão capitalista de ser.

The capitalist mode of production has reached all spheres of society and space. Therewith, the Brazilian field is embroiled in a model of production that is characterized by the dispossession and social injustice. Thus, the agrarian space has become the place where capitalism, being the figure of the capitalist state, the Bank, or the landowner, feeds its most striking characteristics: exploration, segregation, expropriation. It is not a surprise talking about the amount of men, women and children who are fighting for a piece of land in Brazil, nor of such a precarious living with entire populations of many different states in rural villages of this country, with almost no basic infrastructure. Thus, studying the peasant, his way of life mixed with the introduction of capitalism in agriculture becomes necessary. This subject endowed with characteristics that distinguish himself of the rest of the workers in the…

Advisors/Committee Members: Celso Donizete Locatel.

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O presente trabalho se propõem a analisar as relações possíveis entre dois espaços distintos, sendo eles o econômico e o político. Neste sentido, procurou-se um distanciamento das preocupações mais correntes, presentes em diversos autores, sobre o desenvolvimento econômico ou o funcionamento da democracia, não focando assim no comportamento dos atores ou na representação de interesses, mas sim nos patrimônios de recursos e posições sociais compartilhados antes do sucesso eleitoral, bem como a perpetuação na política, após esta entrada. O universo empírico analisado foi composto de 235 casos que ocuparam a posição política de Deputado Federal, durante o período de 1990 até 2010, da mesma forma que: detinham atividades econômicas, sua principal fonte de renda fosse empreendimentos econômicos, ou se declarou profissionalmente como “empresário”, urbano ou rural, contemplando assim a posição econômica. A partir destes casos, foram coletadas as informações referentes aos recursos econômicos e escolares, para objetivar suas posições sociais; bem como o auto posicionamento profissional, que pode ser dividido em duas lógicas, uma ligada a apresentação dentro de ocupações econômicas e outra dentro de profissões relacionadas a diplomas superiores; as atividades desempenhadas ao longo da trajetória profissional, classificadas em itinerários específicos, de acordo com os cargos ocupados; por fim a sistematização dos sucessos eleitorais e cargos, para identificar os tipos de carreiras políticas. Devido a construção do universo, e tendo como objeto a relação entre estes espaços, foi possível demonstrar um conjunto de lógicas possíveis dentro desta intersecção, ancoradas em estratégias de reprodução social, definidas pela diversificação de recursos e posições sociais, bem como a mobilização dos mesmos enquanto trunfos sociais.

This study aim to examine the possible relationships between two distinct spaces, namely economic and political. In this sense, it also looks to distance itself from the most common currents, present in several authors, on economic development or the functioning of democracy, not just focusing on the behavior of actors or in lobbying, but in the resources and social positions assets shared before the electoral success, as well as the perpetuation in politics, after this entry. The empirical universe analyzed was composed of 235 cases that occupied the political position of Federal Deputy in Brazil, during the period from 1990 to 2010, and in the same way: held economic activities, their main source of income were economic enterprises, or pleaded professionally as "entrepreneur", urban or rural, thus contemplating the economic position. From these cases, we collected information relating to economic and educational resources, to objectify their positions; as well as the professional auto positioning, which can be divided into two logical, one linked to the presentation within economic occupations and other in professions related to higher education; the activities performed throughout the working career,…

Advisors/Committee Members: Engelmann, Fabiano.

▼  This study examines American and British middle class expats’ educational strategies in Berlin, Germany, from a Bourdieusian perspective. I argue that globalization and an increased mover population make it necessary to study the expat population, a social group that has been largely neglected in sociological research. The study explores the elementary school choices expats make for their children in the host country and how their educational strategies relate to the expats’ inherited and acquired cultural capital. Information was gathered through the statements of six American and British interviewees, interviews which were conducted in fall 2018. The interviewees were asked questions about their elementary school choices, their educational priorities, pastime activities and their own upbringings. The educational strategies were similar to those of specific middle class groups that, according to previous research, are characterized by high cultural capital. The interviewees in this study did however prove to be more idealistic than those specific middle class groups, and they made adjustments to their educational strategies to cater for their expatriatism. The prevalence and importance of liberal values had been passed on to the interviewees by their parents. In terms of choosing schools for their children they valued individuality, independence and cultural diversity. They also valued cosmopolitanism. The interviewed expats did not necessarily see themselves as bound to one country or nationality and they wanted the same perceived freedom for their children. They primarily chose local public schools for their children in attempts to acquire cultural capital, to ensure that their children integrated culturally and developed a fluency in German. Local public schools was the natural choice for expats with German partners, while expats with expat partners often found it difficult to decide against private international schools due to their struggles with cultural integration.

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THIS DISSERTATION SUPPORTS THE IDEA THAT, IN MARX'S WORK, A NOTION OF COMMUNICATION IS DISTINGUISHABLE AND DEMONSTRABLE. ESPECIALLY IN HIS EARLY WRITTINGS, WECAN LOCATE SPECIFIC REFERENCES TO PROBLEMS CONCERNING LANGUAGE, MEANING, NAME ECT PARTICULATED IN THE MARGIN OF HIS CRITICAL PROPOSALS RELATED TO PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. THE CONSTRUCTION AND FORMULATION OF PROPOSITIONS OUTLINING A NOTION OF COMMUNICATION, WHICH, BEING MAINLY IMPLIED -ALTHOUGH NOT ALWAYS-IS REGULARLY PRESENT THROUGHOUT HIS WORK, ARISE AS A POSSIBILITY OUT OF THESE REFERENCES. IN THE ATTEMPT TO CONSOLIDATE THIS HYPOTHESIS, OUR DISSERTATION IS BASED ON THE MARXIAN ANALYSIS OF COMMODITY RELATION. ACCORDING TO THIS POINT OFVIEW, A STUDY ON MARX'S FORMULATIONS CONCERNING USE-VALUE AND VALUE IS ATTEMPTED, AS WELL AS A STUDY OF THOSE CONCERNING COMMODITY AND MONEY AS HOMOLOGUES TOLANGUAGE. THE HINDRANCES CREATED DURING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIENCED MATERIAL WORLD INTO THE LEVEL OF QUID PRO QUO AND THE RATIONALISATION MECHANISMSOF COMMODITY EXCHANGE, ARE ATTESTED. FINALLY, MARX'S FORMULATIONS CONCERNING "ALIENATION" IN CAPITALISM ARE DEALT WITH, IN REFERENCE TO THE INFEXIBILITIES RELATED WITH THE CODES OF THE COMMODITY RELATION (AS A COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS) ANDTHE VIOLENT TRANSCRIPTION OF THE WEALTH AND MULTISIGNIFICANCE OF THE EVERY-DAY-LIFE, NEEDS AND ACTION INTO THESE CODES.

ΣΤΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ ΣΤΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΡΞ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΔΙΑΚΡΙΤΗ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΔΕΙΞΙΜΗ ΜΙΑ ΘΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ. ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΑ ΣΤΑ ΝΕΑΝΙΚΑ ΕΡΓΑ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΥΓΚΕΚΡΙΜΕΝΕΣ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΕΣ ΣΕ ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΟΥ ΑΦΟΡΟΥΝ ΣΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ, ΤΗ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ, ΤΟ ΟΝΟΜΑ ΚΛΠ, ΟΙ ΟΠΟΙΕΣ ΑΡΘΡΩΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΡΙΘΩΡΙΟ ΤΩΝ ΚΡΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΡΞ ΑΠΕΝΑΝΤΙ ΣΤΗ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ. ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΕΣ ΑΥΤΕΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΔΥΝΑΤΗ ΗΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΚΑΙ Η ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΗ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΔΙΑΓΡΑΦΟΥΝ ΜΙΑ ΘΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ,ΠΟΥ ΥΠΟΝΝΟΕΙΤΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΟΔΕΥΕΙ -ΟΧΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΑΡΡΗΤΑ- ΤΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΤΟΥ. Η ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΩΣΕΙ ΑΥΤΗ ΤΗΝ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΒΑΣΗ ΤΗ ΜΑΡΞΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΜΠΟΡΕΥΜΑΤΙΚΗΣ ΣΧΕΣΗΣ. ΥΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΟΠΤΙΚΗ ΑΥΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΩΝΤΑΙ ΟΙ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΡΞ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΞΙΑΧΡΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΑΞΙΑ ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΟΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΜΠΟΡΕΥΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ. ΔΙΑΠΙΣΤΩΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΟΙ ΕΜΠΛΟΚΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΜΕΤΑΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΟΥ ΒΙΟΥΜΕΝΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΚΟΣΜΟΥ ΣΤΟ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟ ΤΟΥ QUID PRO QUO ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΣΜΩΝ ΕΞΟΡΘΟΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΤΑΛΛΑΓΗΣ ΕΜΠΟΡΕΥΜΑΤΩΝ. ΤΕΛΟΣ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΟΙ ΔΙΑΤΥΠΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΡΞ ΠΕΡΙ "ΑΛΛΟΤΡΙΩΣΗΣ" ΣΤΟΝ ΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΜΟ ΣΕ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΕΛΑΣΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΚΩΔΙΚΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΕΜΠΟΡΕΥΜΑΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗ ΒΙΑΙΗ ΜΕΤΑΓΡΑΦΗ Σ' ΑΥΤΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΟΥ ΠΛΟΥΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΛΥΣΗΜΕΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΟΥ, ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΓΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΑΞΗΣ.

▼ This dissertation challenges the prevailing periodization of Quebec and Ontario’s economic development in Canadian historiography by contrasting the specificity of capitalist social relations with the non-capitalist forms of social reproduction belonging to French Canadian peasants and Upper Canadian farmers in the colonial period. With a few notable exceptions, existing historical interpretations assume that capitalism was there, at least in embryo, from the colony’s very beginning in the guise of the fur trade, manufacturing, or a local bourgeoisie. By contrast, this thesis brings together, through a comparative perspective, different pieces of the interconnected histories of France, Britain, the United States, Ontario, and Quebec in order to show that capitalism did not arrive on the shores of the St. Lawrence River with the first settlers. The dissertation also brings together pieces of the uneven intra-regional histories of these regions, and provides a general reflection on how to systematically integrate the geopolitical dimension of social change into historical sociology, political economy, and comparative politics. As such, the question with which the thesis is concerned is not exclusively that of the transition to capitalism in Quebec or in Ontario, but more broadly the interrelated questions of state-formation and ‘late development’ in north-eastern North America. One of the main findings of the dissertation is that only with the development of industrial capitalism in the north-eastern United States were the conditions for the emergence of capital-intensive types of agriculture in rural areas of Quebec and Ontario put in place. American breakthroughs toward industrial capitalism irrevocably transformed the system-wide conditions under which subsequent agricultural evolution took place in neighbouring regions, generating a new geopolitical configuration in which customary peasant production continued to persist in Quebec alongside petty-commodity farmers in Upper Canada and the development of industrial capitalism in urban areas such as Montreal. These findings bring to the fore the need to directly address the ‘peasant question’ in order to understand the impact of the continued existence of a large peasantry on state-formation and the long-term economic development of Quebec during the period when industrial capitalism was emerging as a dominant feature of the North American economy. Advisors/Committee Members: Lacher, Hannes P. (advisor).