▼ Relocalizar animales ha surgido como una herramienta popular en el manejo de vida silvestre a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, trasladar animales involucra riesgos y sus resultados pueden variar por diversos factores. Para proveer información acerca del efecto de la distancia de traslado sobre la conducta de movimiento y sobrevivencia de animales, durante la época reproductiva de 2008 y 2009, 40 individuos del ratón de pelo largo (Abrothrix longipilis) fueron translocados a diferentes distancias de sus territorios, en las comunas de Quirihue y Cobquecura (36º13’S 72º40’W), Chile central. Las capturas fueron conducidas en diez sitios con cubierta boscosa. En cada sitio se capturó y ajustó un radio-collar a cuatro machos adultos, que luego fueron liberados individualmente a las distancias de 0 (control), 100, 500 y 1300 m de sus territorios, en sitios con hábitat adecuado y donde hubo continuidad en la cubierta boscosa entre el sitio de captura y de liberación. Posteriormente, se registró la localización y sobrevivencia de cada individuo durante tres días. Se observó que los roedores translocados exploraron el entorno y mostraron una baja permanencia en el sitio de liberación, a diferencia del grupo control, alejándose más del sitio de liberación y recorriendo más largas distancias cuando la distancia de traslado aumentó. La probabilidad de retorno fue alta a cortas distancias, y declinó drásticamente a distancias más largas. Sólo los individuos trasladados a 100 m dirigieron su movimiento hacia los sitios de origen, sugiriendo que el retorno fue facilitado por cortas distancias de traslado, por sobre una habilidad de navegación. Se detectó un efecto negativo de la distancia de traslado sobre la sobrevivencia de los roedores. La mortalidad fue mayor en individuos liberados a ≥500 m (22%), que en sujetos liberados cercanos al sitio de captura (0%), y la principal causa de muerte fue enfrentamientos entre roedores, incrementando el riesgo de mortalidad el recorrer sitios desconocidos y la liberación de animales en áreas ocupadas por otros roedores. La elevada probabilidad de retorno a cortas distancias de traslado, la baja permanencia en el sitio de liberación y el incremento de la mortalidad a largas distancias de traslado en A. longipilis, subrayan la necesidad de una fuerte justificación para las translocaciones animales y la búsqueda de medidas de manejo más eficientes en contribuir a la conservación y al bienestar animal

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq

Understanding the ecological factors that influence the presence, abundance, and distribution of species within their habitats is critical for ensuring their long-term conservation. In the case of primary consumers, such as most primates, the richness and availability of plant foods are considered key drivers of population density at different spatial scales. However, little is known about how (and whether) these variables influence the spacing of social units within a finer, habitat patch level scale. I investigated whether resource richness and spatiotemporal food availability are good predictors of local, within-habitat spatial distribution of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in a 1,200 ha Atlantic forest remnant in southern Brazil. I censused the population every two weeks from January to June 2015 by walking 205 km distributed in five line transects. Then, I used data on tree inventories in all sighting and control plots and phenological surveys of 17 top food tree species to estimate bi-weekly food availability for the monkeys. We recorded a total of 95 sightings (2-12 sightings/sampling period) and found that fruit (ripe and unripe) availability was higher in sighting than in control plots. Leaf availability was similar. On the other hand, the number of individuals observed in each sighting was marginally directly related to the availability of ripe fruits, but not to tree richness or the availability of unripe fruits, mature leaves, and young leaves. We concluded that the distribution and availability of fruit sources was an important driver of the pattern of habitat use by brown howler during the study period.

A compreens?o dos fatores ecol?gicos que influenciam a presen?a, a abund?ncia e a distribui??o das esp?cies nos ambientes naturais ? essencial para a conserva??o da biodiversidade em longo prazo. No caso dos consumidores prim?rios, como a maioria dos primatas, a riqueza e a disponibilidade de plantas utilizadas na alimenta??o s?o considerados fatores-chave que direcionam a densidade populacional em diferentes escalas espaciais. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre como (e se) essas vari?veis influenciam a dispers?o das unidades sociais de um t?xon em uma escala fina, em n?vel de parcelas de habitat. Nessa pesquisa investiguei se a riqueza e a disponibilidade espa?o-temporal de alimento s?o bons preditores da distribui??o espacial de bugios-ruivos (Alouatta guariba clamitans) dentro do habitat em um remanescente de Mata Atl?ntica (ca. 1.200 ha) no sul do Brasil. Para isso,…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-Marques, J?lio C?sar, Chaves, ?scar M..

▼ El paradigma del enriquecimiento ambiental (EE) en roedores se basa en proporcionar elevada estimulación cognitiva, física y social mediante diferentes procedimientos (generalmente un número elevado de animales que se mantienen en cajas grandes que contienen ruedas de actividad, túneles y diferentes tipos de juguetes). El principal objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral fue el desarrollo de un modelo de EE y la evaluación de sus efectos conductuales y fisiológicos en ratones con el fin de valorar si dicha manipulación contribuye a prevenir y/o revertir algunos de los efectos adversos que se observan asociados a factores como la edad o la exposición crónica situaciones de estrés social. Además, se evaluó si los posibles efectos neuroprotectores del EE pueden potenciarse mediante la administración de nicotina u otros agonistas colinérgicos nicotínicos. Los estudios experimentales se realizaron en ratones macho NMRI aplicando diferentes paradigmas conductuales: actividad motora (actímetro y rueda de actividad), conducta exploratoria (hole-board), ansiedad (laberinto elevado), interacción social (encuentros agonísticos) y aprendizaje (evitación inhibitoria y test de reconocimiento de objetos). En el primer estudio se estandarizó el modelo de EE a utilizar en posteriores experimentos y se evaluaron sus consecuencias fisiológicas y conductuales, confirmándose que este ambiente complejo mejora el reconocimiento de objetos pero induce un incremento de la conducta agonística. En los estudios 2 y 3 el principal objetivo fue determinar si los efectos de la exposición al EE pueden verse potenciados por el tratamiento con agonistas colinérgicos. Los resultados sugieren que la nicotina interacciona con la acción ansiolítica del EE, pero el PNU induce pocos efectos conductuales y sus acciones dependen del tipo de ambiente en que se ha mantenido al animal (ambiente enriquecido complejo o jaulas Marlau). En un cuarto estudio se evaluó si la edad de inicio y el periodo de exposición a un ambiente enriquecido modulaban los efectos de este paradigma. Se confirmó que periodos más prolongados de exposición (hasta 6 meses) atenúan la respuesta agonística y de disminución de la ansiedad obtenida tras la exposición durante periodos más cortos, manteniéndose los efectos sobre respuesta motora y exploratoria. En el último estudio se evaluó el paradigma de EE como una posible intervención para contrarrestar los efectos adversos del estrés social. Los datos indican que a corto plazo hay una interacción significativa entre el ambiente enriquecido y la exposición a una situación de estrés social ya que en los animales del grupo EE+Stress se observa un claro incremento de los niveles de corticosterona acompañado de una disminución significativa de los niveles de ansiedad en el laberinto elevado. Como conclusión, nuestros estudios sugieren que el ambiente enriquecido puede tener efectos positivos sobre el bienestar animal (disminución de ansiedad y mejora del aprendizaje) pero también efectos negativos (incremento de la agresión) que deben ser… Advisors/Committee Members: Redolat Iborra, Rosa (advisor).

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We studied the natural history of the Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha), an important and poorly known species from South American grasslands, regarding its biology and ecology. Data were collected during three breeding seasons (from November to March in 2007/2008, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010) on steep dry fields along the Lava-Tudo River at Coxilha Rica (Lages) and Est?ncia do Meio (S?o Joaquim) in southeastern Santa Catarina State, Brazil (28? 18 S, 50? 17 W; 800-1000 m a.s.l.). We monitored 69 nests, every 2-6 days, to evaluate aspects of the chronology; territoriality; nesting; habitat selection; features of the nest, eggs and nestlings; parental care; nest fate (reproductive success or failure) and daily nest survival. Males arrive in the first week of November and then initiate the establishment and defense of their territories. With the arrival of females some days later, the selection of mates and nesting sites begins. The number of active nests peaked in the second half of November. Females construct the nest by themselves, with the males watching close by, over a period of 3-6 days. Selected sites are located on flat terrain and are characterized by the presence of a rich middle vegetation stratum such as shrubs of Vernonia chamaedrys, Eupatorium polystachyum, and Baccharis caprariifolia and clumps of Andropogon lateralis. Habitats with a dense high stratum, steep slope and small trees such as Escallonia megapotamica were avoided. The preferred habitats occur in areas of moderate intensity of grazing and little burning. The small nests are in the shape of an open cup, made with thin stems of grasses such as Eragrostis polytricha, on bushes (mainly V. chamaedrys and E. polystachyum, 66%), at a mean height of 41.9 ? 0.8 cm from the ground. Clutch size is two (91%) to three eggs. Incubation, performed by the female, lasts for 12 days. During this period, the female incubates for 60% of the time, and each visit takes between 20 and 31 min. Nestlings are fed by the female during the first days of life, and from the fifth day, the male begins to assist with feeding. A mean of 4.6 ? 0.7 and 8.95 ? 1.8 visits were performed to feed nestlings 1-4 and 6-9 days old, respectively. Juveniles become independent after 30 days. The basic parameters of reproductive biology resemble those described for the resident population of the province of Formosa, Argentina, except for having a shorter season, building nests more rapidly, and shorter mean durations of visits and parental care. Forty percent of 55 nests were successful. Mayfield success was 25%. Predation was the main cause of nest failure (55%), followed by abandonment, subcutaneous infestation by larvae of Philornis seguyi, cattle trampling, and grass burning. The daily survival rate (DSR) was higher in the incubation period (0.945) than in the nestling period (0.927).…

Advisors/Committee Members: Fontana, Carla Suertegaray.

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Owl monkeys are monogamous animals that live in small groups composed of an adult reproductive pair and their offspring. They are the only anthropoid primates with a nocturnal lifestyle. Their period of activity in a dim light environment hampers research efforts. In this context, the captivity provides a controlled environment that can be manipulated for studying their behavior and cognitive ecology. Four individual Aotus infulatus and six Aotus nigriceps distributed into three adult pairs, one group composed of an adult pair and their daughter and one solitary male were studied at the Criadouro Conservacionista de Animais Silvestres Arca de No?. The objectives of this study were to test the ability of monkeys to use olfactory, visual, auditory, spatial and quantitative information in foraging decision-making and to identify the strategies of social foraging and the occurrence of food sharing and female priority to food resources. Five visually similar feeding boxes were established in each enclosure. A total of 45 sessions (three sessions per night during 15 consecutive days) per enclosure were conducted in each experiment. The behavior of the study subjects was filmed with a video camera equipped with infrared light. A single feeding box was baited with a food reward in each session (except in the spatial + quantitative experiment), whose location could vary depending on the experimental protocol. Only one female showed a performance that suggests that she was learning the usefulness of sight to locate the food reward in the visual information experiment. Study subjects performed at chance level in all other experiments. Females invested more in foraging and consumed more food rewards than males, despite the lack of priority to food resources. A single event of food sharing (from father to daughter) was recorded. The animals showed a preference for certain feeding boxes and agonistic behaviors for defending boxes and food rewards. In sum, the behavior of the study subjects did not allow confirming and comparing the relative importance of the cognitive skills in foraging decision-making, but it confirmed a greater foraging investment by adult females.

Os macacos-da-noite s?o animais monog?micos que vivem em pequenos grupos compostos pelo casal reprodutor adulto e seus descendentes. Eles s?o os ?nicos primatas antrop?ides com h?bitos noturnos. O desenvolvimento de suas atividades em um ambiente com baixa luminosidade dificulta o seu estudo. Neste contexto, o cativeiro propicia um ambiente controlado que pode ser manipulado para estudos sobre o seu comportamento e habilidades cognitivas. Quatro indiv?duos da esp?cie Aotus infulatus e seis de Aotus nigriceps distribu?dos em tr?s casais, um grupo composto por um casal e sua filha e um macho solit?rio foram estudados no Criadouro Conservacionista de Animais Silvestres Arca de No?.…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Anthropoid primates stand out among mammals because of their advanced cognitive skills resulting from the evolution of a relatively larger brain. Their ability to use social tactics to solve ecological and group-living challenges has been proposed by some experts as the major selective pressure that drove their brain evolution and increase in cognitive skills. Yet, little is known about how differences in social intelligence affect individual fitness within primate groups, including those of New World species. Previous studies have shown that tamarins (Saguinus) and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus) integrate ecological and social information in their group foraging decision-making, thereby suggesting that they adopt efficient cognitive mechanisms for coping with the social network. However, these studies did not analyze individual behavior from a Game Theory perspective, which provides an appropriate theoretical framework for evaluating individual decisions within a social context. In this research we tested whether black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are capable of integrating social and ecological information for making economical foraging decisions as predicted by the Producer-Scrounger Game. Specifically, we tested whether the members of social groups adjust their foraging strategies (producer and scrounger) in response to changes in the productivity and density of food resources and whether the individual choice of strategy and foraging success are age-sex and social rank dependent. The study was conducted with two wild groups living in a forest fragment at Fazenda Cauaia, Matozinhos, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from October 2009 to October 2011. The experimental design involved the establishment of two feeding stations (one in the home range of each group) composed of five platforms in a circular arrangement. The behavior of the marmosets, including the amount of food reward (arabic gum) eaten by each individual, was recorded with a closed-circuit television (CCTV). We ran four experiments controlling the amount of food available in the station (productivity) and the number of rewarded feeding apparatuses (density). The experimental conditions were: low density-low productivity, low density-high productivity, high density-low productivity and high density-high productivity. Individuals differed in their investment in producing resources (that is, searching for food rewards in platforms) in both groups throughout the study, indicating the use of the Producer-Scrounger Game. As predicted by this model, the finder s advantage (amount of food eaten by the producer of a resource before the arrival of scroungers), the foraging success of producers and the proportion of individuals playing producer in the group were higher under conditions of low productivity. Changes in resource density also influenced the proportion…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um estudo sobre o vegetarianismo e o veganismo a partir de uma leitura da Psicologia Hist??rico-Cultural, compreendendo que a aquisi????o de h??bitos e prefer??ncias alimentares, al??m de ser um processo biol??gico, ocorre na rela????o com outro. Nosso objetivo foi o de investigar o conjunto de experi??ncias de pessoas que se autodeclaram vegetarianas, veganas e on??voros (nossos participantes da pesquisa), observando os impactos dos aspectos culturais, subjetivos/identit??rios e pol??ticos/ideol??gicos no processo de suas escolhas alimentares. Em linhas gerais, nossa principal quest??o de pesquisa ?? a de compreender como se constituem as escolhas alimentares de vegetarianos, veganos e on??voros. Para responder nossa problem??tica de estudo, partimos dos pressupostos te??ricos da Psicologia Hist??rico-Cultural, especialmente com base nos conceitos formulados por Vigotski e autores contempor??neos, como Fernando Gonz??lez Rey. Para nosso trabalho emp??rico, que teve como alicerce o modelo de pesquisa construtivo-interpretativa, entrevistamos 14 adultos veganos, vegetarianos e on??voros, a fim de compreender as constru????es subjetivas envolvidas no processo de suas escolhas e h??bitos alimentares. Nossa pesquisa pode constatar que tese da alimenta????o humana como uma constru????o social ?? sustentada pelos pressupostos te??ricos desenvolvidos por Vigotski e que foi poss??vel identificar, atrav??s de nossos estudos emp??ricos, o alcance do aporte da Psicologia Hist??rico-Cultural para compreender os fen??menos da alimenta????o humana. Por??m, a Psicologia ainda carece de maiores aprofundamentos sobre a quest??o da constru????o social de nossas escolhas e prefer??ncias alimentares.

This doctoral thesis presents a study on vegetarianism and veganism from a reading of Historical-Cultural Psychology, understanding that the acquisition of food habits and preferences, besides being a biological process, occurs in the relationship with another. Our objective was to investigate the set of experiences of self-described vegetarians, vegans and omnivores (our research participants), observing the impacts of cultural, subjective / identitary and political / ideological aspects in the process of their food choices. In general terms, our main research question is to understand how the vegetarian, vegan and omnivorous food choices…

Advisors/Committee Members: Chaves, Ant??nio Marcos, Lordelo, Lia da Rocha, Alc??ntara, Miri?? Alves Ramos de, Padovani, Andr??a Sandoval, Mesquita, Giovana Reis.

▼ La adicción a la cocaína se caracteriza por una persistente y alta susceptibilidad a la recaída, y hasta el momento, no existe ninguna terapia, ni psicológica ni farmacológica, eficaz para su tratamiento por lo que la prevención, tanto en el inicio del consumo como en la recaída, es un objetivo prioritario. El presente trabajo valora el endofenotipo de la Inhibición Pre- Pulso (IPP) del reflejo de sobresalto como marcador psicofisiológico para detectar los sujetos que presenten mayor vulnerabilidad a los efectos reforzantes de la cocaína. Para ello, en primer lugar, ratones clasificados según su mayor o menor IPP fueron evaluados en la adquisición, extinción y reinstauración del Condicionamiento de Preferencia de Lugar (CPL) inducido con diferentes dosis de cocaína (1, 6, y 12.5 mg/kg). Posteriormente, se determinó el perfil cognitivocomportamental de los ratones con mayor o menor respuesta en la IPP, con el fin de explicar su sensibilidad a los efectos de la cocaína observada en el CPL. Específicamente se evaluó: actividad motora espontánea, búsqueda de la novedad, conducta social, aprendizaje relacional y perceptivo, memoria espacial y emocional, nivel de ansiedad en un entorno novedoso y desánimo conductual/anhedonia. Los principales resultados obtenidos indican que los sujetos con una menor IPP presentan una menor sensibilidad a la cocaína, una mayor persistencia en la conducta de búsqueda de la droga cuando resulta gratificante y una menor valoración de los efectos negativos de un castigo a largo plazo que los animales con una mayor IPP. Por tanto, el endofenotipo de la IPP puede utilizarse como marcador de la vulnerabilidad de un sujeto a mostrar una conducta compulsiva de búsqueda de la cocaína, y por tanto a desarrollar un trastorno por uso de sustancia. Advisors/Committee Members: Manzanedo Pérez, Carmen (advisor).

▼ Evalúa el efecto inmunomodulador del fucoidan de Lessonia trabeculata en un modelo murino. Se trataron ratones por vía oral con fucoidan de L.trabeculata y se inmunizaron con glóbulos rojos de carnero (GRC). Un grupo de ratones recibió una dosis de 5 y otro, de 10 mg/kg p.c. Se emplearon 2 grupos controles: uno fue tratado con fucoidan de Fucus vesiculosus a la dosis de 5 mg/kg p.c. y otro, con solución salina (0.9%). En los 4 grupos se evaluó tanto la respuesta inmune primaria, como la secundaria. Concluidos los tratamientos se extrajeron los macrófagos peritoneales para evaluar parámetros de la inmunidad innata; Especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), especies reactivas de nitrógeno (ERN) y fagocitosis; y parámetros de la inmunidad humoral: presencia de anticuerpos hemaglutinantes (IgM) y opsonizantes (IgG). Los resultados obtenidos para los citados parámetros fueron contrastados con la presencia de mRNA transcripcional para IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 e IL-10 en esplenocitos. Adicionalmente se determinó la presencia de IL-10 sérico por ELISA. Los resultados indican que el fucoidan puede aumentar la producción de ERO en la respuesta inmune primaria (RIP), no detectándose diferencias en la respuesta inmune secundaria (RIS). La producción de ERN aumentó de forma dosis dependiente en la RIP y RIS. La fagocitosis mediada por anticuerpos en la RIS aumentó significativamente solo en el grupo tratado con fucoidan de L. trabeculata con dosis 10 mg/kg p.c. También se observó que la expresión transcripcional de IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 e IL-10 por esplenocitos fue modulada y dependiente del tratamiento, dosis y tipo de respuesta inmune. En contraste, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre L.trabeculata y F.vesiculosus, y dosis en la producción de hemaglutininas anti-GRC, ni en la concentración de IL-10 en suero. Se concluye que el tratamiento con fucoidan de L. trabeculata por vía oral en ratones inmunizados posee capacidad de estimular diferentes parámetros inmunes como la producción de ERO y ERN, fagocitosis mediada por anticuerpos y expresión transcripcional de IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 e IL-10. Advisors/Committee Members: Alzamora Gonzales, Libertad (advisor).

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Pretendeu-se, com este estudo, perceber o que pensam os pais sobre o peso e a alimenta��o do seu filho, sobre a sua capacidade de controlar o que os filhos comem e de promover uma alimenta��o saud�vel. Assim, de modo geral este estudo pretende investigar, de forma explorat�ria, o comportamento parental face � alimenta��o da crian�a. Para al�m do question�rio sociodemogr�fico, foram utilizados o Child Feeding questionnaire (CFQ) e o Question�rio de prefer�ncias alimentares. Na presente investiga��o participaram 80 pais de crian�as em idade escolar (entre os 6 e os 10 anos). Os participantes tinham idades compreendidas entre os 24 e os 60 anos de idade, apresentando uma m�dia de 40 anos, dos quais 62 pertenciam ao g�nero feminino e 18 ao g�nero masculino. Os resultados evidenciaram como alimentos mais preferidos pelas crian�as: a �gua, a pizza, os iogurtes, o chocolate ou bombons, o gelado, o sumo de laranja, o frango ou peru, a fruta, as massas e o arroz. Ao n�vel do question�rio CFQ, foram encontradas diferen�as estatisticamente significativas entre os participantes que t�m s� um filho e os que t�m mais do que um quanto no n�vel da preocupa��o com o peso da crian�a. Igualmente assinalaram-se diferen�as entre os pais que t�m filhos mais novos e os que t�m filhos mais velhos quanto � responsabilidade percebida, e ao controlo aberto sobre a alimenta��o da crian�a. Os pais que t�m filhos mais novos percecionam uma maior responsabilidade pela sua alimenta��o, bem como exibem mais controlo aberto. Assim, conclui-se que de modo geral os dados obtidos mostram um controlo tendencialmente eficaz por parte dos pais sobre a alimenta��o da crian�a, sendo poss�vel inferir que estes pais tendem a incutir h�bitos alimentares saud�veis nos seus filhos.

This study intends to show what parents think about the weight and diet of their children, their ability to control what their children eat and to promote healthy eating. More generally, this study seeks to investigate, in an exploratory way, parental behavior towards children's nutrition. It was used, in addition to the sociodemographic questionnaire, the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Questionnaire of food preferences. This research focuses on a sample of 80 fathers of school children (aged between 6 and 10 years). Participants were aged between 24 and 60 years old, with an age average of 40, where 62 are women and 18 are men. The list of favorite foods for children includes: water, pizza, yogurts, chocolate or candy, ice cream, orange juice, chicken or turkey, fruit, pasta and rice. Statistically significant differences were found in CFQ questionnaire among participants who have only one child, and those with more than one, in level of concern with child?s weight. The results in this questionnaire also pointed to differences between parents who have young children and those with older children about the perceived responsibility and open control over child diet. Parents who have younger children take a greater responsibility for their diet, and show more open control.…

Advisors/Committee Members: Silva, Cl�udia Maria Gomes Mendes da.

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Introduction: Public policies have emphasized the concern for healthy and quality food in childhood and adolescence. The objective of the present study was to describe the food consumption of children and adolescents. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study with individuals aged 5 to 19 years. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socioeconomic data, including the following information: age, sex, ethnicity, family income, physical activity, and sitting time. A food consumption questionnaire was applied for children and adolescents and the foods consumed were classified according to the NOVA. Descriptive analyzes were performed for the variables. Results: Four hundred and eighty individuals, mean age of 11.1 ? 3.6 years participated in the study. The median of body mass index Z score was 0.63 (-0.12; 1.62), and 185 (39.8%) participants were classified as overweight or obese. The mean body fat percentage was 22.9 ? 10.5%, considered elevated in 133 (28.7%) children and adolescents. Regarding of fresh or processed foods consumption, it was observed that the majority of children and adolescents consumed rice (n = 399, 83%), milk (n = 299, 62.3%), beans (n=291, 60.6%), and pork (n = 284, 59.2%). On the other hand, the number of children and adolescents who consumed ultraprocessed foods daily was high, especially for the category of candies (n = 311, 64.8%), soft drinks (n = 187; 39%), hamburger, hot dog and similar breads (n = 357, 34.4%), and sausages (n =131, 27.5%). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate a high frequency of children and adolescents who consumed ultraprocessed foods daily and low frequency of children and adolescents with daily consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fish.

Introdu??o: As pol?ticas p?blicas t?m enfatizado a preocupa??o com alimenta??o saud?vel e de qualidade na inf?ncia e adolesc?ncia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a preval?ncia de crian?as e adolescentes quanto ao consumo di?rio de alimentos por tipo de processamento. M?todos: estudo transversal, prospectivo, com indiv?duos de 5 a 19 anos. Foi aplicado um question?rio padronizado para coleta de dados demogr?ficos e socioecon?micos, contemplando as seguintes informa??es: idade, sexo, etnia, renda familiar, atividade f?sica e tempo sentado. Foram aplicados question?rio de consumo alimentar para crian?as e…

Advisors/Committee Members: Fiori, Humberto Holmer.

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Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas

Given the high rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease, it is necessary to promote of prevention and rehabilitation addressing physical and emotional aspects. This study sought assessing with patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), whether there was any change in lifestyle and incidence of stress with the passage of time on three different occasions: on admission, after three months and after six months .The sample consisted of 31 participants, 26 men and five women, aged between 40 and 82 years old admitted to the Hospital of UNICAMP. To collect data was used semi-structured interviews and the Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults Lipp (ISSL). For quantitative data analysis was used for statistical and qualitative data content analysis along the lines of Bardin.The results showed the prevalence of overweight patients (n = 14), with hypertension (n = 23), previous myocardial infarction in their medical history (n = 19) and the presence of family history of hypertension (n = 19), diabetes mellitus (n = 16), myocardial infarction (n = 20), stroke (n = 17) and sudden death (n = 13). Looking at the habits of life through the passage of time, it was found significant change for better between the assessments regarding: physical activity (p = 0,022), quitting smoking (p = 0,001), and the type of food elected (p <0,01). Moreover, it was noted that the resumption of activities after the event was impaired (p = 0,012). In relation to stress, 100% of the sample had with significant symptoms of stress in the first evaluation, 96.43% in the second one and 89.29% in the third one. In phase three evaluations of the stress resistance was more prevalent. Physical symptoms were more prevalent in the first evaluation (n = 16), in the second and the third one, the psychological symptoms were the most prevalent (n = 12) and (n = 13) respectively. The results showed that the way the patients relate to the team and with its treatment, as well with as the changes resulting from AMI can positively or negatively influence adherence to the treatment.

Diante das altas taxas de mortalidade por doen?as cardiovasculares, ? necess?rio que se promovam trabalhos de preven??o e reabilita??o que abordem aspectos f?sicos e emocionais. Buscou-se nesse estudo compreender a ades?o do paciente coronariopata ao tratamento p?s-infarto avaliando poss?veis mudan?as nos h?bitos de vida e na incid?ncia de stress na passagem do tempo em tr?s momentos: na interna??o, tr?s e seis meses ap?s o evento. A amostra contou com 31 participantes, sendo 26 homens e cinco mulheres; com idade entre 40 a 82 anos internados no hospital das cl?nicas da UNICAMP. Na coleta dos dados foram utilizados um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e o Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL).…

Advisors/Committee Members: Lipp, Marilda Emmanuel Novaes, Pinho, Claudio, Gorayeb, Ricardo.

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The implementation of projects that aim to develop the self-regulation of learning and, consequently, the development of attitudes that contribute to the study has been shown to be an important tool for improving the academic performance of students and the quality of education. From this perspective this work has as its main objective to identify attitude changes on the studies, manifested by students of the 5th year of primary school, participating in a learning self-regulation project. As specific objectives we aimed to (a) verify the views of students and teachers about the learning developed by the students during the project; (b) review, based on the narratives of the students, the possible transfers of learning that occurred during the project to everyday situations; and, finally, (c) to evaluate the influence of the project for the improvement of self-regulation, the volitional control and student procrastination in school situations. The first part of the work was intended to address the linked concepts of self-regulation of learning that are intertwined in social cognitive theory and learner autonomy in study situations. In the second chapter, before starting the methodology and the partial presentation of data, we designed a Brazilian educational scenario in which there has been bibliographic survey research on the subject, beyond the approach of quality indicators and the National Curriculum Parameters document that guides the work of teachers in the formation of autonomy and the development of attitudes of students in different curriculum subjects. The fieldwork took place in three rooms of the 5th year of primary school, from three public schools in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, which adopted the self-regulation of learning project. Research participants were three teachers and eighty-five students. The data collected through interviews and narratives highlight the perception of change by the students regarding their attitudes towards learning moments. The interviews of the teachers go back to what was described by students as they also highlight behavioral changes in group living and also in the way of relating to learning situations. Overall, the data support the premise that an intervention project can contribute to better relations of students with their own learning process.

A implanta??o de projetos de interven??o que objetivam desenvolver a autorregula??o da aprendizagem e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento de atitudes que contribuam para o estudo tem se mostrado como uma importante ferramenta para a melhoria do desempenho escolar dos alunos e da qualidade educacional. A partir dessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve, como objetivo geral, identificar as mudan?as de atitudes sobre os estudos, manifestadas por alunos do 5? ano do Ensino Fundamental, participantes de um…

Advisors/Committee Members: Tortella, Jussara Cristina Barboza, Tassoni, Elvira Cristina Martins, Tognetta, Luciene Regina Paulino.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

Forest loss and fragmentation affect habitat quality for arboreal species. Among New World monkeys, howlers (Alouatta spp.) stand out for their ability to survive in fragmented and human-altered forests. This dissertation reports the results of the first study on the ecology and behavior of the Pur?s red howler monkey (Alouatta puruensis). A social group composed of seven individuals (an adult male, three adult females, a subadult male, a juvenile male, and an infant male) was observed from dawn to dusk during six 15-day periods (=90 days of sampling effort or 1,044 hours of observation) from April to October 2013 in a 2,2-ha forest fragment in Rolim de Moura, state of Rond?nia, Brazil. The behavior of the study subjects was recorded using the instantaneous scan sampling method. The study group spent most of the day resting (69% of records), followed by moving (17%) and feeding (12%), and fed on a predominantly folivorous diet (61% of feeding records) that was complemented with flowers (23%) and fruits (15%) belonging to, at least, 36 species. The group ranged over the entire area of the fragment and traveled between 257 and 860 m each day. Quadrupedal walking was by far the most common locomotor mode (97% of records) and sitting was the most common feeding (53%) and resting (57%) posture. The type of food influenced the use of feeding postures. The howlers also adopted a thermoregulatory behavior during resting, increasing the use of heat dissipating postures and the selection of shady places with increasing ambient temperatures. This research also produced the first report of a predation event of a howler monkey by a snake (boa Boa constrictor). In sum, Pur?s red howler monkeys (A. puruensis) show a behavioral pattern characteristic of the genus.

A perda e a fragmenta??o das florestas alteram a qualidade do habitat para as esp?cies arbor?colas. Dentre os primatas do Novo Mundo, os bugios (Alouatta spp.) destacam-se por apresentar uma grande capacidade de sobreviver em ambientes fragmentados e alterados pelo homem. Este trabalho relata os resultados do primeiro estudo sobre a ecologia e o comportamento do bugio-vermelho-do-Pur?s (Alouatta puruensis). Um grupo social composto por sete indiv?duos (um macho adulto, tr?s f?meas adultas, um macho subadulto, um macho jovem e um macho infante) foi observado do amanhecer ao p?r-do-sol durante seis per?odos de 15 dias (=90 dias de esfor?o amostral ou 1.044 horas de observa??o) de abril a outubro de 2013 em um fragmento florestal com 2,2 ha em Rolim de Moura, Rond?nia, Brasil. O…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-Marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

This study investigated the activity budget, diet composition and the frequency of intergroup encounters and howling sessions of three social groups of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) to evaluate the occurrence of within- and between-group feeding competition and test predictions of socioecological models applied to folivorous primates. The groups inhabited a 10-ha forest fragment near the southern limit of the distribution of the taxon. The availability of preferred food resources (ripe fruit and young leaves) of 15 arboreal species belonging to the diet of brown howlers was monitored monthly prior to the collection of behavioral data. The behavior was recorded by the instantaneous scan (activity budget and diet composition) and the all occurrences (intergroup encounters, agonistic behaviors and howling sessions) sampling methods during 4 to 5 days per month (February to July 2012) per group. A total of 17,184 behavioral records were collected in 910 hours of observation. Resting was the most common activity (50-54%), followed by feeding (21-23%) and moving (17-21%). The diet was composed mainly of leaves (48-54%) and fruit (39- 45%). There were 52 intergroup encounters, 3 intragroup and 13 intergroup agonistic interactions and 245 howling sessions. Therefore, in accordance to previous studies, the brown howler monkeys were involved in low levels of both within- and between-group resource competition. However, the availability of new leaves and ripe fruit were good predictors of the rate of intergroup encounters and howling sessions by some groups, allowing to suggest that howler monkeys appear to reduce the frequency of encounters with conspecifics by using howling as a behavioral mechanism for maintaining intergroup spacing and obtaining access to sources of preferred foods.

O presente estudo investigou o or?amento de atividades, a composi??o da dieta e a frequ?ncia de encontros e as sess?es de ronco em tr?s grupos de bugios-ruivos (Alouatta guariba clamitans) vivendo em um fragmento florestal de 10 ha, pr?ximo ao limite sul da distribui??o do t?xon, a fim de avaliar a ocorr?ncia de competi??o alimentar intra- e intergrupo e testar predi??es de modelos socioecol?gicos para primatas fol?voros. A disponibilidade dos recursos preferidos fruto maduro e folha nova de 15 esp?cies arb?reas conhecidas da dieta do t?xon foi monitorada mensalmente pelo m?todo de Fournier, antes do per?odo de coleta de dados comportamentais pelo m?todo de varredura instant?nea (or?amento de atividades e…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-Marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Sporophila aff. plumbea (patativa-de-bico-amarelo) is a rare Seedeater that breeds in highland grasslands of southern Brazil. No aspect of its natural history had been studied previously. Historically this Seedeater has been considered as being the same as Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied 1930) which breeds in the Cerrado biome, has a relatively slender body and a characteristic black bill in adult males. Statistically significant differences in morphology and color, and segregation in breeding areas and habitat use allow us to infer that S. aff. plumbea (provisory name) is a true species and does not belong to S. p. plumbea (nominal species). We first found S. aff. plumbea in December 2005, and studied its natural history in the grasslands of the Araucaria plateau in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) states from 2007 - 2008 until 2010-2011. We focused our study on reproductive biology, by monitoring 133 nests and 71 breeding territories, conducting studies in three areas of 650 ha and 200 ha (RS) and 1,000 ha (SC) where the species was known to be present. Additionally, from 2009 to the present we have investigated their breeding sites in the Campos Gerais do Paran? (PR, Paran? State) and wintering grounds in central Brazil. Based on our study, we currently know that (1) biology: Sporophila. aff. plumbea is 12 cm long and weighs 12 g; is a long-distance migrant with a well-documented breeding area from northern PR to northeast RS; after breeding, it migrates from southern to central Brazil (Cerrado) together with other species of Sporophila (capuchinos); is a strong flier and has a wide vocal repertoire with complex songs; is a habitat specialist, living only in fields with dense stands of tall shrubs in areas of hill valleys (700 to 900 m altitude) in the interior of the Southern Brazilian Plateau; the breeding area is estimated to be 293,822 ha; the density is 0.015 breeding pairs per hectare, with an actively reproducing population of 4,407 pairs; it is a grass-seed specialist with a preference for relatively large seeds such as Piptochaetium stipoides and Paspalum guenoarum; it responds negatively to habitat degradation, with strong evidence of population decline, and should be considered a Critically Endangered species in Brazil because of the multiple threats to the populations. (2) Territoriality and mating system: the species arrives to breed in the southern part of its range from mid-October, disappearing altogether in March; the males arrive a week before the females and compete for reproductive territories; the younger males arrive a month later. The species is monogamous, although we have recorded the first cases of bigamy in the genus (2.5%); older males defend more stable territories (average 1.41 ha) and feature the highest rates of return (41) to the same territories (philopatry), observed in three…

Advisors/Committee Members: Fontana, Carla Suertegaray.

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The amount of studies reporting the potential medicinal benefits of the ingestion of certain resources by non-human primates has increased in the last decades. However, most of them have focused on Old World primates and only recently some authors have proposed that howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) may benefit from the natural pharmacopoeia present in their diets. This research aimed to study the activity pattern and diet composition of a group of black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting the Casa Branca Farm, Alegrete, RS, and their relationship with the individual intensity of parasitic infection (measured by the release of parasites in feces).The behavior (1200 hours of observation), including the ingestion of potentially medicinal plants, and the presence of parasites in individual daily fecal samples (N=534) were monitored during 15 consecutive days per month from February to July 2012. Only eggs and proglotydes of a cestode parasite, identified as Bertiella sp., were found in the fecal samples (prevalence=51%). Considering the assumptions of animal self-medication, no relationship between the ingestion of any food item and the release of eggs and proglotydes in the feces was found.The high density of potentially medicinal plants at the site and their high contribution to the diet of the study group, together with the identification of a single parasite species in the population, allows to hypothesize that the howler monkeys might be, even if unintentionally, enjoying the benefits of a prophylactic effect against other parasites. The economic, social and human health potential arising from the discovery of new drugs for human and/or domestic animal use originating from studies on Neotropical primate self-medication would have important positive implications for the valuing of the monkeys and their habitats.

O volume de estudos relatando os potenciais benef?cios medicinais do consumo de determinados recursos por primatas n?o-humanos tem aumentado nas ?ltimas d?cadas. Contudo, a grande maioria destes estudos ? restrita aos primatas do Velho Mundo. Apenas recentemente alguns autores t?m proposto que os bugios (Alouatta spp.) podem ser beneficiados pela farmacopeia natural presente em suas dietas. Esta pesquisa visou estudar o padr?o de atividades e a composi??o da dieta de um grupo de bugios-pretos (Alouatta caraya) habitante da Est?ncia Casa Branca, Alegrete, RS, e sua rela??o com a intensidade de infec??o parasit?ria (medida pela libera??o de parasitos nas fezes) dos indiv?duos.O comportamento (1200 horas de observa??o), incluindo a ingest?o de plantas potencialmente medicinais, e a presen?a de parasitos em amostras fecais individuais di?rias (N=534), foram monitorados durante 15 dias consecutivos por m?s no per?odo de fevereiro a julho de 2012. Ovos e progl?tides de apenas um cest?ide (identificado como…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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FAPESB-Funda????o de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia

Esta disserta????o intentou investigar a produ????o e o consumo da farinha de mandioca e sua rela????o com a identidade sertaneja da comunidade camponesa da Lagoa do Saco,localizada no munic??pio de Monte Santo-BA. Foi levado em conta: por um lado, a produ????o familiar desta comida considerada ???alimento-base??? dos mais diversos grupos sociais espalhados pelo Brasil, assim como a dimens??o simb??lica dessa produ????o e a rela????o desta com a identidade de um grupo espec??fico. Para tanto, alguns aspectos foram enfatizados, como: os estudos e relatos sobre a presen??a da farinha de mandioca,o trabalho campon??s, a mem??ria gustativa e o prazer do consumo da farinha, a reciprocidade notada nas rela????es sociais envoltas na produ????o da farinha, a comensalidade durante o evento da Farinhada e a no????o de pertencimento do grupo em quest??o. Portanto, este registro foi elaborado a partir da abordagem do evento da Farinhada e a produ????o de farinha de mandioca enquanto elementos que demarcam a identidade sertaneja em uma determinada comunidade do semi-??rido baiano. Durante a investiga????o, foi realizada pesquisa de campo espa??ada in locu com observa????o participante do cotidiano, do trabalho, da produ????o de farinha, dos h??bitos alimentares dos moradores e moradoras da Lagoa do Saco. O foco principal da observa????o foi o processo de constru????o de identidades culturais e representa????es sociais.

This Master's thesis purpose to investigate the production and consumption of cassava flour and its relationship with the sertaneja identity of the Lagoa do Saco peasant community, located in the Monte Santo County, in Bahia. It was taken into account: first all, the family production of this regime considered "basic foodstuff" of various social groups spread all over Brazil, as well as the symbolic dimension of this production and its relationship with the production and the identity of a specific group. Therefore, some aspects were emphasized, such as: the studies and reports on the presence of cassava flour, the peasant labor, the taste memory, the pleasure of the flour consumption, the reciprocity in the social relations surrounded in the flour production, the commensally during the event of the Farinhada and the notion of belonging of the group. Thus, this record was drawn from the approach of the event of the Farinhada and the production of cassava flour as elements…

Advisors/Committee Members: Cardel, L??dia Maria Pires Soares, Moura, Milton Ara??jo, Lessa, Patricia.

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CAPES

Desde as ??ltimas d??cadas do s??culo XIX Salvador foi o destino escolhido por muitos galegos que cruzaram o Oceano Atl??ntico em busca do sonho de ???conquistar a Am??rica???. Na capital baiana estes imigrantes sentiram as diferen??as entre a sociedade galega e a soteropolitana, principalmente em rela????o a l??ngua, aos h??bitos alimentares e ao tratamento hostil e preconceituoso dispensado, bilateralmente, entre os imigrantes galegos e os soteropolitanos. Os galegos se destacaram nos setores do com??rcio, constru????o civil, hotelaria e alimenta????o, sobretudo nos armaz??ns de secos e molhados. O per??odo das intensas levas migrat??rias para a Bahia, abarcando os processos adaptativos na nova sociedade, ?? debatido em pesquisas das Ci??ncias Sociais, no entanto, nada foi escrito sobre os h??bitos alimentares deste grupo de imigrantes e seus descendentes na Bahia. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa apresenta-se in??dita e analisa a alimenta????o dos imigrantes galegos e seus descendentes que moram em Salvador. Buscou-se responder o que eles comem cotidianamente e nos dias festivos, assim como os card??pios familiares e os p??blicos. Foram entrevistados imigrantes galegos residentes em Salvador, descendentes das segundas e terceiras gera????es, c??njuges n??o-galegos dos imigrantes e galegos retornados da imigra????o a capital baiana. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os h??bitos alimentares dos imigrantes e descendentes de galegos, a preserva????o da galeguidade em Salvador, os pratos-totem eleitos pelos grupos familiares e associa????es, a transmiss??o alimentar e a reprodu????o social do grupo. Tamb??m s??o observados os h??bitos alimentares dos galegos na Gal??cia, assim como os reflexos da crise econ??mica nas mesas e nos crescentes ??ndices de transtornos alimentares.

Since the last few decades of the 19th century Salvador was the route chosen by many Galicians that cross the Atlantic ocean dreaming about ???conquer America???. In the Bahia capital city those immigrants felt the differences between the Galician society and the society from Salvador, mainly because of the idiom, eating habits, the hostile and prejudiced treatment given bilaterally between the Galician immigrants and the Salvador community. The Galicians stand out in the commercial sector, building sector, hotel business and food supply, predominantly on the ???secos e molhados???…

Advisors/Committee Members: Par??s, Luis Nicolau, Pereira, Claudio Luiz, Bacelar, Jeferson Afonso, Aras, Lina Maria Brand??o de, Pacheco, Sandra Simone Queiroz de Morais.

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Introdu????o: As pr??ticas alimentares estabelecidas desde o nascimento da crian??a t??m forte influ??ncia nas prefer??ncias dos alimentos e, consequentemente, na educa????o alimentar do indiv??duo, cujo efeito ?? percebido na sua sa??de, incluindo a condi????o bucal. Objetivo: verificar a associa????o entre as pr??ticas alimentares aos 12 meses de vida e a experi??ncia de c??rie aos 10 anos de idade, em uma coorte de nascidos vivos de Feira de Santana-Bahia. Material e M??todo: Foram examinadas 233 crian??as, usando crit??rios de diagn??stico de c??rie propostos pela Organiza????o Mundial de Sa??de. A experi??ncia de c??rie foi definida como recomenda a Organiza????o Mundial da Sa??de: ??ndices ceo-d+CPO-D=0 e ceo-d + CPO-D=??? 1. As pr??ticas alimentares avaliadas aos 12 meses de idade foram: presen??a do aleitamento materno, frequ??ncia desse aleitamento, uso de mamadeira para tomar outros l??quidos, ingesta de alimentos durante o sono e consumo de bebidas industrializadas. A associa????o entre as pr??ticas alimentares e a c??rie dent??ria foi estimada por meio de an??lises univariadas e modelos de regress??o multivariada de Poisson, com vari??ncia robusta, obtendo-se as medidas de associa????o bruta e ajustadas a covari??veis confundidoras e seus respectivos intervalos de confian??a a 95%. Tr??s diferentes modelos ajustados foram constru??dos e o n??vel de signific??ncia foi de 5%. Resultados: A preval??ncia de c??rie no grupo estudado foi 51,1% e a m??dia do ceo-d+CPO-D foi 1,50 ?? 2,10. Dentre as pr??ticas alimentares, somente a realiza????o do aleitamento materno (RRbruto = 1,40, IC95% [1,07 - 1,82]) e a frequ??ncia de aleitamento materno maior ou igual a 4 vezes ao dia (RRbruto = 1,52, IC95% [1,19 - 1,95]) se mostraram associadas ?? experi??ncia de c??rie aos 10 anos de idade. As medidas de associa????o variaram de RRajustada = 1,32 a 1,42 e RRajustada = 1,41 a 1,52 para a realiza????o do aleitamento e da freq????ncia, respectivamente, com signific??ncia estat??stica (p ??? 0,05). Nas crian??as que realizaram aleitamento materno aos 12 meses de vida, o risco de apresentarem c??rie aos 10 anos de idade foi de 32% a 42% maior que entre aquelas que n??o o realizaram no mesmo per??odo; e naquelas que tinham a frequ??ncia de aleitamento materno igual ou superior a 4 vezes ao dia, o risco de apresentar c??rie aos 10 anos de idade foi de 41 a 52% maior. Conclus??o: Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as pr??ticas alimentares de aleitamento materno e a sua frequ??ncia ???4/dia aos 12 meses de vida revelam risco ?? c??rie dent??ria na idade escolar, independente de outros fatores. Isto indica a necessidade de…

Advisors/Committee Members: Gomes Filho, Isaac Suzart, Vieira, Graciete Oliveira, Gomes Filho, Isaac Suzart, Soares, Johelle de Santana Passos, Vianna, Maria Isabel Pereira, Valen??a, Ana Maria Gondim, Paiva, Saul Martins.

▼ El turismo en zonas silvestres presenta una gran oportunidad de instruir y educar a los visitantes. Sin embargo, envuelve el riesgo de alterar el desarrollo normal de los animales. Por esta razón, parques y santuarios de la naturaleza utilizan guías de manejo. En algunos casos, estas guías fallan en reconocer las características intrínsecas de las especies y los sitios en los que se aplican. En bahía Inútil, Tierra del Fuego, se estableció una colonia de pingüino Rey. Esto motivó la creación de Parque Pingüino Rey en el año 2011. Este recinto recibe visitas turísticas todo el año, con incrementos en el período estival. Entre febrero y marzo del año 2015 se realizaron observaciones conductuales de los pingüinos Rey reproductores, con el fin de determinar la influencia de la presencia de turistas en los cambios en las conductas de defensa de territorio de este grupo. No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre la presencia de turistas y la presentación de conductas de defensa de territorio. Sin embargo, se obtuvo una relación negativa entre la presentación de la conducta de agresión y la temperatura máxima. Por esto sería necesario tener precaución los días de calor. Es importante proteger esta colonia y realizar estudios que determinen el impacto de los turistas y la importancia de esta especie en territorio chileno.; Tourism at wildlife areas represents a great educational oportunity for visitors. However, tourism involves the risk of generate behavioural disturbs on wild animals. To avoid these alterations, parks and wildlife sanctuaries developed tourism management guidelines. The paucity of studies in the place where these guidelines are applied might cause an extrapolation of management guides that fail to acknowledge specific habitat attributes. A King penguin colony has been described at bahía Inútil, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. The settlement of the colony motivated the creation of King Penguin Park in 2011. Since then, tourists can visit the colony all year round with a marked increase of visits during summer. On 2015, from February to March, visual recordings were undertaken to determine the impact of tourism on the breeding penguins of the colony. Territory defence behaviours (threat and agression) constituted the main focus of this research. No significant relation was found between territory defence behaviours and the presence of tourists. Although, temperature and agression had a negative correlation. Therefore, precautions should be taken regarding periods with high temperatures. This research provides guidelines to King Penguin Park administrators in order to develop a species- and site specific- guide. The protection of the colony can be achieved conducting studies aimed at determining the real impact of tourism within the area.

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Partiendo del planteamiento de Freud, (1931, 1932) donde manifiesta, que no se puede comprender a cabalidad la psicología de una mujer si no se prestaba importancia al vínculo pre-edípico con la madre, algunos teóricos contemporáneos (Welldon, 1992; Mc Dougall, 1998; Alizade, 1992) desarrollaron postulados sobre la existencia de una relación entre el vínculo pre-edípico madre - hija y el desarrollo de patologías femeninas. Pensamos que una de las áreas que falta explorar y que es de interés para este trabajo es el trastorno orgásmico femenino, entendido este en el DSM IV-TR (2001) como: la ausencia o retraso persistente o recurrente del orgasmo en la mujer después de una fase normal de excitación. El estudio de la insatisfacción sexual de la mujer, requeriría mayor entendimiento de las dificultades relacionadas al vínculo primario con la madre. Es por ello que nos preguntamos: ¿Cuáles son la particularidades del vínculo materno pre-edípico en mujeres que presentan trastorno orgásmico? Por ello, realizamos una investigación empírico cualitativa, de estudio de casos con entrevistas semi estructuradas a tres mujeres entre 20 y 40 años con trastorno orgásmico según el DSM IV-R. Utilizamos como método de análisis de las entrevistas la interpretación. Luego de analizar los resultados, encontramos que: la etapa pre edípica cumple un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del trastorno orgásmico de nuestras entrevistadas, la relación pre edípica con la madre puede propiciar fallas que no encaminan a lograr el valor y aceptación del cuerpo como fuente y destinatario de placer, el papel que pueda desempeñar la pareja, no solo a nivel sexual sino las identificaciones que puedan recaer sobre él jugaran un papel importante a la hora del intercambio sexual. Finalmente esta investigación rescata la importancia de entender con mayor precisión el vínculo pre edípico y edípico con el padre, e invita a realizar futuras investigaciones sobre el particular con el propósito de una mayor comprensión sobre el trastorno orgásmico femenino

Tesis

▼ La implicación de jóvenes en actos antisociales y la mayor sensibilización de la sociedad hacia los riesgos que suponen hace necesario dirigir esfuerzos hacia su comprensión y abordaje. Conocedores de los altos costes sociales, económicos y personales que Advisors/Committee Members: Oliva Delgado, Alfredo (advisor), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación (affiliation).

▼ Determina el efecto antidiarreico del extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F “ñuchco hembra” en ratones machos albinos por vía oral, donde se utilizó el modelo de inducción de diarrea con aceite ricino (10 mL/Kg) divididos en los siguientes grupos: suero fisiológico 10 mL/Kg, fármaco estándar Loperamida 2 mg/kg y extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F a las concentraciones de 400, 600 y 900 mg/kg. Se administró a cada animal 0,2 mL de suspensión de carbón activado (10%) en goma tragacanto (1%) como marcador del desplazamiento en el intestino; y finalmente fueron eutanizados por dislocamiento cervical. La cavidad abdominal fue abierta para determinar la longitud total del intestino delgado de cada animal (píloro hasta la válvula ileocecal), así como el desplazamiento del carbón activado, donde se calculó el porcentaje de disminución del movimiento peristáltico de la Loperamida y Solanum radicans L.F. Los resultados muestran un mayor efecto antidiarreico a dosis de 400 mg/Kg (p<0,05) con 69,66% de disminución del movimiento peristáltico, comparado con el fármaco estándar que presentó 63,42%. Se realizó tamizaje fitoquímico preliminar del extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F detectándose en mayor cantidad la presencia de alcaloides, flavonoides, azúcares, esteroides; además se realizó la cromatografía en capa fina (CCF) del extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F comparándolos con estándares de atropina, rutina y quercetina. Se evaluó la citotoxicidad frente a Artemia salina, del extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F para lo cual se preparó solución madre de 1000 ug/mL (10 mg del extracto seco en 10 mL de agua de mar artificial) y a partir de ahí se emplearon concentraciones de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 y 30 ug/mL, donde se obtuvo el valor de la concentración letal media de 12,83 ug/mL. Se concluye que el extracto etanólico de hojas de Solanum radicans L.F tiene efecto antidiarreico y una actividad citotóxica en los modelos experimentales trabajados. Advisors/Committee Members: Ramírez Cruz, Francisco Javier María (advisor), Ramos Llica, Eva (advisor).

▼ Scent marking is a type of communication that consists in leaving chemical signals that persist in the environment and can be perceived via olfaction by conspecifics. Among primates, there is scant information from wild studies about the function of scent marking partly given the assumption that olfaction has been partially replaced by visual senses in this order, especially among Anthropoids. We investigated the patterns and the possible function of scent marking in a wild population of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Woolly monkeys display two types of scent marking behaviors: pectoral and anogenital rubbing. We used behavioral and spatial data to test whether marking behaviors were related to territorial and/or sexual behaviors. We found that adult males perform scent marking significantly more than any other age-sex category, and they display pectoral rubbing at a significantly higher frequency than anogenital rubbing... Advisors/Committee Members: Link Ospina, Andrés, director/asesor. (other), Abondano Franco, Laura Alejandra, director/asesor. (other), Di Fiore, Anthony, jurado/lector. (other).

▼ Characterizing the vocal repertoires of bird species is a first step to understanding the diversity of their vocalizations and their use in social and sexual contexts, as well as to uncover temporal and geographical patterns in vocal variation. Despite the high species richness of the Neotropical avifauna, vocal repertoire sizes and the function of vocalizations of species remain poorly documented compared to species from the temperate zone. We present the first description of the vocal repertoire, diel variation and song-type sharing of the Gray-browed Brushfinch (Arremon assimilis), an Andean understory bird, based on recordings of vocalizations obtained for 22 territorial pairs. We found that A. assimilis produces four types of calls, sex-specific solo songs, and duets. Males have on average 10 - 2.1 different solo songs, which are not divided in sections like in other sparrows, but rather are a collection of high-pitched, modulated elements combined in various ways. Similarity in repertoire-use declined with distance between neighbors... Advisors/Committee Members: Avendaño, Jorge Enrique, director/asesor. (other), Cadena Ordóñez, Carlos Daniel, director/asesor. (other).

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Estudos experimentais abordando a ecologia cognitiva de primatas na natureza permitem controlar, manipular e testar os diferentes tipos de informa??o ecol?gica e social utilizadas na tomada de decis?es de forrageio. Tais estudos s?o recentes e t?m enfocado poucas esp?cies de macacos do Novo Mundo. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliada a habilidade de um grupo social de macacos-prego, Cebus nigritus, de utilizar informa??o espacial, visual, olfativa e quantitativa. O grupo era composto por oito indiv?duos (um macho adulto, cinco f?meas adultas, um macho imaturo e uma f?mea imatura) e habitava um fragmento florestal em Porto Alegre, RS. A pesquisa envolveu a constru??o de uma esta??o de alimenta??o composta por oito plataformas de alimenta??o distribu?das em um arranjo circular. Seis experimentos, com dura??o de 20 dias cada, foram conduzidos de mar?o a agosto de 2005. Entre cada experimento foi realizado um intervalo de cinco dias. Em cada experimento, apenas duas plataformas de alimenta??o continham uma recompensa alimentar (banana verdadeira), enquanto as demais continham uma banana pl?stica ou uma banana verdadeira indispon?vel. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo m?todo de amostragem de todas as ocorr?ncias. O grupo realizou ao longo do estudo um total de 571 inspe??es ?s plataformas de alimenta??o. Os macacos-prego apresentaram um desempenho significativo no uso da informa??o espacial (localiza??o constante do alimento; Z=4,926, p<0,001) e visual (diferen?a entre bananas verdadeiras e falsas; Z=3,412, p<0,001), mas n?o utilizaram a informa??o olfativa (cheiro da bananas verdadeiras) para localizar as recompensas alimentares (Z=0,472, NS). A utiliza??o da informa??o de quantidade de alimento dispon?vel nas plataformas com recompensa foi pouco evidenciada pelos indiv?duos do grupo durante suas decis?es de forrageio. Os membros do grupo utilizaram diferentes estrat?gias de forrageio. Enquanto alguns animais procuraram intensamente por alimento na esta??o de alimenta??o (batedores), outros investiram pouco nesta atividade (usurpadores). Alguns outros, adotaram uma estrat?gia intermedi?ria (oportunistas). O macho adulto dominante do grupo comportouse como batedor e monopolizou o acesso ao alimento em grande parte dos experimentos. A ordem de chegada dos indiv?duos ?s plataformas de alimenta??o com recompensa teve uma influ?ncia direta sobre a quantidade de alimento consumida, a qual foi confirmada pela vantagem do batedor.

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Os bugios (g?nero Alouatta) est?o entre as esp?cies de primatas mais freq?entemente encontradas em h?bitats fragmentados. Sua dieta fol?vora e sua capacidade de usar ?reas domiciliares pequenas favorecem a sobreviv?ncia em tais h?bitas. Todavia, sabe-se que a fragmenta??o pode ter efeitos delet?rios sobre popula??es pequenas e isoladas, comprometendo, dessa forma, sua conserva??o. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos analisar os efeitos da fragmenta??o do h?bitat sobre aspectos da ecologia e do comportamento do bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans). Foi realizado no Campo de Instru??o de Santa Maria (CISM), no munic?pio de Santa Maria (29o43 -29o44 S; 53o42 -53o44 W), RS, Brasil. No per?odo de mar?o a dezembro de 2004, realizou-se um levantamento populacional em 20 fragmentos florestais. Foram identificados 378 indiv?duos (63 grupos bissexuais, dois grupos unissexuais e oito indiv?duos solit?rios) em 18 fragmentos. O tamanho m?dio de grupo foi semelhante ao observado para a esp?cie em grandes ?reas cont?nuas: 5,8 indiv?duos. Os grupos continham, em m?dia, 1,4 machos adultos e subadultos, 2,5 f?meas adultas e 1,9 imaturos (IFR= 0,7). Adicionalmente, analisou-se a influ?ncia das caracter?sticas da paisagem (?rea e dist?ncias de isolamento dos fragmentos) e da vegeta??o (riqueza e diversidade flor?sticas, altura, densidade e DAP m?dios das esp?cies arb?reas, densidade de ?rvores mortas, IVI, densidade e domin?ncia totais das esp?cies alimentares, e densidade de Ficus spp.) sobre as vari?veis demogr?ficas (abund?ncia, densidade e tamanho de grupo) dos bugios. A abund?ncia de bugios foi positivamente relacionada ? ?rea do fragmento (r=0,78; p<0,001), ? dist?ncia m?dia de isolamento (r=0,56; p<0,05) e ? dist?ncia para o fragmento mais pr?ximo (r=0,70; p<0,01). A densidade populacional foi inversamente relacionada ? ?rea (r=-0,52; p<0,05) e diretamente relacionada ? ?rea basal total das esp?cies alimentares (r=0,52; p<0,05). O tamanho de grupo n?o mostrou rela??o com quaisquer das vari?veis analisadas. No per?odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2005, estudou-se o padr?o de atividades, o uso do espa?o e a dieta de tr?s grupos de bugios (P: 7 indiv?duos; M: 6 indiv?duos; G: 5 indiv?duos), habitantes de fragmentos com 1,8, 20 e 977 ha, respectivamente. O m?todo utilizado foi a amostragem de varredura instant?nea, e o tempo total de acompanhamento foi de 54 dias (577 horas) para o grupo G, 58 dias (623 horas) para o grupo M e 59 dias (654 horas) para o grupo P. Os grupos G e M consumiram itens provenientes de 48 esp?cies (29 e 24 fam?lias, respectivamente) e o grupo P 52 esp?cies (27 fam?lias). A composi??o da dieta foi mais semelhante entre os grupos G e M (?ndice de Horn Ro=0,61), cujos fragmentos tamb?m apresentaram a maior similaridade flor?stica (Ro=0,60). Folhas compreenderam 78% dos registros alimentares do grupo G, 59% do M e 67% do P. Os…

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os padr?es de forrageamento de um grupo de bugios ruivos (Alouatta guariba clamitans), a fim de avaliar o uso de informa??es espaciais na localiza??o de recursos alimentares em um fragmento de floresta de 5 ha em Barra do Ribeiro, RS, Brasil. O grupo de 6-7 indiv?duos foi acompanhado durante 20 dias, os quais foram divididos em tr?s per?odos entre mar?o e outubro de 2007. O comportamento focal do grupo foi estimado por tempo e todas as ?rvores utilizadas (n = 654) foram identificadas, medidas e mapeadas. A visibilidade das ?rvores mais utilizadas pelos bugios (n = 26) foi estimada e comparada com a de outras ?rvores menos visitadas (n = 77). O levantamentto fitossociologico identificou 54 esp?cies (n = 267) das quais 12, descritas como importantes recursos alimentares para os bugios, tiveram todos seus exemplares mapeados e medidos (n = 417). No padr?o de atividades, os comportamentos descanso (57.6 ? 8.3%) e alimenta??o (17.1 ? 5.2%) predominaram e a dieta foi baseada em folhas (53.3 ? 15.2%; 35 spp.), frutos (34.3 ? 17.4%, 10 spp.) e flores (12.2 ? 12.3%; 15 spp.) (n =38 spp., 239 ?rvores). Em m?dia 919 ? 256 m foram percorridos por dia em 81.6 ? 20.6 ?rvores de 26.9 ? 5.3 spp. A maioria das ?rvores foi utilizada em apenas 1 ou 2 dias, mas 67% das ?rvores utilizadas por dia j? haviam sido visitadas previamente. O grupo concentrou suas atividades naquelas ?rvores maiores e de maior visibilidade. Conforme mais ?rvores de uma esp?cie eram visitadas, maior era o consumo desta, por?m maior era a seletividade das ?rvores usadas para alimenta??o. Em 45% dos registros de alimenta??o foi utilizada a ?rvore mais pr?xima daquela esp?cie, apesar de em 78% haver uma ?rvore de alimenta??o de outra esp?cie mais pr?xima. Os segmentos de ?rvores utilizados foram concentrados em uma dire??o, principalmente devido ao uso das esp?cies de figueiras. Os bugios apresentaram estrat?gias de forrageio distintas nos per?odos amostrados que confirmam nossas predi??es baseadas em estrat?gias de primatas frug?voros, apesar da alta folivoria do grupo. O grupo utilizou rotas de locomo??o com ?rvores de grande visibilidade com n?dulos de decis?o. Tais rotas possibilitaram o monitoramento da disponibilidade de importantes fontes de frutos, principalmente de figueiras. A distancia percorrida foi minimiza com o uso de fontes pr?ximas e o ganho energ?tico foi maximizado pelo uso de ?rvores mais produtivas. Apesar de tais dados n?o permitirem inferir a presen?a de mapas mentais em bugios, eles demonstram que o grupo observado fez uso de informa??es espaciais do meio para otimizar o seu forrageio, inclusive em per?odos de baixa disponibilidade de frutos.

Advisors/Committee Members: Bicca-marques, J?lio C?sar.

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A An?lise de Tra?os (Pan-biogeografia) enfoca a dimens?o espacial ou geogr?fica da biodiversidade, permitindo-nos uma melhor compreens?o dos padr?es e processos evolutivos. Ela compara tra?os individuais de diferentes t?xons para detectar tra?os generalizados ou componentes bi?ticos. Este estudo objetivou analisar a distribui??o de 24 esp?cies de primatas neotropicais, inclu?das em Cebus e Saimiri pertencentes ? Cebidae, Alouatta a Atelidae e Aotus a Aotidae, buscando identificar padr?es comuns de distribui??o, al?m de testar os limites das unidades biogeogr?ficas, atrav?s do m?todo da An?lise de Tra?os. Em uma primeira etapa foram obtidos tra?os generalizados para cada g?nero e, em segunda inst?ncia, obtiveram-se tra?os generalizados cruzando-se os tra?os individuais das esp?cies. A partir do cruzamento dos tra?os individuais de cada g?nero, obtiveram-se onze tra?os generalizados localizados nas sub-regi?es Caribenha, Amaz?nica, Chaquenha e Paranaense. A sub-regi?o Amaz?nica mostrou a maior concentra??o de esp?cies, representada por oito tra?os generalizados, enquanto que as demais sub-regi?es obtiveram cada uma apenas um tra?o. Cinco tra?os s?o coincidentes com o modelo de ref?gios do Pleistoceno (tra?os a, c, g, h e j), por?m, apenas um (tra?o c) pode ser explicado pela hip?tese das transgress?es marinhas. Tr?s abrangem regi?es onde se localizam unidades de conserva??o (tra?os c, e e j) e dois (f e i) encontram-se superpostos, indicando a ocorr?ncia de um n? pan-biogeogr?fico, o que permite propor a cria??o de uma unidade de conserva??o na ?rea. Os tra?os generalizados obtidos na an?lise das esp?cies s?o espacialmente congruentes com tra?os generalizados de esp?cies neotropicais de Trichodactylidae (Crustacea, Decapoda), Muscidae (Diptera), Bombus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) e Cecropia (Cecropiaceae), o que aponta para um padr?o maior de distribui??o. Os tra?os generalizados s?o hip?teses de homologia biogeogr?fica prim?ria para a regi?o Neotropical.

Advisors/Committee Members: Carvalho, Gerv?sio Silva.