subject:(Proton Therapy)

KTH

1. Maat, Bilhal Salhani. Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography.

Degree: Technology and Health (STH), 2016, KTH

URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495

► The backprojection-then-filtering algorithm was applied to proton CT data to reconstruct a map of proton stopping power relative to water (RSP) in air, water… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: proton ct; proton radiation therapy; proton imaging

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APA (6^th Edition):

Maat, B. S. (2016). Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography. (Thesis). KTH. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maat, Bilhal Salhani. “Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography.” 2016. Thesis, KTH. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maat, Bilhal Salhani. “Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography.” 2016. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Maat BS. Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography. [Internet] [Thesis]. KTH; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Maat BS. Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography. [Thesis]. KTH; 2016. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Georgia Tech

2. DeFillippo, Greg James. A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2020, Georgia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/64168

► Proton therapy has emerged over the past forty years as a clinically viable form of radiation oncology. With low entry dose, a rise to a… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Proton Imaging; Computed Tomography

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APA (6^th Edition):

DeFillippo, G. J. (2020). A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System. (Masters Thesis). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/64168

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

DeFillippo, Greg James. “A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Georgia Tech. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/64168.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

DeFillippo, Greg James. “A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System.” 2020. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

DeFillippo GJ. A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/64168.

Council of Science Editors:

DeFillippo GJ. A Comparative Analysis of Water-Equivalent Path Length of Tissue Samples using a Fast Monolithic Proton Radiography System. [Masters Thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/64168

Texas A&M University

3. Guan, Fada 1982-. Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit.

Degree: PhD, Nuclear Engineering, 2012, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149220

► Monte Carlo method has been successfully applied in simulating the particles transport problems. Most of the Monte Carlo simulation tools are static and they can… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Geant4; Proton Therapy; Monte Carlo

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APA (6^th Edition):

Guan, F. 1. (2012). Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149220

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Guan, Fada 1982-. “Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149220.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Guan, Fada 1982-. “Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit.” 2012. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Guan F1. Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149220.

Council of Science Editors:

Guan F1. Application of Dynamic Monte Carlo Technique in Proton Beam Radiotherapy using Geant4 Simulation Toolkit. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149220

Université Catholique de Louvain

4. Barragan Montero, Ana Maria. Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy.

Degree: 2017, Université Catholique de Louvain

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/189076

►

The survival statistics for cancer patients treated with radiation therapy using photon beams show that many treatments fail due to poor tumour local control (TLC).… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton therapy; Cancer treatment planning

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APA (6^th Edition):

Barragan Montero, A. M. (2017). Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy. (Thesis). Université Catholique de Louvain. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/189076

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Barragan Montero, Ana Maria. “Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy.” 2017. Thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/189076.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Barragan Montero, Ana Maria. “Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy.” 2017. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Barragan Montero AM. Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy. [Internet] [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/189076.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Barragan Montero AM. Robust, accurate and patient-specific treatment planning for proton therapy. [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/189076

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Louisiana State University

5. Freund, Derek. Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy.

Degree: MS, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, 2014, Louisiana State University

URL: etd-08112014-133148 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3389

► Purpose: To predict the risk of radiation necrosis in a cohort of pediatric patients with glioma and ependymoma and compare the predicted risk between volumetric… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: pediatric; photon therapy; proton therapy; necrosis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Freund, D. (2014). Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy. (Masters Thesis). Louisiana State University. Retrieved from etd-08112014-133148 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3389

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Freund, Derek. “Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Louisiana State University. Accessed April 20, 2021. etd-08112014-133148 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3389.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Freund, Derek. “Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy.” 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Freund D. Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: etd-08112014-133148 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3389.

Council of Science Editors:

Freund D. Predicted Risk of Post-Irradiation Cerebral Necrosis in Pediatric Brain Cancer Patients: A Treatment Planning Comparison of Proton Therapy vs. Photon Therapy. [Masters Thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2014. Available from: etd-08112014-133148 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3389

University of Wollongong

6. Depauw, Nicolas. A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy.

Degree: PhD, School of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, 2014, University of Wollongong

URL: 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS, 0915 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING, 1004 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1112 ONCOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4402

► As technology advances, so does the quality of treatment offered to cancer patients. Proton therapy, and more specifically proton pencil beam scanning, is currently… (more)

▼ As technology advances, so does the quality of treatment offered to cancer patients. Proton therapy, and more specifically proton pencil beam scanning, is currently at the forefront of radiation therapy. Pencil beam scanning offers excellent tumor dose control as well as surrounding organs at risk sparing. Current treatment planning, however, is performed on a static image acquired before treatment. Naturally, this is not a proper representation of the actual patient on a daily basis. Thus, there is a need for adaptive radiation therapy, such as readjusting a given treatment plan based on the patient’s daily setup or a moving tumor location. In order to perform adaptive treatment delivery, appropriate imaging as well as an extremely fast, yet accurate, dose computation engine is needed. GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations were performed in order to assess the imaging capabilities and limitations of a proton radiography detector, comparing them to conventional X-ray imaging. In parallel, a small form factor proton radiography system was designed based on available technologies. Thus, photonic bandgap fibers, a CMOS active pixel sensor, and Bicron scintillating fibers were evaluated for proton imaging purposes. The requisites and limitations of treatment planning for proton pencil beam scanning were further defined, from the acquisition of the treatment planning software’s beam model to the methodologies and treatment robustness. Based on this work, a simplified Monte Carlo algorithm was designed and implemented on the CPU architecture. This computation engine, GMC, was validated against physical observables and then compared to the treatment planning software dose calculation, as well as a ”full” Monte Carlo recomputation. Proton radiography showed poor spatial resolution but excellent density resolution when compared to X-ray radiography. This density resolution can be of importance when attempting to perform tumor tracking. The lower imaging dose associated with proton radiography is also of interest, especially in pediatric patients. Moreover, the use of a unique beam’s eye view could slightly improve the accuracy of treatment delivery. Photonic bangap fibers, as well as the specific CMOS active pixel sensor used in this work, did not yield promising results for proton imaging. Conversely, Bicron scintillating fibers proved to be suitable for the design of a proton radiography system, as both the individual particle’s position and energy could be acquired. The treatment planning software’s beam model is very simple, as compared to other modalities. However, the planning stage presented a few limitations, such as a lack of robustness analysis and issues related to spot placement. It was shown that both of these issues could be addressed with the use of a fast, yet accurate, dose computation engine. GMC was successfully implemented on the CPU architecture, and compared extremely well against actual pre-treatment QA measurements. The comparisons against the current algorithm of the treatment…

Subjects/Keywords: Proton therapy; adaptive radiotherapy; PBS; proton radiography; IMPT; Monte Carlo; proton imaging; dose algorithm; GPU

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APA (6^th Edition):

Depauw, N. (2014). A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Wollongong. Retrieved from 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS, 0915 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING, 1004 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1112 ONCOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4402

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Depauw, Nicolas. “A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wollongong. Accessed April 20, 2021. 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS, 0915 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING, 1004 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1112 ONCOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4402.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Depauw, Nicolas. “A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy.” 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Depauw N. A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Wollongong; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS, 0915 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING, 1004 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1112 ONCOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4402.

Council of Science Editors:

Depauw N. A path towards adaptive proton pencil beam scanning therapy. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Wollongong; 2014. Available from: 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS, 0915 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING, 1004 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, 1112 ONCOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4402

Louisiana State University

7. Chapman, Jr., John Wesley. Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media.

Degree: MS, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, 2012, Louisiana State University

URL: etd-04262012-102943 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3056

► In this study, a proton pencil beam dose calculation algorithm was developed for a parallel, monoenergetic beam incident on a homogeneous water phantom. Fermi-Eyges theory… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Hanson's approximation; PSTAR; spot scanning; ray trace; proton; proton interactions; therapy

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chapman, Jr., J. W. (2012). Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media. (Masters Thesis). Louisiana State University. Retrieved from etd-04262012-102943 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3056

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chapman, Jr., John Wesley. “Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Louisiana State University. Accessed April 20, 2021. etd-04262012-102943 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3056.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chapman, Jr., John Wesley. “Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media.” 2012. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Chapman, Jr. JW. Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: etd-04262012-102943 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3056.

Council of Science Editors:

Chapman, Jr. JW. Proton dose calculations in homogeneous media. [Masters Thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2012. Available from: etd-04262012-102943 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3056

8. Burris-Mog, Trevor J. Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy.

Degree: 2012, University of Nevada – Reno

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/3617

► The interaction of intense laser light (I > 10¹⁸ W/cm2) with a thin target foil leads to the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism (TNSA). TNSA… (more)

▼ The interaction of intense laser light (I > 10¹⁸ W/cm2) with a thin target foil leads to the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism (TNSA). TNSA is responsible for the generation of high current, ultra-low emittance proton beams, which may allow for the development of a compact and cost effective proton therapy system for the treatment of cancer. Before this application can be realized, control is needed over the large divergence and the 100% kinetic energy spread that are characteristic of TNSA proton beams.The work presented here demonstrates control over the divergence and energy spread using strong magnetic fields generated by a pulse power solenoid. The solenoidal field results in a parallel proton beam with a kinetic energy spread of 10%. Assuming that next generation lasers will be able to operate at 10 Hz, the 10% spread in the kinetic energy along with the 23% capture efficiency of the solenoid yield enough protons per laser pulse to, for the first time, consider applications in Radiation Oncology.Current lasers can generate proton beams with kinetic energies up to 67.5 MeV, but for therapy applications, the proton kinetic energy must reach 250 MeV. Since the maximum kinetic energy Emax of the proton scales with laser light intensity as Emax proportional to I⁰.5, next generation lasers may very well accelerate 250 MeV protons. As the kinetic energy of the protons is increased, the magnetic field strength of the solenoid will need to increase. The scaling of the magnetic field B with the kinetic energy of the protons follows B proportional to E¹/2. Therefor, the field strength of the solenoid presented in this work will need to be increased by a factor of 2.4 in order to accommodate 250 MeV protons. This scaling factor seems reasonable, even with present technology.This work not only demonstrates control over beam divergence and energy spread, it also allows for us to now perform feasibility studies to further research what a laser- based proton therapy system might look like. A theoretical beam transport system is presented at the end of this dissertation. It shows us that pulse power magnetic optics generating reasonable field strengths can transport a large bandwidth, high kinetic energy proton beam around and into a patient. This gives us insight into the spectrum available per laser pulse at the exit-port of the gantry as well as what types of dose deposition routines and spectral shaping techniques will need to be developed to contour a given dose to a given tumor volume. Advisors/Committee Members: Cowan, Thomas E. (advisor), Sentoku, Yasuhiko (advisor), Presura, Radu (committee member), Bennum, David (committee member), Mortensen, Jeff (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: compact gantry; laser proton acceleration; proton therapy; pulse power magnetic fields

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APA (6^th Edition):

Burris-Mog, T. J. (2012). Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy. (Thesis). University of Nevada – Reno. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11714/3617

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Burris-Mog, Trevor J. “Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy.” 2012. Thesis, University of Nevada – Reno. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11714/3617.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Burris-Mog, Trevor J. “Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy.” 2012. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Burris-Mog TJ. Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/3617.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Burris-Mog TJ. Capture and Transport of Laser Accelerated Protons by Pulsed Magnetic Fields: Advancements Toward Laser-Based Proton Therapy. [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/3617

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Rice University

9. Lou, Kai. A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification.

Degree: MS, Natural Sciences, 2013, Rice University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77203

► In-beam PET imaging is an advanced image-based method to verify the proton beam range for proton therapy by measuring proton-induced positron activity distribution and activity… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton therapy; Proton beam range verification; PET; Electrical engineering; Computer engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lou, K. (2013). A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification. (Masters Thesis). Rice University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77203

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lou, Kai. “A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Rice University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77203.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lou, Kai. “A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification.” 2013. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Lou K. A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Rice University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77203.

Council of Science Editors:

Lou K. A Phantom Study of In-beam PET Imaging for Proton Beam Range Verification. [Masters Thesis]. Rice University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77203

Texas A&M University

10. Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.

Degree: PhD, Nuclear Engineering, 2018, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173720

► Proton therapy has been substantially growing in use and acceptance for the treatment of cancer in the past years. However, the long-term risks of secondary… (more)

▼ Proton therapy has been substantially growing in use and acceptance for the treatment of cancer in the past years. However, the long-term risks of secondary malignancies possibly associated with proton therapy have not been studied in detail due to the lack of well-established methodology and available patient information. Organspecific radiation dosimetry in proton therapy is complicated but crucial in epidemiological investigations of radiotherapy patients. Scatter neutrons generated in the treatment head and inside the patient via nuclear interactions need to be taken into account in normal tissue dose assessment. The present study establishes the dosimetry methods for patient-specific organ dose calculations from proton therapy and methods to improve dose reconstruction of organ doses in out-of-field regions not typically covered by radiographic images. First, using limited radiographic data from Computed Tomography (CT) modalities combined with the library of body size-dependent computational human phantoms, methods were created to generate a full-body patient-specific phantom. This allows for full-body neutron dose calculations using Monte Carlo radiation transport methods. Second, a computer simulation model was developed to reconstruct a patientspecific proton therapy treatment within Monte Carlo radiation transport codes using already available patient radiotherapy log files and reference measurements from the Maryland Proton Treatment Center (MPTC). The method will allow for calculation of normal tissue dose in patients at MPTC and will be extended to other proton therapy machines installed at other proton therapy facilities. Finally, based on the normal tissue doses calculated for the pediatric phantoms, the risk of second neoplasms was calculated based on the BEIR VII risk models. Two pediatric computational phantoms were imported into the treatment planning system at MPTC. Full-body organ dose calculations were carried out using the Monte Carlo calculation modules developed in the current study and the radiation weighting factors reported by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) followed by the assessment of the risks of developing second neoplasms. Lifetime attributable risk were low, maximum being for the lungs of 0.111% for the one-year-old case and 0.108% for the five-year-old case. In conclusion, key methods for normal tissue dosimetry in proton therapy patients were developed and validated. Methods established in this dissertation will be applied to support ongoing international epidemiologic studies of pediatric patients undergoing proton therapy. Advisors/Committee Members: Akabani, Gamal (advisor), Ford, John (committee member), Wilson-Robles, Heather (committee member), Deveau, Michael (committee member), Kornegay, Joe (committee member), Lee, Choonsik (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Radiotherapy; Proton therapy; dose reconstruction; Monte Carlo

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kuzmin, G. A. (2018). Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173720

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. “Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173720.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. “Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.” 2018. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Kuzmin GA. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173720.

Council of Science Editors:

Kuzmin GA. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173720

Texas A&M University

11. Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.

Degree: PhD, Nuclear Engineering, 2018, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173815

► Proton therapy has been substantially growing in use and acceptance for the treatment of cancer in the past years. However, the long-term risks of secondary… (more)

▼ Proton therapy has been substantially growing in use and acceptance for the treatment of cancer in the past years. However, the long-term risks of secondary malignancies possibly associated with proton therapy have not been studied in detail due to the lack of well-established methodology and available patient information. Organspecific radiation dosimetry in proton therapy is complicated but crucial in epidemiological investigations of radiotherapy patients. Scatter neutrons generated in the treatment head and inside the patient via nuclear interactions need to be taken into account in normal tissue dose assessment. The present study establishes the dosimetry methods for patient-specific organ dose calculations from proton therapy and methods to improve dose reconstruction of organ doses in out-of-field regions not typically covered by radiographic images. First, using limited radiographic data from Computed Tomography (CT) modalities combined with the library of body size-dependent computational human phantoms, methods were created to generate a full-body patient-specific phantom. This allows for full-body neutron dose calculations using Monte Carlo radiation transport methods. Second, a computer simulation model was developed to reconstruct a patientspecific proton therapy treatment within Monte Carlo radiation transport codes using already available patient radiotherapy log files and reference measurements from the Maryland Proton Treatment Center (MPTC). The method will allow for calculation of normal tissue dose in patients at MPTC and will be extended to other proton therapy machines installed at other proton therapy facilities. Finally, based on the normal tissue doses calculated for the pediatric phantoms, the risk of second neoplasms was calculated based on the BEIR VII risk models. Two pediatric computational phantoms were imported into the treatment planning system at MPTC. Full-body organ dose calculations were carried out using the Monte Carlo calculation modules developed in the current study and the radiation weighting factors reported by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) followed by the assessment of the risks of developing second neoplasms. Lifetime attributable risk were low, maximum being for the lungs of 0.111% for the one-year-old case and 0.108% for the five-year-old case. In conclusion, key methods for normal tissue dosimetry in proton therapy patients were developed and validated. Methods established in this dissertation will be applied to support ongoing international epidemiologic studies of pediatric patients undergoing proton therapy. Advisors/Committee Members: Akabani, Gamal (advisor), Ford, John (committee member), Wilson-Robles, Heather (committee member), Deveau, Michael (committee member), Kornegay, Joe (committee member), Lee, Choonsik (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Radiotherapy; Proton therapy; dose reconstruction; Monte Carlo

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kuzmin, G. A. (2018). Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173815

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. “Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173815.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kuzmin, Gleb Andrejevich. “Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy.” 2018. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Kuzmin GA. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173815.

Council of Science Editors:

Kuzmin GA. Dose and Risk Assessment Methods for Epidemiologic Studies Investigating Long-term Side Effects of Proton Therapy. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173815

University of Houston

12. -5175-3131. Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion.

Degree: PhD, Industrial Engineering, 2016, University of Houston

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/5441

► Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is one of the most advanced forms of radiation therapy, which can deliver a highly conformal dose to the tumor… (more)

▼ Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is one of the most advanced forms of radiation therapy, which can deliver a highly conformal dose to the tumor while sparing the dose in healthy tissues. Compared to conventional photon-based radiation therapy, IMPT is more flexible in delivering radiation dose according to different tumor shapes. However, this flexibility also makes the optimization problems in IMPT harder to solve, e.g., it requires larger memory to store data and longer computational time. Furthermore, proton beams are very sensitive to different uncertainties, such as setup uncertainty, range uncertainty and internal organ motion. These uncertainties can greatly impact the quality of clinical treatment. Therefore, this dissertation aims to investigate different optimization methods for treatment planning and to handle a variety of uncertainties in IMPT. First, to solve the fluence map optimization (FMO) problem in IMPT, we propose a method to formulate the FMO problem into a molecular dynamics model. So that, the FMO problem can be optimized according classical dynamics system. This method combines the advantages of gradient-based algorithms and heuristic search algorithms. Next, we develop and validate a robust optimization method for IMPT treatment plans with multi-isocenter large fields to overcome the dose inhomogeneity problem caused by the setup misalignment in field junctions. Numerical results show that the robust optimized IMPT plans create a low gradient field radiation dose in the junction regions, which can minimize the impact from misalignment uncertainty. Compare to conventional techniques, the robust optimization method leads the whole treatment much more efficient. Lastly, we focus on a two-stage method to solve the beam angle optimization (BAO) problem in IMPT with internal organ motion uncertainty. In the first stage, a p-median algorithm is developed for beam angle clustering. In the second stage, a bi-level search algorithm is used to find the final beam angle set for the treatment. Furthermore, Support vector machine (SVM) is used for beam angle classification to reduce the search space and the 4D-CT information is incorporated to handle the internal organ motion uncertainty. Results show that the two-stage BAO method consistently finds a high-quality solution in a short time. Advisors/Committee Members: Lim, Gino J. (advisor), Feng, Qianmei (committee member), Peng, Jiming (committee member), Zhang, Xiaodong (committee member), Zhu, X. Roland (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy; Robust optimization

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APA (6^th Edition):

-5175-3131. (2016). Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Houston. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10657/5441

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

-5175-3131. “Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Houston. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10657/5441.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

-5175-3131. “Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion.” 2016. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

-5175-3131. Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Houston; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/5441.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Council of Science Editors:

-5175-3131. Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Optimization Under Uncertainty: Field Misalignment and Internal Organ Motion. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Houston; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/5441

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Université Catholique de Louvain

13. Souris, Kevin. Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests.

Degree: 2018, Université Catholique de Louvain

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192917

►

Radiation therapy is one of the main treatments for cancer care. It consists in irradiating the tumor, while limiting the toxicity associated with the exposure… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Monte Carlo; Proton therapy; Treatment robustness

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APA (6^th Edition):

Souris, K. (2018). Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests. (Thesis). Université Catholique de Louvain. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192917

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Souris, Kevin. “Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests.” 2018. Thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192917.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Souris, Kevin. “Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests.” 2018. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Souris K. Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests. [Internet] [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192917.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Souris K. Accurate assessment of proton therapy treatments : fast Monte Carlo dose engine and extensive robustness tests. [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192917

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Manchester

14. Green, Andrew. Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans.

Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Manchester

URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-techniques-for-fast-monte-carlo-validation-of-proton-therapy-treatment-plans(96ab69f6-9ec3-44e5-ba13-c3021bfa4d59).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727969

► Proton therapy is an established radiotherapy technique for the treatment of complex cancers. However, problems exist in the planning of treatments where the use of… (more)

▼ Proton therapy is an established radiotherapy technique for the treatment of complex cancers. However, problems exist in the planning of treatments where the use of inaccurate dose modelling may lead to treatments being delivered which are not optimal. Most of the problems with dose modelling tools used in proton therapy treatment planning lie in their treatment of processes such as multiple Coulomb scattering, therefore a technique that accurately models such effects is preferable. Monte Carlo simulation alleviates many of the problems in current dose models but, at present, well-validated full-physics Monte Carlo simulations require more time than is practical in clinical use. Using the well-known and well-validated Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4, an application-called PTMC-has been developed for the simulation of proton therapy treatment plans. Using PTMC, several techniques to improve throughput were developed and evaluated, including changes to the tracking algorithm in Geant4 and application of large scale parallelism using novel computing architectures such as the Intel Xeon Phi co-processor. In order to quantify any differences in the dose-distributions simulated when applying these changes, a new dose comparison tool was also developed which is more suited than current techniques for use with Monte Carlo simulated dose distributions. Using an implementation of the Woodcock algorithm developed in this work, it is possible to track protons through a water phantom up to eight times faster than using the PRESTA algorithm present in Geant4, with negligible loss of accuracy. When applied to a patient simulation, the Woodcock algorithm increases throughput by up to thirty percent, though step limitation was necessary to preserve simulation accuracy. Parallelism was implemented on an Intel Xeon Phi co-processor card, where PTMC was tested with up to 244 concurrent threads. Difficulties imposed by the limited RAM available were overcome through the modification of the Geant4 toolkit and through the use of a novel dose collation technique. Using a single Xeon Phi co-processor, it is possible to validate a proton therapy treatment plan in two hours; with two co-processors that simulation time is halved. For the treatment plan tested, two Xeon Phi co-processors were roughly equivalent to a single 48-core AMD Opteron machine. The relative costs of Xeon Phi co-processors and traditional machines have also been investigated; at present the Intel Xeon Phi co-processor is not cost competitive with standard hardware, costing around twice as much as an AMD machine with comparable performance. Distributed parallelism was also implemented through the use of the Google Compute Engine (GCE). A tool has been developed-called PYPE-which allows users to launch large clusters in the GCE to perform arbitrary compute-intensive work. PYPE was used with PTMC to perform rapid treatment plan validation in the GCE. Using a large cluster, it is possible to validate a proton therapy treatment plan in ten minutes at a cost of roughly $10; the same…

Subjects/Keywords: 610.1; Proton Therapy; Monte Carlo; Computational Techniques

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Green, A. (2017). Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-techniques-for-fast-monte-carlo-validation-of-proton-therapy-treatment-plans(96ab69f6-9ec3-44e5-ba13-c3021bfa4d59).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727969

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Green, Andrew. “Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-techniques-for-fast-monte-carlo-validation-of-proton-therapy-treatment-plans(96ab69f6-9ec3-44e5-ba13-c3021bfa4d59).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727969.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Green, Andrew. “Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans.” 2017. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Green A. Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-techniques-for-fast-monte-carlo-validation-of-proton-therapy-treatment-plans(96ab69f6-9ec3-44e5-ba13-c3021bfa4d59).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727969.

Council of Science Editors:

Green A. Computational techniques for fast Monte Carlo validation of proton therapy treatment plans. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2017. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-techniques-for-fast-monte-carlo-validation-of-proton-therapy-treatment-plans(96ab69f6-9ec3-44e5-ba13-c3021bfa4d59).html ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727969

Florida Atlantic University

15. String, Shawn. Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4.

Degree: MS, 2020, Florida Atlantic University

URL: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:44459

►

Proton therapy with pencil beam scanning technique is a novel technique to treat cancer patients due to its unique biophysical properties. However, a small error… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Monte-Carlo-Simulation; Radiotherapy Dosage

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

String, S. (2020). Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4. (Masters Thesis). Florida Atlantic University. Retrieved from http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:44459

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

String, Shawn. “Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Florida Atlantic University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:44459.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

String, Shawn. “Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4.” 2020. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

String S. Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:44459.

Council of Science Editors:

String S. Development of a Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Varian ProBeam Compact Single-Room Proton Therapy System using GEANT4. [Masters Thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2020. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:44459

16. Luisa de Araújo Rabelo. Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular.

Degree: 2016, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; UFMG

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-ADEPGH

►

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A terapia… (more)

▼

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A terapia com prótons é uma técnica eficaz no tratamento e controle do câncer, e está disponível em poucos países. O baixo número de centros especializados para este tipo de tratamento é devido ao alto custo de implantação e manutenção dos aceleradores. Em busca de uma possibilidade científica de tecnologia compacta que usa os cíclotrons produtores de radioisótopos (presentes em vários países) como acelerador injetor, a presente tese propõe e investiga um modelo Eletromagnético (EM) para a aceleração de prótons a energiassuficientes para o tratamento de tumores oculares. O pré-projeto foi concebido por uma avaliação analítica dos parâmetros físicos de movimento dos prótons e uma simulação de estruturas do equipamento eletromagnético, aceleração e movimento do feixe de prótonsusando o software CST STUDIO® 3D 2015 (Computer Simulation Technology), além de um estudo da estrutura mecânica necessária para fornecer sincronismo entre a aceleração e movimento do feixe. Os resultados mostraram um modelo final que é compacto e simplificado em comparação com o cíclotron isocrônico e síncrotron (usado para terapia com prótons). Os requisitos de sincronismo de um acelerador circular neste modelo foram atendidos e a energia de extração do modelo apresentado é suficiente para o tratamento de tumores oculares. Este é um método alternativo que pode melhorar a qualidade de vida para pacientes com tumores oculares nos países em desenvolvimento. Estudos futuros poderão ser conduzidos para completar a apresentação do projeto técnico e avaliar a interação do feixe acelerado com tecidos tumorais.

Proton therapy is an effective technique in the treatment and control of cancer, which is not available in most countries. The low number of specialized centers for this type of treatment is because of the high cost of implementing and maintaining the accelerators. This studypresents a model for the Electromagnetic (EM) acceleration of protons to sufficient energies for the treatment of ocular tumors. This is the scientific possibility of a compact technology that uses cyclotrons to produce radioisotopes (present in various countries) as accelerator gunsvia an analytical assessment of the physical parameters of the beam and a simulation of the electromagnetic equipment structures, acceleration, and movement of the proton beam using CST STUDIO® 3D 2015 (Computer Simulation Technology) software. In addition, the geometry required to provide synchronization between the acceleration and beam path was analyzed using the motion equations of the protons. The simulations show a final model that is compact and simplified as compared with the isochronic cyclotron and synchrotron (usedfor proton therapy). The synchronism requirements of a circular accelerator are fulfilled in this model so that in all orbits the beam has the same movement…

Advisors/Committee Members: Francisco Antonio Brandão Júnior, Wagner Leite Araujo, Renato de Souza Damaso, Eduardo Sarmento Valente.

Subjects/Keywords: Prótons; Circular accelerator; Proton therapy; Tecnologia nuclear

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rabelo, L. d. A. (2016). Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular. (Doctoral Dissertation). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; UFMG. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-ADEPGH

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rabelo, Luisa de Araújo. “Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; UFMG. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-ADEPGH.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rabelo, Luisa de Araújo. “Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular.” 2016. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Rabelo LdA. Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; UFMG; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-ADEPGH.

Council of Science Editors:

Rabelo LdA. Projeto eletromagnético de um pós-acelerador de prótons para tratamento de tumor ocular. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; UFMG; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-ADEPGH

Florida Atlantic University

17. Kassel, Maxwell. Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy.

Degree: MS, 2020, Florida Atlantic University

URL: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:64696

►

In this work, we have developed a robust daily quality assurance (QA) system for pencil-beam scanning (PBS) dosimetry. A novel phantom and multi-PTV PBS plan… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Radiation dosimetry; Quality assurance

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kassel, M. (2020). Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy. (Masters Thesis). Florida Atlantic University. Retrieved from http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:64696

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kassel, Maxwell. “Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Florida Atlantic University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:64696.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kassel, Maxwell. “Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy.” 2020. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Kassel M. Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:64696.

Council of Science Editors:

Kassel M. Development of an Innovative Daily QA System for Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy. [Masters Thesis]. Florida Atlantic University; 2020. Available from: http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau:64696

Rice University

18. Lou, Kai. Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.

Degree: PhD, Natural Sciences, 2015, Rice University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/88105

► Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been adopted clinically to verify proton beam range (BR) in proton therapy. Conventional approaches use off-line verification that verifies… (more)

▼ Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been adopted clinically to verify proton beam range (BR) in proton therapy. Conventional approaches use off-line verification that verifies BR after delivery of full dose of a treatment fraction. This verification can be used to check the accuracy of current therapy retrospectively, but its effect suffers from potential target deviation between treatment fractions. In contrast, on-line verification can verify BR using a low dose proton beam and a short data acquisition time prior to administration of a treatment fraction. It could provide adequate information to verify or even revise the beam delivery for improving therapy targeting within a single treatment fraction. Nevertheless, a practical on-line verification has many unknowns and technical challenges. This thesis studies the feasibility of on-line BR verification with PET imaging from three aspects. First, it investigates the impact of count statistics on the accuracy and precision of BR verification. In general, on-line verification is hampered by low count statistics that degrade PET images and subsequently the accuracy and precision of BR verification. We used Monte Carlo simulation to understand the quantitative relationship between count statistics and the accuracy and precision of BR verification under various proton irradiation and PET imaging conditions. A mathematical model was also developed to study the impact of Poisson noise associated with PET images on BR verification. Second, it evaluates the effectiveness of existing algorithms and develops new approaches for improving the accuracy and precision of on-line BR verification. Important factors were identified, effective and efficient approaches were developed. By optimizing and applying these factors and approaches, it is feasible to substantially improve the accuracy and precision of on-line BR verification with the same proton dose and negligible extra processing time. Lastly, it investigates the feasibility of achieving on-line BR verification for proton brain therapy with Monte Carlo simulation, and proposes a new PET system configuration for on-line verification. It demonstrates that by using proper data correction and advanced algorithms, it is feasible to achieve 1-mm accuracy and precision of on-line BR verification with low proton dose and short data acquisition under different proton irradiation conditions. Advisors/Committee Members: Clark, Jr., John W. (advisor), Kelly, Kevin F. (committee member), Jacot, Jeffret G. (committee member), Shao, Yiping (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; PET; On-line Measurement

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lou, K. (2015). Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. (Doctoral Dissertation). Rice University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1911/88105

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lou, Kai. “Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Rice University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/88105.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lou, Kai. “Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.” 2015. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Lou K. Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Rice University; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/88105.

Council of Science Editors:

Lou K. Feasibility of On-line Proton Beam Range Verification with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rice University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/88105

Delft University of Technology

19. Rituerto Prieto, M.D.H. (author). Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology.

Degree: 2020, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53d4fe6c-63ac-42f2-b03c-eb4aa765e73e

► The main challenge of radiotherapy, used for treating cancer, is to deposit the prescribed dose in the tumor volume while sparing the surrounding tissue.The depth-dose… (more)

▼ The main challenge of radiotherapy, used for treating cancer, is to deposit the prescribed dose in the tumor volume while sparing the surrounding tissue.The depth-dose distribution of protons makes proton therapy an alternative to conventional radiotherapy for some tumor sites. A better knowledge of the proton radiobiological mechanisms can improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy treatments. Holland Proton Therapy Center (HPTC) is one of the Dutch proton therapy centers. One of the purposes of its experimental beamline is to perform radiobiological experiments. To conduct different types of pre-clinical experiments, the beamline must be equipped to provide large field irradiation with precise dose characterization. Moreover, having a reliable Monte Carlo(MC) model of the system allows to perform in silico verification of the beamline design and contribute to its optimization. In this context, the goals of this project were: implementing a dual-ring scattering system in the experimental room of HPTC to produce homogeneous fields of different sizes; creating a MC model of the HPTC passive beamline able to reproduce the experimental setup. A dual-ring double scattering system was implemented in the HPTC horizontal beamline, starting from a single 150MeV pencil beam. The resulting passive irradiation fields were characterized by measuring and analyzing the lateral beam profiles, the depth-dose distributions and the relative dose at target position. Moreover, the beam characteristics and setup were implemented in theTOPAS MC code. The beam source parameters, input of the MC model, were found by comparing the experimental and simulated beam envelope and depth-dose distributions of the pencil beam. Then, the passive system model was benchmarked with experimental data by evaluating the lateral profiles, Braggcurves and dose distributions. The results show that the implemented passive system can achieve dose uniformity between 96% and 99% for field sizes between 4x4cm² and 20x20cm²for a 150 MeV proton beam. Moreover, using a collimator with a 5x5cm²aperture, uniformity of at least 97% in the different Bragg peak regions is achieved. Good uniformity is also obtained for beam energies in the range 115MeV-150 MeV, showing robustness of the setup. Furthermore, the range of the proton beams traversing the beam-shaping elements, as well as the energy arriving to target, were studied. Moreover, with a ridge modulator, Spread-OutBragg peaks were obtained with a width up to 3,4cm and of uniformity 98,5%. The MC model produced in TOPAS was first benchmarked against a 150MeVproton beam in air. Secondly, the experimental data of the large fields were compared with the simulated ones. The simulation of depth-dose… Advisors/Committee Members: Lathouwers, D. (mentor), Rovituso, M. (mentor), Perko, Z. (graduation committee), van der Kolk, E. (graduation committee), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Radiotherapy; Particle Therapy; Passive field; Monte Carlo; Cancer; Proton beam; Radiobiology; TOPAS

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rituerto Prieto, M. D. H. (. (2020). Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53d4fe6c-63ac-42f2-b03c-eb4aa765e73e

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rituerto Prieto, M D H (author). “Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53d4fe6c-63ac-42f2-b03c-eb4aa765e73e.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rituerto Prieto, M D H (author). “Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology.” 2020. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Rituerto Prieto MDH(. Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53d4fe6c-63ac-42f2-b03c-eb4aa765e73e.

Council of Science Editors:

Rituerto Prieto MDH(. Passive Beam Field Characterization for Application in Radiobiology. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2020. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53d4fe6c-63ac-42f2-b03c-eb4aa765e73e

Delft University of Technology

20. Ibrahimi, Atia (author). Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC.

Degree: 2020, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34e200d1-f744-4685-b4d0-2cfa2efce158

► As protons have a localized depth-dose distribution, proton therapy nowadays is a form of radiotherapy that is being implemented for part of the cancer patients.… (more)

▼ As protons have a localized depth-dose distribution, proton therapy nowadays is a form of radiotherapy that is being implemented for part of the cancer patients. Compared to photon therapy it allows more precise targeting of tumours and sparing of surrounding healthy tissue. Besides patient treatment, research on proton therapy topics is being done to gain more knowledge on and keep improving the technique. Since the 1950s almost 100 proton therapy facilities are operating clinically worldwide. One of those facilities is HollandPTC, a proton therapy center located in Delft, The Netherlands. The ProBeam Varian cyclotron serves two treatment gantries, an eye treatment room, and a research experimental room. The experimental room is dedicated to research topics in the proton therapy field and is equipped with a fixed horizontal beam line that can be used for physics experiments and also for radiobiological experiments. In order to perform those types of research the beam needs to be fully characterized in terms of dose, shape, size and energy, this is the purpose of this work. The second goal was to commence with a setup for creating homogeneous fields by means of passive scattering and determine the optimal distances required between the elements of the setup. The single pencil beam characterization has been done by performing a large variety of experiments, making use of setups with different types of detectors. The experiments include beam spot, beam envelope, beam current, and depth-dose distribution measurements, and have been performed for nominal beam energies between 70 and 240MeV. For the passively scattered field a dual ring setup has been implemented. Spread-out Bragg peaks have been created with a ridge filter. An energy of 150 MeV was used, as the scattering elements have been designed for this energy specifically. The single pencil beam characterization resulted in beam spot sizes at the isocenter varying from 3.54 mm for 240 MeV, up to 5.47 mm for 70 MeV, with an asymmetry of 1.7% at most. The beam envelope measurements showed that the beam spot size just after the exit window is 2-3 mm and diverges up to 12 mm at 2 m from the exit window. The beam current measurements gave the transmission efficiency of the system, ranging from 0.04% for a 70 MeV beam up to 5.6% for 240 MeV, increasing exponentially. The depth-dose measurements provided the difference between the nominal beam energy and the beam energy at the isocenter. The difference becomes smaller as the nominal beam energy increases and is 2.4% for a 70 MeV nominal beam and 0.3% for a 230 MeV nominal beam. With the dual ring setup fields of up to 25 cm in diameter have been formed with a uniformity of at least 97%. The ridge filter created a spread-out Bragg peak of 2.8 cm with a uniformity of 98% and also gave good results for other beam energies (100-200MeV). It can be concluded that the goals of the project have been reached as the beam has been characterized in terms of shape, current, and energy. Also some preliminary work for the passive field… Advisors/Committee Members: Lathouwers, D. (mentor), Rovituso, M. (mentor), Smith, A.L. (graduation committee), Parnell, S.R. (graduation committee), Groenendijk, C.F. (graduation committee), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Radiotherapy; Proton beam; Passive field; Pencil beam; Particle Therapy; Cancer; Radiobiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ibrahimi, A. (. (2020). Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34e200d1-f744-4685-b4d0-2cfa2efce158

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ibrahimi, Atia (author). “Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34e200d1-f744-4685-b4d0-2cfa2efce158.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ibrahimi, Atia (author). “Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC.” 2020. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Ibrahimi A(. Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34e200d1-f744-4685-b4d0-2cfa2efce158.

Council of Science Editors:

Ibrahimi A(. Characterization of the proton beam line in the experimental room of HollandPTC. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2020. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34e200d1-f744-4685-b4d0-2cfa2efce158

Texas Medical Center

21. Rechner, Laura A. Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Degree: MS, 2011, Texas Medical Center

URL: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/115

► The risk of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) following prostate radiotherapy is a concern due to the large population of survivors and decreasing age at… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: second cancer; proton therapy; volumetric modulated arc therapy; VMAT; proton arc therapy; risk optimization; Medical Biophysics; Oncology; Plasma and Beam Physics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rechner, L. A. (2011). Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer. (Thesis). Texas Medical Center. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/115

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rechner, Laura A. “Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer.” 2011. Thesis, Texas Medical Center. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/115.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rechner, Laura A. “Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer.” 2011. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Rechner LA. Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas Medical Center; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/115.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rechner LA. Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms Following Proton Arc Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer. [Thesis]. Texas Medical Center; 2011. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/115

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Oxford

22. Warren, Daniel Rosevear. Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography.

Degree: PhD, 2014, University of Oxford

URL: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab59f596-e277-490a-a7c1-1cb81b47b9a9 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595863

► Proton radiotherapy is a cancer treatment which has the potential to offer greater cure rates and/or fewer serious side effects than conventional radiotherapy. Its availability… (more)

▼ Proton radiotherapy is a cancer treatment which has the potential to offer greater cure rates and/or fewer serious side effects than conventional radiotherapy. Its availability in the UK is currently limited to a single low-energy fixed beamline for the treatment of ocular tumours, but a number of facilities designed to treat deep-seated tumours are in development. This thesis focusses on the quantitative use of x-ray computed tomography (CT) images in planning proton radiotherapy treatments. It arrives at several recommendations that can be used to inform clinical protocols for the acquisition of planning scans, and their subsequent use in treatment planning systems. The primary tool developed is a software CT scanner, which simulates images of an anthropomorphic virtual phantom, informed by measurements taken on a clinical scanner. The software is used to investigate the accuracy of the stoichiometric method for calibrating CT image pixel values to proton stopping power, with particular attention paid to the impact of beam hardening and photon starvation artefacts. The strength of the method adopted is in allowing comparison between CT-estimated and exactly-calculated proton stopping powers derived from the same physical data (specified in the phantom), leading to results that are difficult to obtain otherwise. A number of variations of the stoichiometric method are examined, identifying the best-performing calibration phantom and CT tube voltage (kVp). Improvements in accuracy are observed when using a second-pass beam hardening correction algorithm. Also presented is a method for identifying the proton paths where stopping power uncertainties are likely to be greatest. Estimates of the proton range uncertainties caused by CT artefacts and calibration errors are obtained for a range of realistic clinical scenarios. The current practice of including planning margins equivalent to 3.5% of the range is found to ensure coverage in all but the very worst of cases. Results herein suggest margins could be reduced to <2% if the best-performing protocol is followed; however, an analysis specific to the CT scanner and treatment site in question should be carried out before such a change is made in the clinic.

Subjects/Keywords: 615.8; Radiation; Radiology; Physics; medical physics; proton therapy; proton beam therapy; charged particle therapy; radiotherapy treatment planning; computed tomography image artefacts

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APA (6^th Edition):

Warren, D. R. (2014). Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oxford. Retrieved from http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab59f596-e277-490a-a7c1-1cb81b47b9a9 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595863

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Warren, Daniel Rosevear. “Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oxford. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab59f596-e277-490a-a7c1-1cb81b47b9a9 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595863.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Warren, Daniel Rosevear. “Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography.” 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Warren DR. Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab59f596-e277-490a-a7c1-1cb81b47b9a9 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595863.

Council of Science Editors:

Warren DR. Proton radiotherapy uncertainties arising from computed tomography. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2014. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab59f596-e277-490a-a7c1-1cb81b47b9a9 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595863

Texas A&M University

23. Curtis, Keel Brandon. Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System.

Degree: MS, Health Physics, 2011, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8689

► Charged particle beams are an increasingly common method of cancer treatment. Because of their Bragg peak dose distribution, protons are an effective way to deliver… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: proton therapy; heavy ion therapy; computer simulation; PHITs

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APA (6^th Edition):

Curtis, K. B. (2011). Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System. (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8689

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Curtis, Keel Brandon. “Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8689.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Curtis, Keel Brandon. “Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System.” 2011. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Curtis KB. Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8689.

Council of Science Editors:

Curtis KB. Computer Simulation and Comparison of Proton and Carbon Ion Treatment of Tumor Cells Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System. [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8689

University of Manchester

24. Henthorn, Nicholas Thomas. Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation.

Degree: 2018, University of Manchester

URL: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:315268

► Photons have been used in radiotherapy for a number of years, and a lot of experience has been gained; experience which does not currently exist… (more)

▼ Photons have been used in radiotherapy for a number of years, and a lot of experience has been gained; experience which does not currently exist for protons. In order to apply this experience, and to optimise proton therapy, a dose conversion is applied, known as the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). A constant RBE of 1.1 is in clinical use. However, a number of experimental studies have shown that RBE is not constant; depending on a number of factors, such as Linear Energy Transfer (LET), cell type, and dose etc. The RBE of 1.1 is based on a number of in vitro studies, however, within this data exists a significant variance. It has been estimated that proton RBE ranges from around 1, at the entrance, to around 2.5, at the distal edge. The value of 1.1 has been clinically accepted as a â€œsafeâ€ value, with no signs of significant under- or over-dosing. However, the open question of RBE, and the biologically extended range, can lead to potential degradation in treatment plan quality. For example, proton distal edges are not placed near organs at risk, where RBE is highest. A number of phenomenological models have been developed to encapsulate variable RBE. These models link cell survival parameters between photons and protons, with a scaling from LET. However, the models are fit with the same in vitro data used to derive RBE. The models also, by definition, give no information on underlying mechanisms of variable RBE, aside from implicitly stating that there is increased cell kill at increased LET. Noise in the data used to fit the models could explain the lack of clinical implementation. Mechanistically, it is believed that cell kill is a result of DNA damage and the efficacy of repair. In particular, the induction of DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) has been identified as the toxic mechanism. By simulating the process of DSB induction and repair, mechanisms can be uncovered. This work presents results of such a methodology. The mechanisms that lead to direct and indirect DNA damage are simulated, with parameters of the mechanisms fit to experiments on DNA extracts or parameters taken from the literature. The mechanisms are applied to larger biological systems, making predictions of DNA damage at the cellular level. Prediction of DNA damage is correlated to conventional units that can be scored in proton therapy, dose and LET. This allows for the model predictions to be applied to clinically relevant cases, such as in treatment planning software. In all cases, the simulations predict an increase in yield, complexity, and density of DSBs with LET. This translates to an increase in misrepaired and residual DSBs, i.e. biological effect. The work provides mechanisms for the experimentally observed increase in cell kill with proton depth. Advisors/Committee Members: MACKAY, RANALD RI, MERCHANT, MICHAEL M, Kirkby, Karen, Mackay, Ranald, Merchant, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Geant4-DNA; Monte Carlo Track Structure; DNA Damage; Radiotherapy

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Henthorn, N. T. (2018). Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:315268

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Henthorn, Nicholas Thomas. “Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:315268.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Henthorn, Nicholas Thomas. “Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation.” 2018. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Henthorn NT. Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:315268.

Council of Science Editors:

Henthorn NT. Modelling and Measurement of Simple and Complex DNA Damage Induction by Ion Irradiation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2018. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:315268

Texas A&M University

25. Oertli, David Bernhardt. Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX).

Degree: MS, Health Physics, 2009, Texas A&M University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1024

► The objective of this project was to develop a simple MCNPX model of the human eye to approximate dose delivered from proton therapy. The calculated… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Proton therapy; dose assessment

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APA (6^th Edition):

Oertli, D. B. (2009). Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX). (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1024

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Oertli, David Bernhardt. “Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX).” 2009. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1024.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Oertli, David Bernhardt. “Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX).” 2009. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Oertli DB. Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1024.

Council of Science Editors:

Oertli DB. Proton dose assessment to the human eye using Monte Carlo n-particle transport code (MCNPX). [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1024

University of Wollongong

26. Zarifi, Melek. Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy.

Degree: M. Phil., 2015, University of Wollongong

URL: 090303 Biomedical Instrumentation, 029903 Medical Physics, 111208 Radiation Therapy ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4735

► Proton therapy (PT) requires reliable in-vivo beam range verification methods and techniques to ensure safe and accurate dose delivery to the targeted region while… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Prompt gamma; bragg peak; proton therapy; monte carlo

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zarifi, M. (2015). Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy. (Masters Thesis). University of Wollongong. Retrieved from 090303 Biomedical Instrumentation, 029903 Medical Physics, 111208 Radiation Therapy ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4735

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zarifi, Melek. “Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Wollongong. Accessed April 20, 2021. 090303 Biomedical Instrumentation, 029903 Medical Physics, 111208 Radiation Therapy ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4735.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zarifi, Melek. “Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy.” 2015. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Zarifi M. Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Wollongong; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: 090303 Biomedical Instrumentation, 029903 Medical Physics, 111208 Radiation Therapy ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4735.

Council of Science Editors:

Zarifi M. Prompt gamma-ray imaging for on-line tracking of the bragg peak in proton radiation therapy. [Masters Thesis]. University of Wollongong; 2015. Available from: 090303 Biomedical Instrumentation, 029903 Medical Physics, 111208 Radiation Therapy ; https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4735

Texas Medical Center

27. Park, Peter. DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY.

Degree: PhD, 2012, Texas Medical Center

URL: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/325

► Proton therapy is growing increasingly popular due to its superior dose characteristics compared to conventional photon therapy. Protons travel a finite range in the… (more)

▼ Proton therapy is growing increasingly popular due to its superior dose characteristics compared to conventional photon therapy. Protons travel a finite range in the patient body and stop, thereby delivering no dose beyond their range. However, because the range of a proton beam is heavily dependent on the tissue density along its beam path, uncertainties in patient setup position and inherent range calculation can degrade thedose distribution significantly. Despite these challenges that are unique to proton therapy, current management of the uncertainties during treatment planning of proton therapy has been similar to that of conventional photon therapy. The goal of this dissertation research was to develop a treatment planning method and a planevaluation method that address proton-specific issues regarding setup and range uncertainties. Treatment plan designing method adapted to proton therapy: Currently, for proton therapy using a scanning beam delivery system, setup uncertainties are largely accounted for by geometrically expanding a clinical target volume (CTV) to a planning target volume (PTV). However, a PTV alone cannot adequately account for range uncertainties coupled to misaligned patient anatomy in the beam path since it does not account for the change in tissue density. In order to remedy this problem, we proposed a beam-specific PTV (bsPTV) that accounts for the change in tissue density along the beam path due to the uncertainties. Our proposed method was successfully implemented, and its superiority over the conventional PTV was shown through a controlled experiment.. Furthermore, we have shown that the bsPTV concept can be incorporated into beam angle optimization for better target coverage and normal tissue sparing for a selected lung cancer patient. Treatment plan evaluation method adapted to proton therapy: The dose-volume histogram of the clinical target volume (CTV) or any other volumes of interest at the time of planning does not represent the most probable dosimetric outcome of a given plan as it does not include the uncertainties mentioned earlier. Currently, the PTV is used as a surrogate of the CTV’s worst case scenario for target dose estimation. However, because proton dose distributions are subject to change under these uncertainties, the validity of the PTV analysis method is questionable. In order to remedy this problem, we proposed the use of statistical parameters to quantify uncertainties on both the dose-volume histogram and dose distribution directly. The robust plan analysis tool was successfully implemented to compute both the expectation value and its standard deviation of dosimetric parameters of a treatment plan under the uncertainties. For 15 lung cancer patients, the proposed method was used to quantify the dosimetric difference between the nominal situation and its expected value under the uncertainties. Advisors/Committee Members: X. Ronald Zhu Ph.D., Lei Dong Ph.D., Narayanh Sahoo Ph.D..

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Medical Biophysics; Medicine and Health Sciences

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APA (6^th Edition):

Park, P. (2012). DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY. (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas Medical Center. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/325

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Park, Peter. “DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Medical Center. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/325.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Park, Peter. “DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY.” 2012. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Park P. DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas Medical Center; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/325.

Council of Science Editors:

Park P. DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-SPECIFIC PLANNING TARGET VOLUME AND A ROBUST PLAN ANALYSIS TOOL FOR PROTON THERAPY. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas Medical Center; 2012. Available from: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/325

28. Kolano, Anna Maria. Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre.

Degree: 2011, University of Manchester

URL: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:137455

► Hadron therapy is entering a new stage, in which the number of clinical and research facilities is rapidly increasing, together with number of clinicians looking… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: proton therapy; gantry design

…a proposal in addition to Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre plans to consider… …upgrade at Christie Hospital As part of the planned provision for Proton Therapy in the United… …Proton, Carbon and Conventional Therapy In conventional therapy, photons pass through the body… …of different range beams [4]. 18 Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT… …Proton therapy has been relatively well-established across the globe for the past two decades…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kolano, A. M. (2011). Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:137455

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kolano, Anna Maria. “Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:137455.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kolano, Anna Maria. “Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre.” 2011. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Kolano AM. Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:137455.

Council of Science Editors:

Kolano AM. Possible radiography upgrade at Christie Hospital Proton Therapy Centre. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2011. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:137455

University of Adelaide

29. Austin, Annabelle Mary. [EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral.

Degree: 2019, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121304

► Cancer is a highly prevalent disease that places a significant economic burden upon society. Radiotherapy is commonly utilised as a treatment for benign and malignant… (more)

▼ Cancer is a highly prevalent disease that places a significant economic burden upon society. Radiotherapy is commonly utilised as a treatment for benign and malignant tumours. A fundamental challenge in radiotherapy is delivering a sufficient dose of radiation to eradicate a tumour while minimizing the dose deposited in surrounding healthy tissue. Excessive radiation damage to these tissues can result in treatment toxicities that may have adverse effects on patient quality of life. Proton therapy offers the potential for increased sparing of normal tissue compared with X-ray therapy, which is more commonly used in radiotherapy. However, the degree of this sparing can be highly variable between patients. Furthermore, data from Phase III clinical trials can quickly become outdated due to the long follow-up times that are required to observe late effects, together with the rapid evolution of technology. The process of deciding whether to refer a patient for proton therapy can be complex as a result. In addition, proton therapy is significantly more expensive as a treatment compared with Xray therapy. This suggests that patients who are expected to receive the greatest benefit should be prioritised. Computer models can offer a possible solution to this dilemma, by predicting the clinical outcome that may be expected as a result of a given treatment. In this work, a Markov simulation tool was developed which is capable of producing such predictions and comparing proton and X-ray radiotherapy treatment plans on an individual patient basis. The radiobiological effect of a given treatment plan is estimated in terms of the probabilities of tumour control, radiation-induced injuries and radiation-induced second cancers. These are combined in the Markov model to efficiently estimate the clinical outcome resulting from a given treatment plan. This outcome is quantified in terms of the quality adjusted life expectancy (QALE), or number of quality adjusted life years (QALYs), which is an adjustment of the raw life expectancy to account for the effect of time spent with injury or disease. The result is a model that uses several input parameters to produce a single quantitative output, indicative of the relative quality of a treatment plan. The predictions of the model can be affected by uncertainties in the radiobiological model parameters and uncertainties in dose delivery. The latter can arise as a result of changes in the target volume relative to the radiation field over the course of treatment. A consideration of these effects was incorporated into the model, as they have the potential to influence whether a patient is selected to receive proton therapy. The cost-effectiveness of a treatment is of particular importance in the current resource limited healthcare environment. The Markov model was developed to include treatment costs, including treatment of radiation therapy side effects. An application of the model to a cohort of base of skull chordoma patients revealed that all patients could be treated with proton therapy… Advisors/Committee Members: Penfold, Scott (advisor), Douglass, Michael (advisor), Nguyen, Giang (advisor), School of Physical Sciences : Physics (school).

Subjects/Keywords: Markov model; decision aid; proton therapy; radiobiological models

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Austin, A. M. (2019). [EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121304

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Austin, Annabelle Mary. “[EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral.” 2019. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121304.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Austin, Annabelle Mary. “[EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral.” 2019. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Austin AM. [EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121304.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Austin AM. [EMBARGOED] A radiobiological Markov model for aiding decision making in proton therapy referral. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/121304

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Cambridge

30. McGowan, Stacey Elizabeth. Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning.

Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Cambridge

URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248787https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/4/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/5/McGowanthesis.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/6/McGowanthesis.pdf.jpg

► This dissertation addresses the issue of robustness in proton therapy treatment planning for cancer treatment. Proton therapy is considered to be advantageous in treating most… (more)

▼ This dissertation addresses the issue of robustness in proton therapy treatment planning for cancer treatment. Proton therapy is considered to be advantageous in treating most childhood cancers and certain adult cancers, including those of the skull base, spine and head and neck. Protons, unlike X-rays, have a finite range highly dependent on the electron density of the material they are traversing, resulting in a steep dose gradient at the distal edge of the Bragg peak. These characteristics, together with advancements in computation and technology have led to the ability to plan and deliver treatments with greater conformality, sparing normal tissue and organs at risk. Radiotherapy treatment plans aim to meet set dosimetric constraints, and meet them at every fraction. Plan robustness is a measure of deviation between the delivered dose distribution and the planned dose distribution. Due to the same characteristics that make protons advantageous, conventional means of using margins to create a Planning Target Volume (PTV) to ensure plan robustness are inadequate. Additional to this, without a PTV, a new method of analysing plan quality is required in proton therapy. My original contribution to the knowledge in this area is the demonstration of how site- and centre- specific robustness constraints can be established. Robustness constraints can be used both for proton plan analysis and to identify patients that require plans of greater individualisation. I have also used the daily volumetric imaging from patients previously treated with conventional radiotherapy to quantify range uncertainty from inter- and intra-fraction motion. These new methods of both quantifying and analysing the change in proton range in the patient can aid in the choice of beam directions, provide input into a multi- criteria optimisation algorithm or can be used as criteria to determine when adaptive planning may be required. This greater understanding in range uncertainty better informs the planner on how best to balance the trade-off between plan conformality and robustness in proton therapy. This research is directly relevant to furthering the knowledge base in light of HM Government pledging £250 million to build two proton centres in England, to treat NHS patients from 2018. Use of methods described in this dissertation will aid in the establishment of clear and pre-defined protocols for treating patients in the future.

Subjects/Keywords: Proton Therapy; Radiotherapy; Optimisation; Range Uncertainty; NHS; Cancer

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

McGowan, S. E. (2015). Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Cambridge. Retrieved from https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248787https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/4/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/5/McGowanthesis.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/6/McGowanthesis.pdf.jpg

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

McGowan, Stacey Elizabeth. “Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248787https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/4/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/5/McGowanthesis.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/6/McGowanthesis.pdf.jpg.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

McGowan, Stacey Elizabeth. “Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning.” 2015. Web. 20 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

McGowan SE. Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 20]. Available from: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248787https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/4/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/5/McGowanthesis.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/6/McGowanthesis.pdf.jpg.

Council of Science Editors:

McGowan SE. Incorporating range uncertainty into proton therapy treatment planning. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Cambridge; 2015. Available from: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248787https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/4/license.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/5/McGowanthesis.pdf.txt ; https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/248787/6/McGowanthesis.pdf.jpg

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