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The present work has objective to define wich is the distribution of probability that analysis of nutritional contents are adjusted, selecting a function that better explain its behavior and to estimate the limits values of nutrients contents for it classification on several vegetables tissues. It were used 176 datas et colected from 15,534 nutritional analysis of three forest species, Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp., determinated for 1999 to 2004 period, in Forest Ecological Laboratory, in UFSM. The analysis were separated by subgroups in macro and micronutrients, vegetables components (leaves, bark, wood, root), species and year of determination. The database determination trough it statistical describe with mean, standart-deveation, number of observations, maximum and dataset adjusts a Normal distribution, it was aplicated the Lilliofors Test. Where the dataset didnt adjust the Normal, it was tested the functions Log-normal, Beta, Gamma and Weibull through Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, with 5%. It was possible determinated that 70% of all dataset valued adjusts one of functions, being the Normal presented of 33.5% of settlings, the Log-normal 27.3%, the Gamma 3.4%, the Weibull 5.7% and the Beta function didnt presented no one settling. Of all amount dataset valued, 30.1% didnt adjust any one functions. The studied functions, exception Beta, can explain the results from chemical analysis of vegetables tissues and establis hed the control limits of nutrient contents in each species.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo definir qual é a distribuição de probabilidade que os resultados de análises nutricionais se ajustam, selecionando uma função que melhor explica o comportamento dos teores e estimar os valores limites dos macro e micronutrientes para sua classificação nos diversos tecidos vegetais. Foram utilizados 176 conjuntos de dados coletados em 15.534 análises nutricionais de três espécies florestais, Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp., realizadas durante o período de 1999 a 2004 e determinadas no Laboratório de Ecologia florestal, da UFSM. As análises foram separadas em subgrupos por macro e micronutrientes, componente vegetal (folhas, galhos, casca, madeira, raiz, etc.), espécie e ano de determinação. O banco de dados passou pela determinação das estatísticas descritivas média, desvio padrão, número de observações, valores máximo e mínimo. Para verificar se os dados seguiam a distribuição Normal, foi aplicado o teste de Lilliofors. Nos casos onde o teste não foi normal, foram testadas as funções Log-normal, Beta, Gamma e Weibull, via teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, com alfa 5%. Foi possível determinar que 70% do total avaliado seguiam alguma das funções, sendo que a Normal apresentou 33,5% de ajustes, a Log-normal 27,3%, a Gamma 3,4%, a Weibull 5,7% e a função Beta não apresentou nenhum ajuste. Do total de conjunto de dados avaliados, 30,1% não se aderiu a nenhuma das funções. As funções estudadas, com exceção da Beta, podem explicar a distribuição dos resultados das análises químicas de…

Advisors/Committee Members: Lindolfo Storck, Alessandro DalCol Lúcio, Mauro Valdir Schumacher.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal - Instituto Superior de Agronomia

In this work analytical pyrolysis and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) were used to assess lignin amount and composition, namely the H/G (phydroxyphenyl/ guaiacyl) ratio, in the wood of three softwood species Pinus pinaster, Picea abies and Larix sp.. A method was developed for the quantification of lignin directly from analytical pyrolysis results (Py-lignin). A good correlation was found between Py-lignin and Klason lignin content (R2=0,93). A commom model (Py-lignin=0,7188×Klason lignin+4,3045) was obtained for the three species studied, allowing the estimation of lignin in samples of 75 μg. Analytical pyrolysis in combination with principal component analysis also allowed the identification of species and provenances within species. Rapid, non-destructive methods were developed for the quantification of lignin (R2=0,97) and determination of lignin composition (R2=0,89) by near infrared spectroscopy, using Klason and analytical pyrolysis as reference methods. These NIR models were used for the characterization of samples from an improvement program for wood quality of Pinus pinaster, and revealed that lignin quantity is under stronger genetic control (0,75), whilst lignin composition is under moderate genetic control (0,24)

Advisors/Committee Members: Rodrigues, José Carlos de Carvalho, Pereira, Helena Margarida Nunes.

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A durabilidade da madeira preservada quando em contato direto com o solo, é determinada, principalmente, pela concentração do preservante na madeira, usualmente definida como retenção. Dentre os diversos produtos usados na preservação da madeira, a literatura especializada é concordante ao afirmar que o CCA (arsenato de cobre cromatado) é um dos mais eficientes, com citações de durabilidade acima de 40 anos. Contudo, também é citada a perda do produto ao longo do tempo, a qual poderia comprometer sua eficiência. Assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a retenção atual de CCA tipo A em estacas de Pinus, após 21 anos de exposição em campo de apodrecimento, buscando relacionar o nível de retenção com a possível perda de produto e com a durabilidade da madeira. O material para ensaio foi coletado de um campo de apodrecimento com estacas (Padrão IUFRO); quantificando-se a retenção atual através da técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e comparando-se os resultados com a retenção inicial. Foi possível comprovar a perda de CCA-A na madeira tratada, a qual está diretamente relacionada com o nível de retenção inicial. Dentre oscomponentes do preservante, as maiores perdas foram observadas para o Cu, e as menores para o Cr; levando ao desbalanceamento entre os componentes do produto (CCA-A) que permanece na madeira. Todavia, a redução observada na retenção do CCA-A, até o momento, não afetou a durabilidade da madeira preservada.

The durability of treated wood in direct ground contact is mainly determined, by the concentration of preservative in wood, usually defined as retention. Among the products used to preserve wood, specialized literature aggress about CCA (chromated copper arsenate) as one of the most efficients, with citations of durability above 40 years. However, product loss along exposure time is also noticed, which could compromise its efficiency. This research has as objective, to quantify the current retention of CCA type A in Pinus stakes, after 21 years of exposure in field test, trying to relate the level of retention to the possible product loss and to wood durability . The material on trial was collected from a stake field test (IUFRO Standard); in order to quantify the current retention through spectroscopy atomic absorption technique and to compare the results with the initial retention. It was possible to prove the CCA-A loss in the treated wood, which is directly related to the level of initial retention. From individual preservative components, copper (CuO), showed the biggest loss, while chromium (CrO3) showed the lesser one. As a result, the remanaing CCA-A in the lumber turned unbalanced. However, the reduction observed in the retention of the CCA-A, until this moment, did not affect the durability of preserved wood.

Advisors/Committee Members: Jankowsky, Ivaldo Pontes.

▼ Precommercial thinning (PCT) in young forests in Sweden has been an important part of the silvicultural system since the 1950s. However, the annual area treated with PCT has decreased since the 1990s. At the same time the relative cost of PCT compared to both harvesting and regeneration has increased. The objectives of the work underlying this thesis were to examine the attitudes to PCT among private forest owners, and to evaluate alternative and potentially more cost-effective methods for PCT. The private forest owners’ attitudes to PCT were assessed by a questionnaire, which showed that they were interested in their forest and wanted to perform PCT. However, it was often neglected or postponed, usually because lack of time and secondly the cost of the operation. The forest owners seem to have many objectives for their forestry in addition to financial considerations. There were also significant differences between male and female forest owners, for instance the female forest owners claimed to have less knowledge regarding forestry and PCT-issues than male forest owners. Several alternative PCT-methods were evaluated by field experiments, all with a randomised complete block design. One study focused on PCT through topping i.e. cutting the secondary stems at a higher level above ground than in traditional PCT, in a naturally regenerated birch (Betula)-dominated stand. Topping proved to be an attractive alternative, since the main stems in the topped treatments grew as well as the main stems on traditionally treated plots. Furthermore, it gave better results in terms of stem and branch properties. A point cleaning experiment (cutting competing trees within a certain radius of each main stem) in a planted Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand showed that a single point cleaning operation gave worse results in terms of growth and stem quality variables, then a single traditional PCT. The findings are consistent with traditional recommendations to perform a subsequent PCT operation after point cleaning. The last study examined the effects of several variants of PCT, with differing tree selection criteria, in a typical planted Scots pine young stand in northern Sweden. The results showed that PCT was a profitable measure even if all planted stems were removed, raising the possibility that silvicultural cost-effectiveness could be optimised by retaining some of the natural regeneration and reducing the number of seedlings that are planted accordingly.

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Foi realizado um estudo na Divisão Administrativa de Ribeirão Preto (DIRA-RP), nordeste do Estado de São Paulo,utilizando imagens orbitais do LANDSAT para avaliação de áreas reflorestadas.Nesse estudo, objetivou-se definir as classes de povoamentos florestais artificiais, levando-se em consideração a espécie e idade das áreas reflorestadas,especialmente com os gêneros it {Pinus} e it{Eucalyptus}, através da interpretação visual e automática. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia, baseada na análise se de áreas de treinamento, para a definição da legenda e caracterização espectral das classes analisadas. Posteriormente, essa metodologia foi extrapolada para a área de estudo (DIRA-RP). A análise através do 1-100, das áreas de treinamento, revelou que o it{Pinus taeda} se separa, baseado na medida "JM", das outras espécies de it{Pinus} enquanto que o gênero it {Eucalyptus} não apresentou diferenças entre espécies.separando-se e em duas classes quanto à idade: E1 (até dois anos) e E2 (com mais de dois anos). Na análise visual também foi possível a distinção dessas mesmas classes. Os canais 6 e 7 foram os que apresentaram maior capabilidade de discriminação entre as classes reflorestadas, entretanto o canal 5 mostrou-se mais eficiente na separação dessas classes com relação aos demais alvos não florestais da região. A análise automática revelou que a maior precisão alcançada foi na classificação da classe E2, atingindo 95,12%. No levantamento da área de estudo, DIRA-RP, atravÉs da interpretação automática, foram analisadas apenas as classes de it{Pinus} eit {Eucalyptus}, sem separação de espécies de it{Pinus} e idade de it{Eucalyptus}, devido à pequena escala de trabalho. Essa análise revelou que a DIRA-RP apresenta 53.906,6 ha ocupados com it{Pinus} e it{Eucalyptus}. Na análise visual, trabalhando-se na escala de 1:250.000, foi possível a separação das classes de {Pinus}, El, E2 e mata. Essa análise revelou que a DIRA-RP apresentava 59.965,5 ha ocupados por reflorestamento. Os resultados mostram que os dados do LANDSAT podem ser usados, com eficiência, no levantamento de áreas reflorestadas principalmente considerando a capabilidade de se obter informações atualizadas e contínuas dessas áreas.

A study to evalate reforested areas using LANDSAT imagery was carried out in the Administrative Division of Ribeirão Preto (DIRA-RP) north-west of São Paulo State, with the objective of dassifying the genera it{Pinus} and it{Eucalyptus} according to their age and species, using visual and automatic (IMAGE-1OO) interpretation. A methodology was derived based on training areas to define the legend and spectral characteristics of the analyzed classes, and the method was extrapolated to the study area (DIRA-RP). IMAGE-100 analysis of the training area showed that it{Pinus taed} was separable from the other it{Pinus} species based on "JM" distance measurement. No differences of "JM" measurements were observed among it{Eucalyptus} species. Two classes of…

Advisors/Committee Members: Claudio Roland Sonnenburg, Getulio Teixeira Batista, Antonio Tebaldi Tardin, Francisco J. do Nascimento Kronka, Antonio René Novaes, Sherry Chou Chen.

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Um teste de campo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a eficiência de três inseticidas como preservativos de madeira contra danos causados pelo cupim subterrâneo Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren, 1911 (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Os produtos comerciais com seus respectivos ingredientes ativos avaliados foram: Dursban 4E clorpirifós; Diazinon 60 EC diazinon e Dragnet 384 CE permetrina. O produto Diazinon 60 EC foi utilizado, nesse experimento, como referência por possuir a mais alta concentração de fábrica (60% p/p). Os i.a foram diluídos em água nas concentrações de 0,5%; 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0% e aplicados por cinco minutos, pelo tratamento de imersão, em amostras de madeira de Pinus medindo 30cm x 2,5cm x 2,5cm. Amostras sem tratamento (concentração zero), foram utilizadas como grupo-controle. O produto Diazinon 60 EC apresentou melhor resultado com os maiores valores médios para a variável retenção em todas as concentrações utilizadas em comparação aos demais produtos. Para o teste de desgaste pelos cupins, as amostras foram dispostas em três áreas de sistemas florestais distintos. Ao final de dois períodos de avaliação, 12 e 18 meses, as amostras foram retiradas para interpretação visual dos danos estruturais. A performance dos produtos analisados foi determinada através da utilização de classes de eficiência, para representar a intensidade dos desgastes, correspondendo a valores qualitativos de preservação da madeira. Os resultados foram interpretados por comparação estatística.. A permetrina, foi o produto de melhor desempenho na preservação das amostras após os dois períodos do ensaio, com índice médio de preservação em torno de 100%, diferindo estatisticamente dos outros produtos testados.

A field test was developed to evaluate the efficiency of three insecticides as wood preservatives against damages caused by the subterranean termite Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren, 1911 (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The commercial products with their respective appraised active ingredients were: Dursban 4E chlorpyrifos; Diazinon 60 EC diazinon and Dragnet 384 CE permethrin. The product Diazinon 60 EC was used, in that experiment, as reference for possessing the highest factory concentration (60% p/p) than the others. The i.a were diluted in water in the concentrations of 0,5%; 1,0%; 1,5% and 2,0% and the samples, measuring 30cmx2,5cmx2,5cm made of Pinus wood sp were submitted to the treatment by immersion in the preservative solutions for five minutes. The samples without treatment (none concentration), were used as control-group. The product Diazinon 60 EC presented better result with the largest medium values for the variable retention in all of the used concentrations. They were certain the values of retention of i.a. in each sample.. The samples were put in three areas of different forest systems for expoxition to the termites. To the end of two periods, 12 and 18 months, the samples were removed for visual interpretation of the structural damages. The performance of the analyzed products was certain through the use of efficiency…

Advisors/Committee Members: Denise Medeiros Pamplona, Edvá Oliveira Brito.

▼ Leaky buildings are those that show elevated moisture contents of the framing timber, which can subsequently lead to the establishment of fungal and bacterial decay. Prior to this study, the causative agents of the decay in these leaky buildings were unknown, though it was suspected to be one or more species of decay fungi. Therefore, the overall goal of this multi-disciplinary PhD thesis research was to determine the causative agents of decay in leaky buildings of New Zealand in an effort to develop solutions for both their remediation and future prevention. Use of molecular biology methodology and classical mycological techniques based on morphology enabled identification of decay fungi from framing timber and air samples of leaky New Zealand buildings and provided insight into relative importance based on isolation frequency. In most cases, fungi colonising Pinus radiata D. Don were isolated to produce pure cultures. Mycelia from these cultures on agar media were collected to extract DNA. To identify the fungi to the species level, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fungal specific DNA primer pairs were performed followed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Identification was by BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search on sequences in known GenBanks. In total, 421 samples from leaky buildings were processed, predominately untreated P. radiata decayed framing timber and also fibre cement boards and building paper. From these, sixty-eight fungal identifications were made. The only taxa that were isolated with significant frequency were identified as 4 basidiomycete species, as follows, along with the number of times they were isolated from the 421 samples: • Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulf.: Fr.) Karst. 13x • Oligoporus placenta (Fries 1865) Gilb. In Ryv.1985 11x • Antrodia sinuosa (Fr.) Karst. 8x • Gloeophyllum trabeum (Fr.) Murr. 4x Although these species were identified repeatedly, in total they represent less than 10% of the total samples and, therefore, it is concluded that the leaky building decay samples represent high fungal biodiversity. An aerial spore study of internal air, wall cavity air and exterior air of leaky buildings was carried out using a Merck MAS-100 instrument which collects spores directly onto selective media plates. Viable fungal aerial spores were detected at every sampling location tested at the leaky buildings, by the criteria of culturing, with a highest mean of 3714 colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic metre found in the cavities of water-damaged walls. This aerial spore study in conjunction with isolation from decayed wood samples from the same leaky buildings enabled identification of G. sepiarium and A. sinuosa at the same test site. The use of carboxymethylcellulose medium further demonstrated the presence of potential cellulose-degrading fungi within and around the location. Overall, the combination of direct sampling of timber and air sampling proved useful for detection of fungal species variability at a…

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a definição de composições coloridas geradas via técnicas de processamento digital (seleção de atributos e realce) que propiciassem, para a interpretação visual, melhor separabilidade de classes de uso da terra, para a região de Conchal-SP. O procedimento empregado foi baseado na composição dos alvos considerando-se os parâmetros de reconhecimento: forma, textura, cor/tonalidade. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados após a comparação dos dados gerados pelos intérpretes e a "verdade terrestre", sintetizados sob a forma de tabelas de somatórios e comparações múltiplas (Scheffe). A análise dos resultados mostra que as melhores composições coloridas foram a 3B2G4R realçada com "contrast stretch", 4I5H1S e 4I7H2S realçadas pela transformação IHS/RGB. O parmetro que apresentou melhor desempenho foi a cor e, dentre os alvos analisados, os que apresentaram maior separabilidade foram: citrus (8 anos), pinus e cana soca.

The objective of this research is to determine the colour composites generated using digital processing (feature selection and radiometric enhancement) that enhance visual interpretation and improve the separability of land use classes in Conchal, São Paulo State. The procedure used is based on a comparison among thematic classes, taking into consideration the following visual parameters: such as shape, texture, colour and tone. A set of images was interpreted by different photointerpreters. The results from each interpreter were compared to the ground truth data, and, then, a multiple comparison test (Scheffé) was applied. The results of the analysis showed that the best colour composites were 3B2G4R, enhanced by contrast stretch, 4I5H1S and 4I7H2S, enhanced by IHS/RGB transformation. The colour parameter has the best performance and citrus (8 years), pinus and sugar cane (third stage) presented better separability among the land use classes analysed.

Advisors/Committee Members: Mário Valério Filho, Gilberto José Garcia, Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro.