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O petr?leo tamb?m conhecido como ?leo cru ? um l?quido escuro de composi??o vari?vel, geralmente menos denso que a ?gua. Constituindo uma mistura de grande n?mero de diferentes compostos org?nicos e inorg?nica, que por sua vez contribuem para torn?-lo uma mistura complexa. Devido ao consumo cada vez crescente dos combust?veis f?sseis coloca o petr?leo como um dos mais importantes produtos de consumo da humanidade. Ineg?veis avan?os tecnol?gicos e at? mesmo sociais s?o advindos da era ?P?s-Petr?leo?. Por?m, a depend?ncia da popula??o por derivados do petr?leo vem ocasionando aos diversos tipos de ecossistemas (terrestres e aqu?ticos) graves danos ambientais. Deste modo, a busca por alternativas que objetivem atenuar tais impactos vem crescendo significativamente e dentre elas se destaca a biorremedia??o. Esta t?cnica emprega organismos vivos, sobretudo microrganismos com o objetivo de degradar poluentes ambientais. Neste contexto, um estudo pr?vio isolou a bact?ria Enterobacter cloacae provenientes de amostras de t?rmitas, coletadas na Estrada Coari-Itapeu? no Munic?pio de Coari, confirmou-se sua identifica??o por sequenciamento do gene 16S. Testes de biodegrada??o realizados em laborat?rio confirmaram a capacidade desta bact?ria em degradar petr?leo, al?m de confirmar a produ??o de biossurfactante e bioemulsificante por esta esp?cie. Ainda neste estudo, comprovou-se que a E. cloacae tem a capacidade de aumentar sua hidrofobicidade celular, quando exposta ao ?leo bruto. Consequentemente, estes meios biol?gicos (produ??o de biossurfactante, bioemulsificante e aumento a hidrofobicidade celular) tem como objetivos aumentar o contato com solventes hidrof?bicos, como no caso do petr?leo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi selecionar e identificar bact?rias associadas a is?pteros coletadas da Regi?o do M?dio Solim?es com potencial para degradar petr?leo. Portanto, ap?s a identifica??o molecular realizou-se testes para verificar seu perfil de crescimento em meio de cultura contendo petr?leo como ?nica fonte de carbono e energia, bem como testes de hidrofobicidade celular, produ??o de biossurfactantes e bioemulsificantes. Por?m, mais estudos s?o necess?rio para efetiva comprova??o do potencial deste microrganismo em degradar petr?leo, afim de empreg?-lo em t?cnicas de biorremedia??o.

Oil also known as crude oil is a dark liquid of variable composition, usually less dense than water. Composing a mixture of large number of different organic and inorganic compounds, which in turn contribute to make it a complex blend. Due to the increasing consumption of fossil fuels, petroleum is one of humanity's most important consumer products. Undeniable technological and even social advances come from the post-oil era. However, the dependence of the population on oil products has caused many types of ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic) serious environmental damage. In this way, the search for alternatives that aim to mitigate these impacts has been growing significantly, among them the bioremediation. This technique uses living organisms,…

Advisors/Committee Members: Andrade, Edmar Vaz de, http://lattes.cnpq.br/4691893433367918.

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O teor de ?gua no biodiesel de acordo com a ANP 45/2014, poder? ser de at? 350mg/kg em caso de fiscaliza??o em uma distribuidora de combust?veis. O biodiesel B100 utilizado na distribuidora onde foi realizado o estudo no estado do Amazonas ? proveniente de Usinas do Mato Grosso, e percorre uma dist?ncia m?dia de 2514 Km entre os dois estados, o biodiesel ? produzido e comercializado para as distribuidoras entre elas ATEM. A log?stica de transporte do biodiesel at? Manaus ? realizada e duas etapas: modal rodovi?rio caminh?o tanque que realizam trajeto de Lucas do Rio Verde - Mato Grosso a Porto Velho - Rond?nia e em modal fluvial balsa tanque que realiza a segunda etapa, entre Porto Velho ? Rond?nia e Manaus ? Amazonas condi??es log?sticas que juntamente com caracter?sticas regionais como o clima associadas a caracter?stica do combust?vel como sendo higrosc?pico que pode alterar a qualidade do biodiesel. Motivo pelo qual foi realizado um estudo sistem?tico de controle de qualidade do biodiesel, considerando o ensaio de teor de ?gua desde estoque de produ??o at? a distribuidora que o comercializa no estado do Amazonas. Considerando a classifica??o do clima da regi?o ?quente e ?mido?, onde ocorre a log?stica de transporte, somado a caracter?stica higrosc?pica do biodiesel e o acompanhamento nos seis pontos de coleta do biodiesel, onde verificou-se nas an?lises das amostras um aumento significativo do teor de ?gua, evidenciado no monitoramento durante o ano de 2015, nas bateladas do tanque da distribuidoras A, B e C, resultado que tamb?m foi evidenciado atrav?s do acompanhamento sistem?tico de tr?s bateladas da distribuidora Atem, que mapearam todo o percurso desde a produ??o do biodiesel, at? a sua distribui??o. Observou-se o aumento do teor de ?gua ao longo do percurso atrav?s do ensaio de karl fisher nas amostras coletadas demonstrado que o biodiesel chega no seu destino nas distribuidoras fora de especifica??o, n?o atendendo a legisla??o vigentes da Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis.

The water content in biodiesel according to the ANP 45/2014, may be up to 350mg/kg in case of inspection on a fuel distributor. The B100 biodiesel used in the distributor where the study was conducted in the state of Amazonas is from Mato Grosso plants, and travels an average distance of 2514 km between the two states, biodiesel is produced and marketed to distributors including ATEM. The biodiesel transportation logistics to Manaus is performed and two steps: road transport truck tank performing path of Lucas do Rio Verde - Mato Grosso to Porto Velho - Rondonia and river ferry tank modal conducting the second stage, between Porto Velho - Rond?nia and Manaus - Amazonas logistical conditions along with regional characteristics as the weather associated with the fuel characteristics as hygroscopic that can change the quality of biodiesel. Which is why we carried out a systematic study of biodiesel quality control, considering the water content test from stock production by the distributor that markets the state…

Advisors/Committee Members: Oliveira, Tereza Cristina Souza de, 57628858287, http://lattes.cnpq.br/6273580270881135.

▼ The large investment in exploration activities offshore Brazil has generated new findings, generally in carbonate reservoirs, with different wettability conditions usually considered in the sandstone, strongly water-wet. In general, the carbonates reservoirs tend to be oil-wet, it difficult to mobilize of oil these reservoirs. These oils can be mobilized by different methods, or it may reverse the wettability of the surface of the reservoir and facilitate the flow of oil, improving production rates. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the influence of inversion on the wettability of the rock in the production and recovery of petroleum from carbonate reservoirs, using microemulsions. Three systems were chosen with different classes of surfactants: a cationic (C16TAB), an anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90). Studies of the influence of salinity on the formation of the microemulsion as well as the characterization of fluids using density and viscosity measurements were also performed. To verify the potential of microemulsion systems in changing the wettability state of the chalk oil-wet to water-wet, contact angle measurements were performed using chalk of neutral-wet as surface material. Overall, with respect to the ionic character of the surfactants tested, the cationic surfactant (C16TAB) had a greater potential for reversal in wettability able to transform the rock wettability neutral to strongly water-wet, when compared with the anionic surfactant (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90), which showed similar behavior, improving the wettability of the rock to water. The microemulsions of all surfactants studied were effective in oil recovery, resulting in 76.92% for the system with C16TAB, 67.42% for the SDS and 66.30% for Unitol L90 of residual oil Advisors/Committee Members: Dantas, Tereza Neuma de Castro (advisor), CPF:07286937391 (advisor), http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783139Z0&dataRevisao=null (advisor), Dantas Neto, Afonso Avelino (advisor), CPF:05641284491 (advisor), http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783215D9 (advisor).

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O presente estudo apresenta uma nova perspetiva da influ�ncia do Desenvolvimento Financeiro sobre o Crescimento Econ�mico num painel de 15 pa�ses produtores de petr�leo, com um per�odo temporal de 1981 a 2011. Incorporou-se no modelo vari�veis como as rendas de petr�leo, o r�cio de produ��o de petr�leo sobre consumo de energia prim�ria, pre�os de petr�leo, exporta��es de bens e servi�os, consumo de petr�leo e emiss�es de CO2. Utilizou-se o modelo ARDL, para analisar as rela��es din�micas entre as vari�veis no longo e no curto prazo. Seguidamente utilizou-se o estimador Driscoll-Kray, com efeitos fixos, para corrigir a signific�ncia dos par�metros estimados. Os resultados demonstram a n�o linearidade no longo prazo, atrav�s do Teste U, entre Desenvolvimento Financeiro e Crescimento Econ�mico nos estudos formulados. Devido ao longo per�odo estudado, �s vari�veis inclu�das e ao uso de t�cnicas econom�tricas adequadas, ampliou-se a literatura do nexus Desenvolvimento Financeiro-Crescimento Econ�mico.

The influence of Financial Development on Economic Growth was assessed with a panel of 15 countries oil producers, for the period between 1981 and 2011. Moreover, variables like oil rents, the ratio of oil production to primary energy consumption, oil prices, exports of goods and services, oil consumption and CO2 emissions were used. The ARDL model come out as the most suitable for estimation. Indeed, this model consents the analysis of the dynamic relationships between short and long term variables. To refine the significance of the estimated parameters and introduce robustness to the archived findings, the Driscoll-Kray estimator was used with fixed effects. The nonlinearity between Financial Development and Economic Growth was considered and confirmed at long term, with U Test. Due to the incorporated variables and the econometric techniques, the obtained results come out as appropriated and useful to fill some gaps in the literature.

Advisors/Committee Members: Fuinhas, Jos� Alberto Serra Ferreira Rodrigues.

▼ The federal decentralization promoted by the Constitution of 1988 raised the Brazilian municipalities to the important role in the dissemination of public policies. Once they are closest to the population, the decisions made at the municipal level are readily perceived by users and citizens. On the other hand, the social demands and the management of the administrative structure need efficient financial management and a constant search for resources. Additionally, the 9.478/97 Act, which amended the mode of distribution of oil revenues, brought to some municipalities, a new frontier of resources available by the distribution of oil royalties. Given this new frontier of resources, one wonders whether there is not relaxation in fiscal effort and an increasing inefficiency in the management of the administrative machinery by the benefited municipalities. The aim of this work is verify if petroleum revenues cause distortions in the way municipalities run their fiscal effort, that is, if the oil royalties contribute to increase inefficiencies in the municipalities involved in their search for the own revenues and their expense management. For this work, we selected 56 municipalities of the State of S??o Paulo which have been received the distribution of oil revenues during the period between the years 2005 to 2012. The efficiency of municipalities was obtained from a non-parametric production frontier model, the Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA, creating a ranking of the S??o Paulo municipalities which received oil royalties. Given the distribution rules of oil royalties imposed by the regulatory framework, the results showed the values distributed to S??o Paulo municipalities have great variability and has been showed relevant only in a few municipalities. There was no significant difference in the tax effort of the municipalities affected by the variable oil royalites. However, several factors related to municipal management indicated that such rents can contribute to increase inefficiencies in the management of municipal administrative machinery Advisors/Committee Members: Contani, Eduardo Augusto do Ros??rio (advisor), CPF:5416000 (advisor), http://lattes.cnpq.br/9581308995467871 (advisor).