subject:(Pests Biological control)

1. Sohati, Hakainda Philemon. Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia.

Degree: 2013, University of Zimbabwe

URL: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/3074

► The goals of the study were to confirm establishment of two exotic parasitoids, Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diadromus collaris (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), released… (more)

▼ The goals of the study were to confirm establishment of two exotic parasitoids, Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diadromus collaris (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), released in Lusaka Province, Zambia, during the 1970s and 1980s, to control the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), a serious pest of vegetables in Zambia, and to assess the effectiveness of one of the released parasitoids, C. vestalis, as a biological control agent of the pest. Confirmation of the establishment of the exotic parasitoids was through field sampling and collection of various developmental stages of the parasitoids, in and around the release sites in Lusaka Province. The assessment of the effectiveness of C. vestalis, as a biological control agent of the crop pest was through laboratory experiments. The specific objectives were to: i) Sample and collect various developmental stages of the parasitoids, C. vestalis and D. collaris, in and around the 1977-1984 parasitoids release sites in Lusaka Province, Zambia; ii) determine the types of pesticides used by local farmers in the Chongwe, Kafue and Lusaka districts on common vegetable pests and their impacts on the exotic parasitoids, C. vestalis and D. collaris; iii) determine the phenology of P. xylostella and identify its parasitoids in the selected study area; and iv) assess the effectiveness of C. vestalis as a biological control agent of P. xylostella under laboratory conditions.Vegetable farms, in and around the original release sites of parasitoids in Lusaka west and in the Makeni area were selected for the study. Parasitoid presence was the criterion used to confirm establishment. The sampled vegetable fields were geo-referenced using a Global Positioning System (GPS) and the information obtained was used to construct a pest/parasitoid field sampling map. The nearest plant after every 2 m in the campus direction on a 33.2 m diagonal line transect was sampled for the diamondback moth larvae and pupae.A structured questionnaire was employed to collect information on pesticide usage by local farmers in the Chongwe, Lusaka and Kafue district on common vegetable pests in their areas, while the assessment of the impacts of pesticides on C. vestalis involved use of a stock culture of the parasitoid established in the insectary in the School of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Zambia. Determination of the phenology of Plutella xylostella involved establishment of a pesticide-free, hand-weeded, drought and disease tolerant hybrid cabbage plot (cultivar Pannar, Star 3308) at the University of Zambia, School of Agricultural Sciences, Field Station, following normal agronomic practices. The effectiveness of C. vestalis as biological control agent was tested using different second larval instar densities (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 per adult female) of P. xylostella under laboratory conditions. The impact of pesticides on C. vestalis was assessed using four insecticides namely, acephate at 10, 30, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 1600…

Subjects/Keywords: DiamondBack Moth-Control; DiamondBack Moth-Biological Control; Pests-Biological Control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sohati, H. P. (2013). Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia. (Thesis). University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/3074

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sohati, Hakainda Philemon. “Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia.” 2013. Thesis, University of Zimbabwe. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/3074.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sohati, Hakainda Philemon. “Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia.” 2013. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Sohati HP. Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zimbabwe; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/3074.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sohati HP. Establishment of COTESA VESTALIS (HALIDAY) and DIADROMUS COLLARIS (GRAV.) parasitoids of the DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.), and assessment of the effectiveness of C. VESTALIS as a biological control agent in Zambia. [Thesis]. University of Zimbabwe; 2013. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/3074

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

2. Safarzoda, Shahlo. Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat.

Degree: 2014, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2873

►

Thesis M.S. Michigan State University. Entomology 2014.

Cereal aphids (Hemiptera Aphididae) are important pests of wheat and can cause yield loss through both direct feeding… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Wheat – Diseases and pests – Biological control – Michigan; Aphids – Biological control – Michigan; Insect pests – Biological control – Michigan; Insect pests – Biological control; Wheat – Diseases and pests – Control; Entomology; Agriculture

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APA (6^th Edition):

Safarzoda, S. (2014). Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2873

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Safarzoda, Shahlo. “Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat.” 2014. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2873.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Safarzoda, Shahlo. “Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat.” 2014. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Safarzoda S. Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2873.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Safarzoda S. Biological control of cereal aphids in Michigan wheat. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2873

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

3. Verleur, Peter Marcel. Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa.

Degree: Faculty of Science, 2009, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273

► The commercial forest industry in South Africa is predominantly dependent on large tracts of exotic monoculture plantations. While this simplifies management practice, there is always… (more)

▼ The commercial forest industry in South Africa is predominantly dependent on large tracts of exotic monoculture plantations. While this simplifies management practice, there is always the inherent danger posed by introduced pests and diseases. Classical biological control is usually the most effective control method against introduced exotic pests. Climatic factors and seasonal differences may negatively affect the ability of the natural enemies to establish successfully at the new location. Successful establishment of the natural enemies usually results in control over the pest within four years. Sirex noctilio naturally occurs in the mediterranean countries of Europe and North Africa. It is the only member of the Siricid family capable of killing living pine trees. Sirex noctilio was accidentally introduced into New Zealand from Europe during the early 1900s. It has since been found in Australia, Brazil, Argentina South Africa and Chile. Initial biological control in New Zealand and Tasmania was through the release of Siricid specific parasitoid wasps from Europe and North America. The discovery of the accidental introduction of the entomophagous nematode Beddingia siricidicola and its subsequent artificial culturing for release provided the platform for the biological control methodology, which brought the Sirex woodwasp under control. The methods and natural enemies used in New Zealand and Australia were introduced by the South American countries and in the Western Cape of South Africa. Successful biological control was achieved in the Western Cape within two years after the initial introduction of the nematode B. siricidicola. The migration of S. noctilio into the summer rainfall regions of South Africa occurred in the absence of the associated natural enemies. This resulted in rapid population growth of the pest and substantial damage was caused to plantations of Pinus patula in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Initial attempts at introducing B. siricidicola during 2004 were not very successful. This study contributes to the understanding and adaptation of the biological control methods to the summer rainfall climate. The key finding was that in the summer rainfall climate, only the bottom third of nematode inoculated S. noctilio infested trees produced parasitized adults during the emergence period. A comparative study was done on log samples from S. noctilio infested trees collected in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. iv An adapted nematode inoculation technique for pulpwood plantations in the summer rainfall regions was developed and implemented in mass inoculations with B. siricidicola during 2007 and 2008. Locally available herbicides were tested for suitability of use in the establishment of trap trees, which would attract ovipositing S. noctilio females in situations where low numbers of the woodwasp occur. Determination of the levels of natural B. siricidicola parasitism in S. noctilio adults during the 2008 emergence period indicate successful establishment of the nematode in KwaZulu-Natal.…

Subjects/Keywords: Pests – Biological control – South Africa; Nonindigenous pests – Control

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Verleur, P. M. (2009). Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. (Thesis). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Verleur, Peter Marcel. “Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa.” 2009. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Verleur, Peter Marcel. “Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa.” 2009. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Verleur PM. Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Verleur PM. Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. [Thesis]. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Adelaide

4. Ahmad, Mahmood. Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad.

Degree: 1999, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19815

In this study thirteen populations of P. xylostella from crucifer growing areas of Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia were surveyed for resistance to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxins using a leaf-dip bioassay method. Advisors/Committee Members: Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology (school).

Subjects/Keywords: Pests Biological control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ahmad, M. (1999). Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19815

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ahmad, Mahmood. “Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad.” 1999. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19815.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ahmad, Mahmood. “Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad.” 1999. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Ahmad M. Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1999. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19815.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ahmad M. Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera / by Mahmood Ahmad. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1999. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19815

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas Tech University

5. Stokes, Bryan C. Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode.

Degree: Plant and Soil Science, 2012, Texas Tech University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/45372

► In the Southern High Plains of Texas, the larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a nuisance pest to homes and businesses… (more)

▼ In the Southern High Plains of Texas, the larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a nuisance pest to homes and businesses near cotton gin trash piles. When complaints of infestations occur by communities near gin trash piles, there is no management practice other than relocating gin trash piles, and users of gin trash are worried about the legal ramifications of potentially producing large numbers of this nuisance pest. In this project, entomopathogenic nematodes were researched to determine their potential as biological control agents to reduce C. angustus populations in gin trash piles. Three entomopathogenic nematodes [Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar)(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)(Laboratory strain), Steinernema riobrave (Cabanillas Poinar and Raulston) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)(Laboratory strain) and Steinernema Carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)(Laboratory strain)] were examined, and data was collected from two laboratory experiments and a field experiment. In the first laboratory experiment, change in population density of two entomopathogenic nematodes over time (expressed in days after treatment, or DAT), and their virulence (ability to kill) the larval stage of C. angustus across a range of soil textures. Results showed the population density of infective juveniles (IJs) of H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave, at DAT 0 were not affected by soil texture, but their population density decreased at each sampling point thereafter. H. bacteriophora differed in mortality to C. angustus larvae only at DAT 0 as it was not effective in the sand%/clay% of 29/55%. S. riobrave population density increased as clay content increased at 3 and 7 DAT, but its virulence was not affected by soil texture and virulence decreased as time after inoculation increased. In the second laboratory experiment of soil moisture content, H. bacteriophora population density showed a negative curvilinear response to the increase in soil moisture at DAT 0, and a negative linear response to soil moisture content at DAT 3 and 7. S. carpocapsae virulence in general increased with increasing soil moisture content, with the highest virulence occurring at >15% soil moisture content. , In the 2011 field study using experimental plots of cotton gin trash inoculated separately with S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave, and H. bacteriophora observed the change in nematode population density and virulence on Galleria mellonella F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, and C. angustus adults.. Soil taken from under the gin trash piles was used in bioassays with G. mellonella larvae and C. angustus adults to demonstrate continued virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes. S. carpocapsae caused significant mortality to G. mellonella for the first 35 days after inoculation and maintained a similar density of approximately 151 IJs/200cm3 soil for the first 21 DAT. S. riobrave population density after inoculation was approximately 67 IJ/200 cm3, and this density fluctuated at various time points… Advisors/Committee Members: Nansen, Christian (Committee Chair), Woodward, Jason E. (Committee Chair), Wheeler, Terry A. (committee member), Meikle, William (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Pests biological control; Insect nematodes; Soil nematodes

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APA (6^th Edition):

Stokes, B. C. (2012). Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode. (Thesis). Texas Tech University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2346/45372

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Stokes, Bryan C. “Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode.” 2012. Thesis, Texas Tech University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2346/45372.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Stokes, Bryan C. “Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Stokes BC. Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas Tech University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/45372.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Stokes BC. Biological control of the larger black flour beetle, cynaeus angustus leconte (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in cotton gin trash using entomopathogenic nematode. [Thesis]. Texas Tech University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2346/45372

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Montana State University

6. Tharp, Cecil Irwin. Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex.

Degree: PhD, College of Agriculture, 2015, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8865

► Studies were conducted in Montana to evaluate the impacts of the insect growth regulators novaluron, diflubenzuron, azadirachtin and the particle barrier film, kaolin, on the… (more)

▼ Studies were conducted in Montana to evaluate the impacts of the insect growth regulators novaluron, diflubenzuron, azadirachtin and the particle barrier film, kaolin, on the primary pest, alfalfa weevil (AW, Hypera Postica [Gyllenhal)], natural enemies of alfalfa weevil and the secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Kaolin, diflubenzuron and azadirachtin treatments caused low (<53%) AW mortality and did not prevent AW feeding damage across 5 field sites. Novaluron caused the highest mortality (74 ± 3% at one field site) while significantly reducing feeding damage across two of five field sites (P < 0.05) and two greenhouse trials. Plants treated with novaluron weighed significantly more than untreated plants at harvest in either greenhouse study with a final harvest weight of 2.7 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.3g / pot in the novaluron treated pots compared to 2.2 ± 0.1 and 2.4 ± 0.3 g / pot in the untreated; however harvest yields were not increased in field trials. All experimental treatments provided some pre-harvest benefits to the predator-alfalfa weevil and predator-pea aphid complex at various field sites; however novaluron treatments provided significantly higher predator-alfalfa weevil ratios consistently across four of five field sites when compared to the synthetic pyrethroid, lambda cyhalothrin (P < 0.05). At these four field sites, novaluron treated plots harbored an average predator-alfalfa weevil ratio of 0.15 ± 0.07 compared to 0.02 ± 0.02 in lambda cyahlothrin treated plots in the first harvest cycle. Parasitism rates were significantly higher when experimental treatments were used compared to the lambda cyhalothrin treated plots across five field sites (P < 0.05). The added benefit of conserving predators and parasitoids in combination with direct pesticide efficacy never reduced densities of AW or pea aphid to that of the synthetic pyrethroid treatment in the first or second harvest cycle. While novaluron had little benfit on reducing AW or pea aphid poulations to that of the synthetic pyrethroid treatment, it offers the best potential for developing a soft-chemical/biological system for protecting alfalfa from this key arthropod pest. Future studies taking advantage of novalurons mode of action as a feeding deterrent should be explored. Advisors/Committee Members: Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mary Burrows (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Alfalfa weevil.; Pea aphid.; Growth regulators.; Insect pests.; Pests Biological control.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tharp, C. I. (2015). Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex. (Doctoral Dissertation). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8865

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tharp, Cecil Irwin. “Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Montana State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8865.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tharp, Cecil Irwin. “Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex.” 2015. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Tharp CI. Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Montana State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8865.

Council of Science Editors:

Tharp CI. Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) & natural enemy complex: Impacts of three insect growth regulators and the particle barrier film, Kaolin, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), secondary pest, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and natural enemy complex. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Montana State University; 2015. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8865

Montana State University

7. Varella, Andrea Correa. Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly.

Degree: PhD, College of Agriculture, 2016, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9588

► The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (WSS), has been a serious pest of wheat in the Northern Great Plains of North America for decades.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Cephus cinctus.; Plants Insect resistance.; Insect pests.; Pests Biological control.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Varella, A. C. (2016). Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. (Doctoral Dissertation). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9588

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Varella, Andrea Correa. “Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Montana State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9588.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Varella, Andrea Correa. “Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly.” 2016. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Varella AC. Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Montana State University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9588.

Council of Science Editors:

Varella AC. Genetic basis of wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Montana State University; 2016. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9588

Stellenbosch University

8. Pieterse, Annika. Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola.

Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100060

► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Terrestrial molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are important economic pests worldwide, causing extensive damage to a variety of crop types, and posing a health risk… (more)

▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Terrestrial molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are important economic pests worldwide, causing extensive damage to a variety of crop types, and posing a health risk to both humans and wildlife. In South Africa, the climate is favourable for invasive European molluscs, especially in the Western Cape province, where there are mild, damp winters. One crop that is particularly targeted by the pests concerned is canola (Brassica napus), which is a winter arable crop that is commercially produced for its use in cooking, food processing, fertilisers, fuels, pet food, plastics, and animal feed. Molluscs on canola in the Western Cape province are currently controlled using chemical molluscicide pellets. These chemicals have the potential to adversely affect the environment and non-target organisms. The use of mollusc-parasitic nematodes is a possible environmentally-friendly alternative. Current knowledge indicates that there are eight nematode families that associate with molluscs, including Agfidae, Alaninematidae, Alloionematidae, Angiostomatidae, Cosmocercidae, Diplogastridae, Mermithidae, and Rhabditidae. To date, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is the only nematode that has been developed as a biological molluscicide. The nematode, which was commercially released in 1994 by MicroBio Ltd, Littlehampton, UK (formally Becker Underwood, now BASF) under the trade name Nemaslug®, is now sold in fifteen different European countries. Due to current legislation, Nemaslug® cannot be sold or used in South Africa. A survey was therefore conducted in the Western Cape province of South Africa to locate a local nematode isolate capable of causing mortality in invasive mollusc pests. A total of 1944 slugs were collected from 12 different study sites. On the identification of slugs, they were dissected alive, and examined for internal nematodes. Nematodes were identified using morphological and molecular techniques (18S rRNA). Seven of the 12 sites had nematodes present, with 8% of the slugs being found to be infected with nematodes. Six nematode species were identified, including Angiostoma margaretae, Angiostoma sp., Caenorhabditis elegans, a mermitid sp., and Phasmarhabditis spp. (SA3 and SA4). Of the six species mentioned, four were previously undescribed. The isolation of new Phasmarhabditis spp. indicates the importance of conducting further surveys of mollusc-parasitic nematodes in South Africa. Nematodes isolated in the survey were tested for their ability to reproduce on decaying organic matter (consisting of dead frozen slugs), with results demonstrating that one of the nematodes, Phasmarhabditis sp. SA4, could complete its life cycle under such conditions. In addition, pathogenicity tests illustrated that Phasmarhabditis sp. SA4 caused significant mortality of the slug D. panormitanum. Phasmarhabditis sp. SA4 was then fully described and characterised by the shape and length of the female tail, and by the presence of males. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Phasmarhabditis sp. SA4 was placed in a… Advisors/Committee Members: Malan, Antoinette Paula, Ross, Jenna Louise, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..

Subjects/Keywords: Molluscs (Mollusca : Gastropoda); Pests – Biological control; Nematodes as biological pest control agents; Agricultural pests; UCTD; Canola – diseases and pests

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Pieterse, A. (2016). Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100060

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pieterse, Annika. “Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100060.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pieterse, Annika. “Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola.” 2016. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Pieterse A. Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100060.

Council of Science Editors:

Pieterse A. Investigating the potential of indigenous nematode isolates to control invasive molluscs in canola. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100060

Stellenbosch University

9. Du Preez, Francois. Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes.

Degree: MScAgric, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2019, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105714

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and Lobesia vanillana (De Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are two sporadic, minor pests of wine grape vineyards in the… (more)

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and Lobesia vanillana (De Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are two sporadic, minor pests of wine grape vineyards in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Recent years have seen an increase in their abundance and damage, which necessitates their control. Little is known about the biology, ecology and distribution of these insects. The aim of this study was to collect their basic ecological data and to evaluate entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as potential biocontrol agents. Nymphs of P. graminea were evaluated against 12 in vivo-cultured EPN species, of which Heterorhabditis zealandica (SF41), H. indica (SGS), Steinernema jeffreyense (J192), S. yirgalemense (157-C) and H. baujardi (MT19), resulted in > 82 % mortality after 48 h. Larvae of L. vanillana were evaluated against S. jeffreyense (J192) and S. yirgalemense (157-C), sourced from both in vivo and in vitro-cultures of the same isolates. Results show that they were susceptible to all treatments, resulting in > 72% mortality, and that there was no significant difference in mortality between in vivo and in vitro-cultured nematodes of the same EPN species, but that in the in vitro-culture, S. yirgalemense (98%) performed significantly better than S. jeffreyense (73%). Cadavers from screening bioassays were dissected to evaluate the presence of infective juveniles (IJ), which in turn confirmed insect mortality by EPN infection. The ability of IJs to complete their lifecycle in vivo, and their ability to produce a new cohort of IJs, suggests that they may be able to provide persistent control in favourable environments. Observations on the biology and ecology of P. graminea in grapevine, suggests that they do not have a soil stage and only a single generation per year. Plangia graminea were mainly reported from the Cape Winelands region in the Western Cape province of South Africa, from where they were collected in an attempt to establish a laboratory colony. They did not perform well in captivity, therefore field collected individuals had to be used in laboratory bioassays. Observations on L. vanillana suggests that this species also does not have a soil stage. They seem to have a generational life cycle of 4-5 weeks and to overwinter as pupae. Lobesia vanillana was successfully reared from field-collected larvae using an agar-based modified codling moth diet. The present study contributes to new knowledge of P. graminea and L. vanillana, and indicates that EPNs are promising as biological control agents when considered as part of an integrated pest management program.

AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) en Lobesia vanillana (De Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is twee, minder belangrike, sporadiese peste van wyndruiwe in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid Afrika. In die laaste paar jaar was daar ŉ toename in hul teenwoordigheid en skade opgemerk, wat beheermaatreëls noodsaak vir hulle beheer. Min is bekend oor hierdie insekte se biologie,…

Advisors/Committee Members: Addison, Pia, Malan, Antoinette P., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..

Subjects/Keywords: Grapes – Diseases and pests – Biological control; Biological control; Plangia graminea – Biological control; Lobesia vanillana – Biological control; UCTD; Insect nematodes; Insects – Parasites

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Du Preez, F. (2019). Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105714

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Du Preez, Francois. “Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105714.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Du Preez, Francois. “Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes.” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Du Preez F. Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105714.

Council of Science Editors:

Du Preez F. Biological control of two sporadic grapevine pests, Plangia graminea and Lobesia vanillana, using entomopathogenic nematodes. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105714

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

10. Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA).

Degree: Faculty of Science, 2008, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984

► The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of citrus and other crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction… (more)

▼ The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of citrus and other crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of the Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) Cryptogran and Cryptex (biopesticides) has proven to be very effective in the control of FCM. However, markedly lower susceptibility of some codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M), another granulovirus product used in the control of CM’s in Europe have been reported. Genetic differences between FCM populations in South Africa have also been established. It is therefore possible that differences in the susceptibility of these geographically distinct FCM populations to CrleGV-SA might also exist. To investigate this phenomenon, a benchmark for pathogenecity was established. In continuation of previous work with Cryptogran against the 1st and 5th instar FCM larvae, dose-response relationships were established for all five larval instars of FCM. In surface dose-response bioassays, the LC50 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.516 x 104, 1.662 x 105 and 2.205 x 106 occlusion bodies (OBs)/ml, respectively. The LC90 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.287 x 106, 9.992 x 106 and 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml, respectively. Susceptibility to CrleGV-SA was found to decline with larval stage and increase with time of exposure. The protocol was used in guiding bioassays with field collected FCM larvae. Laboratory assays conducted with Cryptogran (at 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml) against field collected FCM larvae from Addo, Kirkwood, Citrusdal and Clanwilliam as well as a standard laboratory colony, showed a significant difference in pathogenecity in only one case. This significant difference was observed between 5th instars from the Addo colony and 5th instars from the other populations. Four geographically distinct FCM colonies from Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall and Nelspruit were also established. Since Cryptogran and Cryptex are always targeted against 1st instar FCM larvae in the field, further comparative laboratory assays were conducted with the Addo colony and an old laboratory colony. Cryptogran was significantly more pathogenic than Cryptex against both the Addo and the old colony. However, a high level of heterogeneity was observed in responses within each population.

Subjects/Keywords: Cryptophlebia leucotreta; Cryptophlebia leucotreta – Control; Pests – Biological control; Citrus – Diseases and pests

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Opoku-Debrah, J. K. (2008). Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA). (Thesis). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. “Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA).” 2008. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. “Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA).” 2008. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Opoku-Debrah JK. Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA). [Internet] [Thesis]. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; 2008. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Opoku-Debrah JK. Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA). [Thesis]. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Rhodes University

11. Gendall, Kierryn Leigh. Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus.

Degree: MS, Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2008, Rhodes University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317

► The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests of citrus in South Africa, the others being mealybug, Mediterranean… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Cryptophlebia leucotreta – Parasites; Cryptophlebia leucotreta – Control; Pests – Biological control; Tortricidae; Braconidae; Citrus – Diseases and pests

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Gendall, K. L. (2008). Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus. (Masters Thesis). Rhodes University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gendall, Kierryn Leigh. “Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus.” 2008. Masters Thesis, Rhodes University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gendall, Kierryn Leigh. “Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus.” 2008. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gendall KL. Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Rhodes University; 2008. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317.

Council of Science Editors:

Gendall KL. Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus. [Masters Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317

12. Madire, Lulama Gracious. Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa.

Degree: MS, Zoology, 2010, University of Fort Hare

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/255

► Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae) also known as yellow bells, has a native distribution from Northern Argentina, central America, Mexico and the Southern… (more)

▼ Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae) also known as yellow bells, has a native distribution from Northern Argentina, central America, Mexico and the Southern USA. In many warm climatic regions of the world, T. stans is commonly planted as an ornamental plant because of its yellow flowers, hence the name yellow bells, and pinnate foliage. As a result, this evergreen shrub has wide distribution in the tropical and subtropical parts of the western hemisphere. As is the case in many other parts of the world, T. stans was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental plant, but escaped cultivation and now invades roadsides, urban open spaces, watercourses, rocky sites in subtropical and tropical areas of five South African provinces; Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and neighboring countries. Tecoma stans has the potential of extending its range because its seeds are easily dispersed by wind. The purpose of this work was to carry out pre-release efficacy studies to determine the host specificity and suitability of Pseudonapomyza sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a leaf-mining fly, as a biological control agent of T. stans. Available information suggests that the fly was brought to South Africa (SA) from Argentina in 2005. In that year a worker collected adult root feeding fleabeetles from T. stans and their eggs by collecting soil around the plants in the Argentinian Province of Jujuy, at San Pedro (24°12’592”S, 64°51’328”W). The soil was brought to the SA quarantine laboratory of the Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute (Weeds Division), Pretoria, and placed in a cage containing T. stans plants for flea-beetle larvae to emerge from the eggs. The Pseudonapomyza sp. flies which emerged from that soil were reared to produce a colony of flies used in the study reported here. The feeding behavior of Pseudonapomyza sp. adults is initiated by females which use their ovipositor to puncture holes in the leaf mesophyll and then they feed on the sap oozing from the holes. Since males have no means of puncturing the leaves, they feed from holes made by females. Eggs are laid singly into the tubular leaf punctures. Soon after hatching, the larva feeds on the leaf mesophyll tissue. As the larva feeds within the leaf it creates mines which eventually coalesce to form large blotches. The damaged leaf area reduces the photosynthetic potential of the plant especially when damaged leaves dry and fall off the plants. The potential of Pseudonapomyza sp. as a biocontrol agent is enhanced by the fact that it has a high level of fecundity and a short life cycle. As a result, its populations can build up rapidly to exert a significant impact on T. stans. Host-specificity tests undertaken on 35 plant species in 12 plant families showed that out of the 35 plant species tested, the fly was able to develop on T. stans only. Although Pseudonapomyza sp. adults fed on T. capensis, a South African indigenous ornamental shrub, no larval mines were observed on this plant. This suggests two…

Subjects/Keywords: Diptera – Biological control; Bignoniaceae – Biological control; Plants, Ornamental – Diseases and pests; Agromyzidae

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Madire, L. G. (2010). Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. (Masters Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/255

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Madire, Lulama Gracious. “Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa.” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/255.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Madire, Lulama Gracious. “Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa.” 2010. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Madire LG. Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/255.

Council of Science Editors:

Madire LG. Suitability of the leaf-mining fly Pseudonapomyza sp.. (Diptera : Agromyzidae), for biological control of Tecoma stans L. (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/255

Rhodes University

13. Mtambanengwe, Kudzai Tapiwanashe Esau. Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Degree: Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019, Rhodes University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334

► The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of economic and agricultural importance globally. It is a polyphagous pest that feeds on… (more)

▼ The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of economic and agricultural importance globally. It is a polyphagous pest that feeds on a wide range of host plants including economically important crops. The impact it has on agricultural systems makes its control a priority. The most common method of control is using chemical pesticides; however, continuous application of the pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance. The use of biological control has been investigated and established as an effective method of control as a standalone or part of an integrated pest management (IPM) system. The use of the baculovirus Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), has shown promise in the control of H. armigera. Commercial formulations based on the virus are available in many global markets. However, the identification of novel HearNPV isolates will aid in the control of H. armigera as well as provide alternative isolates that may have better virulence. Three new HearNPV isolates were purified and identified from three distinct geographical South African locations H. armigera cadavers and named HearNPV-Albany, HearNPV-KZN and HearNPV-Haygrove. The genomes of two of the HearNPV isolates, namely HearNPV-Albany and HearNPV-KZN were genetically characterised and compared to other geographically distinct HearNPV isolates. Virulence studies were performed comparing the new HearNPV isolates against established commercial HearNPV formulations, Helicovir™ and Helicovex® and other geographically distinct isolated HearNPV, HearNPV-G4 and HearNPV-SP1. Two laboratory colonies were established using H. armigera collected from South African fields in the Belmont Valley near Grahamstown labelled as Albany colony and a colony provided from Haygrove Eden farm near George labelled as Haygrove colony. Biological studies were carried out using the Albany H. armigera colony comparing the rate of development, survival and fertility on bell green peppers, cabbage leaves and on artificial diet. From the biological studies, it was recorded that development and survivorship was best on artificial diet. Regular quality control was required for the maintenance of the colony and continuous generations of healthy larvae were eventually established. Diseased cadavers with signs of baculovirus infection were collected after bioprospecting from the Kwa-Zulu Natal Province in South Africa and were labelled KZN isolate; Belmont Valley near Grahamstown and were labelled Albany isolate; and Haygrove Eden farm near George and were labelled Haygrove isolate for the study. A fourth isolate made up of a crude extract of occlusion bodies (OBs) first described by Whitlock was also analysed and labelled Whitlock isolate. Occlusion bodies were extracted, purified and morphologically identified from the KZN, Albany, Haygrove and Whitlock isolates using TEM. Genomic DNA, which was extracted from the purified OBs. Using PCR, the identity of the OBs as HearNPV was confirmed. Genomic analyses were performed on…

Subjects/Keywords: Helicoverpa armigera – Biological control – South Africa; Baculoviruses – Genetics; Agricultural pests – Biological control – South Africa

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mtambanengwe, K. T. E. (2019). Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). (Thesis). Rhodes University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mtambanengwe, Kudzai Tapiwanashe Esau. “Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).” 2019. Thesis, Rhodes University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mtambanengwe, Kudzai Tapiwanashe Esau. “Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mtambanengwe KTE. Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). [Internet] [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mtambanengwe KTE. Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

14. Reinke, Michael David. Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit.

Degree: 2012, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:960

►

Thesis Ph. D. Michigan State University. Entomology 2012.

As applied to insects, mating disruption is the practice of deploying synthetic sex attractant pheromones into an… (more)

▼

Thesis Ph. D. Michigan State University. Entomology 2012.

As applied to insects, mating disruption is the practice of deploying synthetic sex attractant pheromones into an environment so as to interfere with normal mate finding, thereby reducing pest populations through diminished reproductive success. Recent investigations into the mechanisms of mating disruption have revealed that competitive attraction is the primary mechanism by which mating disruption operates for moth pests. In the competitive mechanism, attraction to a pheromone is the required first step toward disruption. Research presented here used the competition framework to inform development and testing of new mating disruption formulations and deployment tactics with the aim of maximizing efficacy while minimizing costs. A novel release matrix consisting of paraffin wax and ethylene vinyl acetate (hot glue) was developed for inexpensive production of an easy-to-apply and modifiable pheromone dispenser. In the laboratory, this matrix regulated the release of the pheromones of several tortricid moth pests within a desired range over several months. In the field, this matrix proved to be a good lure for possible use in monitoring programs. When applied at high densities (up to 10800 ha<super>-1<super>), matrix dispensers on string suppressed sexual communication of Oriental fruit moth, obliquebanded leafroller, and codling moth populations, although sometimes not as well as high-releasing commercial dispensers. In large field cages, disruption of Oriental fruit moth operated competitively when dispensers released pheromone at ca. 0.04 μg hr<super>-1<super>. But disruption switched to a non-competitive mechanism when pheromone was released at ca. 60 μg hr<super>-1<super>. These studies also demonstrated that an attract-and-remove scenario would enhance Oriental fruit moth control. Trapping after attraction improved suppression of sexual communication 10-fold over competitive disruption achieved by releasing pheromone at ca. levels released by female moths. A patent-pending microtrap was developed primarily for use in an attract-and-remove control program. Laboratory and field investigations reported here justify the trap design and function for codling moth. An attract-and-remove study also demonstrated proof-of-concept that obliquebanded leafroller could also be controlled under an attract-and-remove strategy. Collectively, this research demonstrates several ways costs may be reduced while maintaining or improving efficacy when using sex pheromones for pest management. These developments should encourage broader adoption of this environmentally friendly method of pest control.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF t.p. (ProQuest, viewed March 7, 2013)

Advisors/Committee Members: Gut, Larry, Miller, James, Isaacs, Rufus, Guyer, Dan.

Subjects/Keywords: Fruit – Diseases and pests – Biological control; Tortricidae – Biological control; Insect sex attractants; Entomology; Mating disruption

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Reinke, M. D. (2012). Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:960

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Reinke, Michael David. “Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit.” 2012. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:960.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Reinke, Michael David. “Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Reinke MD. Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:960.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Reinke MD. Towards optimization of sex-attractant pheromone use for disruption of tortricid moth pests in tree fruit. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2012. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:960

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

15. Woltz, Jessica Megan. Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean.

Degree: 2013, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:662

►

Thesis Ph. D. Michigan State University. Entomology ; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior 2013.

Arthropod natural enemies provide valuable pest suppression in agricultural landscapes, and… (more)

▼

Thesis Ph. D. Michigan State University. Entomology ; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior 2013.

Arthropod natural enemies provide valuable pest suppression in agricultural landscapes, and numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of landscape structure on natural enemy abundance and diversity. Coccinellid beetles are important generalist predators in a variety of agricultural landscapes, and have been found to be particularly important for suppression of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, Matsumura. I assessed the relationship between multiple landscape metrics and coccinellid abundances in soybean fields using Partial Least Squares regression. Coccinellid abundances were lowest in landscapes dominated by annual crops grown in large fields and highest in landscapes dominated by semi-natural habitat, with a higher diversity of crops grown in smaller fields. In addition to landscape-scale drivers, a large body of research examines the ability of local habitat management to enhance natural enemy efficacy. I examined the influence of landscape structure, local habitat management, and their potential interaction, on coccinellid abundances and A. glycines suppression in soybean. I selected pairs of soybean fields in landscapes of varying composition and planted buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, strips adjacent to one field in each pair. A. glycines suppression was high in all contexts. Coccinellid abundance was higher in buckwheat than in control margins in all landscapes. Additionally, coccinellid abundance in soybean was positively related to amount of semi-natural vegetation in the landscape. I found no evidence of an interaction between landscape and local variables, suggesting that landscape factors drive coccinellid potential to suppress soybean aphid. Aphis glycines colonies are patchily distributed within soybean fields. To examine how coccinellid arrival rate at aphid-infested patches influences A. glycines control, I experimentally varied coccinellid immigration to 1m2 soybean patches using selective barriers. In a year with low ambient aphid pressure, naturally-occurring levels of coccinellid immigration to host patches were sufficient to suppress aphid population growth. In contrast, A. glycines populations increased dramatically in patches with reduced coccinellid immigration. In a year with higher ambient aphid colonization, aphid suppression was incomplete. In a system in which natural enemy populations cannot track pest populations through reproduction alone, natural enemy immigration to infested patches can result in pest control. Finally, nocturnal predators have been shown to be responsible for significant predation of soybean herbivores in some regions, yet research on A. glycines natural enemies has focused on members of the diurnal predator community. I assessed diel variation of the predator community and A. glycines predation events. Anthocorids were responsible for the majority of observed predation, which occurred during daylight hours. Anthocorids and nabids were more active in the…

Advisors/Committee Members: Landis, Douglas A, DiFonzo, Christina, Gross, Katherine, Isaacs, Rufus, Liu, Jiango.

Subjects/Keywords: Ladybugs – Habitat; Aphids – Biological control; Soybean – Diseases and pests – Biological control; Entomology; Ecology; Agriculture

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APA (6^th Edition):

Woltz, J. M. (2013). Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:662

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Woltz, Jessica Megan. “Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean.” 2013. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:662.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Woltz, Jessica Megan. “Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean.” 2013. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Woltz JM. Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:662.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Woltz JM. Relationships between landscape structure, coccinellid activity density, and aphid suppression in soybean. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2013. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:662

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

16. Baughman, William Bradley. Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems.

Degree: 2014, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2358

►

Thesis M.S. Michigan State University. Entomology 2014.

Strip cultivation is a ground management tactic available to perennial fruit growers that provides a non-chemical means of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Weeds – Biological control; Pests – Biological control; Orchards – Management; Vineyards – Management; Entomology; Soil sciences; Horticulture

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APA (6^th Edition):

Baughman, W. B. (2014). Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2358

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Baughman, William Bradley. “Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems.” 2014. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2358.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Baughman, William Bradley. “Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems.” 2014. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Baughman WB. Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2358.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Baughman WB. Impacts of strip cultivation in apple and grape systems. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2358

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

17. Mdlangu, Thabisa Lynette Honey. Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa.

Degree: Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2010, University of Fort Hare

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/272

► Dasineura sp. is a gall forming midge that was introduced into South Africa for the biocontrol of the Australian myrtle, Leptospermum laevigatum. It causes galls… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Dasyneura leguminicola; Myrtaceae – South Africa; Mites as biological pest control agents; Pests – Biological control; Biological pest control agents; Predation (Biology)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mdlangu, T. L. H. (2010). Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa. (Thesis). University of Fort Hare. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10353/272

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mdlangu, Thabisa Lynette Honey. “Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa.” 2010. Thesis, University of Fort Hare. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/272.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mdlangu, Thabisa Lynette Honey. “Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa.” 2010. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mdlangu TLH. Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/272.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mdlangu TLH. Influence of mite predation on the efficacy of the gall midge Dasineura sp. as a biocontrol agent of Australian myrtle Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae) in South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Fort Hare; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/272

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Montana State University

18. Davis, Rex Addison. Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly.

Degree: MS, College of Agriculture, 2013, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/3477

► Cephus cinctus Norton, the wheat stem sawfly, is Montana's most damaging wheat pest. The species is responsible for large yield reductions across the northern Great… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Parasites.; Wasps.; Cephus cintus.; Agricultural pests.; Pests Biological control.; Reproduction.; Species.; Evolution.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Davis, R. A. (2013). Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly. (Masters Thesis). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/3477

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Davis, Rex Addison. “Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Montana State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/3477.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Davis, Rex Addison. “Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly.” 2013. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Davis RA. Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Montana State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/3477.

Council of Science Editors:

Davis RA. Mechanisms for reproductive isolation in two congeneric parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly. [Masters Thesis]. Montana State University; 2013. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/3477

Montana State University

19. Maier, Crystal Anne. Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora).

Degree: MS, College of Agriculture, 2010, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1778

► Taxonomic studies of groups of Sphenoptera Dejean and Chalcophora Solier are presented, resolving several long-standing problems. Species of Sphenoptera of interest for potential use as… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Buprestidae.; Insect pests.; Pests Biological control.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Maier, C. A. (2010). Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora). (Masters Thesis). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1778

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maier, Crystal Anne. “Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora).” 2010. Masters Thesis, Montana State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1778.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maier, Crystal Anne. “Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora).” 2010. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Maier CA. Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Montana State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1778.

Council of Science Editors:

Maier CA. Taxonomic studies in the metallic wood-boring beetle family (Coleoptera - Buprestidae - Sphenoptera and Chalcophora). [Masters Thesis]. Montana State University; 2010. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1778

Michigan State University

20. Morrison, William Robert, III. Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics.

Degree: 2014, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2556

► Asparagus is globally in decline due partially to increased pest prevalence. One of the main pests is the asparagus miner, a stem-mining fly, that may… (more)

▼ Asparagus is globally in decline due partially to increased pest prevalence. One of the main pests is the asparagus miner, a stem-mining fly, that may spread pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp.). Because conventional pesticides are not sufficient in controlling the asparagus miner, an integrated management program needs to be developed to aid asparagus growers. This dissertation evaluates three different aspects of plant-insect interactions in asparagus fields in order to lay the basis for an IPM program for the miner. These include 1) developing a degree-day model and elucidating the spatial distribution of the asparagus miner within a field so growers can accurately time and place insecticides to achieve increased levels of control with decreased ecological and monetary costs; 2) investigating the natural enemy community of the asparagus miner to lay a foundation for a conservation biological control program; and 3) exploring the chemical ecology of asparagus and its interactions with its arthropod community in order to probe the potential for the use of plant volatiles in IPM. For the first objective, sticky traps were deployed from 2010-2012 at multiple distances into 3-5 commercial fields, and the abundance of miner adults was counted weekly. In addition, the lower developmental threshold for the miner pupae was assessed through environmental chambers set to 10 different temperatures to inform the DD model. Asparagus miner adults were uniformly distributed throughout the field during their first generation, whereas they were primarily clustered around the edges of the field during the second generation. Adults were greatest on field edges bordered by neighboring asparagus, while the lowest abundance was found on edges bordered by forests. The lower developmental threshold for the miner was 12.1$deg;C, and DDs reliably predicted important phenological events in the life cycle of the asparagus miner when using a biofix date of March 1. These results indicate that the conservation of the remaining forested habitats may be beneficial for pest mitigation and that growers may concentrate their insecticide sprays around the edges of asparagus fields during the second generation of the asparagus miner. For the second objective, we sampled for asparagus miner pupal parasitoids from 2010-2013. There were 12 parasitic wasps that used the asparagus miner as a host. Of these, Chorebus rondanii and Thinodytes cephalon were good candidates for biological control. From rearing on artificial diets, sugar-rich resources increased both the lifespan of miner adults and its parasitoids. Rearing on various flowering plants significantly impacted the lifespan of asparagus miner adults, with buckwheat and fava bean being unfavorable resources. This research lays the groundwork for a biocontrol program. For the third objective, asparagus headspace was significantly altered both quantitatively and qualitatively, depending on damage. The main component in all headspace blends, regardless of… Advisors/Committee Members: Szendrei, Zsofia, Grieshop, Matthew, Hausbeck, Mary K, Andresen, Jeff A, Miller, James.

Subjects/Keywords: Asparagus – Diseases and pests; Asparagus miner; Insect pests – Biological control; Chemical ecology; Entomology; Ecology; Agriculture

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Morrison, William Robert, I. (2014). Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2556

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Morrison, William Robert, III. “Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics.” 2014. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2556.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Morrison, William Robert, III. “Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics.” 2014. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Morrison, William Robert I. Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2556.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Morrison, William Robert I. Investigation of the tritrophic interactions of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex ; diptera : agromyzidae) and the influence of temperature on its population dyanmics. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2014. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:2556

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

21. Fricke, John Morris. Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species.

Degree: PhD, Department of Entymology, 1990, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:20772

Subjects/Keywords: Passaloecus; Aphids – Control; Pests – Biological control; Pests – Control

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Fricke, J. M. (1990). Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:20772

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fricke, John Morris. “Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species.” 1990. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:20772.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fricke, John Morris. “Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species.” 1990. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Fricke JM. Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1990. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:20772.

Council of Science Editors:

Fricke JM. Trap-nesting biology of Passaloecus cuspidatus smith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) and sympatric species. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1990. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:20772

Oregon State University

22. Buffam, Paul Edwin. Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae).

Degree: MS, Forest Entomology, 1960, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10541

► The balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae (Ratz)), an European pest of conifers, was first discovered in the Pacific Northwest shortly after 1930. Control measures of… (more)

▼ The balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae (Ratz)), an European pest of conifers, was first discovered in the Pacific Northwest shortly after 1930. Control measures of a chemical, silvicultural, or biological nature have been proposed. However, present control methods are either too costly or do not result in satisfactory control of the aphid. Several insect species were reported as predaceous upon the balsam woolly aphid in Europe, eastern Canada, and the Pacific Northwest. European predators of this pest have been imported into eastern Canada in an effort to find a satisfactory control measure. Several species of insects from Europe were imported into the Pacific Northwest from 1957 through 1959. Laricobius erichsonii was successful in becoming at least temporarily established in this region and was chosen for further study. The purpose of the thesis project was to obtain information on the establishment, life history, habits, and effectiveness of this beetle in Oregon and Washington. Studies were begun in May of 1958 and terminated in November of 1959. Two species of the genus Laricobius are indigenous to the Pacific Northwest. Franz has studied the life history and ecology of L. erichsonii in Europe, and Clark and Brown have made observations of establishment, spread, life history, habits, and effectiveness in eastern Canada. In 1958 and 1959, 10,125 L. erichsonii, adults were collected in Czechoslovakia and sent to the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station in Portland, Oregon, for release in the Pacific Northwest. Predators were released either freely or in cages at eight different areas in Oregon and Washington. Temporary establishment occurred at all of the release areas regardless of varied weather and elevational differences. Some 52 larvae were collected and mounted on slides in 1959. Of these larvae, no first, one second, four third, and 47 fourth instars were present. First and second instar larvae tend to stay within the aphid's wax masses, while third and fourth instar larvae wander about the bark in search of food. Moulting was observed. At the various release areas, larvae were recovered from May 23 through August 26 of 1959 and adults from May 5 through September 2. Two pupae were laboratory-reared from five, field-collected fourth instar larvae. Under laboratory conditions, one fourth instar larva consumed or destroyed seven eggs and two adults in a period of one and one-half hours. L. erichsonii adults prefer aphid adults but attack other stages. Range of observed dispersal, a year following release, ranged from zero to 75 feet from the point of original release. A study was initiated at Benton-Lane, Oregon, to study the effectiveness of L. erichsonii in reducing balsam woolly aphid populations. Trend of host populations was evaluated at approximately two week intervals on six unprotected and two protected (control) one-inch-square bark plots on a pole-sized grand fir surrounded by a six-foot-cube study cage. On the protected… Advisors/Committee Members: Rudinsky, J. A. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Insect pests – Biological control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Buffam, P. E. (1960). Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10541

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Buffam, Paul Edwin. “Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae).” 1960. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10541.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Buffam, Paul Edwin. “Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae).” 1960. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Buffam PE. Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1960. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10541.

Council of Science Editors:

Buffam PE. Studies of the biology and effectiveness of Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an European predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1960. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10541

23. Oliveira, Daniel Chiaradia. Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo.

Degree: Mestrado, Entomologia, 2011, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09022011-102411/ ;

►

O ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer representa uma das principais pragas da cultura do coqueiro em diversos países. Colônias deste ácaro, também designado de ácaro-do-coqueiro, são… (more)

▼

O ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer representa uma das principais pragas da cultura do coqueiro em diversos países. Colônias deste ácaro, também designado de ácaro-do-coqueiro, são encontradas principalmente sob as brácteas dos frutos jovens, onde se alimentam de tecidos meristemáticos, freqüentemente causando queda prematura de frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os níveis de ocorrência de A. guerreronis e de outros ácaros a ele associados, para se avaliar o possível papel dos ácaros predadores no controle deste ácaro. Amostras foram coletadas em julho e dezembro de 2009 e abril de 2010 de 2 plantios de cada um dos seguintes municípios do Estado de São Paulo: Cedral, Mirandópolis, Riolândia e Tupã (região noroeste), e Peruíbe (litoral). Em cada campo, cada amostra consistiu de 10 frutos jovens, 30 folíolos e 5 espiguetas de inflorescência, tomados de cada uma de 5 plantas; além disso, até 10 frutos abortados foram também coletados de cada campo, quando presentes. Foram encontrados ácaros em todas as estruturas vegetais amostradas, predominando os ácaros fitófagos, que representaram 98,4% dos ácaros coletados; o restante dos ácaros, incluídos em grupos designados como predominantemente predadores e de hábitos alimentares variados representaram 0,7 e 0,9% do total, respectivamente. A densidade média de A. guerreronis (110,0 ácaros por fruto) correspondeu a aproximadamente 1/10 dos níveis comumente relatados no nordeste do Brasil. Os ácaros predadores predominantes foram Proctolaelaps bulbosus Moraes, Reis & Gondim Jr. e Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram), nos frutos; Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, nos folíolos; E. citrifolius, P. bickleyi e Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma), nas inflorescências; e P. bulbosus e P. bickleyi, nos frutos abortados; estes entretanto ocorreram sempre em baixos níveis populacionais (não mais que 2 ácaros por 100 frutos, 4 ácaros por 100 folíolos, 3 ácaros por 100 espiguetas de inflorescência e 5 ácaros por fruto abortado). Neoseiulus baraki (Athias-Henriot) e Neoseiulus paspalivorus (De Leon), dois dos principais predadores de A. guerreronis na região nordeste e em outros países, não foram encontrados. Os resultados não permitem concluir que os baixos níveis populacionais de A. guerreronis no Estado de São Paulo sejam devidos à ação de seus inimigos naturais, mas que sejam pelo menos em parte devidos às condições climáticas predominantes ao longo do ano na região em que o trabalho foi conduzido.

Aceria guerreronis Keifer is a pest of coconut in many countries. Colonies of this mite, also called the coconut mite, are mainly found underneath the bracts of young fruits, where they feed on meristematic tissues, often causing premature fruit drop. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of occurrence of A. guerreronis and other mites associated with it, to evaluate the possible role of predatory mites in controlling this mite. Samples were collected in July and December 2009 and April 2010 from 2 plantations of each of the following…

Advisors/Committee Members: Moraes, Gilberto José de.

Subjects/Keywords: Ácaros; Biological control; Controle biológico; Mites; Plant pests.; Pragas de plantas.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Oliveira, D. C. (2011). Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09022011-102411/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Oliveira, Daniel Chiaradia. “Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo.” 2011. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09022011-102411/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Oliveira, Daniel Chiaradia. “Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo.” 2011. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Oliveira DC. Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09022011-102411/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Oliveira DC. Níveis de ocorrência do ácaro Aceria guerreronis Keifer e de outros ácaros (Acari) a este associados no estado de São Paulo. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2011. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09022011-102411/ ;

University of Zambia

24. Nsoni, Bumbangi. Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia .

Degree: 2015, University of Zambia

URL: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4627

► Groundnuts, one of the most susceptible crops to aflatoxin (AF) contamination, are widely produced and consumed in Zambia. Previous studies have reported high levels of… (more)

▼ Groundnuts, one of the most susceptible crops to aflatoxin (AF) contamination, are widely produced and consumed in Zambia. Previous studies have reported high levels of AFs in groundnuts produced in Zambia. However, there has been no study on the levels of AFs in groundnuts sold in different market types. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the levels of AFs in raw groundnuts sold in Lusaka District’s markets as well as identify factors associated with increased AF presence. Raw groundnut samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in Lusaka District and analyzed for AF presence using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A questionnaire was also administered to the groundnut’s venders to investigate factors contributing to increased levels of AFs in groundnuts. Of the 92 groundnut samples, 51 (55.4%; 95% CI: 44.9 ‒ 65.4) tested positive for presence of AF. The overall median and geometric mean  standard deviation (SD) concentration for AF were 0.23 parts per billion (ppb) (range: 0.014 to 48.67 ppb) and 0.43  9.77 ppb, respectively. The presence of AF was almost the same in both types of markets. However, the highest concentration was recorded in a sample collected from a supermarket (48.67 ppb). Despite this, the association between market type and presence of AFs was not statistically significant (Pearson Χ2 = 0.0587, p = 0.809). Of 51 samples that tested positive to AF, 6.5% and 12% were above the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union standards, respectively. There was a significant difference in the levels of AF between Chalimbana and Kadononga (p<0.0001), and also Chalimbana and Makulu red (p<0.0001). Chalimbana was the most at risk of AF contaminations, when compared to other groundnut varieties. The high level of AFs in raw groundnuts from both supermarket and open market samples constitutes a health hazard for the population of Lusaka district. Therefore, intervention strategies that reduce the level of AFs contamination in groundnuts should be given priority. Keywords: Aflatoxin; Groundnut; Risk factors; Zambia

Subjects/Keywords: Aflatoxins – Zambia; Food – Toxicology – Zambia; Pests – Biological control – Case studies

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Nsoni, B. (2015). Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4627

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nsoni, Bumbangi. “Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia .” 2015. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4627.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nsoni, Bumbangi. “Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia .” 2015. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Nsoni B. Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4627.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Nsoni B. Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Raw Groundnuts From Markets in Lusaka District,Zambia . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2015. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4627

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

25. Schwartzberg, Lora. A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation .

Degree: 2010, State University of New York at New Paltz

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1951/48143

► Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), starch and sugars, in eastern hemlock infested and not infested with hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) and elongate hemlock scale (EHS) were analyzed.… (more)

▼ Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), starch and sugars, in eastern hemlock infested and not infested with hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) and elongate hemlock scale (EHS) were analyzed. The use of microwave dried and Wiley milled tissue samples is a superior method for determining NSC content than processing fresh samples of eastern hemlock (roughly 76% higher results than fresh samples). However, the microwave dried and Wiley milled samples should not be stored at room temperature for later enzymatic processing. Spatial patterns studied showed no statistically significant differences in NSC of twigs based on cardinal direction and location in the tree canopy, but there were statistically significantly differences among individual trees within the sample group. Twigs from Tsuga chinensis, a HWA resistant species, had a different NSC content from T. canadensis, with statistically significantly lower sugar and starch contents, when compared after budbreak. The starch in the needles contributes the highest percentage towards the total NSC, and the starch in the twigs contributes the least. The starch had more variation (year of growth or infestation) than sugar, signifying starch may break down for translocation more frequently than previously thought, serving a multitude of functions besides nutrient storage. Quantitatively, HWA infestation alters the NSC content of eastern hemlock, in certain tissues of particular ages and at specific times in a season. The greatest statistically significant differences (all higher) in sugars and starch content caused by HWA feeding are found in the previous year’s growth, for sugars in both twigs and IV needles, and starch in twigs only. However, NSC was affected more by the time (season) of collection and between the years of growth (new growth versus the previous year’s growth) than by HWA infestation. A preliminary test for detecting the presence of a bacteria or virus was undertaken by inserting ground HWA into insect-free seedlings of T. canadensis. After one year, the sample group of inoculated with ground HWA showed no difference in health than another inoculated with deionized water. The NSC of the previous year’s growth needles from EHS infested branches with new growth are not significantly different than without new growth. On the previous year’s growth, EHS infested needles differ from HWA infested needles, with EHS infested needles having statistically significant higher free sugars and lower starch. The EHS infested needles (presumable fed upon by a sugar feeder) had statistically significantly higher sugars, just as the HWA infested twigs (presumable fed upon by a starch feeder) had statistically significantly higher starch. My data suggests that overall, the changes in NSC content caused by HWA feeding alone does not seem sufficient to be responsible for the decline and mortality of eastern hemlock.

Subjects/Keywords: Hemlock woolly adelgid; Eastern hemlock; Diseases and pests; Biological control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Schwartzberg, L. (2010). A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation . (Thesis). State University of New York at New Paltz. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1951/48143

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schwartzberg, Lora. “A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation .” 2010. Thesis, State University of New York at New Paltz. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1951/48143.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schwartzberg, Lora. “A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation .” 2010. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Schwartzberg L. A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation . [Internet] [Thesis]. State University of New York at New Paltz; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1951/48143.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Schwartzberg L. A Quantitative Study of Nonstructural Carbodyrates in Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, adelgis tsugae, and elongate hemlock scale, florinia externa ferris, infestation . [Thesis]. State University of New York at New Paltz; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1951/48143

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Rhodes University

26. King, Shirley Anne. Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).

Degree: Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2011, Rhodes University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202

► Phthorimaea operculella, commonly known as the Potato Tuber Moth, is an economically important agricultural pest worldwide. The baculovirus, Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhoGV) has been considered… (more)

▼ Phthorimaea operculella, commonly known as the Potato Tuber Moth, is an economically important agricultural pest worldwide. The baculovirus, Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhoGV) has been considered as a means of control alternative to chemical control because of its host specificity and harmless impact on other organisms and ecosystems. An isolate of PhoGV obtained from a South African PTM population would be beneficial in the production of a biopesticide, which is not yet available. An efficient and cost-effective rearing method would be advantageous for potential commercial production. Commercial table and seed potato plantations and storage facilities located in Patensie, Bathurst, Howick and Ivanhoe were surveyed for PTM infestations. Patensie was the only site where milky discoloured larvae were found, a potential symptom of PhoGV infection. TEM analysis revealed no virus in these samples. Since no virus was found in the field-collected samples, PTM insects were collected to initiate rearing in the laboratory. PTM was raised by three different methods in the laboratory. A cost/benefit analysis, survival rate, fertility and sex ratio were recorded for each rearing method. Rearing method one was deemed unsuccessful for efficient commercial rearing, as survival percentage and fertility were low. Rearing methods two and three had high survival rates and high fertility, and were efficient and less labour intensive than rearing method one. Rearing method three was the most productive technique, but for commercial production rearing method two was considered the most manageable and efficient. The sex ratio was 1:1 for all three cultures. The cost analysis revealed that rearing methods two and three were less expensive than rearing method one because less labour was required to monitor insects. The success of rearing PTM for 19 months will enable these cultures to be up-scaled to a large production facility for mass rearing. Virus was not found in the field surveys or in laboratory cultures, therefore chemical, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide stressors were used in an attempt to initiate a baculoviral infection. Symptoms were exhibited in larvae subjected to chemical, temperature and humidity treatments, but these were confirmed by TEM analysis not to be a result of PhoGV infection. The success of rearing PTM in the laboratory suggests that the method could be used in the commercial rearing of the insects in a large mass-rearing facility. The data obtained from induction protocols have allowed for better understanding for future induction for PhoGV and other baculoviruses in other insect species. The failure to isolate a South African PhoGV strain for developing a biopesticide against PTM has motivated further studies in obtaining a baculovirus in order for South Africa to develop a commercial product against this pest.

Subjects/Keywords: Potato tuberworm – Larvae; Agricultural pests – Biological control; Potato tuberworm; Baculoviruses

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APA (6^th Edition):

King, S. A. (2011). Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). (Thesis). Rhodes University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

King, Shirley Anne. “Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).” 2011. Thesis, Rhodes University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

King, Shirley Anne. “Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).” 2011. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

King SA. Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). [Internet] [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

King SA. Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Cornell University

27. Giesmann, Anna Rebecca. Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes.

Degree: M.S., Entomology, Entomology, 2019, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/70112

► Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biological control agents against soil-dwelling insect pests. Three commercially available species are Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) (Hb),… (more)

▼ Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biological control agents against soil-dwelling insect pests. Three commercially available species are Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) (Hb), Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) (Sc), and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Sf). This study evaluated the effects of high temperature exposure on both survival and infectivity of these EPNs. Survival was assessed after diluting Hb, Sc, and Sf in water and treating for 1 to 10 h in glass vials in incubators at 30 to 45°C. Overall, Sc was the most heat tolerant, then Hb, then Sf. Treatments at 30°C had no impact on survival of any species, there was varying survival at 35 and 40°C, and treatments of 1 or 2 h at 45°C resulted in complete mortality. Product formulation was not found to have a consistent, significant effect on survival. Both Sc and Sf were treated at 30, 35, and 40°C, then two surviving infective juveniles were applied to individual Galleria mellonella Linn. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae in well plates filled with moist sand. Larval mortality was assessed after 3 days. Doses of 5000 infective juveniles of Sc and Sf were also applied to moist growing mix in plastic cups, treated at 35 and 40°C, then 15 fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens Johannsen; Diptera: Sciaridae; FG) larvae were added to each cup. Emerging adult FG were caught on sticky card traps and counted 2 weeks after larvae were added. Treatment at 30°C had no impact on Sc or Sf infectivity. Treatment at 35°C did not reduce infectivity of Sc, but infectivity of Sf against both hosts was reduced after 4 and 8 h exposures. After just 1 h exposure at 40°C Sf did not cause any infection, while 2 h treatment slightly reduced Sc infectivity against G. mellonella, and 4 h significantly reduced Sc infectivity against FG. Without high temperature exposure Sf caused higher infection of FG than Sc did, so growers may want to rely on Sf unless soil temperatures surpass 4 h at 35°C, or if they reach 40°C for any duration, in which case Hb or Sc may be more effective. Advisors/Committee Members: Sanderson, John Philip (chair), Wickings, Kyle G. (committee member), Shields, Elson J. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: biological control; entomopathogenic nematodes; greenhouse pests; high temperatures

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Giesmann, A. R. (2019). Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/70112

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Giesmann, Anna Rebecca. “Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/70112.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Giesmann, Anna Rebecca. “Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Giesmann AR. Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/70112.

Council of Science Editors:

Giesmann AR. Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Survival and Infectivity of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Nematodes. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/70112

Oregon State University

28. Poonyathawon, Panya. Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon.

Degree: MS, Entomology, 1968, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46485

► The purpose of this study was to determine the present status of introduced parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon. The… (more)

▼ The purpose of this study was to determine the present status of introduced parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon. The omnivorous leaf tier is native to Europe. It was introduced into North America around 1929 and became a serious pest of economic crops such as strawberry, Dutch iris and flax in Oregon. Its life history, habits, host plants and control measures have been investigated by several workers. Fourteen species of parasites from France were introduced against this pest in Oregon during the years 1951 to 1954, Three of the introduced species were recovered during 1955 and 1956. They were: Bracon stabilis Wesmael, Bracon piger Wesmael, and Itoplectis maculator (F.), but none of these were recovered during a 1957 study. Since 1957, the status of these released parasites has not been investigated. The study of introduced parasites during the present research was carried out at nine localities, including four previous release and recovery sites within the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The host larvae and pupae were collected and reared under insectary conditions at the OSU Entomology Department laboratory. The current study revealed that none of the introduced species have become established in the study areas. Factors preventing establishment are not known, but the physical factors, especially low winter temperatures and hot, dry summer conditions in Oregon, may have been detrimental to the introduced parasites. Although the research was primarily concerned with investigating the present status of introduced parasites, four species of native parasites were recovered. They were: Enytus eureka (Ashm. ), Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), Phytodietus burgessi (Cress.), and a hyperparasite, Mesochorus sp. All of these were reared from leaf tier larvar infesting vetch plants. Of these four species, E. eureka was found in the highest numbers. Its parasitism of C. longana was 17.14 percent. Investigations of feeding habits of host larvae upon plantain, Plantago lanceolata L., and vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, were carried out under field conditions at Dallas, Oregon. The study confirmed that the first and second instar larvae feed as leaf-miners on plantain. The second instar migrates to vetch or other host plants and the remaining instars feed on the tender tips within webbed leaves. A study of seasonal populations of host larvae was conducted in the field near Mt. Angel. The study revealed that the stages or instars of larval development were overlapping but that C. longana has only one generation a year in Western Oregon. The emergence dates of the adult parasite, E. eureka, and moths were observed in the laboratory. The parasite started to emerge on June 6 which was nine days earlier than the host emergence. The peak emergence of the parasite was reached on June 18 while that of the host was reached on June 28. It would appear that none of the introduced parasites have become established. Although as many as 14 species of native parasites… Advisors/Committee Members: Dickason, E. A. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Insect pests – Biological control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Poonyathawon, P. (1968). Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46485

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Poonyathawon, Panya. “Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon.” 1968. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46485.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Poonyathawon, Panya. “Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon.” 1968. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Poonyathawon P. Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1968. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46485.

Council of Science Editors:

Poonyathawon P. Insect parasites of the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1968. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46485

University of Technology, Sydney

29. Windley, MJ. Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.

Degree: 2012, University of Technology, Sydney

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20412

► Two families of peptide neurotoxins that target insect large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) have been isolated from the venom of two unrelated spiders. The ƙ-TRTX-Ec2… (more)

▼ Two families of peptide neurotoxins that target insect large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) have been isolated from the venom of two unrelated spiders. The ƙ-TRTX-Ec2 toxins are a family of three homologous peptides isolated from the African tarantula, Eucratoscelus longiceps and ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c is the prototypic member of a family of insect-selective neurotoxins isolated from the venom of the Blue Mountains funnel-web spider, Hadronyche versuta. This thesis describes the characterisation of these insecticidal toxins using voltage-clamp and current-clamp analysis of cockroach dorsal unpaired neurons utilising the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The ability of these toxins to modulate the gating and kinetics of both voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels were assessed. Insect bioassays were also utilised to validate the insecticidal activities of various toxins that target KV channel subtypes in house crickets. The ƙ-TRTX-Ec2 family of toxins were found to be high affinity blockers of the insect BKCa channel while failing to modify voltage-gated sodium (NaV) and calcium (CaV) channels. ƙ-TRTX-Ec2a, -Ec2b and -Ec2c block cockroach BKCa channels with IC50 values of 3.7, 25.3 and 24.6 nM, respectively. Additionally, ƙ-TRTX-Ec2a was found to inhibit delayed-rectifier KV channel currents (IK(DR)), but only at significantly higher concentrations. ƙ-TRTX-Ec2 toxins induced voltage-independent channel block and are thus proposed to interact with the turret and/or loop region of the external vestibule of the insect BKCa channel. ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c has also been characterised to block the insect BKCa channel, while failing to modulate insect NaV and CaV channels. The unique insect-selective action of ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c involves a rare vicinal disulphide ring (Cys13-Cys14) that has been determined to act as part of the bioactive surface (pharmacophore) interacting with the molecular recognition site on the insect BKCa channel. However, despite the high affinity and selectivity for the BKCa channel it was discovered that the BKCa channel is unlikely to be the lethal target of ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c. Acute toxicity tests of classical non-phylum selective BKCa blockers such as paxilline, charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin did not induce acute toxicity in insects. Furthermore, while ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c was found to prolong action potential repolarisation, increase spontaneous firing frequency and reduce spike afterhyperpolarisation, these results were markedly reduced in the presence of the BKCa channel blocker iberiotoxin. Subsequent testing of cockroach KV channel currents revealed that ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c failed to modify sodium-activated or delayed-rectifier KV channel currents, but 1 µM ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c did produce a 29% block of ‘A-type’ fast-transient KV channel currents (IK(A)). This suggests that ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c additionally targets insect KV1- or KV4-like channel subtypes. The lethal insecticidal action of 4-AP in crickets further supports an action of ƙ-HXTX-Hv1c to block…

Subjects/Keywords: Funnel-web spiders.; Tarantulas.; Venom.; Neurotoxins.; Insect pests.; Biological control.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Windley, M. (2012). Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. (Thesis). University of Technology, Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20412

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Windley, MJ. “Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.” 2012. Thesis, University of Technology, Sydney. Accessed January 24, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20412.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Windley, MJ. “Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Windley M. Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20412.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Windley M. Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. [Thesis]. University of Technology, Sydney; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20412

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Montana State University

30. dos Reis, Dayane Andrade. The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids.

Degree: MS, College of Agriculture, 2018, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15497

► The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, is the most destructive insect pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum, in the Northern Great Plains of North America. Biological… (more)

▼ The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, is the most destructive insect pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum, in the Northern Great Plains of North America. Biological control by Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster is an important tool for integrated pest management of this pest, but parasitism rates are difficult to predict. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to characterize aspects of the reproductive biology of both parasitoid species to provide information that could enhance their effectiveness in biological control of C. cinctus. First, we investigated the role of diapause and the effects of sucrose feeding on reproduction of females. For that, we provided sucrose solution to overwintering and summer generation adult females, and we quantified and compared their longevity, egg load and egg volume. Our results showed no differences between overwintering and summer individuals of B. cephi and B. lissogaster. In contrast, sucrose feeding, increased longevity and egg load of both species and generations. The egg load of B. cephi was surprisingly low compared to B. lissogaster. However, only B. cephi increased egg volume when sucrose was provided. Our findings highlighted the contrasting life histories of both species, and showed the potential of sugar resources in enhancing their reproductive capacity. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of flower nectar on the same, above mentioned, reproductive traits of parasitoids. We chose buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), lacy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), deerhorn clarkia (Clarkia pulchella), canola (Brassica napus), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) based on their occurrence as native plants, use in pollinator enhancement, and occurrence in rotational or cover crop plantings in Montana. We found that only B. cephi females benefitted from these flowering plants. The longevity and egg volume of females increased with buckwheat, and egg volume increased with both buckwheat and the native species, deerhorn clarkia. The strong effect of buckwheat on reproduction of B. cephi females suggests that flowers with similar nectar quality might have similar impacts. This information will be of great importance for selection of suitable flower species to enhance reproductive capacity of parasitoids through habitat management. Collectively, this research showed that there is potential to enhance effectiveness of parasitoids with sugar supplementation. Advisors/Committee Members: Chairperson, Graduate Committee: David K. Weaver (advisor), Robert K. D. Peterson, Megan L. Hofland and David K. Weaver were co-authors of the article, 'Differences in longevity, egg load, and egg volume due to sucrose feeding in two sympatric congeneric braconids that are specialist parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly ' which is contained within this thesis. (other), Robert K. D. Peterson, Megan L. Hofland and David K. Weaver were co-authors of the article, 'The effect of cultivated and native floral species as resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids' which is contained within this thesis. (other).

Subjects/Keywords: Pests Biological control.; Parasites.; Reproduction.; Eggs.; Sugar.; Cephus cinctus.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

dos Reis, D. A. (2018). The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids. (Masters Thesis). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15497

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

dos Reis, Dayane Andrade. “The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Montana State University. Accessed January 24, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15497.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

dos Reis, Dayane Andrade. “The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids.” 2018. Web. 24 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

dos Reis DA. The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Montana State University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 24]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15497.

Council of Science Editors:

dos Reis DA. The potential of sugar resources in the reproductive biology of wheat stem sawfly parasitoids. [Masters Thesis]. Montana State University; 2018. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15497

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