▼  In the United States, the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is 3-26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. Although the value placed on vitamin B12 concentrations in the blood has focused on the vitamin's role in preventing anemia, the prevention of low and marginal vitamin B12 status also is important because these conditions can lead to serious neurologic and neuropsychiatric abnormalities in adults and the elderly, even without associated anemia. Besides malabsorption, adherence to a vegetarian diet may contribute to inadequate vitamin B12 intake. The objectives of this study were to examine: 1) the association between dietary factors (B12 from supplements, fortified foods, and foods from animal sources) and biomarkers of vitamin B12 status (holotranscobalamin or holoTC and serum vitamin B12 concentrations) among vegetarian and non-vegetarian participants of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) Calibration Study after adjusting for confounding variables; and 2) to identify which nutrients and demographic characteristics are associated with homocysteine concentration after adjusting for confounding factors. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary data from the calibration study (n=1,011) of the Adventist Health Study 2. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple linear regressions were used for analyses. Study participants had a median age of 58 years (age range 29 to 94 years), approximately 50% were white, and 66% were females. Study results showed that supplements containing vitamin B12 were positively associated (p<0.001) with plasma vitamin B12 concentrations, particularly in the upper tertile. Vitamin B12 from fortified foods and milk substitutes was positively associated with plasma B12 concentrations in all subjects, and B12 from milk substitutes was positively associated with holoTC in non-vegetarians but not in lacto-ovo vegetarians. Among those who did not use B12 supplements, B12 from fortified foods was positively associated (p=0.004) with holoTC and serum B12 (p=0.033), while B12 from milk substitutes was positively associated (p=0.001) with holoTC and serum B12 (p=0.007). Age (p <0.001 for all subjects) and gender (p<0.001) were significant demographic characteristics associated with homocysteine concentrations within this population. Total folate intake from diet and supplements (p<0.001) were strongly inversely associated with homocysteine independent of confounding factors, followed by total vitamin B12 (p=0.001), and B6 intake (p<0.001) among all subjects. Intake of vitamin B12 was significantly inversely associated with homocysteine in non-vegetarians, but serum vitamin B12 and holoTC were significantly inversely associated with homocysteine in all subjects. In conclusion, B12 from supplements, fortified foods, and milk substitutes may improve the vitamin B12 status of the population. Besides age and gender, intake of total folate, and vitamins B12 and B6 were inversely associated with…

▼  The purpose of this thesis was to investigate perceptions of weight as a predictor of health among Arab Americans. This study investigated the relationship between A) Middle Eastern region of origin, B) presence of a chronic disease, C) degree of acculturation, D) body mass index, E) religious affiliation, F) income, G) education level, H) gender, I) fatalism perception of weight, and J) perception that is it hard to maintain a healthy weight on perceptions of weight as a predictor of health. A survey was created and distributed online through the investigator’s social network and four professional groups geared towards Arab Americans. The survey assessed the effect of these key demographic factors among 96 participants. Participants who were female and more acculturated to the United States were more likely to believe their weight affected their health. Further research is needed to capture a wider variety of demographics among Arab Americans to improve current knowledge base and health messages amongst healthcare professionals.

▼ This study evaluated an after-school and a school-based program aimed at improving the dietary and physical activity patterns of youth in Georgia. Both programs utilized community-academic partnerships and community-based participatory research (CBPR) methods. Participants self-reported dietary and physical activity patterns pre- and post-intervention. Researchers measured height and weight of the after-school program participants pre- and post-intervention. No significant changes in dietary or physical activity patterns were reported for participants of the after-school program. Additionally, there were no significant changes in BMI. Site was significantly associated with behaviors, with site 3 consuming significantly more fruits, vegetables, healthy and unhealthy foods. Site 3 also reported participating in significantly more physical and sedentary activities. BMI was significantly negatively associated with consumption of fruits, vegetables and healthy foods as well as participation in physical activities. Age was significantly positively associated with being sedentary. The school-based program targeted both students and their parents. Students reported a significant increase in physical activity at school and a significant decrease in screen time. Students also reported a significant decrease in consumption of fruits. Female participants reported consuming significantly more fruit and participating in significantly fewer hours of screen time. Participants from school 2 consumed significantly more fruits and vegetables, but scored significantly lower for physical activity knowledge. Participants from school 3 scored significantly higher for nutrition knowledge, but reported participating in significantly less physical activity at school. Finally, participants from school 5 scored significantly higher for physical activity knowledge. Parents reported participating in significantly more physical activity overall and with their child/children. Parents also reported that their children participated in significantly more physical activity both at school and outside of school. There were significant increases in the reported frequency of reading nutrition labels and the number of nutrients parents considered when purchasing a food item. Findings from this study suggest that after-school programs can improve the dietary and physical activity patterns of youth. School-based programs can influence behaviors and knowledge of both students and parents. Community-academic partnerships and CBPR are viable means of creating and implementing effective nutrition and physical activity interventions targeting youth and their parents. Advisors/Committee Members: Rebecca Mullis.

▼ Diet is a modifiable factor in preventing disease and improving health among older adults. A convenience sample of older adults in senior centers across Georgia (N = 558, mean age = 75, 83% female, 53% African American) completed a pre-test, intervention, and post-test. Eight lessons given over 16 weeks included information on current guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, and ways to increase fruit and vegetable intake at meals and snacks. Pre- and post-tests examined self-reported intake of fruits and vegetables at breakfast, lunch, evening meal and snacks, knowledge of recommended intakes, and barriers to intake. The following showed significant improvement after the intervention (P < 0.0001): the number of participants reporting they eat 7 or more fruits and vegetables daily increased by 21-percentage points, and knowledge that 7 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended daily (for 1,600 to 2,200 calories) increased from 7% to 57%. Significant decreases in three reported perceived barriers to consumption were found after the intervention (P < 0.05). Ninety-eight percent of participants reported that their satisfaction with the program was good, very good or excellent. In conclusion, this intervention improved knowledge and behaviors related to nutrition in older adults. Advisors/Committee Members: Joan Fischer.

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Although there are limited data to support significant increases in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following resistance training, recent investigations have shown excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to be significantly elevated above baseline for up to 72 hours in untrained and trained men. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of two acute bouts of resistance exercise of differing loads on EPOC. METHODS: Eight experienced resistance trained males (22 ± 3 yrs.) were recruited to participate in this investigation. Subjects participated in two randomized acute resistance training bouts separated by at least one week with a total volume of weight lifted of 10,000 kg and 20,000 kg. A high intensity lifting protocol was used with subjects lifting approximately 85% of their 1 repetition maximum for each of the following 4 lifts; bench press, barbell squat, barbell row and Romanian deadlift. Exercise energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured by indirect calorimetry during both exercise bouts and for 30 minutes approximately 8.5 and 1.5 hours prior to each acute bout of exercise (baseline measurements) and again approximately 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours following exercise. Creatine kinase and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were measured with all post exercise metabolic measurements and immediately prior to and post exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze dependent measures. Significance was accepted at p

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2009.

Date of Defense: March 30, 2009.

Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption, EPOC, Resting Metabolic Rate, Weight Lifting, Resistance Training

Lynn Panton, Professor Directing Dissertation; Andy Rudd, Outside Committee Member; Emily Haymes, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Lynn Panton (professor directing dissertation), Andy Rudd (outside committee member), Emily Haymes (committee member).

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The relationship between body composition and bone mineral density in women Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between body composition (fat and lean mass), body weight, body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in women across the age span. Methods: 1046 healthy Caucasian women (49.9 ± 15.9 years old) were recruited and categorized to four age groups, ranging from 18 to 35 years old, 35 years to before the age of menopause, menopause to 65 years and over 65 years old. Each different age group was further categorized according to subjects' body mass index (BMI < 25, BMI =25-30, and BMI > 30). Measurements included anthropometrics, body composition and BMC/BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Subjects in the younger groups were taller, weight less and had greater total body BMC/BMD and BMD at spine, femoral neck, and total femur (p<0.05) compared with older subjects. Obese women had higher total lean and fat mass, and the highest BMD/BMC in all skeletal sites (p<0.05) among different age groups. Weight, BMI, total lean, and total fat mass were positively correlated with total body BMC/BMD, BMD of all skeletal sites among different age groups. The results from multiple linear regression models revealed that weight was a significant predictor of total body BMC/BMD, BMD of all skeletal sites in women of different age groups, gonadal status, and different BMI, except overweight women. Both lean and fat mass were important determinants of total body BMC/BMD, BMD at femur and forearm in premenopausal women though total lean mass had greater effect than total fat mass. Total fat mass was the only significant predictor of total body BMC/BMD, BMD at other sites in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, total fat mass became more important with the increased body weight. Further analysis of covariance in subjects stratified by body weight and percent body fat revealed that high percent body fat seemed to have negative effect on bone mass in total body BMC/BMD and BMD at spine, femoral neck and forearm when mechanical loading effect of body weight was controlled. Conclusions: These results show that overweight/obese women had higher BMD in all skeletal sites than normal-weight women. Lean mass was an important predictor of BMD in premenopausal women and fat mass became more important in postmenopausal women. Higher fat mass however, may not have beneficial effect on bone mass when mechanical loading of weight is accounted for.

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Spring Semester, 2010.

December 4, 2009.

Lean mass, Fat mass, BMD, Caucasian women

Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst, Professor Directing Dissertation; Ken Brummel-Smith, University Representative; Doris A. Abood, Committee Member; Maria Spicer, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst (professor directing dissertation), Ken Brummel-Smith (university representative), Doris A. Abood (committee member), Maria Spicer (committee member).

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Neurogenesis is the process of stem cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recent research has confirmed the presence of ongoing neurogenesis throughout life in humans. This fact has led to vast interest in the mechanisms that underlie this process. Manipulation of adult neurogenesis has the potential to enhance the treatment of a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression as well as injury and stroke. Previous work has shown that the essential trace metal zinc regulates neuronal precursor proliferation and survival. Thus, this work is based on the central hypothesis that zinc is also needed for neuronal differentiation. Furthermore we proposed that transforming growth factor signaling may be involved in the zinc regulated mechanisms of differentiation. Zinc deficiency (ZD; 0.4µM) impaired the ability of neuronal precursor cells (NT2) to differentiate into mature neurons (NT2-N) when exposed to 2 wks of 10µM retinoic acid (RA), as measured by the early neuronal marker TuJ1. Additionally, we demonstrated a differential regulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) receptor isoforms type I (RI) and II (RII) under zinc deficient (0.4µM) conditions in NT2 cells undergoing RA-induced differentiation. Measurements of TGF-β RI and RII in zinc adequate (ZA; 2.5µM) differentiated NT2-N neurons showed that neither receptor isoform was expressed in these cells. TGF-β RI was up-regulated in NT2-N cells in response to ZD (0.4µM) however, while TGF-β RII remained down-regulated under ZD (0.4µM) conditions, as demonstrated via TGF-β RI and RII immunocytochemistry. These data confirmed that ZD (0.4µM) does impair RA-induced differentiation of human NT2 neuronal cells. There is also evidence that a differential regulation of the TGF-β receptor I and II isoforms may be involved in this mechanism, as the loss of RII expression in ZD (0.4µM) NT2-N cells could be responsible for a decline in TGF-β signaling in these cells and thus an attenuated cellular response to TGF-β responsive genes. This research suggests an important role for TGF-β and the trace metal zinc in regulating neuronal differentiation, and helps to improve understanding of adult neurogenesis in the human brain.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Spring Semester, 2008.

March 19, 2008.

TGF-Beta, TGF-Beta Receptors, Adult Neurogenesis, Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Subgranular Layer, Granule Cell Layer, NT2, Post-Mitotic Neurons, Retinoic Acid Induced Differentiation, Neuronal Differentiation, Zinc Deficiency, Zinc

Cathy W. Levenson, Professor Directing Thesis; Jasminka Ilich-Ernst, Committee Member; Lisa Eckel, Outside Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Cathy W. Levenson (professor directing thesis), Jasminka Ilich-Ernst (committee member), Lisa Eckel (outside committee member).

▼ Background and Significance: The postmenopausal period is characterized by ovarian hormone deficiency which increases the production of pro-inflammatory molecules with a concomitant rise in oxidative stress levels. This cascade of events negatively affect bone metabolism with a subsequent development of osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures. Ovarian hormone deficiency is also linked to greater incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in part, due to compromised endothelial function which may result in elevated blood pressure (BP), a major modifiable risk for CVD. Although osteoporosis and hypertension are commonly regarded as two separate chronic diseases, their pathophysiology appear to be linked as prospective studies have demonstrated a correlation between decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and hypertension. Even though a number of medications are available to treat these conditions, they are not free of side effects. Thus, a considerable number of people prefer alternative and/or complementary therapies such as functional foods and dietary supplements over conventional treatment options. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with decreased incidence of chronic diseases which is mainly attributed to the polyphenol content of these foods. Strawberries are widely consumed in the United States and are reported to have a high phenolic content which confers to them strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilator properties. Objective: The main objective of this eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to investigate the extent to which daily consumption of strawberries would favorably alter blood biomarkers of bone metabolism and reduce BP by improving endothelial function in pre- and stage 1-hypertensive postmenopausal women. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether increases in antioxidant capacity and decreases in inflammatory markers were, in part, responsible for strawberries' protective effects on bone and endothelium. Methods: Sixty women (age: 59.63 ± 5.31 years; body mass index [BMI]: 31.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2; BMD: 1.15 ± 0.13 g/cm2, systolic BP: 139 ± 13 mmHg, diastolic BP: 79 ± 7 mmHg [means ± SDs]) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n=20 per group): (1) placebo-control, (2) 25g of freeze-dried strawberry powder (FDSP; equivalent to 1½ cups of sliced fresh strawberries), and (3) 50g of FDSP (equivalent to 3 cups of sliced fresh strawberries). Body composition and BMD of whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm as well as body composition were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. BP was assessed using an automatic device. Blood biomarkers of bone metabolism, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed using immunoassay and colorimetric kits. Dietary and physical activity patterns were also monitored over the course of the study using validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures analysis of variance. Results: As anticipated, there… Advisors/Committee Members: Bahram H. Arjmandi (professor directing dissertation), Kenneth Brummel-Smith (university representative), Arturo Figueroa (committee member), Gershon Tenenbaum (committee member).

▼ Background and Significance: MetS encompasses a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities that increase the risk for developing chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its prevalence among middle-aged and older adults has increased to 45% among adults aged 60 years and older. Epidemiological studies suggest that higher fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with improved overall health as well as a reduced incidence of CVD and T2DM. Animal research and limited human studies suggest that pears and their bioactive compounds may improve certain parameters associated with MetS including body weight and abdominal obesity, lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control; however, there is a paucity of such studies in general and in humans in particular. The central hypothesis of this 12-week randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was to examine the extent to which daily consumption of two medium-sized pears (green D' Anjou and/or green Bartlett, ~166 g each) would improve clinical signs of MetS and improve underlying factors contributing to its development and progression in middle-aged and older adults (men and women aged 45-60 years) with MetS. Methods: Fifty men and women (age: 59.0 ± 1 years; body mass index [BMI]: 33 ± 1 kg/m2; systolic blood pressure (SBP): 135 ± 2 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 82 ± 1 mmHg; fasting blood glucose: 97 ± 2 mg/dL; HDL-C: 44 ± 2 mg/dL; and TG: 182 ± 13 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 1) two medium-sized fresh pears (green Bartlett or green D' Anjou depending on the season)/day for 12 weeks, or 2) 50 g of calorie and carbohydrate matched control powder/day for 12 weeks. The initial treatment period was 12 weeks in duration followed by a 4-week washout period. After the 4-week washout period, participants crossed over into the other group for an additional 12-week period. Serum samples were directly analyzed enzymatically for TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG levels, Apo-B, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin levels, and high-sensitivity CRP at baseline, 6- and 12-week. Body composition including percent fat mass, fat free mass, as well as android/gynoid ratio were assessed at baseline, 6- and 12-week using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to the nearest 0.5 cm during each visit. Questionnaires were used for monitoring dietary and physical activity patterns over the course of the study. Analyses were performed for the 43 subjects who completed the entire study. Results: Self-reported compliance with the treatments was 82% on average for each group. The retention of participants was excellent as only seven out of fifty participants dropped over the course of the study (14% attrition). A daily intake of two-medium-sized pear resulted in improvements of certain parameters associated with MetS including SBP tended to be reduced (130 ± 2 mmHg vs. 134 ± 2 mmHg at baseline, - 4 mmHg, P = 0.07) and pulse pressure was significantly… Advisors/Committee Members: Bahram H. Arjmandi (professor directing dissertation), Cathy W. Levenson (university representative), Maria T. Spicer (committee member), Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst (committee member), Jeong-Su Kim (committee member).

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Cancer of the esophagus has a high mortality rate of greater than 82% within five years of diagnosis. There is little difference in mortality rate between the two main subtypes of esophageal cancer (EC), esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). When symptoms develop and a diagnosis made, EC is often in the late stages of the disease and weight loss leading to malnutrition is common. The treatment of EC, which includes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and the esophagectomy, can further contribute to gastrointestinal side effects, weight loss, and inflammation contributing to high rates of malnutrition. Malnutrition in EC is associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality rates after esophagectomy. Due to the high incidence and consequence of malnutrition, nutrition assessment and intervention should be an essential component of EC treatment and outcomes. Nutritional risk assessment throughout treatment can be determined using nutritional screen tools such as the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment, and the Nutrition Risk Screening tool (NRS). Indirect calorimetry should be used to determine basal energy requirements but, if unavailable, the Harris Benedict equation can be used to estimate energy requirements with the use of disease and physical activity factors to prevent weight loss and promote lean mass accretion. Dietitian driven nutritional assessment and implementation of nutrition support protocols; including the provision adequate nutrition prior to as well as soon after surgery, can improve nutritional status and post-surgery outcomes. Three to five days prior to the esophagectomy, supplemental immune enhanced nutrition (IEN) containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) should be given orally or enterally and should commence 24 to 48 hours postoperatively. If parenteral nutrition (PN) is needed it should be administered concurrently with EN if possible. Lipid emulsions containing Ω-3 fatty acids for PN administration should be used. Dietitian driven nutrition therapy should continue postoperatively, and follow up should continue after discharge until dietary intake is adequate to meet nutritional goals.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Food, Nutrition, and Exercise Science in partial fulfillment of the Master of Science.

Spring Semester 2017.

March 22, 2017.

Dietitian, Enteral nutrition, Esophageal cancer, Esophagectomy, Immune enhanced nutrition, Nutrition

Maria T. Spicer, Professor Directing Thesis; Jasminka Ilich-Ernst, Committee Member; Cathy Levenson, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Maria T. Spicer (professor directing thesis), Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst (committee member), Cathy W. Levenson (committee member).

▼ A cross-sectional study in older women was designed and conducted to identify prevalence, specific characteristics and diagnostic criteria for the newly identified condition named osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome. Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is a condition where an older adult experiences bone loss, sarcopenia and increased fat mass, the latter either as a clinically diagnosed overweight/obesity, or infiltrated fat into bone and muscle. The study lasted 24 months and a total of N=59 Caucasian ambulatory women aged 76.0±7.3 years (mean ± SD) and BMI of 27.0±5.5 kg/m2 from the local area were assessed for body composition measurements (bone, muscle, fat tissue) using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans (DXA). Osteoporosis/osteopenia was identified based on femoral neck and lumbar spine (L1-L4) T-scores (≤-1). A linear regression model was created to identify sarcopenic obesity in the sample, based on the appendicular lean mass, controlling for height (m) and fat mass (kg). Obesity status was based on percent body fat with a cut-off at ≥32%. Muscle quality was measured via echo intensity obtained via ultrasound scans as well as knee extension scores divided by lower appendicular lean mass. Bioelectrical impedance analyses were used to calculate phase angle to assess for frailty in the population. The participants were also tested on physical performance measures including handgrip strength, one-leg stance, 4-m timed normal and brisk walking test, 2-minute walking test, sit-to-stand, knee extension and arm flexion. In the final analysis, the women were divided into four groups based on body composition: OSO (n=10), osteopenic obese (OO; n=35), obese-only (obese; n=10) and osteopenic/sarcopenic non-obese (non-obese; n=4). There was also one participant who had sarcopenic obesity (SO), however due to the small sample size (n=1), was not included in the calculations. All data analyses were performed in SAS 9.4.with p<0.05 deemed as statistically significant. As expected, the OSO women presented with lower bone mineral density (BMD) at most skeletal sites in comparison to other groups (although not always significantly different): right femoral neck BMD (OSO: 0.778±0.080; OO: 0.792±0.082; obese: 1.013±0.102; non-obese: 0.773±0.048 g/cm2, p<0.05), left femoral neck BMD (OSO: 0.759±0.066; OO: 0.801±0.074; obese: 0.957±0.048; non-obese: 0.747±0.018 g/cm2, p<0.05) and lumbar spine BMD (OSO: 1.133±0.139; OO: 1.182±0.184; obese: 1.394±0.212; non-obese: 1.064±0.136 g/cm2, p<0.05). The OSO women had significantly lower appendicular lean mass (OSO: 15.9±1.7; OO: 17±2.4; obese: 18.5±2.7; non-obese: 14±1.3 kg, p<0.05) and higher percent body fat (OSO: 45±4.9; OO 42.2±5.7; obese: 43.7±3.8; non-obese: 27.1±3.8%, p<0.05), on average than women in other groups. The OSO and OO women had the poorest scores on physical performance tests, with the OSO women scoring significantly lower on sit-to-stand (OSO: 10.3±1.6; OO: 11.9±4; obese: 10.9±3.3; non-obese: 14.3±2.6 times/30 sec, p<0.05) and the knee extension (OSO: 43±11; OO: 56±14.1;… Advisors/Committee Members: Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst (professor directing dissertation), Daniel McGee (university representative), Bahram H. Arjmandi (committee member), Lynn B. Panton (committee member).

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Almonds (Prunus dulcis L.) are the most widely consumed tree nuts in the USA besides USA also being the number one global producer of almonds. Although almonds can be consumed without any adverse effects by the majority of the population, a few susceptible individuals develop allergic symptoms following the ingestion of almonds. Almond allergies are the third most common of all tree nut allergies, affecting ~15% of the tree nut allergic population in the USA. Several proteins of almonds have been identified as being allergenic, including almond major protein (AMP) or amandin which is a major allergen of almonds. However, although several glycoproteins of almonds have been biochemically characterized, the potential allergenicity of most almond glycoproteins are yet to be elucidated. In the present study select almond glycoproteins were partially purified and characterized. Glycoproteins which comprise less than 2% of the total soluble proteins of almonds were purified and separated from the non-glycoprotein fraction using affinity chromatography and were further resolved in to 3 peaks when passed through a gel filtration column. The 3 glycoprotein peaks (glycoproteins A, B and C) were partially characterized biochemically and immunologically in this study. SDS- PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed that both glycoproteins A and B had 3 major peptide bands in addition to several minor peptides. The 3 major bands of glycoprotein A had molecular masses of ~13 kDa, ~22 kDa and ~44 kDa. The major peptides of glycoprotein B were found to have molecular weights of ~12 kDa, ~34 kDa and ~62 kDa. Glycoprotein C was composed of a single major peptide of ~62 kDa and also of several minor peptides ranging from ~11 kda to ~55 kDa. The major peptides at ~62 kDa of glycoproteins B and C were identified as prunasin hydrolase and hydroxynitrile lyase, respectively by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. All three glycoproteins A, B and C were immunoreactive with polyclonal antibodies raised against whole almonds in rabbit. However, none of the 3 glycoproteins were recognized by the monoclonal antibodies 4C10 and 4F10 raised against AMP of almonds. Dot blot analysis of glycoproteins with human IgE from almond allergic patients resulted in the recognition of glycoprotein B by 6 of the 11 (53%) patient sera tested. 3 of the 11 samples (27%) reacted with glycoprotein A while most patient sera did not show any reactivity with glycoprotein C. Deglycosylation resulted in a significant loss of immunoreactivity of all 3 glycoproteins indicating the possibility of carbohydrate moieties playing a role in their immunoreactivity.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Summer Semester, 2011.

June 27, 2011.

Immunoreactivity, Characterization, Hydroxynitrile lyase, Prunasin hydrolase, Glycoproteins, Almonds

Shridhar K. Sathe, Professor Directing Thesis; Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh, Committee Member; Kenneth H.…

Advisors/Committee Members: Shridhar K. Sathe (professor directing thesis), Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh (committee member), Kenneth H. Roux (committee member).

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HMB intake during Resistance Training (RT) is known to be an effective strategy to improve muscle mass & function and decrease FM. PURPOSE: To determine whether HMB administration during 10-wk RT would facilitate RT-induced improvement in neuromuscular functions, body composition, myofiber dimension and regenerative capacity in aged female rats. METHODS: After four animals were sacrificed for baseline muscle samples, twelve 19-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats (N=16) were randomly divided into two groups, HMB (0.46 g/kg/d, similar to 6 g/d in humans) and non-HMB. Both groups were trained every 3 day for 10 wks on ladder climbing exercise with weights attached to the tail. The MW, GS, inclined plane test were used to measure neuromuscular functions. Body composition was assessed by DXA before and after RT. DTI determined water diffusion in myofibers by calculating FA and eigenvalues. Muscle mRNA expressions of the regulators of myogenesis, mitogenesis, and cell cycle inhibition were analyzed using RT-PCR. The number of satellite cells and myonuclei associated with muscle regeneration capacity were analyzed using Pax7-stained stem-cell immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: There were significant (p 0.05). Although a main group effect for soleus myogenin mRNA approached significance (p=0.07), post hoc analysis showed significant increases in both HMB (+32%) and non-HMB (+40%) (p < 0.05). Soleus SC significantly increased in both HMB (+108%) and non-HMB (+100%) (p < 0.05) with no significant between group differences. Soleus MN also increased in both HMB (+32.2%) and non-HMB (+31.8%) (p < 0.05) with no significant between group differences. RSC for soleus muscle significantly increased in both HMB (+51.5%) and non-HMB (+46.4%) (p < 0.05) with no significant between group differences. CONCLUSION: HMB did not to exert any additive improvements in all parameters during 10 wks of intensive RT in aged female rats. The excessive effects resulting from this intense RT protocol maybe far exceeded our expectations. Intriguingly, however, our findings indicated that HMB administration during RT can facilitate a reduction in fat mass. Thus, intense RT alone might serve as an effective strategy to promote body composition, functionality, and myofiber hypertrophy in aged skeletal muscle.

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science.

Summer Semester, 2010.

July 23, 2010.

HMB, Skeletal Muscle, Aging, Resistance Exercise

Jeong-Su Kim, Professor Directing Thesis; Robert J. Contreras, Committee Member; Bahram H. Arjmandi, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Jeong-Su Kim (professor directing thesis), Robert J. Contreras (committee member), Bahram H. Arjmandi (committee member).

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Background: Being overweight or obese is associated with increased sympathetic activity and decreased vascular function which increases the cardiovascular risk. Current research has shown that conventional aerobic, resistance, and isometric exercise training has the capacity to elicit improvements in autonomic and cardiovascular function. Recently, exercise with whole-body vibration (WBV) has become of high interest to researchers in the field of exercise physiology due to its beneficial effects on bone mineral density, muscle mass, and muscle strength. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of WBV on arterial and cardiac autonomic function in overweight and obese (OV/OB; Body mass index 28.3 ± 0.9 kg/m2) women. Methods: In a cross over design, eight young (21 ± 2 yr) OV/OB women were randomly assigned to either WBV training (WBVT) 3 days per week or 6 weeks of no-exercise (CON). After their assigned treatment period, the subjects underwent a 4 week washout period before beginning their next 6 week treatment period (either WBVT or CON). At the beginning and end of each period, brachial blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), augmentation index (AIx), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were obtained at rest and 3 min after (PE3) a 4 min bout of static squat with WBV at 30 Hz frequency and 1.0 mm amplitude. Maximal strength (1-RM) was assessed for the leg extension exercise. Measurements were repeated 6 week after WBVT and CON. Results: There were significant decreases (p < 0.05) in resting systolic BP (SBP, 8 ± 5 mmHg) and diastolic BP (4 ± 2 mmHg) after WBVT compared with CON (p < 0.05). There were significant decreases (p < 0.05) in heart rate (7 ± 4 bpm), SBP (5 ± 4 mmHg), and mean arterial pressure (7 ± 3 mmHg) at PE3 after WBVT compared with CON (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in 1-RM (12 kg) after WBVT, but not after CON. There were no changes in HRV, AIx, and PWV after both WBVT and CON. Conclusion: These preliminary data indicate that 6 weeks of WBVT elicits reductions in resting and post-exercise BP in overweight-obese women. In addition, lower post-exercise HR suggests that cardiovagal regulation may improve after WBVT. Future research is needed to further evaluate this exercise mode as a potential adjunct treatment for cardiovascular diseases.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Spring Semester, 2011.

March 16, 2011.

Strength, Training, Exercise, Pulse, Cardiovascular, Autonomic, Vibration, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness

Arturo Figueroa, Professor Directing Thesis; Jeong-Su Kim, Committee Member; Maria Spicer, Committee Member; Volker Credé, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Arturo Figueroa (professor directing thesis), Jeong-Su Kim (committee member), Maria Spicer (committee member), Volker Credé (committee member).

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Caffeine is the most commonly used drug in the world, often consumed in the form of coffee, sodas, teas, energy drinks, and chocolate. It is also generally regarded as very safe to consume. As one of the most thoroughly investigated sport supplements, it has been well established as an ergogenic aid for endurance performance, and has been shown to increase time to exhaustion, increase mean power output during time trials, and decrease perceived exertion. The effects of caffeine on measures of muscular endurance and repeated anaerobic performance are currently much more equivocal, and elicit further investigation. The first purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Red Bull Energy Drink (2.0mg CAF/kg BW) on anaerobic power using repeated Wingate cycle performance compared to a placebo. Additionally, this study sought to determine the effects of Red Bull Energy Drink on elbow flexor muscle endurance compared to a placebo. The study used a double-blind, repeated-measures, crossover, counter-balanced design. The eighteen male subjects that participated in this study were between 18 and 35 years old, with a mean age of 23.4 years. They had a mean weight of 81.3 ± 10.2 kg, mean height of 1.81 ± 0.08 m, and mean BMI of 24.76 ± 2.89 kg/m2. Three to seven days after the familiarization trial, subjects will be randomly assigned to supplement with Red Bull (2.0 mg/kg caffeine) or an isovolumetric amount of placebo (non-caffeinated Mountain Dew) 60 minutes before performing the exercise tests. The Subjects performed three sets of maximal isokinetic elbow flexion for 60 seconds at 0.52 rad/s (separated by two minute rest intervals) on the Biodex System 3 Isokinetic Dynamometer. Following the isokinetic testing, subjects performed three 30-s Wingate anaerobic cycle tests (separated by two minute rest intervals) at a load corresponding to 0.075 kpal/kg body mass (Bar-Or, 1987). There was no significant difference found for Peak Torque or Decline in Peak Torque for elbow flexor muscle endurance compared to placebo. No significant difference was found in Peak Power and Mean Power for the Wingate Anaerobic Test. There was a significantly (p<0.05) greater decline in Mean Power and Relative Mean Power for Red Bull compared to placebo, inferring that there may be a detrimental effect on repeated anaerobic performance following ingestion. Decline in mean power from the first to the third set of Wingate testing was 182.15 +/- 59.97 W for Red Bull trials, and 153.87 +/- 67.08 W for placebo trials. The relative decline in mean power relative to each subject's body weight for Wingate testing was 2.25 +/- 0.751 W/kg for Red Bull trials, and 1.88 +/- 0.777 W/kg for placebo trials. While there is unlikely one single mechanism explaining the findings from this study, results may be partially explained by increased concentrations of lactate in either the blood or muscle, or lowered concentrations of plasma potassium following caffeine ingestion compared to placebo.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise…

Advisors/Committee Members: Emily
 M.
 Haymes (professor directing thesis), Jodee 
L.
 Dorsey (committee member), David
 W.
 Eccles (committee member).

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Background: Until recently, consuming nutrients close to sleep was believed to have negative impacts on body composition and overall health. However, recent work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that a low calorie snack, high in protein may be beneficial for facilitating weight loss in overweight and obese adults, increasing overnight muscle protein synthesis in both young and old men, increasing morning metabolism in young men and decreasing morning hunger in overweight and obese women. To date, no studies have investigated the impact of casein intake before sleep on appetite the following morning in overweight and obese men. Purpose: The present study investigated whether casein (CAS) protein consumed within 30 min of sleep could acutely alter morning appetite in overweight or obese men the next morning when compared to a non-caloric placebo (PLA). Methods: Twelve overweight and obese men completed this randomized, crossover, double blind and placebo-controlled study. Subjects came to the laboratory on three occasions: baseline, and in the morning following CAS and placebo (PLA). Within 30 min of sleep, CAS or PLA was consumed. The next morning (6-8 hours later), subjective appetite (visual analog scales for hunger, satiety, and desire to eat) and ghrelin levels (blood samples) were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in next morning hunger (BAS, 35 ± 6; CAS, 49 ± 6; PLA, 47 ± 6 mm, p = 0.21), satiety (BAS, 36 ± 6; CAS, 36 ± 4, PLA, 39 ± 5 mm; p = 0.89), or desire to eat (BAS, 38 ± 6; CAS, 62 ± 8; PLA, 55 ± 5 mm; p = 0.06). Additionally, there were no significant differences in next morning acyl ghrelin (BAS, 54.8 ± 15.7; CAS, 54.3 ± 10; PLA, 61.3 ± 15 pg/ml, p = 0.93), desacyl ghrelin (BAS, 46.4 ± 9; CAS, 43.4 ± 6.9; PLA, 45 ± 9.9 pg/ml; p = 0.97) or ghrelin ratio (BAS, 1.3 ± 0.4; CAS, 1.6 ± 0.4; PLA, 2.3 ± 1.0, p = 0.63). Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that CAS can be consumed within 30 minutes of sleep without negatively affecting next morning appetite or insulin levels in overweight and obese men. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the effects of chronic protein consumption before sleep on body composition and appetite.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Spring Semester 2016.

March 22, 2016.

Men, Nighttime, Obese, Protein

Michael J. Ormsbee, Professor Directing Thesis; Lynn B. Panton, Committee Member; Ming Cui, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Michael J. Ormsbee (professor directing thesis), Lynn B. Panton (committee member), Ming Cui (committee member).

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Prospective studies and animal research suggest that apple or its bioactive components modulate lipid metabolism, and reduce fat mass and the production of proinflammatory molecules. However, there is a paucity of such research in humans. Hence, we conducted a one-year clinical trial evaluating the cardioprotective effects of apple consumption in postmenopausal women. We hypothesized that regular intake of apple favorably improves lipid profiles, reduces atherogenic risk ratios, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the levels of oxidative stress markers in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted in postmenopausal women because a decline in estrogen levels places them at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Qualified women (160) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary intervention groups: dried apple (75 g/day) or dried plum (comparative control). Overnight fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month to measure various parameters. Confounding factors that may influence lipid metabolism such as physical activity and dietary intake were also assessed. The findings indicated that daily incorporation of dried fruits into diet did not affect total energy intake throughout the study period. More importantly, the additional daily caloric intake of approximately 240 from dried apple not only did not increase body weight but lowered it by 1.5 kg compared to baseline body weight. In terms of lipid profiles, apple consumption significantly reduced serum levels of TC and LDL-C by 14% and 23%, respectively. In addition, atherogenic risk ratios such as TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C decreased in postmenopausal women that consumed dried apple compared to control. The present study also suggests that regular apple consumption improves other important parameters involved in CVD such as reducing lipid hydroperoxide (33%) and CRP (32%) levels. In conclusion, regular apple consumption is encouraged because of its favorable effects on lipid profiles, oxidative status, and proinflammatory molecules.

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Fall Semester, 2010.

October 29, 2010.

Apple, Cardiovascular Health, Postmenopausal Women

Kenneth Brummel-Smith, University Representative; Jeong-Su Kim, Committee Member.

Advisors/Committee Members: Kenneth Brummel-Smith (university representative), Jeong-Su Kim (committee member).

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Fish allergy is a worldwide problem, especially in industrialized countries where fish consumption is high. Fish contains a wide variety of proteins but, only few of them are responsible for triggering an allergic reaction. The major fish allergen, parvalbumin, is a low molecular weight (10-13 kD) heat-stable protein. High homology in amino acid sequences and antibody cross-reactivities have been demonstrated for parvalbumin in different fish species. Although several detection methods based on specific antibodies or DNA amplification are currently employed for detection of allergic components in food products, there is limited number of studies reporting methods for the detection of fish allergens. This study aimed to investigate the antigen binding characteristics of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3E1 by comparing its immunoreactivity against various fish and other animal species with a commercially available anti-frog parvalbumin monoclonal antibody (PARV-19) to evaluate the usefulness of MAb 3E1 as a anti-fish parvalbumin reagent. MAb 3E1 was previously developed in our laboratory against heat-treated catfish crude sarcoplasmic protein extract. The antigen binding characteristics of this antibody was investigated by comparing its immunoreactivity against soluble proteins extracts from various cooked fish and other animal meats with MAb PARV-19. Non-competitive indirect ELISA was performed to examine the immunoreactivity of both MAb 3E1 and MAb PARV-19 with sample extracts. Western blot was performed to compare the antigenic protein banding patterns in cooked fish extracts using these two MAbs. Results showed that MAb 3E1 cross reacted with majority of tested fish species and recognized a thermal-stable protein with a molecular weight range of parvalbumin in the extracts. Moreover, ELISA and western blot results revealed that both MAbs 3E1 and PARV-19 had almost identical reaction patterns to the fish species tested. The antigenic protein banding pattern in various fish species blotted by MAb 3E1 corresponds to the molecular weights of parvalbumins recognized by PARV-19. Additionally, both antibodies recognized exactly the same antigenic protein, parvalbumin, but their epitopes (binding sites) overlaped to the extend causing inhibitive binding on the protein. However, screening with non-finfish extracts revealed MAb 3E1 to be strictly finfish specific, while PARV-19 cross-reacted with frog, rat and rabbit extracts. The results obtained in this study clearly indicate that MAb 3E1 is specific to fish parvalbumin. It would, therefore, be a useful probe for investigating the major fish allergen in both raw and processed food.

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Summer Semester, 2008.

June 23, 2008.

Monoclonal Antibody, Fish Allergen, Parvalbumin, Immunoassay, Heat-Stable Protein

Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh, Professor Directing Thesis; Kenneth H. Roux, Outside Committee Member; Cathy W.…

Advisors/Committee Members: Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh (professor directing thesis), Kenneth H. Roux (outside committee member), Cathy W. Levenson (committee member).

▼ Oxidative stress and inflammatory stress have been implicated as a cause of tissue damage in multiple organ systems, leading to the development of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertony and atherosclerosis. They are also recognized as major factors contributing to the physiological process of aging. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary calcium regulates reactive oxygen species production (ROS) production in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo, and inhibits adipocyte-derived inflammatory cytokine expression by suppression of calcitriol. In addition, high calcium diets modulate energy metabolism and partitioning between adipose tissue and muscle resulting in a decrease in fat storage and an increase in fat oxidation in muscle. Providing calcium in form of dairy appears to cause greater effects than supplemental calcium in both mice and humans, most likely mediated by additional components in dairy products such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) peptides. In consideration of the multiple effects of dietary calcium and other components of dairy on adipocyte and muscle metabolism, a high density oligonucleotide microarray approach was used to identify common and differential pathways related to energy metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose and muscle tissue in response to milk and milk components. In addition, considering the protective role of dietary calcium against oxidative and inflammatory stress, which otherwise accelerate the process of aging, a lifespan study in a mouse model of diet- induced obesity was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium from both non-dairy and dairy sources on mouse lifespan and on lifespan-related biomarkers. The results of this research confirm that calcium and BCAA contribute to the alteration of energy partitioning between adipose tissue and muscle and provide new evidence for calcium independent effects of BCAA and ACEi in energy metabolism and inflammation. Further, present data demonstrate that milk diet attenuates adiposity, protects against muscle loss and reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress. Although these did not alter maximum lifespan, they significantly suppressed early mortality.

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University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. June 2010. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Kim Robien. 1 computer file (PDF); v, 23 pages.

Background: Folate has widespread importance to health due to its role in one-carbon metabolism. Folate status and genetic variants in the folate uptake and metabolism pathways have been assessed in relation to numerous disease processes, especially colon cancer and cardiovascular disease. The enzymes folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS) and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) are essential for maintaining intracellular folate homeostasis. FPGS adds glutamyl groups to the folate molecule, which is essential for cellular retention of folate. The polyglutamted form of folate metabolites is the preferred substrate for many one-carbon metabolism enzymes. GGH removes glutamyl groups, which allows folate to leave the cell. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FPGS and GGH genes influence plasma folate and homocysteine levels. Methods: Study participants were a sub-cohort (n = 484) from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. SNPs were selected using a literature review, HapMap, and SNPPer. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the SNPs and plasma folate and homocysteine levels. Results: Two FPGS (rs10106, rs1098774) and 9 GGH (rs1031552, rs11545076, rs1800909, rs3758149, rs3780126, rs3824333, rs4617146, rs11545078, rs719235) SNPs were included in the final analysis. None of the FPGS or GGH SNPs were associated with plasma folate levels. Similarly, none of the FPGS SNPs were associated with plasma homocysteine, but three GGH SNPs were associated with plasma homocysteine levels: rs11545076 (p = 0.02), rs1800909 (p = 0.03), and rs3758149 (p = 0.04). In all three, the homozygous variant alleles were associated with lower plasma homocysteine values. Conclusions: It appears that genetic variation in GGH may be influential in determining circulating homocysteine levels, and thus, may influence intracellular folate homeostasis rather than circulating folate levels. Since this is one of the first studies to assess these genetic variants in relation to plasma folate and homocysteine, further research is needed to explore these variants and to better characterize the role of genetic variation in intracellular folate homeostasis.

Advisors/Committee Members: Kim Robien.

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University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. September 2010. Major: Nutition. Advisor: Mindy S. Kurzer. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 80 pages, appendices 1-2.

The purpose of this Master’s thesis was to examine the variability related to isoflavone metabolism in postmenopausal women. The study involved 124 postmenopausal women who consumed 80 or 120 mg of isoflavones per day during a three year time period. The isoflavones genistein, glycitein, daidzein, dihydrodaidzein (DHD), O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA), and equol were extracted and characterized from 24 h urinary samples. Overall, there was little effect of time on the excretion of isoflavones. There was a significant effect of treatment on the excretion of genistein, glycitein, and ODMA where daily excretion was higher for the 120 mg/d group compared to the 80 mg/d group. Intra-individual variability was high, with percent coefficients of variation (%CVs) ranging from 32-64%. Inter-individual variability was found to be higher than intra-individual variability, with %CVs ranging from 40-256%. Approximately 36% of the subjects were defined as equol producers. In addition, approximately 16% of the women experienced a change in equol-producing status which was found to be significantly related to reported antibiotic use. Finally, equol was the only metabolite for which excretion significantly decreased with reported antibiotic use. In conclusion, isoflavone excretion was found to be highly variable both within and between women. Results from this study also indicate that antibiotic use has a profound effect on the ability to produce equol.

Advisors/Committee Members: Mindy S. Kurzer.

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University of Minnesota Master of Science thesis. January 2010. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Dr. Jillian K. Croll. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 93 pages.

Objective: This prospective observational study examined changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the perception of hunger and satiety in a group of patients with eating disorders receiving treatment in a residential setting. Methods: Seventeen women admitted at the Anna Westin House residential program, aged 18-41 (mean 27.2) years, were followed upon admission, each month of treatment and a post-discharge follow-up. RMR measurements were conducted via indirect calorimetry. Questionnaires were used to assess eating disorder diagnosis, as well as physical sensations, mood, and preoccupation with thoughts of food before and after meals. Results: Upon admission 5 subjects had anorexia nervosa, 3 bulimia nervosa and 9 eating disorder not otherwise specified. There was an increase in weight for the whole group between admission and discharge but no change in RMR. A positive correlation was noted between weight and RMR at admission and at discharge. The percentage of subjects reporting having no gastric feelings of hunger decreased between admission and discharge. At discharge, there was a decrease in the percentage of subjects who reported irritability, tenseness, depression and preoccupation with thoughts of food around meals. Conclusions: The results suggest a relationship between weight and RMR as well as a progression towards normalization of the perception of hunger and satiety throughout treatment. Further studies are needed to explore the trends observed in this study, their etiology and treatment implications.

Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Jillian K. Croll.

University of Minnesota Master of Science thesis. January 2010. Major: Nutrition. Advisors: Craig Hassel and Daniel David Gallaher. 1 computer file (PDF); v, 167 pages. Advisors/Committee Members: Craig Hassel and Daniel David Gallaher.

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University of Minnesota Master of Science thesis. January 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Marla M. Reicks. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 112 pages.

This study used segmentation analyses to identify seven distinct subgroups of U.S. midlife women (n=1684) based on their attitudes toward food, its preparation and consumption. Statistical analysis was completed to determine the influence of attitude segments on body mass index (BMI) and food and nutrient intake. Women completed a mailed survey including a 24 hour food record and a questionnaire regarding physical activity, eating attitudes and weight history. Mean age of the women was ~50 years and they were mostly White (78%), currently married (71%) and employed (70%). Obesity was influenced by attitude segments (clusters of women sharing similar attitudes). Mean BMI was lower for ‘Health Conscious’, ‘Creative Cooks’ and ‘Hate to Cook’ attitude segments compared to ‘Boredom Bingers’ and ‘Live to Eat’ attitude segments. Overall, ‘Health Conscious’ and ‘Creative Cook’ attitude segments had generally better nutrition profiles while ‘Boredom Bingers’ and ‘Live to Eat’ attitude segments had poor nutrition profiles. Segmentation of women in this age group according to eating attitudes may be used to deliver tailored nutrition education which may prove to be effective in managing weight and improving diet quality.

Advisors/Committee Members: Marla M. Reicks.

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University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. May 2010. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Joanne L. Slavin, PHD, RD. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 75 pages, appendices A-D.

Epidemiological studies strongly support the role of fiber in the control of obesity. Fiber is suggested to influence mechanisms of satiety and reduce energy intake. The postabsorptive fermentation of fiber in the large intestine may be linked to the satiating effects observed. The following work focuses on an intervention study using a rapidly fermentable fiber to examine this relationship. In this study we hypothesized that a short chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) would increase satiety and decrease energy intake at a subsequent meal with a dosedependent response. Additional aims were to determine its influence on 24-hour energy intake, gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance, and breath hydrogen response. Healthy men and women participated in this randomized double-blind, crossover study. On three separate occasions subjects consumed 0 g, 5 g, or 8 g of scFOS in a beverage and proceeded to use visual analogue scales (VAS) to rate satiety over four hours. Ad libitum energy intake was then assessed. Subjects later consumed a consistent dose in solid form. Energy intake over 24 hours, GI tolerance, and breath hydrogen measures were obtained. Contrary to our hypothesis no significant differences were observed in satiety or energy intakes. As expected, breath hydrogen response indicated significant fermentation within four hours of scFOS ingestion; however, this did not influence tolerance, as GI symptoms did not differ significantly between treatments. This study provides evidence that not all types of fiber significantly influence satiety. The physiological actions of one fiber type may not extend to others. It is important to increase the specificity with which health benefits are assigned to specific fiber types, and to conceptualize fiber as a complex group of substances with diverse actions rather than as a single nutritional entity.

Advisors/Committee Members: Joanne L. Slavin, PHD, RD.

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. May 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Carrie P. Earthman. 1 computer file (PDF); iv, 109 pages.

Abstract summary not available

Advisors/Committee Members: Carrie P. Earthman.

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. May 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Douglas G. Mashek. 1 computer file (PDF); v, 86 pages.

Abstract summary not available

Advisors/Committee Members: Douglas G. Mashek.

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University of Minnesota. M.S. thesis. July 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Carrie Earthman. 1 computer file (PDF); ix, 107 pages.

Body composition assessment in obese and gastric bypass patients is an important component of clinical care that remains somewhat elusive. The physiological abnormalities that occur in these populations pose unique challenges to available body composition assessment techniques. In particular, there is a lack of adequate field methods that are appropriate for clinical use (i.e. rapid, convenient, inexpensive, and accurate). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) promises to be just such a method. This thesis explores the topics of obesity and roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, the body composition changes that occur after RYGB, and methods used for assessment, with a particular focus on advancing multi-frequency BIA (MF-BIA) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) analysis.

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. July 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Sabrina Peterson. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 128 pages, appendices A1-7,B.

Abstract summary not available

Advisors/Committee Members: Sabrina Peterson.

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. August 2011. Major: Nutrition. Advisor: Xiaoli Chen, M.D. PhD. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 94 pages.

Summary abstract not available

Advisors/Committee Members: Xiaoli Chen, M.D. PhD.