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Michigan Technological University
1.
Narkar, Ameya R.
REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY.
Degree: PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2018, Michigan Technological University
URL: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/741
► Catecholic groups in mussel adhesive proteins transition from being strongly adhesive in a reduced state under acidic conditions to being weakly adhesive in an…
(more)
▼ Catecholic groups in
mussel adhesive proteins transition from being strongly adhesive in a reduced state under acidic conditions to being weakly adhesive in an oxidized state under basic conditions. Here, we exploit this pH responsive behavior of catechol and demonstrate that its oxidation state can be manipulated by incorporation of boronic acid to facilitate reversible transitions between strong and weak
adhesion. Our first approach involved the addition of 3- acrylamido phenylboronic acid (APBA) to dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) containing adhesives. The synthesized adhesives showed strong
adhesion to quartz surface in an acidic medium (pH 3), while weak
adhesion was observed on raising the pH to a basic value (pH 9), due to unavailability of catechol and boronic acid because of the formation of a reversible catechol-boronate complex. Boronic acid not only contributed to
adhesion at an acidic pH, but also allowed the catechol to reversibly interact with the surface in response to changing pH. In our second study, we demonstrated that addition of an anionic monomer, acrylic acid (AAc), preserved the reduced and adhesive state of catechol even at a neutral to mildly basic pH, while the addition of a cationic monomer, N-(aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride, led to the oxidized and weak adhesive state at higher basic pH values. This was due to the buffering of local pH offered by the incorporation of the ionic species, which affected the oxidation state of catechol. Although the ideal pH for formation of the complex is 9, it readily forms at neutral to mildly basic pH, leading to decreased
adhesion and limiting the adhesive’s application in physiological and marine pH environments. In our third 2 approach, adding elevated amounts of AAc to smart adhesives consisting of DMA and APBA led to strong
adhesion to quartz substrate at neutral to mildly basic pH. Moreover, the complex formed at pH 9 remained reversible and the interfacial binding could be tuned by changing the pH during successive contact cycles. pH 3 was required to break the complex and recover the strong adhesive property. Bulk adhesives analyzed in our first three approaches needed extended periods of incubation (up to 30 min) to switch between their adhesive and non-adhesive states. This is because infiltration of the pH media into the bulk polymer is limited by the slow process of diffusion. Finally, we fabricated a hybrid adhesive which was composed of gecko-inspired microstructured PDMS pillars (aspect ratios of 0.4-2) coated with the smart adhesive that we developed in our first approach. By tuning the aspect ratio of the bare templates, hybrid structures that showed strong, elevated
adhesion at pH 3, were obtained. The increased
adhesion was attributed to contact-splitting effects due to the micropatterning combined with the interfacial binding of the smart adhesive. On the other hand, formation of the complex, and the associated swelling of the adhesive together contributed to a significant decrease in
adhesion at pH 9. Additionally, the…
Advisors/Committee Members: Bruce P. Lee.
Subjects/Keywords: Mussel Adhesion; Catechol; Reversible adhesion; Smart Adhesive; Rapid adhesion; Biomaterials
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APA (6th Edition):
Narkar, A. R. (2018). REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/741
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Narkar, Ameya R. “REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 18, 2021.
https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/741.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Narkar, Ameya R. “REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY.” 2018. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Narkar AR. REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/741.
Council of Science Editors:
Narkar AR. REVERSIBLY SWITCHING ADHESION OF SMART ADHESIVES INSPIRED BY MUSSEL ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2018. Available from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/741
2.
Maier, Greg.
Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials.
Degree: 2017, University of California – eScholarship, University of California
URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/42v3x74x
► In physiological fluids and seawater, adhesion of synthetic polymers to solid surfaces is impaired by high salt, pH, and hydration. However, mussels have evolved effective…
(more)
▼ In physiological fluids and seawater, adhesion of synthetic polymers to solid surfaces is impaired by high salt, pH, and hydration. However, mussels have evolved effective strategies for wet adhesion despite these impediments. Inspection of mussel foot proteins (Mfps) provides insights into adhesive adaptations. Catecholic Dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and lysine residues are present in high mole percent in the interfacial Mfps. The siderophore cyclic trichrysobactin also contains high mole percent of catechol and lysine and serves as a simplified mimic of Mfps.This work is focused on use of Mfp-mimetic siderophores and synthetic siderophore analogs as model systems for dissecting the chemical and physical interactions that enable wet adhesion. Variation in number and identity of functional groups appended to the synthetic siderophore analogs allows identification of the specific contributions of those functional groups to wet adhesion. Both catechol and amine functional groups are critical to strong wet adhesion. The primary amine of lysine and catechol cooperatively displace interfacial hydration and bind to the underlying substrate. Variation in the amine identity as well as the amine to catechol ratio within siderophore analogs also has a significant impact on wet adhesive performance.Catechol undergoes a pH-dependent autoxidation in which higher pH leads to faster oxidation by dioxygen. This oxidation abolishes all adhesion of Mfps to mica by pH 7.5, yet many applications of synthetic wet adhesives require adhesion at physiological or oceanic pH. A better understanding of catechol redox chemistry is critical to the design of wet adhesives. To this end, the pH-dependent autoxidation of catechol and substituted catechols was investigated and results are consistent with a mechanism in which O2 oxidizes both the mono-deprotonated and di-deprotonated catechol. A linear Hammett correlation for the pH-independent second order rate constants for catechol autoxidation indicates that catechols become resistant to autoxidation when functionalized with electron withdrawing groups and more susceptible to autoxidation when functionalized with electron donating groups. Analysis of substituent effects through Hammett correlation allows for selection of functionalized catechols with redox properties ideally suited for a given application.
Subjects/Keywords: Chemistry; Materials Science; Adhesion; Catechol; Dopa; Mussel Foot Protein; Siderophore
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APA ·
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MLA ·
Vancouver ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Maier, G. (2017). Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials. (Thesis). University of California – eScholarship, University of California. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/42v3x74x
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Maier, Greg. “Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials.” 2017. Thesis, University of California – eScholarship, University of California. Accessed January 18, 2021.
http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/42v3x74x.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Maier, Greg. “Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials.” 2017. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Maier G. Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – eScholarship, University of California; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/42v3x74x.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Maier G. Catechol-Cation Synergy in Wet Adhesive Materials. [Thesis]. University of California – eScholarship, University of California; 2017. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/42v3x74x
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Guelph
3.
Glover, Sarah Kathryn.
The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels.
Degree: MS, Department of Integrative Biology, 2013, University of Guelph
URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5370
► The factors influencing habitat selection by juveniles of species within the family Unionidae (i.e., unionids), between post-larval detachment from a fish host and burrowing into…
(more)
▼ The factors influencing habitat selection by juveniles of species within the family Unionidae (i.e., unionids), between post-larval detachment from a fish host and burrowing into the substratum, are largely unknown. Bed shear stress (τw) has been proposed as a critical factor. A laboratory wall jet apparatus generated τw to assess the response of juvenile Epioblasma triquetra, Villosa iris, Lampsilis fasciola, and Ligumia nasuta. The relationships between juvenile unionids, τw, and chemical and physical parameters were also examined in the field. There was a significant relationship between unionid resuspension and τw in the laboratory (resuspension when τw > 0.26 Pa), and
adhesion behaviour required greater critical τw. Near-bed velocity and D50 grain size predicted sphaeriid clam density (a proxy for juvenile unionids) in the field. Laboratory experiments confirmed predictions that juvenile unionids cannot establish beyond a critical τw, demonstrating the importance of hydrodynamics in dispersal and for developing unionid conservation measures.
Advisors/Committee Members: Ackerman, Josef D. (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: shear stress; hydrodynamics; conservation; adhesion; life history; juvenile; unionid mussel; post-settlement dispersal
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
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APA (6th Edition):
Glover, S. K. (2013). The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels. (Masters Thesis). University of Guelph. Retrieved from https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5370
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Glover, Sarah Kathryn. “The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Guelph. Accessed January 18, 2021.
https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5370.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Glover, Sarah Kathryn. “The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels.” 2013. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Glover SK. The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Guelph; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5370.
Council of Science Editors:
Glover SK. The role of hydrodynamics in determining the habitat selection of juvenile unionid mussels. [Masters Thesis]. University of Guelph; 2013. Available from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5370

University of Michigan
4.
Leng, Chuan.
Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling.
Degree: PhD, Chemistry, 2016, University of Michigan
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133493
► Biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules and organisms to surfaces underwater, is a major problem to the government because it can result in damaged ship hulls,…
(more)
▼ Biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules and organisms to surfaces underwater, is a major problem to the government because it can result in damaged ship hulls, drag force that slows ships down, and higher cost for extra fuel consumption. Antifouling materials that can resist biofouling have great potential in a wide range of applications from the naval industry to biomedical engineering. Molecular level understanding of the surface structures of the antifouling materials is essential in revealing their antifouling mechanisms, which guides the design of new and effective antifouling materials. In this dissertation, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been used to probe the surface structures of various antifouling polymers in situ. The surface structures of the materials in water and the interfacial water structures were correlated to antifouling test results. Biocide modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings, amphiphilic polymers, and zwitterionic polymers were investigated. For the biocide modified PDMS coatings, the densely packed alkyl chains of the biocide molecules on the coating surface were found to be critical for antimicrobial activity. SFG spectroscopy also revealed the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface structures of the amphiphilic polymers in air and in water, respectively, which affect their antifouling/fouling release properties. For zwitterionic materials, strong surface hydration was revealed as their nonfouling mechanism. The hydration of the zwitterionic materials is stronger than that of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials in contact with proteins. In addition, zwitterionic materials with different molecular structures responded to pH and salts differently.
Biofouling was also investigated as a model for underwater glue. The amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), has been shown to facilitate
mussel protein mixtures to adhere to surfaces underwater. Inspired by
mussel adhesive proteins, DOPA containing adhesive polymers have been developed that match the performance of commercial glues. In this dissertation, the structures of a DOPA-containing adhesive polymer at various interfaces were examined and DOPA
adhesion was found to be based on both non-covalent interactions and covalent bonding. Further, the interfaces between
mussel adhesives and various substrates in water were probed in situ, which revealed surface dehydration as an important biofouling/bio-
adhesion mechanism of real marine organisms.
Advisors/Committee Members: Chen, Zhan (committee member), Kuroda, Kenichi (committee member), Morris, Michael D (committee member), Hakansson, Kristina I (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Biofouling; Antibiofouling material; Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy; Mussel adhesion; Zwitterionic material; Amphiphilic material; Chemistry; Science
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Leng, C. (2016). Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133493
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Leng, Chuan. “Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan. Accessed January 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133493.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Leng, Chuan. “Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling.” 2016. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Leng C. Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Michigan; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133493.
Council of Science Editors:
Leng C. Molecular Mechanisms of Bioadhesion, Bifouling, and Anti-Bifouling. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Michigan; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133493
5.
Das, Saurabh Basudeb.
Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication.
Degree: 2014, University of California – eScholarship, University of California
URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/115636tt
► Biological systems have developed elegant adaptations during its evolution to survive and perform its functions efficiently under specific environmental constrains with enormous physical demands. In…
(more)
▼ Biological systems have developed elegant adaptations during its evolution to survive and perform its functions efficiently under specific environmental constrains with enormous physical demands. In this dissertation, I make an effort to understand tribological phenomena in biology and translate them into a synthetic system for engineering applications. I emphasize on adhesion, friction and lubrication in three different biologically inspired soft condensed matter as described below.Dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), a post-translational modification from tyrosine (Tyr), features prominently in the mussel foot proteins (mfps), ranging from less than 5 mol % in mfp-4 to 30 mol % in mfp-5. The binding ability of the mfps to different substrates has been mostly attributed to the Dopa functionality in the protein and the role of the other peptide residues in the adhesive properties of the protein remains elusive. Here we have discovered that the adhesion between mfp-1 decapeptide films ([AKPSYPPTYK]2) and mica remained unchanged with or without the Dopa residue. This is a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesive properties of the mfps and calls for further inquiry into the effects of peptide residues beyond Dopa chemistry. We also developed a systematic body of work linking the adhesive performance to lengths and architectures of peptides. Dopa in a peptide sequence does not necessarily lead to the formation of cross-links between peptide films through metal chelation, and the length of the peptide is a crucial parameter for enabling metal ion mediated bridging between surfaces. More recently, we have been working on designing and characterizing small molecules that mimic the properties of the adhesive mussel foot proteins. The wet adhesion and coacervation of an adhesive protein (mfp-5) was recapitulated in an order of magnitude smaller length scale which shows cohesive properties superior to the mfps. We believe that the resulting insights into the molecular structure-function relationships will enable rational design of synthetic bio-inspired adhesives that would enable de novo (suture less) sealants for injuries and surgeries and nano-scale-adhesive applications in the semiconductor industry.Geckos can attach and detach their toes reversible in matters of milliseconds from most surfaces regardless of its roughness due to the hierarchical structure of their foot-pads. Micro-flaps mimicking the function of the micron sized setae on the gecko foot pad were fabricated and investigated for its adhesion and frictional properties in a modified surface forces apparatus (SFA). A Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model with an effective stiffness and adhesion energy parameters quantitatively described the `contact mechanics' of the tilted micro-flaps against a smooth silica surface at the macro and micro-scales. Constant attachments and detachments occurred between the surfaces during shearing and were described by an Avalanche mechanism. These results demonstrate the significance of…
Subjects/Keywords: Chemical engineering; Biophysics; Biochemistry; Bio adhesion; Friction; Gecko mimetic; Lubrcation; Mussel Foot Proteins; stick-slip friction
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
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APA (6th Edition):
Das, S. B. (2014). Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication. (Thesis). University of California – eScholarship, University of California. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/115636tt
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Das, Saurabh Basudeb. “Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication.” 2014. Thesis, University of California – eScholarship, University of California. Accessed January 18, 2021.
http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/115636tt.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Das, Saurabh Basudeb. “Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication.” 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Das SB. Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – eScholarship, University of California; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/115636tt.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Das SB. Bio-Inspired Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication. [Thesis]. University of California – eScholarship, University of California; 2014. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/115636tt
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Florida
6.
Castro Cara, Francisco.
The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive.
Degree: MS, Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, University of Florida
URL: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046437
► Mussels have the ability to attach to a wide variety of materials by the production of a structure known as byssus. This byssus is formed…
(more)
▼ Mussels have the ability to attach to a wide variety of materials by the production of a structure known as byssus. This byssus is formed by a number of adhesive plaques each connected to the inside of the animal through a collagen thread. The byssal plaque is a highly cross-linked protein adhesive that is segregated by the foot, a specialized appendix organ capable to identify chemical and physical features on the surface in order to identify a suitable attachment spot. This experiment is intended to investigate the effect of the micro-engineered pattern size in
mussel attachment process. ( en )
Advisors/Committee Members: BRENNAN,ANTHONY B (committee chair), ALLEN,JOSEPHINE (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Adhesion; Adhesives; Analyzers; Biofouling; Molecules; Mussels; Surface areas; Tensile stress; Topography; Water tables; antifouling – attachment – biofouling – micro-topography – mussel
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Castro Cara, F. (2014). The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive. (Masters Thesis). University of Florida. Retrieved from https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046437
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Castro Cara, Francisco. “The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Florida. Accessed January 18, 2021.
https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046437.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Castro Cara, Francisco. “The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive.” 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Castro Cara F. The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Florida; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046437.
Council of Science Editors:
Castro Cara F. The Effect of Engineered Topographies on Marine Adhesive. [Masters Thesis]. University of Florida; 2014. Available from: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0046437

Michigan State University
7.
Xu, Wei.
Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism.
Degree: PhD, Pathology, 2009, Michigan State University
URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17222
Subjects/Keywords: Zebra mussel; Gene expression – Identification; Ecological disturbances; Cell adhesion molecules
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Xu, W. (2009). Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17222
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Xu, Wei. “Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed January 18, 2021.
http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17222.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Xu, Wei. “Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism.” 2009. Web. 18 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Xu W. Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 18].
Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17222.
Council of Science Editors:
Xu W. Identification of novel genes involved in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) underwater adhesion mechanism. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 2009. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:17222
.