subject:(Lean Combustion)

1. Yohan, Muntimadugu. Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine.

Degree: Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuram

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12229

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Lean operation of spark ignition (SI) automotive engines offers attractive performance incentives. Lowered combustion temperatures inhibit NOx, pollutant formation while reduced manifold throttling minimizes pumping… (more)

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Lean operation of spark ignition (SI) automotive engines offers attractive performance incentives. Lowered combustion temperatures inhibit NOx, pollutant formation while reduced manifold throttling minimizes pumping losses, leading to higher efficiency. These benefits are offset by the reduced combustion speed of lean mixtures, which can lead to high cycle-to-cycle variation and unacceptable engine behavior characteristics. Hydrogen-enhancement can suppress the undesirable consequences of lean operation by accelerating the combustion process, thereby extending the quotlean limit.quot Hydrogen can be produced onboard the vehicle with a plasmatron fuel reformer device. newlineIn this work, research efforts made in three different phases with the objective of improving the fuel economy of and reducing exhaust emissions from conventional, carbureted, two-stroke spark ignition (SI) engines, which are widely employed in two-wheel transportation in India. A review concerning the existing two-stroke engine technology for this application is included. In the first phase, a new scavenging system was developed and tested to reduce the loss of fresh charge through the exhaust port. In the second phase, the following measures are carried out to improve the combustion process: (i) using an in-cylinder catalyst, such as copper, chromium, and nickel, in the form of coating; (ii) providing moderate thermal insulation in the combustion chamber, either by newlinedepositing thin ceramic material or by metal inserts (iii) employing high-octane fuel, such as methanol, ethanol, eucalyptus oil, and orange oil, as a blending agent with gasoline. newlineBased on the effectiveness of the above measures, an optimized design was developed in the final phase to achieve improved performance. Test results indicate that with an optimized two-stroke SI engine, the maximum percentage improvement in brake thermal efficiency is about 32%, together with a reduction of 3500 ppm in hydrocarbons (HC) and 2.9% by volume of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions over the normal engine (at

References p. 164-187, Conclusion p. 158-163

Advisors/Committee Members: Reddy, K Vijaya Kumar.

Subjects/Keywords: Petrol engine; Lean combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Yohan, M. (2013). Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine. (Thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuram. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12229

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yohan, Muntimadugu. “Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine.” 2013. Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuram. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12229.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yohan, Muntimadugu. “Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine.” 2013. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Yohan M. Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine. [Internet] [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuram; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12229.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Yohan M. Investigations on lean combustion in a petrol engine. [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuram; 2013. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12229

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University

2. Jones, Brian Keith. Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor .

Degree: 2011, Penn State University

URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10638

► To satisfy increasingly stringent environmental regulations, gas turbine engines are run in a lean premixed mode. Unfortunately, operating in this mode greatly increases the flame’s… (more)

▼ To satisfy increasingly stringent environmental regulations, gas turbine engines are run in a lean premixed mode. Unfortunately, operating in this mode greatly increases the flame’s susceptibility to self sustained combustion instabilities. It is vital to understand flame dynamics in order to better predict the onset of such instabilities. At low velocity forcing amplitudes, there are two local flame response mechanisms that affect lean premixed flames: vorticity fluctuations affecting local flame wrinkling, and velocity fluctuations affecting the mean flame surface area. No experimental studies investigating the interaction of these mechanisms and their affect on the global flame response have been reported in the literature. An experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of the interaction of these two flame response mechanisms on the global turbulent flame response in a lean premixed, swirl-stabilized gas turbine combustor. Premixed natural gas and air were modulated with a siren type modulation device at frequencies between 80 Hz and 360 Hz. Overall chemiluminescence intensity was recorded with photomultiplier tubes equipped with filters for CH*, CO2*, and OH*, and used as a measure of the global flame heat release rate. Hot wire anemometry was used to measure the inlet velocity fluctuation. To characterize flame structure, flame length and shape, CH* chemiluminescence images were recorded at forced and unforced conditions. From chemiluminescence images synchronized in phase with the inlet velocity fluctuation, it was possible to characterize the role of the two flame response mechanisms. Flame transfer function (FTF) measurements, which quantify the ratio of the flame’s heat release rate response to inlet velocity fluctuations, were made for mean flow velocities of 20 m/s, 25 m/s, and 30 m/s, and equivalence ratios of 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80 with a normalized velocity forcing amplitude of 5%. It was found that the FTF gain and phase depend on mean velocity, flame length, and flame shape. Particularly interesting, a forcing frequency, defined as fmin, was observed at which there was minimal heat release rate response. This frequency changed with the same parameters that influence the FTF measurements. Chemiluminescence images revealed two general flame shapes: a typical “V” flame shape and a longer length “V” flame shape with an extension into the corner recirculation zone. Images phase synchronized with the input velocity fluctuation were taken for operating conditions representative of the two flame shapes. For a typical “V” flame, it was revealed that high FTF gain forcing frequency conditions exhibited a constructive interaction of the two flame response mechanisms. Operating conditions with forcing frequencies of minimal gain, fmin, exhibited a destructive interaction of the two mechanisms. For the longer “V” flame shape with an extension into the corner recirculation zone, it was found that the relative magnitude of the two flame response mechanisms, in addition to the phase… Advisors/Committee Members: Domenic Adam Santavicca, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor, Domenic Adam Santavicca, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.

Subjects/Keywords: premixed; flame; instabilities; lean; combustion; gas turbine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jones, B. K. (2011). Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor . (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10638

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jones, Brian Keith. “Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor .” 2011. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10638.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jones, Brian Keith. “Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor .” 2011. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Jones BK. Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor . [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10638.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Jones BK. Flame Response Mechanisms and their Interaction in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor . [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2011. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10638

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Toronto

3. Schneider, Christopher Eric. Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner.

Degree: 2019, University of Toronto

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94039

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The dynamics of flame flashback were studied in a lean premixed swirl burner with central bluff-body. A range of conditions with varied flow velocities, inlet… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Flashback; Lean Premixed Combustion; Swirl Burner; 0538

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APA (6^th Edition):

Schneider, C. E. (2019). Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94039

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schneider, Christopher Eric. “Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner.” 2019. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94039.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schneider, Christopher Eric. “Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner.” 2019. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Schneider CE. Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94039.

Council of Science Editors:

Schneider CE. Incipient Behaviour of Flashback in a Lean Premixed Swirl Burner. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94039

4. Vandadi, Vahid. Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating.

Degree: 2015, University of Nevada – Reno

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/2618

► A novel design of porous burner using an external preheater combined with internal heat recirculation and radiation corridors is presented to utilize the superadiabatic temperature… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion; Flame; Porous; Recirculation; Superadiabatic; Ultra-lean

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APA (6^th Edition):

Vandadi, V. (2015). Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating. (Thesis). University of Nevada – Reno. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11714/2618

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vandadi, Vahid. “Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating.” 2015. Thesis, University of Nevada – Reno. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11714/2618.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vandadi, Vahid. “Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating.” 2015. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Vandadi V. Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/2618.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Vandadi V. Modeling Ultra-lean Superadiabatic Combustion in Multi-scale Porous Burner with Augmented Heat Recirculation and Preheating. [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/2618

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Melbourne

5. ABBASI ATIBEH, PAYMAN. Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine.

Degree: 2012, University of Melbourne

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/37614

► Relative to gasoline and diesel, use of natural gas as a transport fuel can produce significantly lower emissions of particulate matter and greenhouse gases. Future… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: internal combustion engines; natural gas; lean burn combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

ABBASI ATIBEH, P. (2012). Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine. (Masters Thesis). University of Melbourne. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11343/37614

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

ABBASI ATIBEH, PAYMAN. “Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Melbourne. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/37614.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

ABBASI ATIBEH, PAYMAN. “Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine.” 2012. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

ABBASI ATIBEH P. Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Melbourne; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/37614.

Council of Science Editors:

ABBASI ATIBEH P. Performance of a spark ignition, lean burn, natural gas internal combustion engine. [Masters Thesis]. University of Melbourne; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/37614

Louisiana State University

6. Gibson, Joseph Edward. Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions.

Degree: MSME, Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Louisiana State University

URL: etd-04182012-091617 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2168

► Preheating a combustible mixture enhances the laminar burning flux characteristic m_ad with high reaction firing rates. As a result, the flammable zone as defined by… (more)

▼ Preheating a combustible mixture enhances the laminar burning flux characteristic m_ad with high reaction firing rates. As a result, the flammable zone as defined by inlet conditions of equivalence ratio and temperature is expanded beyond that available at standard ambient conditions; however, fundamental questions in these combustion regimes have not been addressed. In this thesis, preheated lean and rich combustion of methane/air mixtures is studied numerically and experimentally to catalog and confirm expected trends in these regimes. Numerical simulations were completed using both GRI-Mech 3.0 and San Diego mechanisms in the combustion code Cantera. An adiabatic simulation data set is obtained over a vast range of equivalence ratios (φ = 0.15-3.5) and inlet temperatures T_in = 200-1000 K), while further study is completed at lean (φ < 0.89) and rich conditions (φ > 1.3). Detailed analyses of flame structure and reaction pathway analysis, sensitivity, and heat release are completed at a total of ten reference cases, five lean and five rich, selected along contours of constant equivalence ratio φ = 0.7, 1.6 and mass flux m_ad = 0.2190 kg/m²-s. A regression analysis of each regime links adiabatic flame propagation to a characteristic temperature T★, shown to be primarily a function of m, while φ and T_in are shown to play a subordinate role. Analyses together reveal causal kinetic phenomena contributing to differences in lean and rich combustion. Experiments connect the adiabatic findings to the simplest non-adiabatic application, where stand-off distances of a flat flame burner are used as a metric for flame behavior. Viable flames are established at ultra-lean and rich conditions, but results show mechanism uncertainty at preheated conditions in addition to unmodeled heat transfer phenomena. Further study of flat flame behavior is performed in the computational fluid dynamics code Fluent 12.0, where a two dimensional axisymmetric flame is stabilized for three mass fluxes at a reference case of φ = 0.7, T_in = 300 K. The model does not attempt to replicate the exact conditions seen experimentally, rather it seeks to evaluate boundary effects and other two dimensional flame structures resulting from exceeding the laminar burning flux.

Subjects/Keywords: adiabatic flames; rich premixed combustion; flat flame; lean premixed combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gibson, J. E. (2012). Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions. (Masters Thesis). Louisiana State University. Retrieved from etd-04182012-091617 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2168

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gibson, Joseph Edward. “Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Louisiana State University. Accessed January 22, 2021. etd-04182012-091617 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2168.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gibson, Joseph Edward. “Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions.” 2012. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gibson JE. Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: etd-04182012-091617 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2168.

Council of Science Editors:

Gibson JE. Numerical and experimental evaluation of preheated premixed flames at lean and rich conditions. [Masters Thesis]. Louisiana State University; 2012. Available from: etd-04182012-091617 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2168

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

7. Almatrafi, Fahad A. Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane.

Degree: 2020, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662605

► Pre-Chamber combustion systems are gaining popularity in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) with the increasing emissions regulations due to their advantages in improving fuel economy by… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Internal combustion engine; Pre-chamber; Lean combustion; Ethanol

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APA (6^th Edition):

Almatrafi, F. A. (2020). Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane. (Thesis). King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662605

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Almatrafi, Fahad A. “Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane.” 2020. Thesis, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662605.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Almatrafi, Fahad A. “Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane.” 2020. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Almatrafi FA. Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane. [Internet] [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2020. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662605.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Almatrafi FA. Narrow-throat Pre-chamber Combustion with Ethanol, a Comparison with Methane. [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662605

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Delft University of Technology

8. Rosati, B. (author). Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models.

Degree: 2015, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4123ab3-0d3d-48cc-8b71-ada6badc83e7

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Emission prediction is a complex problem involving the coupling between the flow field and chemistry. Most of the time CFD is the preferred modeling approach,… (more)

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Emission prediction is a complex problem involving the coupling between the flow field and chemistry. Most of the time CFD is the preferred modeling approach, yielding predictions with varying degrees of accuracy. But because of a high computational cost, CFD investigations are often limited to the use of reduced chemical mechanisms. In this work the specific features of chemical reactor networks are exploited to build a fast and reliable emission estimator. The main advantage of this modeling approach is a much lower computational cost than CFD, hence offering the potential for relatively fast predictions while allowing the use of detailed chemistry. This methodology has been applied to three different combustion systems, with mixed results. It may not be the most suitable modeling technique to obtain emissions from a lifted jet flame, but a successful estimator has been designed for flameless furnaces. It is based solely on analytical sub–models, giving it the potential to predict the emissions from any type of flameless furnace installation. For three different experimental setups, the correct trends were reproduced as well as the right order of magnitude for ??x and ?? emissions, if not within experimental measurements uncertainty. Finally the emissions from a lean-premixed gas turbine combustor burning cryogenic fuel have been successfully modeled and this investigation has brought out the major sensitivities of this system. Lastly, despite some promising results, several developments have been suggested to improve the accuracy and stability of the flameless furnace estimator. The combustor estimator, for one, can be used as basis to investigate the behavior of the more comprehensive hybrid combustion system it has originally been designed for: the dual combustion chamber of the AHEAD hybrid engine (Advanced Hybrid Engines for Aircraft Development).

Sustainable Processes and Energy Technologies

Process and Energy

Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Advisors/Committee Members: Roekaerts, D.J.E.M. (mentor), Gangoli Rao, A. (mentor), Bhat, A. (mentor).

Subjects/Keywords: emissions; reactor network; flameless combustion; Strong-Jet / Weak-Jet; lean premixed combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rosati, B. (. (2015). Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4123ab3-0d3d-48cc-8b71-ada6badc83e7

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rosati, B (author). “Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4123ab3-0d3d-48cc-8b71-ada6badc83e7.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rosati, B (author). “Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models.” 2015. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Rosati B(. Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4123ab3-0d3d-48cc-8b71-ada6badc83e7.

Council of Science Editors:

Rosati B(. Prediction of emissions from combustion systems using 0D and 1D reacting flow models. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2015. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4123ab3-0d3d-48cc-8b71-ada6badc83e7

University of Iowa

9. Kaufman, Kelsey Leigh. Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, University of Iowa

URL: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4661

► Low swirl burners (LSBs) have gained popularity in heating and gas power generation industries, in part due to their proven capacity for reducing the… (more)

▼ Low swirl burners (LSBs) have gained popularity in heating and gas power generation industries, in part due to their proven capacity for reducing the production of NOx, which in addition to reacting to form smog and acid rain, plays a central role in the formation of the tropospheric ozone layer. With lean operating conditions, LSBs are susceptible to combustion instability, which can result in flame extinction or equipment failure. Extensive work has been performed to understand the nature of LSB combustion, but scaling trends between laboratory- and industrial-sized burners have not been established. Using hydrogen addition as the primary method of flame stabilization, the current work presents results for a 2.54 cm LSB to investigate potential effects of burner outlet diameter on the nature of flame stability, with focus on flashback and lean blowout conditions. In the lean regime, the onset of instability and flame extinction have been shown to occur at similar equivalence ratios for both the 2.54 cm and a 3.81 cm LSB and depend on the resolution of equivalence ratios incremented. Investigations into flame structures are also performed. Discussion begins with a derivation for properties in a multicomponent gas mixture used to determine the Reynolds number (Re) to develop a condition for turbulent intensity similarity in differently-sized LSBs. Based on this requirement, operating conditions are chosen such that the global Reynolds number for the 2.54 cm LSB is within 2% of the Re for the 3.81 cm burner. With similarity obtained, flame structure investigations focus on flame front curvature and flame surface density (FSD). As flame structure results of the current 2.54 cm LSB work are compared to results for the 3.81 cm LSB, no apparent relationship is shown to exist between burner diameter and the distribution of flame surface density. However, burner diameter is shown to have a definite effect on the flame front curvature. In corresponding flow conditions, a decrease in burner diameter results a broader distribution of curvature and an increased average curvature, signifying that compared to the larger 3.81 cm LSB, the flame front of the smaller burner contains tighter, smaller scale wrinkling. Advisors/Committee Members: Ratner, Albert (supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion Instability; Flame Stabilization; Flame Structures; Lean; Premixed Combustion; Low Swirl Burner; NOx; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kaufman, K. L. (2014). Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames. (Masters Thesis). University of Iowa. Retrieved from https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4661

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kaufman, Kelsey Leigh. “Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Iowa. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4661.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kaufman, Kelsey Leigh. “Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames.” 2014. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kaufman KL. Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Iowa; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4661.

Council of Science Editors:

Kaufman KL. Effect of hydrogen addition and burner diameter on the stability and structure of lean, premixed flames. [Masters Thesis]. University of Iowa; 2014. Available from: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4661

University of Cincinnati

10. Ahmed, Abdelallah. Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept.

Degree: MS, Engineering and Applied Science: Aerospace Engineering, 2016, University of Cincinnati

URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471345597

► The present work investigates emission characteristics and flame behavior of a Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustor at elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures. The LDI… (more)

▼ The present work investigates emission characteristics and flame behavior of a Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustor at elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures. The LDI consisted of a 9-point fuel injection system setup in a 3 by 3 array, where each point is made of a fuel nozzle fitted into a counter-rotating radial-radial swirler.To optimize flame anchoring and low NO_xpotential, two swirlers with varying intensities were used. Swirler1 has a swirl number of 1.03 and is considered the high strength swirler. The larger recirculation zone created by this swirler is desirable for the increased turbulence and residence time, which will allow for more complete combustion and flame anchoring. Swirler #2 has a swirl number of 0.6, and is considered the low strength swirler. The higher axial velocities of this swirler allowed for a decreased residence time, which will lessen NOx production. To balance flame anchoring with lower NOx potential, 3 high strength swirlers were used in the central row of the array and 6 low strength swirlers were placed in the first and third row. To allow for a wide range of operating conditions, three fuel stages were employed with this combustor. The three stages consist of the pilot flame, which is the central cup operating solely, the 5 cup-staged flame, which is the central circuit operating with the 4 side circuit, and the 9 cup-staged flame, which is all active injection points.Three emission probes collected localized combustion byproducts, which were used to measure the molar fractions of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and unburned hydrocarbons. Tests were undertaken with inlet air temperatures and pressures varying from 400°F (478-K) to 515°F (541-K) and 1-atm to 7-atm, respectively. Test results indicate that NO_x formation is highly dependent on the fuel staging. The emission index of NO_x (g-NO_x/Kg-Fuel) were similar for just the central circuit lit (pilot) to all circuits lit (9-cup). For example, with 400°F inlet air temperature at 4atm, the EINO_x for the pilot (φ=0.16), 5-cup (φ=0.35), and the 9-cup (φ=0.60) flames were 1.4 g/Kg, 1.35 g/Kg, and 1.56 g/Kg, respectively. However, the EINO_x becomes exponentially proportional to the equivalence ratio when considering the three injection circuits independently. Correlations of the EINOx were developed for the three circuits with independent variables being equivalence ratio, inlet pressure and inlet air temperature. The experimental results indicate that this combustor generates NOx at similar rates as lean premixed combustors. However, the benefits of the LDI is its inherent ability of avoid unwarranted flashback and auto-ignition. Advisors/Committee Members: Jeng, San-Mou (Committee Chair).

Subjects/Keywords: Aerospace Materials; Lean Direct Injection; Low NOx; High Pressure Combustion; Aviation Combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ahmed, A. (2016). Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept. (Masters Thesis). University of Cincinnati. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471345597

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ahmed, Abdelallah. “Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Cincinnati. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471345597.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ahmed, Abdelallah. “Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Ahmed A. Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Cincinnati; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471345597.

Council of Science Editors:

Ahmed A. Investigation of High Pressure Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Lean Direct Injection Combustor Concept. [Masters Thesis]. University of Cincinnati; 2016. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471345597

University of Cincinnati

11. Estefanos, Wessam. Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion.

Degree: PhD, Engineering and Applied Science: Aerospace Engineering, 2016, University of Cincinnati

URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460731723

► An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the fuel-air mixing on combustion instabilities and NOx emissions in lean premixed combustion. High speed… (more)

▼ An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the fuel-air mixing on combustion instabilities and NOx emissions in lean premixed combustion. High speed PIV measurements in water were conducted to capture the mean and dynamic behavior of the cold flow generated by a 3X model of the tested premixer. High speed PLIF in water measurements were conducted to quantify the mean and unsteady fuel-air mixing at different momentum flux ratios. Atmospheric combustion tests using the original premixer, were conducted using natural gas and propane at the same momentum flux ratios of the PLIF mixing tests. An emissions analyzer was used to measure the emissions from combustion tests. Dynamic pressure transducers were used to measure the amplitude and the frequency of the dynamic pressure oscillations associated with the combustion instabilities. CHEMKIN-PRO was used to model the atmospheric combustion and predict NOx emissions at different conditions. Results showed that unsteady fuel-air mixing was concentrated at the center and near the outer edges of the premixer. These regions were characterized by high fuel concentration gradients. With the increase in the momentum flux ratio, the concentration gradient and the level of unsteady mixing increased, indicating that the fuel-air spatial unmixedness was the source of the unsteady mixing. It was found that local flow turbulence tended to decrease the concentration gradient through enhancing the fuel-air mixing, which resulted in decreasing the level of unsteady mixing. NOx emissions from atmospheric combustion increased with the increase in the momentum flux ratio due to the increase in the flame temperature and the fuel-air spatial and temporal unmixedness. The intensity of the combustion dynamics increased with the increase in the level of unsteady mixing. Axial injection of the fuel into the regions of strong unsteady mixing eliminated the combustion dynamics through damping the unsteady mixing. Results of CHEMKIN-PRO agreed very well with the experimental results and showed that the spatial and temporal unmixedness have a significant effect on NOx emissions for very lean combustion (F = 0.4). With the increase in the equivalence ratio, their relative contribution decreased. Advisors/Committee Members: Jeng, San-Mou (Committee Chair).

Subjects/Keywords: Engineering; Lean premixed combustion; Fuel-air mixing; NOx emissions; Combustion instabilities; Unsteady flow behavior

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APA (6^th Edition):

Estefanos, W. (2016). Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Cincinnati. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460731723

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Estefanos, Wessam. “Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cincinnati. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460731723.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Estefanos, Wessam. “Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Estefanos W. Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinnati; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460731723.

Council of Science Editors:

Estefanos W. Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Cincinnati; 2016. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460731723

Purdue University

12. Gejji, Rohan M. An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor.

Degree: PhD, Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016, Purdue University

URL: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/761

► The management of combustion dynamics in gas turbine combustors has become more challenging as strict NOx/CO emission standards have led to engine operation in… (more)

▼ The management of combustion dynamics in gas turbine combustors has become more challenging as strict NOx/CO emission standards have led to engine operation in a narrow, lean regime. While premixed or partially premixed combustor configurations such as the Lean Premixed Pre-vaporized (LPP), Rich Quench Lean burn (RQL), and Lean Direct Injection (LDI) have shown a potential for reduced NOx emissions, they promote a coupling between acoustics, hydrodynamics and combustion that can lead to combustion instabilities. These couplings can be quite complex, and their detailed understanding is a pre-requisite to any engine development program and for the development of predictive capability for combustion instabilities through high-fidelity models. The overarching goal of this project is to assess the capability of high-fidelity simulation to predict combustion dynamics in low-emissions gas turbine combustors. A prototypical lean-direct-inject combustor was designed in a modular configuration so that a suitable geometry could be found by test. The combustor comprised a variable length air plenum and combustion chamber, air swirler, and fuel nozzle located inside a subsonic venturi. The venturi cross section and the fuel nozzle were consistent with previous studies. Test pressure was 1 MPa and variables included geometry and acoustic resonance, inlet temperatures, equivalence ratio, and type of liquid fuel. High-frequency pressure measurements in a well-instrumented metal chamber yielded frequencies and mode shapes as a function of inlet air temperature, equivalence ratio, fuel nozzle placement, and combustor acoustic resonances. The parametric survey was a significant effort, with over 105 tests on eight geometric configurations. A good dataset was obtained that could be used for both operating-point-dependent quantitative comparisons, and testing the ability of the simulation to predict more global trends. Results showed a very strong dependence of instability amplitude on the geometric configuration of the combustor, i.e., its acoustic resonance characteristics, with measured pressure fluctuation amplitudes ranged from 5 kPa (0.5% of mean pressure) to 200 kPa (~20% of mean pressure) depending on combustor geometry. The stability behavior also showed a consistent and pronounced dependence on equivalence ratio and inlet air temperature. Instability amplitude increased with higher equivalence ratio and with lower inlet air temperature. A pronounced effect of fuel nozzle location on the combustion dynamics was also observed. Combustion instabilities with the fuel nozzle at the throat of the venturi throat were stronger than in the configuration with fuel nozzle 2.6 mm upstream of the nozzle. A second set of dynamics data was based on high-response-rate laser-based combustion diagnostics using an optically accessible combustor section. High-frequency measurements of OH*-chemiluminescence and OH-PLIF and velocity fields using PIV were obtained at a relatively stable, low equivalence ratio case and a… Advisors/Committee Members: William E. Anderson, William E. Anderson, Jay P. Gore, Stephen D. Heister, Robert P. Lucht.

Subjects/Keywords: Applied sciences; Combustion; Combustion instability; Lean direct injection; Propulsion; Aerospace Engineering; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gejji, R. M. (2016). An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor. (Doctoral Dissertation). Purdue University. Retrieved from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/761

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gejji, Rohan M. “An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Purdue University. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/761.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gejji, Rohan M. “An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gejji RM. An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Purdue University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/761.

Council of Science Editors:

Gejji RM. An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Purdue University; 2016. Available from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/761

University of Iowa

13. Emadi, Majid. Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2012, University of Iowa

URL: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968

► Reduction of the pollutant emissions is a challenge for the gas turbine industry. A solution to this problem is to employ the low swirl… (more)

▼ Reduction of the pollutant emissions is a challenge for the gas turbine industry. A solution to this problem is to employ the low swirl burner which can operate at lower equivalence ratios than a conventional swirl burner. However, flames in the lean regime of combustion are susceptible to flow perturbations and combustion instability. Combustion instability is the coupling between unsteady heat release and combustor acoustic modes where one amplifies the other in a feedback loop. The other method for significantly reducing NOx and CO2 is increasing fuel reactivity, typically done through the addition of hydrogen. This helps to improve the flammability limit and also reduces the pollutants in products by decreasing thermal NOx and reducing CO2 by displacing carbon. In this work, the flammability limits of a low swirl burner at various operating conditions, is studied and the effect of pressure, bulk velocity, burner shape and percent of hydrogen (added to the fuel) is investigated. Also, the flame structure for these test conditions is measured using OH planar laser induced fluorescence and assessed. Also, the OH PLIF data is used to calculate Rayleigh index maps and to construct averaged OH PLIF intensity fields at different acoustic excitation frequencies (45-155, and 195Hz). Based on the Rayleigh index maps, two different modes of coupling between the heat release and the pressure fluctuation were observed: the first mode, which occurs at 44Hz and 55Hz, shows coupling to the flame base (due to the bulk velocity) while the second mode shows coupling to the sides of the flame. In the first mode, the flame becomes wider and the flame base moves with the acoustic frequency. In the second mode, imposed pressure oscillations induce vortex shedding in the flame shear layer. These vortices distort the flame front and generate locally compact and sparse flame areas. The local flame structure resulting from these two distinct modes was markedly different. Advisors/Committee Members: Ratner, Albert (supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion Instability; Flame Surface Density; Lean Premixed Combustion; Low Swirl Burner; Syngas Combustion; Thermoacoustic Instability; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Emadi, M. (2012). Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Iowa. Retrieved from https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Emadi, Majid. “Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Iowa. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Emadi, Majid. “Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions.” 2012. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Emadi M. Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Iowa; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968.

Council of Science Editors:

Emadi M. Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Iowa; 2012. Available from: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968

Purdue University

14. Cruise, Dustin Lee. Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Purdue University

URL: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/418

► The next generation of combustor technology will be required to meet the demands of a world more focused on greenhouse gases and global warming.… (more)

▼ The next generation of combustor technology will be required to meet the demands of a world more focused on greenhouse gases and global warming. Due to this new focus on emission control, combustors must produce less NO x , while operating in a higher pressure environment that is more prone to combustion instabilities. This work focuses on the development of a lab and combustor that will be used for the next generation combustor development. The lab development includes layout and organization, facilities, measurement and instrumentation, automation of the testing process, and an imaging tool for diagnostics. A Lean Direction Injection (LDI) single element combustor has been designed, built, and tested. Results included chemiluminescence imaging and measurements of combustion instabilities. Initial results are promising for future controls and combustion development. A three axis translation table has been developed to support diagnostic efforts. Initial performance measurements indicate the table will be capable of fast scanning of flames compared to other translation options. In addition to achieving the desired performance, the size of the table was kept compact without sacrificing travel, allowing more access to the burners, and more burners to be mounted onto the table. One of the first projects will be the application of the Laser-induced Fluorescence Triple-integration Method (LIFTIME) method to the LDI to assist combustion controls development. After the experience gained with the charge coupled device (CCD) camera, we see potential to use this in parallel with the LIFTIME system to better map the flame. The image processing capabilities of the LabVIEW software have been briefly explored, and look promising as a method for automated flame geometry analysis to improve the flame mapping. In addition to the application of LIFTIME to the LDI, the exploration of the combustion control using the variable injector position, and the variable impedance exit area will begin. Due to the work presented in this thesis, a fully-functional combustion lab is available for current and future students, and more in-depth combustion research can now begin. In addition to providing resources for the students of our research group, this lab will continue to support Senior Design students as well as those in graduate level combustion courses. Advisors/Committee Members: Galen B. King, Hukam C. Mongia, Peter H. Meckl, William Anderson.

Subjects/Keywords: Applied sciences; Combustion; Control; Lean direct injection; Variable geometry; Mechanical Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cruise, D. L. (2014). Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development. (Thesis). Purdue University. Retrieved from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/418

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cruise, Dustin Lee. “Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development.” 2014. Thesis, Purdue University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/418.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cruise, Dustin Lee. “Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development.” 2014. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Cruise DL. Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development. [Internet] [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/418.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cruise DL. Laboratory Apparatus For Gas Turbine Combustion Development. [Thesis]. Purdue University; 2014. Available from: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/418

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Connecticut

15. Magda, Brian J. Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2016, University of Connecticut

URL: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1005

► Reduced mechanisms for jet fuels, including POSF10264, POSF10325, POSF10289, and n-dodecane as a surrogate, are extensively validated and investigated in perfectly stirred reactors (PSR).… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: lean combustion bifurcation PSR perfectly stirred LBO blow out reduced mechanism

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APA (6^th Edition):

Magda, B. J. (2016). Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors. (Masters Thesis). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1005

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Magda, Brian J. “Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Connecticut. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1005.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Magda, Brian J. “Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Magda BJ. Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1005.

Council of Science Editors:

Magda BJ. Reduced Mechanism Validation and Analysis Near Extinction Limits of Perfectly Stirred Reactors. [Masters Thesis]. University of Connecticut; 2016. Available from: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1005

Virginia Tech

16. Farina, Jordan T. Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50533

► The utilization of lean premixed combustors has become attractive to designers of industrial gas turbines as a means of meeting strict emissions standards without compromising… (more)

▼ The utilization of lean premixed combustors has become attractive to designers of industrial gas turbines as a means of meeting strict emissions standards without compromising efficiency. Mixing the fuel and air prior to combustion allows for lower temperature flame zones, creating the potential for drastically reduced nitrous oxide emissions. While effective, these systems are commonly plagued by combustion driven instabilities. These instabilities produce large pressure and heat release rate fluctuations due to a resonant interaction between the combustor acoustics and the flame. A primary feedback mechanism responsible for driving these systems is the propagation of Fuel/Air Ratio (FAR) fluctuations into the flame zone. These fluctuations are formed inside of the premixing chamber when fuel is injected into and mixed with an oscillating air flow. The research presented here aimed to develop new technology for premixer designs, along with an application strategy, to avoid resonant thermo-acoustic events driven by FAR fluctuations. A passive fuel control technique was selected for investigation and implementation. The selected technique utilized fuel injections at multiple, strategically placed axial locations to target and inhibit FAR fluctuations at the dominant resonant mode of the combustor. The goal of this research was to provide an understanding of the mixing response inside a realistic premixer geometry and investigate the effectiveness of the proposed suppression technique. The mixing response was investigated under non-reacting flow conditions using a unique modular premixer. The premixer incorporated variable axial fuel injection locations, as well as interchangeable mixing chamber geometries. Two different chamber designs were tested: a simple annular chamber and one incorporating an axial swirler. The mixing response of the simple annular geometry was well characterized, and it was found that multiple injections could be effectively configured to suppress the onset of an unstable event at very lean conditions. Energy dense flame zones produced at higher equivalence ratios, however, were found to be uncontrollable using this technique. Additionally, the mixing response of the swirl geometry was difficult to predict. This was found to be the result of large spatial gradients formed in the dynamic velocity field as acoustic waves passed through the swirl vanes. Advisors/Committee Members: Vandsburger, Uri (committeechair), O'Brien, Walter F. Jr. (committee member), Lattimer, Brian Y. (committee member), West, Robert L. (committee member), Ranalli, Joseph Allen (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: lean premixed; gas turbines; combustion; thermo-acoustic instabilities; passive control

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APA (6^th Edition):

Farina, J. T. (2013). Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50533

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Farina, Jordan T. “Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50533.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Farina, Jordan T. “Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors.” 2013. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Farina JT. Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50533.

Council of Science Editors:

Farina JT. Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50533

Virginia Tech

17. Sykes, David Michael. Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor.

Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2007, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31722

► Hydrogen use in a gas turbine engine has many benefits. Chief among these is the elimination of carbon based emissions. The only products and emissions… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion; hydrogen; lean premixed

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sykes, D. M. (2007). Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31722

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sykes, David Michael. “Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor.” 2007. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31722.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sykes, David Michael. “Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor.” 2007. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Sykes DM. Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2007. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31722.

Council of Science Editors:

Sykes DM. Design and Evaluation of a Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Tangential Entry in a Sector Combustor. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2007. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31722

18. Renaud, Antoine. Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution.

Degree: Docteur es, Combustion, 2015, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE)

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC003

►

La combustion prévaporisée prémélangée pauvre est une piste de choix pour réduire les émissions polluantes des moteurs d'avions mais peut conduire à l'apparition d'instabilités thermo-acoustiques.… (more)

▼

La combustion prévaporisée prémélangée pauvre est une piste de choix pour réduire les émissions polluantes des moteurs d'avions mais peut conduire à l'apparition d'instabilités thermo-acoustiques. Afin d'améliorer la stabilité de telles flammes, l'étagement du combustible consiste à contrôler la distribution spatiale du carburant. Une telle procédure s'accompagne cependant d'une complexité accrue du système pouvant déboucher sur des phénomènes inattendus.Un brûleur à l'échelle de laboratoire alimenté par du dodécane liquide est utilisé dans cette thèse. Le combustible est injecté dans deux étages séparés, permettant ainsi de contrôler sa distribution. Cette particularité permet l'observation de différentes formes de flammes et notamment de points bistables pour lesquels deux flammes différentes peuvent exister malgré des conditions opératoires identiques.L'utilisation de diagnostics optiques à haute cadence (diffusion de Mie des gouttes de combustible et émission spontanée de la flamme) est couplée à des méthodes de post-traitement avancées comme la Décomposition en Modes Dynamiques. Ainsi, des mécanismes pilotant la stabilisation des flammes ainsi que leurs changements de forme sont proposés. Ils mettent notamment en lumière les interactions entre l'écoulement gazeux, les gouttes de combustible et la flamme.

A promising way to reduce jet engines pollutant emissions is the use of lean premixed prevaporized combustion but it tends to trigger thermo-acoustic instabilities. To improve the stability of these flames, a procedure called staging consists in splitting the fuel injection to control its spatial distribution. This however leads to an increased complexity and unexpected phenomena can occur.In the present work, a model gas turbine combustor fed with liquid dodecane is used. It is equipped with two fuel injection stages to control the fuel distribution in the burner. Different flame stabilizations can be observed and a bistable case where two flame shapes can exist for the same operating conditions is highlighted.High-speed optical diagnostics (fuel droplets Mie scatering and chemiluminescence measurements) are coupled with advanced post-processing methods like Dynamic Mode Decomposition. The results enable to propose mechanisms leading to flame stabilization and flame shape transitions. They show a strong interplay between the gaseous flow, the fuel droplets and the flame itself.

Advisors/Committee Members: Ducruix, Sébastien (thesis director), Zimmer, Laurent (thesis director).

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion turbulente; Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP); Injection multipoint; Hystérésis; Décomposition en Modes Dynamiques (DMD); Turbulent combustion; Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP); Multipoint injection; Hysteresis; Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Renaud, A. (2015). Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE). Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC003

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Renaud, Antoine. “Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE). Accessed January 22, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC003.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Renaud, Antoine. “Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution.” 2015. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Renaud A. Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE); 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC003.

Council of Science Editors:

Renaud A. Étude de la stabilisation des flammes et des comportements transitoires dans un brûleur étagé à combustible liquide à l'aide de diagnostics rapides : High-speed diagnostics for the study of flame stabilization and transient behaviour in a swirled burner with variable liquid-fuel distribution. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE); 2015. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC003

RMIT University

19. Mazlan, S. Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines.

Degree: 2017, RMIT University

URL: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:162281

► The application of pre-chamber in lean combustion proved to promote fast combustion and produce high thermal efficiency. This research demonstrated the potential of pre-chamber and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Fields of Research; Pre-chamber; Direct Injection Natural Gas; Lean combustion; Compressed Natural Gas

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mazlan, S. (2017). Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines. (Thesis). RMIT University. Retrieved from http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:162281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mazlan, S. “Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines.” 2017. Thesis, RMIT University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:162281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mazlan, S. “Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines.” 2017. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mazlan S. Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines. [Internet] [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:162281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mazlan S. Study of direct injection and pre-chamber application in light duty gaseous fuel engines. [Thesis]. RMIT University; 2017. Available from: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:162281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alabama

20. Mahato, Chandan. Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines.

Degree: 2010, University of Alabama

URL: http://purl.lib.ua.edu/13801

► The research presented in this thesis is an effort to improve small engine combustion through the application of lean combustion. The first part of the… (more)

▼ The research presented in this thesis is an effort to improve small engine combustion through the application of lean combustion. The first part of the research is focused on conducting an experimental investigation into the application of lean burn strategy on a single cylinder OHV utility engine to reduce engine-out emissions and at the same time maintain acceptable cyclic variability in combustion. The parameters of interest to investigate cyclic variability in combustion were spark plug variations, load control and charge stratification. The main findings showed that the spark discharge energy had a major influence on engine performance. It was also found that the engine can be operated at a high volumetric efficiency and very lean AFR at 75% and 50% load by the use of fuel injection. This is especially helpful for small engines operating on the EPA B-cycle. The second part of the research deals with the study of a Flat head, also known as side valve (SV) engine platform. A novel approach to lean combustion in a flat head engine is proposed by directly injecting gasoline fuel into the combustion chamber. The main advantage of the direct injection flat head (DIFH) engine over the conventional OHV GDI engine is its simplicity in design, low cost and, greater flexibility in placement of key engine performance hardware in the cylinder head. To first understand the behavior of the in-cylinder air motion, the air-flow structure developing within the combustion chamber was investigated using PIV techniques. The results show that squish is the dominant turbulence generating mean flow structure in the combustion chamber of the DIFH engine. Although the DIFH engine produced about 8 times more UHC emissions as compared to the conventional spark ignited OHV engines, it produced about 5 times less CO emissions as compared to the OHV engine and showed a 16% improvement in brake specific fuel consumption. The current combustion chamber has a dual chamber design exhibiting different combustion mechanisms in both the chambers, causing complex undesirable interactions between key engine performance parameters. Based on these fundamental studies a new combustion chamber design is presented for better performance. (Published By University of Alabama Libraries) Advisors/Committee Members: Midkiff, Clark K., Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Baker, John, Ashford, Marcus D., El-Kaddah, Nagy, University of Alabama. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Subjects/Keywords: Electronic Thesis or Dissertation; – thesis; Engineering, Mechanical; bsfc; cyclic variability; DIFH; Lean combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mahato, C. (2010). Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines. (Thesis). University of Alabama. Retrieved from http://purl.lib.ua.edu/13801

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mahato, Chandan. “Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines.” 2010. Thesis, University of Alabama. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/13801.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mahato, Chandan. “Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines.” 2010. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mahato C. Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Alabama; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://purl.lib.ua.edu/13801.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mahato C. Lean burn and stratified combustion strategies for small utility engines. [Thesis]. University of Alabama; 2010. Available from: http://purl.lib.ua.edu/13801

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Washington

21. Gupta, Saurabh. Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network.

Degree: 2018, University of Washington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42471

► Gas turbine engines are usually operated at lean equivalence ratios (typically about 0.45 to 0.60) in order to achieve better fuel efficiency and to limit… (more)

▼ Gas turbine engines are usually operated at lean equivalence ratios (typically about 0.45 to 0.60) in order to achieve better fuel efficiency and to limit NOx emissions, but this increases the risk of the occurrence of a lean flame blowout (LBO). LBO can cause critical safety concerns for aero-based gas turbine engines while for land-based gas turbines, predominantly used for power generation, such a phenomenon can result in expensive and time-consuming shutdown and restart procedures. Previous research shows that the proximity to such a blowout condition in a premixed combustor can be predicted using the combustion species data obtained from a real-time Chemical Reactor Network (RT-CRN) model. The main advantage of this novel technique is that unlike most of other LBO prediction methods which require significant hardware modifications for monitoring of optical or acoustic parameters of the system, this technique uses computational results based on the combustor temperature only and not requiring any additional combustor modifications. This thesis develops a generic approach for a controlling LBO in a combustor based on the RT-CRN prediction methodology. All calculations shown here are based on experiments conducted in a laboratory single-jet stirred reactor (JSR) operated at atmospheric pressure on methane fuel, which is designed to represent the flame zone of practical combustors. This approach, however, can be easily extrapolated to other systems, contingent to the availability of a working CRN model for the system and a detailed analysis of the OH-radical behavior across the elements thereof. The algorithm utilizes a 3-element CRN design for the JSR, developed and validated by Kaluri [1]. This design employs a series of three Perfectly Stirred Reactors (PSRs) to model the flame, post-flame and recirculation regions of the JSR respectively. The full GRI 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanism is used for calculating the concentrations of the combustion species in the CRN code. The proposed methodology is validated by experiments conducted on the JSR apparatus. For all these validation experiments, the air flow in varied as the independent variable and the fuel flow control signal is actuated based on the output of the control algorithm. Two independent sets of experiments are conducted by increasing the system airflow (i) as a step function and (ii) as a monotonically increasing function. The results are examined to confirm the functionality of the devised LBO prevention scheme in terms of its ability to identify and prevent an incipient blowout and to stabilize the system once such an event has been averted. Advisors/Committee Members: Novosselov, Igor V (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Chemical Reactor Network; Combustion Control; Jet-stirred Reactor; Lean Flame Blowout; Mechanical engineering; Mechanical engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gupta, S. (2018). Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network. (Thesis). University of Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42471

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gupta, Saurabh. “Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network.” 2018. Thesis, University of Washington. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42471.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gupta, Saurabh. “Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gupta S. Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Washington; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42471.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gupta S. Prevention of Lean Flame Blowout using a Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network. [Thesis]. University of Washington; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42471

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Delft University of Technology

22. Tober, Joeri (author). Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications.

Degree: 2019, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29260da8-c1e9-4ffb-932b-121ce0326752

►

A highly accurate model is presented that predicts boundary layer flashback (BLF) for lean premixed hydrogen combustion. In contrast to existing models, that fail for… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: boundary layer flashback; lean premixed hydrogen combustion; gas turbine; analytical model; renewable energy

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tober, J. (. (2019). Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29260da8-c1e9-4ffb-932b-121ce0326752

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tober, Joeri (author). “Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29260da8-c1e9-4ffb-932b-121ce0326752.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tober, Joeri (author). “Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications.” 2019. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Tober J(. Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29260da8-c1e9-4ffb-932b-121ce0326752.

Council of Science Editors:

Tober J(. Boundary layer flashback prediction of a low emissions full hydrogen burner for gas turbine applications. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2019. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29260da8-c1e9-4ffb-932b-121ce0326752

University of Lund

23. Sigfrid, Ivan. Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels.

Degree: 2013, University of Lund

URL: https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3972178 ; https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3596764/3972217.pdf

► In this thesis, the effect of alternative gaseous fuels, with high hydrogen content and lower calorific value, on gas turbine combustion was investigated experimentally. The… (more)

▼ In this thesis, the effect of alternative gaseous fuels, with high hydrogen content and lower calorific value, on gas turbine combustion was investigated experimentally. The aim of the investigation was to find operational limitations for an experimental burner and to supply data for validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Before examination of the actual burner, the laminar flame speed was measured for a range of gases. The measurement technique was based on Schlieren imaging which is a measure of the density gradient through a flame surface. A Bunsen type burner was used to measure the angle of a conical flame from which the laminar flame speed was calculated. In order to improve the comparability of these measurements with other measurement methods the laminar flame speed was corrected for the influence of stretch. The effect of stretch will increase or decrease the flame speed depending on the curvature of the flame and the physical properties of the gases involved in the combustion, e.g. the Lewis number and preferential diffusivity. The gas turbine burner examined was a downscaled version of the burner that is now found in the commercial gas turbine, SGT-750. The burner consists of three concentric sections. The central part is a precombustor called rich-pilot-lean (RPL). The purpose of the RPL is to supply heat and radicals to the other sections to stabilize combustion. The next section is the Pilot, which serves as an intermediate burner in which the equivalence ratio can be optimized to stabilize combustion and minimize NOX emissions. The outermost section is the Main. For the experimental burner approximately 79% of the mass flow passes through this section. All sections have their own swirlers that create recirculation zones for flame stabilization. The experimental work in this thesis includes measurements of the lean stability limit, emission optimization (primarily NOX), flame diagnostic through OH-Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Tests were conducted at both atmospheric conditions with preheated air (650 K) and at elevated pressure up to 9 bar. Results from the experimental investigations were also used to validate CFD computations using reduced chemical kinetic schemes, and to validate reactor network calculations based on perfectly stirred reactors (PSR) and plug flow reactors (PFR). Lean stability limit experiments showed how the RPL equivalence ratio could be optimized to lower the lean blowout limit. Increasing the RPL equivalence ratio was shown to extend the lean blowout limit, up to a limit after which the RPL flame was quenched. Reactor network modelling showed that the stabilizing effect of the RPL was a combination of thermal energy and reactive radicals supplied to the flame zone. The important radicals were shown to be H, O and OH. The emission optimization measurements showed that lowering the equivalence ratio in both the RPL and the pilot minimized the NOX emissions. CFD simulation showed that the degree of mixing of both the RPL and the…

Subjects/Keywords: Energy Engineering; Combustion; Gas Turbine; Laminar flame speed; Stretch; Lean blowout; Emissions

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sigfrid, I. (2013). Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Lund. Retrieved from https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3972178 ; https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3596764/3972217.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sigfrid, Ivan. “Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Lund. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3972178 ; https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3596764/3972217.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sigfrid, Ivan. “Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels.” 2013. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Sigfrid I. Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Lund; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3972178 ; https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3596764/3972217.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Sigfrid I. Investigation of a prototype industrial gas turbine combustor using alternative gaseous fuels. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Lund; 2013. Available from: https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3972178 ; https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3596764/3972217.pdf

Georgia Tech

24. Colby, Jonathan A. Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor.

Degree: MS, Aerospace Engineering, 2006, Georgia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10470

► To adhere to the current requirements for NOx and CO emissions in combustion systems, modern land and air based gas turbine engines often operate in… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lean operation; Swirl-stabilization; Spray combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Colby, J. A. (2006). Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor. (Masters Thesis). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10470

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Colby, Jonathan A. “Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor.” 2006. Masters Thesis, Georgia Tech. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10470.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Colby, Jonathan A. “Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor.” 2006. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Colby JA. Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2006. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10470.

Council of Science Editors:

Colby JA. Flow Field Measurements in a Counter-Swirl Stabilized Liquid Combustor. [Masters Thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2006. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10470

Louisiana State University

25. Zhu, Shengrong. Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor.

Degree: PhD, Accounting, 2012, Louisiana State University

URL: etd-08272012-141933 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3064

► Lean premixed combustion is widely used to achieve a better compromise between nitric oxides emissions and combustion efficiency. However, combustor operation near the lean blowout… (more)

▼ Lean premixed combustion is widely used to achieve a better compromise between nitric oxides emissions and combustion efficiency. However, combustor operation near the lean blowout limit can render the flame unstable and lead to oscillations, flashback, or extinction, thereby limiting the potential range of lean combustion. Recent interest in integrated gasification combined cycle plants and syngas combustion requires an improved understanding of the role of hydrogen on the combustion process. Therefore, in present study, combustion of pure methane and blended methane-hydrogen has been conducted in a swirl stabilized premixed combustor. The measurement techniques implemented mainly include particle image velocimetry, CH*/OH* chemiluminescence imaging, planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of OH radical. By investigating the flow field, heat release, flow-flame interaction, and flame structure properties, the fundamental controlling processes that limit lean and hydrogen-enriched premixed combustion with and without confinement have been analyzed and discussed. As equivalence ratio decreases, for unconfined flames, the reduced flame speed leads flame shrinking toward internal recirculation zone (IRZ) and getting more interacted with inner shear layer, where turbulence level and vorticity are higher. The flame fronts therefore experience higher hydrodynamic stretch rate, resulting in local extinction, and breaks along the flame fronts. Those breaks, in turn, entrain the unburnt fuel air mixture into IRZ passing through the shear layer with the local vortex effect, further leading to reaction within IRZ. In methane-only flames, the width of IRZ decreases, causing flames to straddle the boundary of the IRZ and to be unstable. High speed imaging shows that periodic flame rotating with local extinction and re-light events are evident, resulting in high RMS of heat release rate, and therefore a shorter extinction time scale. With hydrogen addition, flames remain in relatively axisymmetric burning structure and stable with the aid of low minimum ignition energy and high molecular diffusivity associated with hydrogen, leading to lower heat release fluctuation and a longer extinction time scale. For confined flames, however, the hydrogen effect on the extinction transient is completely opposite due to spiraling columnar burning structure, in comparison of a relatively stable conical shape in methane flames.

Subjects/Keywords: Particle Imaging Velocimetry; Planar Laser induced Fluorescence; Premixed combustion; Lean blowout; Hydrogen addition

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhu, S. (2012). Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor. (Doctoral Dissertation). Louisiana State University. Retrieved from etd-08272012-141933 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3064

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhu, Shengrong. “Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana State University. Accessed January 22, 2021. etd-08272012-141933 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3064.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhu, Shengrong. “Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor.” 2012. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhu S. Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Louisiana State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: etd-08272012-141933 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3064.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhu S. Experimental Study of Lean Blowout with Hydrogen Addition in a Swirl-stabilized Premixed Combustor. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Louisiana State University; 2012. Available from: etd-08272012-141933 ; https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3064

Kansas State University

26. Keller, Ryan A. Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation.

Degree: MS, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, 2011, Kansas State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9165

► The increased emissions monitoring requirements of industrial gas turbines have created a demand for less expensive emissions monitoring systems. Typically, emissions monitoring is performed with… (more)

▼ The increased emissions monitoring requirements of industrial gas turbines have created a demand for less expensive emissions monitoring systems. Typically, emissions monitoring is performed with a Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS), which monitors emissions by direct sampling of the exhaust gas. An alternative to a CEMS is a system which predicts emissions using easily measured operating parameters. This system is referred to as a Parametric Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS). A review of the literature indicates there is no globally applicable PEMS. Because of this, a PEMS that is applicable to a variety of gas turbine manufacturers and models is desired. The research presented herein includes a literature review of NOx reduction techniques, NOx production mechanisms, current PEMS research, and combustor modeling. Based on this preliminary research, a combustor model based on first-engineering principles was developed to describe the NOx formation process and relate NOx emissions to combustion turbine operating parameters. A review of available literature indicates that lean-premixed combustion is the most widely-used NOx reduction design strategy, so the model is based on this type of combustion system. A review of the NOx formation processes revealed four well-recognized NOx formation mechanisms: the Zeldovich, prompt, nitrous oxide, and fuel-bound nitrogen mechanisms. In lean-premixed combustion, the Zeldovich and nitrous oxide mechanisms dominate the NOx formation. This research focuses on combustion modeling including the Zeldovich mechanism for NOx formation. The combustor model is based on the Siemens SGT-200 combustion turbine and consists of a series of well-stirred reactors. Results show that the calculated NOx is on the same order of magnitude, but less than the NOx measured in field tests. These results are expected because the NOx calculation was based only on the Zeldovich mechanism, and the literature shows that significant NOx is formed through the nitrous oxide mechanism. The model also shows appropriate trends of NOx with respect to various operating parameters including equivalence ratio, ambient temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Model refinements are suggested with the ultimate goal being integration of the model into a PEMS. Advisors/Committee Members: Kirby S. Chapman.

Subjects/Keywords: PEMS; Combustion; Gas turbine; NOx; Lean premixed; DLN; Chemical Engineering (0542); Mechanical Engineering (0548)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Keller, R. A. (2011). Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation. (Masters Thesis). Kansas State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9165

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Keller, Ryan A. “Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Kansas State University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9165.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Keller, Ryan A. “Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation.” 2011. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Keller RA. Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Kansas State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9165.

Council of Science Editors:

Keller RA. Studies of parametric emissions monitoring and DLN combustion NOx formation. [Masters Thesis]. Kansas State University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9165

University of Central Florida

27. Terracciano, Anthony. Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications.

Degree: 2014, University of Central Florida

URL: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4513

► Combustion with a high surface area continuous solid immersed within the flame, referred to as combustion in porous media, is an innovative approach to combustion… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion in porous media; heterogeneous combustion; superadiabatic combustion; filtration combustion; matrix stabilized combustion; silicon carbide; sic; combustion; methane; lean; nox; exhaust gas recirculation; egr; reactor length; surface area; estimation surface area; modeling; reactor design; liquid combustion; fuel evaporation; premixed combustion; radiative emitter; pilot flame; Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Dissertations, Academic – Engineering and Computer Science; Engineering and Computer Science – Dissertations, Academic

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Terracciano, A. (2014). Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications. (Masters Thesis). University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4513

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Terracciano, Anthony. “Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of Central Florida. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4513.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Terracciano, Anthony. “Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications.” 2014. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Terracciano A. Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Central Florida; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4513.

Council of Science Editors:

Terracciano A. Design and Development of Heterogenous Combustion Systems for Lean Burn Applications. [Masters Thesis]. University of Central Florida; 2014. Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4513

Delft University of Technology

28. Stammes, Sergej (author). Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services.

Degree: 2018, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ec4d346-3818-4150-9342-ab8cc120edd5

► This research presents a model to estimate the influence of the variance of the quality of repair steps on the EGT Margin within the serviceable… (more)

▼ This research presents a model to estimate the influence of the variance of the quality of repair steps on the EGT Margin within the serviceable limits of the overhauled modules. This model is created using literature and a single case study conducted at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine services (KLM E&M ES). The model is tested using a data set consisting of all the quality measurements registered during the repair process for two quality contributing modules within the engine. The main research question this thesis is attempting to answer is: How can the quality performance of the engine MRO process steps be used in order to improve the stability of the engine quality output measured in Exhaust Gas Temperature Margin? This research begins with determining how the quality performance of the total engine is influenced. Then, the research is focussed on the gas flow path clearance. Each engine is built up out of sets of fanblades in the compressor and turbine modules. The quality of the engine is measured in degrees of EGT Margin (EGTM) and has a direct relationship to the Time On Wing (TOW) of the engine on the aircraft. Deterioration of the EGTM is mainly caused by increases of the fanblades tip clearances and deterioration of the seals that need to be matched to the casings for each individual set of fanblades. The researched is supported by the case study at KLM E&M ES and is scoped to investigate the CFM56-7B engine used in the Boeing 737 aircraft type and focusses only on the compressor part of the gas turbine consisting of two modules, the High Pressure Compressor (HPC) and Low Pressure Compressor (LPC). In 2017, the quality performance of KLM E&M ES was 67%. For the current state at KLM E&M ES there is a high fluctuation in the delta contractual and actual EGT Margin. Hence, the match between EGT Margin that is agreed on and delivered is unstable. In 73% of the cases where a quality contract is made with the customer, there is an over performance in terms of degrees EGT Margin. The current state quality is controlled by the engineering department which creates a Bill of Work (BoW) where four types of repair possibilities are identified per engine module in order of EGT impact: Full overhaul, Performance restoration, Minimal overhaul or the part is serviceable removed and later assembled as whole. Since the BoW is the only type of quality control within the process, the contractual value cannot be set to a higher standard that can be monetized. This research helps to identify steps within the process where measurements take place that can help to estimate the total EGT Margin contribution value to the engine as a whole. This way, the EGT Margin level can be determined based on the in situ measurements and the goal is a closer match to the contractual EGT Margin values with the actual ones. This research is concluded with a future state analysis where a Matlab model of the Low and High Pressure Compressors is created. The Matlab model is based on the Engine Service Manual and Workscope… Advisors/Committee Members: Beelaerts van Blokland, Wouter (mentor), Schott, Dingena (graduation committee), Vleugel, Jaap (graduation committee), Klinkhamer, Nienke (mentor), Gortenmulder, Alex (mentor), Philips van Buren, Guus (mentor), Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution).

Subjects/Keywords: KLM; Lean; Six Sigma; Aircraft; Quality; TAT; TAT45; Engine; Combustion; High Pressure Compressor; Low Pressure Compressor; Tip Clearance; Fanblades

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Stammes, S. (. (2018). Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services. (Masters Thesis). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ec4d346-3818-4150-9342-ab8cc120edd5

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Stammes, Sergej (author). “Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ec4d346-3818-4150-9342-ab8cc120edd5.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Stammes, Sergej (author). “Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Stammes S(. Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ec4d346-3818-4150-9342-ab8cc120edd5.

Council of Science Editors:

Stammes S(. Quality of the integral aircraft engine MRO chain: A case study on the Low and High Pressure Compressors at KLM Engineering & Maintenance Engine Services. [Masters Thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2018. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ec4d346-3818-4150-9342-ab8cc120edd5

University of Miami

29. Chen, Shanghua. A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering (Engineering), 2019, University of Miami

URL: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/2399

► Acquiring any precise Pressure/Volume diagram (or ‘PV’ diagram) throughout IC-engine working cycle has been critical on determining internal combustion engines performance. Due to the… (more)

▼ Acquiring any precise Pressure/Volume diagram (or ‘PV’ diagram) throughout IC-engine working cycle has been critical on determining internal combustion engines performance. Due to the complexity of this type of measurement, numerous experimental analysis of IC-engine research has been purposed without pressure versus cylinder volume data being taken. Besides measuring engine input parameters (i.e. engine fuel flow, intake manifold temperature), engine’s exhaust gas provides numerous details of engine running conditions (i.e. oxygen percentage remaining in residual gas). However, the information inside exhaust gas temperatures itself cannot provide an accurate measurement of engine cycle heat losses because of a relatively large heat transfer to engine cooling system during the exhaust process. Considering the traditional IC engine’s four-stroke cycle and nature of reciprocating piston motion, excessive heat losses happened during combustion period and expansion stroke decrease engine cycle efficiency. Most chemical energy from the fuel is released around Top Dead Center (or ‘TDC’), and the piston is moving at a low velocity around both TDC and BDC (Bottom Dead Center). Consequently, heat flux around engine TDC is relatively higher than any other piston positions. Heat losses during the exhaust or intake process do not affect engine cycle efficiency. This work allows for the differentiation of heat losses during combustion period and expansion stroke without measuring cylinder pressure versus cylinder volume data. A general view of energy flow throughout the entire engine working cycle is feasible by the generated PV-diagrams. Through regenerating PV diagram, the percentage of energy flow rejected into coolant system as heat loss is quantized by adjusting computer model’s inputs to match real experimental data. Additionally, besides using Woschni’s correlation, some other heat-transfer correlations were implemented and testified for further comparisons. Advisors/Committee Members: Michael R. Swain, Matthew N. Swain, Emrah Celik, Ryan Lee Karkkainen.

Subjects/Keywords: I.C. engine; Wiebe function; Spark-ignition combustion; Lean burn homogeneous premixed mixture; Woschni heat-transfer correlation

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Chen, S. (2019). A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Miami. Retrieved from https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/2399

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chen, Shanghua. “A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/2399.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chen, Shanghua. “A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements.” 2019. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Chen S. A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Miami; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/2399.

Council of Science Editors:

Chen S. A Method to Investigate a Spark-Ignition Lean Burn Homogenous Charge I.C. Engine’s Energy Balance Without Pressure Versus Volume Measurements. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Miami; 2019. Available from: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/2399

University of Washington

30. Kaluri, Abhishek. Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network.

Degree: 2018, University of Washington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/41710

► The lean blow-out (LBO) of gas turbine combustors is a concern that can limit the rate of descent for an aircraft, the maneuverability of military… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Chemical Reactor Network; combustion monitoring; gas turbine; Jet stirred reactor; lean blowout; OH radical; Mechanical engineering; Engineering

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kaluri, A. (2018). Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network. (Thesis). University of Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1773/41710

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kaluri, Abhishek. “Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network.” 2018. Thesis, University of Washington. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/41710.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kaluri, Abhishek. “Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kaluri A. Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Washington; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/41710.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kaluri A. Real-Time Prediction of Lean Blowout using Chemical Reactor Network. [Thesis]. University of Washington; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/41710

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

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