subject:(Iron ores)

Oregon State University

1. Durst, Dorothy Elizabeth. The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores.

Degree: MS, Chemistry, 1948, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53252

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Durst, D. E. (1948). The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53252

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Durst, Dorothy Elizabeth. “The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores.” 1948. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53252.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Durst, Dorothy Elizabeth. “The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores.” 1948. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Durst DE. The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1948. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53252.

Council of Science Editors:

Durst DE. The application of salicylaldoxime to the spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1948. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53252

Oregon State University

2. Shepherd, Maurice Joseph. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid.

Degree: MS, Chemistry, 1944, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53389

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shepherd, M. J. (1944). A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53389

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shepherd, Maurice Joseph. “A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid.” 1944. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53389.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shepherd, Maurice Joseph. “A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid.” 1944. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Shepherd MJ. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1944. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53389.

Council of Science Editors:

Shepherd MJ. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with thioglycolic acid. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1944. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53389

Michigan State University

3. Waggoner, Thomas D. A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis.

Degree: MS, Dept. of Geology, 1967, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13643

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Waggoner, T. D. (1967). A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13643

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Waggoner, Thomas D. “A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis.” 1967. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13643.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Waggoner, Thomas D. “A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis.” 1967. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Waggoner TD. A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1967. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13643.

Council of Science Editors:

Waggoner TD. A method of differentiating carbonate and silicate facies of the Negaunee iron formation by spectrochemical analysis. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1967. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13643

University of Johannesburg

4. Schalkwyk, Gert Abraham Cornelius. Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1970

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M.A.

Hematized iron formation known as the Manganore iron formation is slumped into sinkhole structures in the Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, on the Maremane dome.… (more)

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M.A.

Hematized iron formation known as the Manganore iron formation is slumped into sinkhole structures in the Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, on the Maremane dome. These iron deposits are underlain by manganiferous breccias known as the Wolhaarkop Breccia. Known iron and manganese deposits of this type occur in an arc from Sishen in the north to Postmasburg in the south. The area is not being mined for manganese at the moment due to the relatively high grade of the Kalahari manganese field situated to the north of this area. The iron deposits, though, are some of the richest in the world. The aim is to establish the mode of origin for the Wolhaarkop Breccia. The Wolhaarkop Breccia is interpreted as being a residual ancient manganese wad from a karst environment in manganese rich dolostones of the Campbellrand Subgroup. This siliceous breccia contains authigenic megaquartz and angular poorly sorted clasts of chalcedony and quartz, set in a braunite-hematite matrix. Fluid inclusions in the authigenic quartz of the Wolhaarkop Breccia have been studied to establish the source of the fluid responsible for quartz precipitation in the Wolhaarkop Breccia, and indirectly, for the formation of the Wolhaarkop Breccia. Thermometric data was used to determine the maximum possible pT and depth conditions under which the quartz might have been precipitated. Fluid chemistry was determined using the bulk crush-leach method to shed some light on the fluid origin. It was established that the fluid responsible for chert recrystallization and precipitation of authigenic quartz and chalcedony had a meteoric source. Considering the results of the above-mentioned analysis, it was concluded that the iron and manganese deposits were formed during a cycle of uplift followed by subsidence. During the period of uplift, erosion in a karst environment and enrichment of iron formation in a supergene environment concentrated manganese as a manganese wad, and iron as a residual iron-oxide laterite. Meteoric water was the main fluid present during this period. Later, during a stage of subsidence, the Wolhaarkop Breccia underwent diagenesis and later lower greenschist-facies metamorphism. During a final stage of uplift the deposit was exposed to the atmosphere again, the dolostones were weathered away and the residual Manganore iron formation and Wolhaarkop Breccia were exposed to supergene alteration.

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Manganese ores; Iron ores; Breccia; Postmasburg (South Africa)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Schalkwyk, G. A. C. (2009). Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1970

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schalkwyk, Gert Abraham Cornelius. “Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1970.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schalkwyk, Gert Abraham Cornelius. “Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation.” 2009. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Schalkwyk GAC. Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1970.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Schalkwyk GAC. Genesis and characteristics of the Wolhaarkop breccia and associated manganore iron formation. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1970

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Oregon State University

5. Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore), 1926-. Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime.

Degree: MS, Chemistry, 1951, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/52641

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores – Analysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore), 1. (1951). Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/52641

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore), 1926-. “Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime.” 1951. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/52641.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore), 1926-. “Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime.” 1951. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore) 1. Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1951. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/52641.

Council of Science Editors:

Robertson, D. M. (Dean Moore) 1. Spectrophotometric determination of iron in ores with dimethylglyoxime. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1951. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/52641

Michigan State University

6. Lifshin, Arthur. A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade.

Degree: MS, Department of Geology, 1963, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:35577

Subjects/Keywords: Chert; Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lifshin, A. (1963). A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:35577

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lifshin, Arthur. “A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade.” 1963. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:35577.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lifshin, Arthur. “A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade.” 1963. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Lifshin A. A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1963. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:35577.

Council of Science Editors:

Lifshin A. A study of the relationship between the metamorphically recrystallized cherts of the Negaunee iron formation and metamorphic grade. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1963. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:35577

Michigan State University

7. Patel, Kalyanji Ukabhai. The study of flotation on taconites.

Degree: PhD, 1954, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:5304

Subjects/Keywords: Flotation; Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Patel, K. U. (1954). The study of flotation on taconites. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:5304

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Patel, Kalyanji Ukabhai. “The study of flotation on taconites.” 1954. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:5304.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Patel, Kalyanji Ukabhai. “The study of flotation on taconites.” 1954. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Patel KU. The study of flotation on taconites. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1954. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:5304.

Council of Science Editors:

Patel KU. The study of flotation on taconites. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1954. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:5304

Michigan State University

8. Blackwell, Richard Joseph. The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations.

Degree: MS, (Department of Geology), 1964, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:40237

Subjects/Keywords: Gravity; Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Blackwell, R. J. (1964). The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:40237

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Blackwell, Richard Joseph. “The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations.” 1964. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:40237.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Blackwell, Richard Joseph. “The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations.” 1964. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Blackwell RJ. The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1964. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:40237.

Council of Science Editors:

Blackwell RJ. The analysis of gravity data over Lake Superior type iron formations. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1964. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:40237

University of Hong Kong

9. 李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.

Degree: 2015, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/222997

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores - Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

李俊. (2015). Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/222997

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

李俊. “Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.” 2015. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/222997.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

李俊. “Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.” 2015. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/222997.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/222997

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hong Kong

10. Sun, Si. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.

Degree: 2016, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/239734

► Banded iron formations (BIF) are Precambrian sedimentary rocks characterized by alternating iron- and silica-rich bands. The minerals and their structures in BIF are ultrafine and… (more)

▼ Banded iron formations (BIF) are Precambrian sedimentary rocks characterized by alternating iron- and silica-rich bands. The minerals and their structures in BIF are ultrafine and have been overprinted by diagenetic to metamorphic processes. Current studies on BIFs are majorly based on observations at low-resolutions. This study uses high-resolution electron microscopes with the combination of geochemical and spectroscopic techniques to investigate the mineralogical, microstructural, crystallographic and geochemical features of six BIFs aged from >3760 Ma to ca. 2200 Ma. The geneses and material source of the BIFs, atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes during the BIF deposition are explored. The six BIFs have similar mineralogy, but the abundances and structures of the minerals differ from one BIF to another. Euhedral magnetite with homogeneous internal structure and chemical composition contains substantial structural Si but little crustal-sourced elements. It has not suffered multi-redox alterations or interferences from external materials, thus, could reveal the depositional environment for BIF. Irregularly shaped massive magnetite is commonly brecciated and contains appreciable Al. It is likely recrystallized in later stage hydrothermal events with detrital inputs. Partly or completely oxidized octahedral magnetite has been repeatedly reduced and oxidized. Cautions should be taken while using these two types of magnetite to interpret the depositional environments for BIF. Submicrometer-size euhedral hematite crystals in the chert of Fe-Si transitional bands and 3-5 nm hematite nanocrystals in iron-rich bands are primary hematite inherited ferric iron from precursor minerals. This indicates photosynthetic Fe(II)-oxidation, by either direct or indirect biotic mechanisms, did exist in Neoarchean. The BIFs formed before the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) contain extremely low As, but the post-GOE Lüliang BIF contains abundant. For all BIFs, arsenic was adsorbed as As(V) by ferric iron precursors. These results suggest the Lüliang BIF was deposited in an environment with relatively more intensive oxidative weathering. This is consistent with the XANES results on Mn: Mn exists as oxidic Mn(III) in iron oxides from the Lüliang BIF, but as Mn(II) in the other BIFs. The Ge/Si ratios of magnetite are within the range of hydrothermal inputs, while the Ge/Si ratios of chert are close to that of modern marine. In all cases, the Ge/Si ratios increase with the increase of Fe, indicating Si and Fe have different sources: Si is mainly from seawater whereas Fe is from hydrothermal fluxes. The micro- to nano-sized flower-like phosphates from three Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic BIFs are highly similar to biogenic phosphates from Mesoproterozoic to Pliocene sedimentary records. It reveals that microbialmediated phosphatization already occurred in Neoarchean. This also implies biogenic phosphate with specific mineralogical features could be preserved for billions of years, and could be used as a potential…

Subjects/Keywords: Geology - Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sun, S. (2016). Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/239734

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sun, Si. “Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/239734.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sun, Si. “Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.” 2016. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Sun S. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/239734.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sun S. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/239734

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hong Kong

11. 孙思. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.

Degree: 2016, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226874

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

孙思. (2016). Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226874

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

孙思. “Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226874.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

孙思. “Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations.” 2016. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

孙思. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226874.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

孙思. Mineral records of atmospheric-oceanic environments and biological processes in archean to paleoproterozoic banded iron formations. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/226874

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Hong Kong

12. 李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.

Degree: 2015, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/236557

► Banded iron formations (BIFs) are sedimentary records of the coevolutionary history of geosphere and biosphere of the early Earth deposited through the early Precambrian (3.8… (more)

▼ Banded iron formations (BIFs) are sedimentary records of the coevolutionary history of geosphere and biosphere of the early Earth deposited through the early Precambrian (3.8 Ga ~1.8 Ga). The Archean and early Palaeoproterozoic oceans were anoxic and enriched in soluble Fe(II). Iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB), especially anoxic photosynthetic IOB are suggested to be responsible for the Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitation before the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Once deposited, the biogenic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide may transform to more stable Fe(III) minerals, such as magnetite or hematite through microbial reductions or diagenetic and metamorphic alternations. However, the diagenetic and metamorphic overprints on minerals brought difficulties in reconstructing the primary depositional environments of BIFs and blurred our understanding of the microbial processes in the early oceans. Some extracellular polymer structures, such as stalks of Gallionella, and encrusted cells of nitrate-dependent IOB are potential biosignatures of microorganisms, but the preservation of these biogenic structures in the sedimentary rocks after a long time is still an open question. In this study, high P-T experiments were conducted to simulate the impacts of diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism on the cell-mineral systems of microaerobic and nitrate-dependent IOB. The mineral transformation processes at 100 MPa/300⁰C of these two systems are similar: biogenic ferrihydrite colloid turns to hematite microcrystallines. Stalks, sheaths, iron oxide spheroidal aggregates and rod-like associations in the Gallionella’s biofilm can survive the treatments, while the globule aggregates and encrusted cells in the culture of Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans strain 2002 can barely be observed after the P-T treatments. Magnetite in BIFs has been suggested to be a secondary mineral formed during diagenesis or metamorphism, while the experimental results of the interaction between Gallionella biofilm and water soluble Fe(II) under the strictly anaerobic conditions suggest magnetite particles could be formed before lithification, via green rust as the intermediate product. The reaction between the soluble Fe(II) in seawaters and oxyhydroxides precipitated from the microbial oxidation of Fe(II), especially photoferrotrophy, might be responsible for the formation of primary magnetite in BIF all through its depositional history. Relatively high temperature and high concentrations of water soluble Fe(II) in the Archean ocean might be the favorable conditions for the deposition of high abundances of magnetite in the early BIFs. The comparative case study of iron nodules found on the flat ground of vast Western Australia showed that these nodules are made of loosely-packed pisoids of a few to >10 mm in size. No sign of biological process could be detected by spectroscopic, geochemical and electron microscopic observations. Angular quartz particles, nano-sized goethite and hematite are found to be the major mineral phases in the nodules. No carbonate or amorphous…

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores - Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

李俊. (2015). Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/236557

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

李俊. “Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.” 2015. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/236557.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

李俊. “Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments.” 2015. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/236557.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

李俊. Biogenesis of banded iron formations interpreted by geobiological experiments. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/236557

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

13. Hogberg, Rudolph K. Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada.

Degree: MS, 1957, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7566

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores – Analysis; Iron ores – Québec (Province) – Lake Albanel

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hogberg, R. K. (1957). Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7566

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hogberg, Rudolph K. “Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada.” 1957. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7566.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hogberg, Rudolph K. “Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada.” 1957. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Hogberg RK. Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1957. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7566.

Council of Science Editors:

Hogberg RK. Mineralogy and petrography of iron formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec, Canada. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1957. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7566

Michigan State University

14. Trethewey, Ben Clifford. Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin.

Degree: MS, 1958, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13755

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores; Iron mines and mining

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Trethewey, B. C. (1958). Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13755

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Trethewey, Ben Clifford. “Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin.” 1958. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13755.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Trethewey, Ben Clifford. “Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin.” 1958. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Trethewey BC. Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1958. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13755.

Council of Science Editors:

Trethewey BC. Relationships of certain structural elements to iron ore concentration in a protion of the Cary Mine, Eurley, Wisconsin. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1958. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:13755

15. Rodrigues, Girley Ferreira. Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono.

Degree: PhD, Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, 2014, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26122014-153022/ ;

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O problema da emissão de gases de efeito estufa é uma questão que tem ganhado destaque nas recentes convenções internacionais. Adiciona-se a esta questão o… (more)

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O problema da emissão de gases de efeito estufa é uma questão que tem ganhado destaque nas recentes convenções internacionais. Adiciona-se a esta questão o fato de o setor siderúrgico ser responsável por parcela significativa nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos estudar processos de redução de minérios de ferro usando hidrogênio e hidrogênio mais monóxido de carbono como redutor para o processo de redução, visando assim à diminuição nas quantidades de CO2 liberadas pelo processo de redução de minérios de ferro. Os minérios foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, difração de raios-X, quantificação de fases pelo método Rietveld e distribuição granulométrica. Os ensaios de redução foram realizados em balança termogravimétrica e em forno tubular horizontal. A caracterização dos produtos foi realizada usando imagens obtidas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foi constatado que os aumentos da temperatura de redução e do fluxo de gás redutor provocam uma maior degradação física das pelotas. Verificou-se que ocorre a formação de whiskers na superfície externa das pelotas, sendo estes mais frequentes quando do fluxo combinado de H2+CO. Verificou-se que as pelotas reduzidas por hidrogênio puro resultaram em maior porosidade tanto no corpo da pelota ou mesmo no interior das partículas. Foi constatado que ocorre a redução homogênea em todas as partículas componentes da pelota. Foi constatado também que o estudo cinético através dos métodos combinados Jump-FSIA é aplicável na redução direta de pelotas de minério de ferro por H2 e H2+CO. Nas pelotas conformadas a partir de pellet feed com maior área de superfície específica (mais ativas), tanto a cinética quanto a taxa de redução indicaram que a adição de CO ao gás redutor não influi no processo de redução. A teoria de Sestak-Berggren sugere que o mecanismo controlador na reação global é a difusão podendo estar aliado a outras etapas, compondo um mecanismo misto.

The problem of the emission of greenhouse gases is an issue that has gained prominence in recent international conventions. Is added to this question the fact that the steel industry is responsible for a significant portion of emissions of greenhouse gases. The present work aims to study ways of reducing iron ore using hydrogen and hydrogen plus carbon monoxide as a reducing agent to the reduction process, thus aiming to decrease the amounts of CO2 released by reduction of iron ores process. The ores were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, phase quantification by Rietveld method and particle size distribution. The reduction assays were performed in thermogravimetric balance and horizontal tubular oven. The characterization of the products was performed using images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that increases in temperature and reduction in the flow of reducing gas cause greater physical degradation of the pellets. It was found that the formation of whiskers on the outer surface of the pellets…

Advisors/Committee Members: Espinosa, Denise Crocce Romano.

Subjects/Keywords: Ferro; Hidrogênio; Hydrogen; Iron; Minérios (Redução); Ores (Decrease)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rodrigues, G. F. (2014). Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26122014-153022/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rodrigues, Girley Ferreira. “Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of São Paulo. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26122014-153022/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rodrigues, Girley Ferreira. “Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono.” 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Rodrigues GF. Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26122014-153022/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Rodrigues GF. Estudo da redução de pelotas de minérios de ferro por hidrogênio e mistura de hidrogênio com monóxido de carbono. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2014. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26122014-153022/ ;

University of Johannesburg

16. Van Schalkwyk, John Francois. Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn.

Degree: 2014, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9598

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M.Sc. (Geology)

The Sishen Iron Ore Mine is situated in the Northern Cape Province at the northern extremity of the Maremane dome. The stratigraphy of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Geology - South Africa - Sishen; Iron ores - South Africa - Sishen

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Van Schalkwyk, J. F. (2014). Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9598

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Van Schalkwyk, John Francois. “Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn.” 2014. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9598.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Van Schalkwyk, John Francois. “Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn.” 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Van Schalkwyk JF. Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9598.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Van Schalkwyk JF. Die geologie van die Sishen-ysterertsmyn. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9598

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

17. Smith, Albertus Johannes Basson. The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2440

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M.Sc.

The Mesoarchean Witwatersrand and Pongola Supergroups of South Africa are the oldest, well preserved supracratonic successions worldwide. Various banded iron formation (BIF) and iron-rich… (more)

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M.Sc.

The Mesoarchean Witwatersrand and Pongola Supergroups of South Africa are the oldest, well preserved supracratonic successions worldwide. Various banded iron formation (BIF) and iron-rich mudstone units occur within the West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and the Mozaan Group of the Pongola Supergroup. A granular iron formation (GIF) occurs in a single unit in the Nconga Formation of the Mozaan Group. The Witwatersrand Supergroup and Mozaan Group have been lithostratigraphically correlated and are interpreted to have been part of the same sedimentary basin. The studied BIF units occur in two associations: shale-associated and diamictiteassociated BIF. The GIF seem to have been deposited in shallower environments with greater hydrodynamic activity. The iron-rich mudstone shows a similar stratigraphic setting to that of the shale-associated BIF. The lithostratigraphic setting of the Witwatersrand-Mozaan basin BIFs are similar to what is seen for Superior-type ironformations, with the mudstones and associated BIFs marking marine transgressions. Various mineralogical facies of BIF were identified, including oxide, carbonate and silicate facies BIF, as well as mixed facies between these end members. The GIF is a unique facies and shows abundant petrographic evidence for biological activity. The iron-rich mudstone has been subdivided into iron-silicate rich, magnetite-bearing, carbonate-bearing, magnetite-carbonate-bearing and garnet-bearing subtypes. BIF, GIF and iron-rich mudstone have been subjected to lower greenschist facies metamorphism with some occurences of localized contact metamorphism. The abundance of magnetite shows that oxidation played an important part in BIF deposition, whereas the occurrence of 12C-enriched iron-rich carbonates suggests post depositional reduction of the deposited oxidized iron-rich minerals by organic matter. Al-bearing minerals are rare in the BIFs xxi and abundant in the iron-rich mudstones. Apatite and rare earth element (REE)- phosphates occur throughout. The major element geochemistry shows an inverse proportionality for Fe and Si in all the studied samples. BIFs show slightly higher Fe- and lower Si- and Al-concentrations compared to iron-rich mudstones which show higher Si- and Al- and lower Feconcentrations. The studied BIFs show major element geochemical attributes intermediate to those of Superior- and Algoma-type iron-formations. Provenance studies on some of the iron-rich mudstones illustrate that they were sourced from a mixture of mafic and felsic sources. The rare earth element (REE) geochemistry suggests strong hydrothermal input into the units, and positive correlation with the Fe-concentrations suggests that the Fe was introduced by high temperature hydrothermal fluids. The majority of the REEs are hosted by apatite and the REE-phosphates monazite and xenotime. The REEs were reconcentrated into these phosphates during diagenesis. A comparison of the studied lithostratigraphically correlatable units between the Witwatersrand Supergroup and Mozaan…

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Petrology; Mineralogy; Geochemistry; Iron ores; Formations (Geology)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Smith, A. J. B. (2009). The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2440

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smith, Albertus Johannes Basson. “The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2440.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smith, Albertus Johannes Basson. “The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa.” 2009. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Smith AJB. The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2440.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Smith AJB. The Paleo-environmental significance of the iron-formations and iron-rich mudstones of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand-Mozaan Basin, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2440

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

18. Van Deventer, Wikus Frederick. Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Degree: 2010, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3281

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M.Sc.

Biofuels have the potential to reduce a country’s dependence on imported oil, to ensure diversity of energy sources, to increase the availability of renewable… (more)

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M.Sc.

Biofuels have the potential to reduce a country’s dependence on imported oil, to ensure diversity of energy sources, to increase the availability of renewable energy sources and to address global environmental issues. In recognition of the potential benefits of the production and use of biofuels, the Department of Minerals and Energy released the Draft Biofuels Industrial Strategy in December 2006 with the aim to increase the use of biofuels in South Africa to replace 4.5% of conventional transport fuels by 2013. However, there are several barriers that need to be overcome before South Africa can establish a large-scale biofuel industry to achieve the DME’s biofuel target. This includes environmental barriers, such as the availability of land for the cultivation of biofuel feedstocks and potential threats to food security. This study focuses on these environmental barriers and aims to determine the potential for bioethanol production from maize in South Africa to 2013. To this purpose, a bioethanol potential model is developed to simulate the potential for bioethanol production from maize in South Africa between 2008 and 2013. The model incorporates four key elements that all impact on the availability of maize for bioethanol production, namely: maize demand; maize supply; the demand for maize as biomaterial; and the available land area for the cultivation of maize. The study makes further use of the scenario planning method to determine the potential for bioethanol production from maize in South Africa. Four unique bioethanol potential scenarios are designed and simulated within the bioethanol potential model developed for this purpose. Each scenario plays out a different Abstract storyline for the future social, economic and natural environment that will impact on the availability of maize for bioethanol production. The results of the bioethanol potential scenario simulations show that South Africa will be able to produce enough maize to meet the DME’s biofuel target of 1.2 billion liters of bioethanol for all scenarios between 2009 and 2010. From 2011 onwards, the bioethanol potential decreases below the DME’s target value in both the worst case and rapid change scenarios. The study concludes that the production of bioethanol from maize in South Africa will have various social, economic and environmental consequences for the country’s agricultural sector. The depletion of domestic maize supplies will seriously threaten food security and consequently, increase the country’s dependence on maize imports. This will not only affect the country’s maize producing regions, but spread throughout South Africa as the demand for agriculturally productive land for maize production increases. Domestic food security is therefore at risk and South Africa will have to resort to other energy technologies to achieve a sustainable and renewable energy future for road transport.

Subjects/Keywords: Geology; Iron ores; Geochemistry; Northern Cape (South Africa)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Van Deventer, W. F. (2010). Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Van Deventer, Wikus Frederick. “Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2010. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Van Deventer, Wikus Frederick. “Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2010. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Van Deventer WF. Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Van Deventer WF. Textural and geochemical evidence for a supergene origin of the Paleoproterozoic high-grade BIF-hosted iron ores of the Maremane Dome, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

19. Beyeme Zogo, Jean-Clement. Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Degree: 2010, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3415

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M.Sc.

An estimated 98% of the iron ore exploited in the world is used in the manufacture of pig iron and steel, which are non-substitutable… (more)

▼

M.Sc.

An estimated 98% of the iron ore exploited in the world is used in the manufacture of pig iron and steel, which are non-substitutable backbones of modern society. The rapid increase of world steel production over the last few years, driven mainly by economic growth in China, have required an equal increase in iron ore production, from 876.8 Mt in 2006 to 948.1 Mt in 2007. The increased rate of exploitation of iron ores has resulted in a rapid depletion of known high-grade iron ore deposits. This, in turn, has led to a dramatic increase of prices, especially for highly thought-after high-grade lumpy iron ores from BIF-hosted deposits. In the absence of any major new discoveries of high-grade iron ore deposits, mining companies have turned to lower-grade materials to assess their beneficiation potential to expand their production base and beneficiation capacity, in order to satisfy future demand. Within this existing framework, this research project was initiated to assess the beneficiation potential of low-grade lumpy stockpiles and high-grade iron ore fines at Beeshoek Iron Ore Mine, owned by Assmang Ltd. The mine is located 7 km West of Postmasburg, in the Northern Cape Province of South-Africa, and processes currently 5.60 million tons of uncontaminated run-of-mine ore per annum. Crushing, washing, classification and jigging are used to produce 2.12 million tons of (37.8% of ROM) of lumpy iron ore product. The balance (3.48 million tons) is currently not used, but is stockpiled or discarded. This includes 0.90 million tons (16.2% of ROM) of ore-grade fines, 0.86 million tons (15% of ROM) of tailings sludge and 1.74 million tons (31% of ROM) of lumpy low grade material. Both ore-grade fines and low-grade lumpy material are discarded separately; they are currently considered as waste. The low-grade lumpy is stockpiled while the fines are used to fill-in mined-out open pits. The evaluation of the beneficiation potential of these two material streams is the main goal of this study. Representative samples were collected from ore-grade fines and the current stockpile for low-grade lumpy material. Hand sorting and lithological categorization of the lumpy material facilitated petrographic and mineralogical studies using light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray powder diffraction studies. Major and trace element geochemistry were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and titrimetry (to accurately determine the concentration of iron). Whole rock densities were determined for all lithotypes recognized in the low-grade lumpy material. The grain size distribution was determined for the lumpy materials by actual measurement of the diameter of a representative number of particles, and for fines by sieve analysis. Fines beneficiation tests were conducted using spiral separation and simple classification tests. Washing was used as additional beneficiation method on the fines.

Subjects/Keywords: Ore-dressing; Iron ores; Northern Cape (South Africa)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Beyeme Zogo, J. (2010). Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3415

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Beyeme Zogo, Jean-Clement. “Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2010. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3415.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Beyeme Zogo, Jean-Clement. “Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2010. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Beyeme Zogo J. Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3415.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Beyeme Zogo J. Beneficiation potential of low-grade iron ore from a discard lumpy stockpile and fines tailings dam at Beeshoek mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3415

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

The Ohio State University

20. Mutso, Rein. The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction.

Degree: PhD, Graduate School, 1980, The Ohio State University

URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487090040108316

Subjects/Keywords: Engineering; Smelting; Iron ores

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mutso, R. (1980). The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction. (Doctoral Dissertation). The Ohio State University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487090040108316

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mutso, Rein. “The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction.” 1980. Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487090040108316.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mutso, Rein. “The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction.” 1980. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mutso R. The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1980. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487090040108316.

Council of Science Editors:

Mutso R. The catastrophic swelling of iron oxides during chemical reduction. [Doctoral Dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1980. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487090040108316

Rhodes University

21. Mhlanga, Xolane Reginald. A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics.

Degree: Faculty of Science, Geology, 2020, Rhodes University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146123

► Marine chemical sediments such as Banded Iron Formations deposited during the Archean-Palaeoproterozoic are studied extensively because they represent a period in the development of the… (more)

▼ Marine chemical sediments such as Banded Iron Formations deposited during the Archean-Palaeoproterozoic are studied extensively because they represent a period in the development of the Earth’s early history where the atmospheric O₂ content was below the present levels (PAL) of 21%. Prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ca. 2.4 Ga, highly ferruginous and anoxic marine environments were dominated by extensive BIF deposition such as that of the Griqualand West Basin of the Transvaal Supergroup in South Africa. This basin is also thought to record the transition into the first rise of atmospheric O₂ in our planet, from the Koegas Subgroup to the Hotazel Formation dated at ca. 2.43 Ga (Gumsley et al., 2017). Two drill cores from the north eastern part of the Kalahari Manganese Field characterized by a well-preserved and complete intersection of the cyclic Mn-Fe Hotazel Formation were studied at a high resolution (sampled at approximately one-meter interval). Such high-resolution approach is being employed for the first time in this project, capturing in detail the three manganese rich layers intercalated with BIF and the transitions between these lithofacies. The micro-banded BIF is made up of three major phases, namely Fe-Ca-Mg carbonates (ankerite, siderite and calcite), magnetite, and silicates (chert and minor Fe-silicates); laminated transitional lutite consist of mainly hematite, chert and Mn-carbonates, whereas the manganese ore layers are made up of mostly calcic carbonates (Mn-calcite and Ca-kutnahorite) in the form of laminations and ovoids, while Mn-silicates include dominant braunite and lesser friedelite. All three lithofacies are very fine grained (sub-mm scale) and so petrographic and mineralogical observations were obtained mostly through scanning electron microscope analysis for detailed textural relationships with focus on the carbonate fraction. Bulk geochemical studies of the entire stratigraphy of the Hotazel Formation have previously provided great insights into the cyclic nature of the deposit but have not adequately considered the potential of the carbonate fraction of the rocks as a valuable proxy for understanding the chemistry of the primary depositional environment and insights into the redox processes that were at play. This is because these carbonates have always been attributed to diagenetic processes below the sediment-water interface such as microbially-mediated dissimilatory iron/manganese reduction (DIR/DMR) where the precursor/primary Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides have been reduced to result in the minerals observed today. The carbonate fraction of the BIF is made up of ankerite and siderite which co-exist in a chert matrix as anhedral to subhedral grains with no apparent replacement textures. This suggests co-precipitation of the two species which is at apparent odds with classic diagenetic models. Similarly, Mn-carbonates in the hematite lutite and manganese ore (Mn-calcite, kutnahorite, and minor rhodocrosite) co-exist in laminae and ovoids with no textures observed that would suggest…

Subjects/Keywords: Manganese ores – South Africa – Hotazel; Manganese ores – Geology; Iron ores – South Africa – Hotazel; Iron ores – Geology; Geochemistry – South Africa – Hotazel; Isotope geology – South Africa – Hotazel; Geology, Stratigraphic – Archaean; Geology, Stratigraphic – Proterozoic; Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa); Great Oxidation Event

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mhlanga, X. R. (2020). A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics. (Thesis). Rhodes University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146123

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mhlanga, Xolane Reginald. “A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics.” 2020. Thesis, Rhodes University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146123.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mhlanga, Xolane Reginald. “A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics.” 2020. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mhlanga XR. A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics. [Internet] [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2020. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146123.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mhlanga XR. A reappraisal of the origin of the Hotazel Fe-Mn Formation in an evolving early Earth system through the application of mineral-specific geochemistry, speciation techniques and stable isotope systematics. [Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146123

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Arizona

22. Cummings, Grant Richard. A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona .

Degree: 1983, University of Arizona

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557946

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores – Arizona – Jerome.; Iron ores – Arizona – Yavapai County.; Manganese ores – Arizona – Jerome.; Manganese ores – Arizona – Yavapai County.; maps

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cummings, G. R. (1983). A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona . (Masters Thesis). University of Arizona. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557946

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cummings, Grant Richard. “A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona .” 1983. Masters Thesis, University of Arizona. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557946.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cummings, Grant Richard. “A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona .” 1983. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Cummings GR. A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Arizona; 1983. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557946.

Council of Science Editors:

Cummings GR. A geochemical and petrographic study of exhalites associated with the United Verde massive sulfide deposit, Jerome, Arizona . [Masters Thesis]. University of Arizona; 1983. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557946

University of Hong Kong

23. 李晓春. Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam.

Degree: 2016, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/238874

► Numerous Fe-Cu-(REE) deposits are hosted in Proterozoic metasedimentary-metavolcanic successions in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam, which form the Kangdian IOCG metallogenic province. The Yinachang deposit… (more)

▼ Numerous Fe-Cu-(REE) deposits are hosted in Proterozoic metasedimentary-metavolcanic successions in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam, which form the Kangdian IOCG metallogenic province. The Yinachang deposit in southwestern China and the Sin Quyen deposit in northwestern Vietnam are typical of the province. The Yinachang deposit contains economic concentrations of Fe and Cu, and is enriched in the LREE. It consists mainly of massive and banded replacement ores that are hosted in Paleoproterozoic strata. The paragenetic sequence includes Na-(Fe) alteration, Fe mineralization and associated carbonate alteration, and Cu mineralization and associated carbonate-fluorite-biotite alteration. Fluid inclusion and C-O-S isotopic compositions suggest that two types of fluids were involved in the ore-forming process, namely a high-temperature, saline deeply derived magmatic-hydrothermal fluid and a shallow level non-magmatic fluid. The involvement of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids is consistent with the temporal association between mineralization and the ~1700 Ma intraplate rift-related mafic magmatism. The Sm-Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the mafic rocks/magmas were important sources for the ore metals. The Yinachang deposit experienced a complex LREE enrichment and remobilization history. The LREE were transported by CO2- and Cl-rich brines, and were deposited mainly as REE-phosphates and REE-fluorocarbonates. After deposition, REE-bearing minerals were variably altered in, at least, two episodes of hydrothermal activity (~1700 Ma, ~840 Ma), during which the REE behaved differently in terms of transportation and deposition. The Sin Quyen deposit contains economic concentrations of Cu, Au and LREE, and sub-economic concentration of U. In this deposit, massive replacement ores are hosted in the Neoproterozoic metapelite. The paragenetic sequence includes pre-ore sodic alteration, Fe-REE-(U) mineralization and associated calcic-silicate alteration, and Cu-(Au) mineralization and associated potassic-silicate alteration. Uranium-lead dating of hydrothermal zircon and monazite from the ores suggests that the Sin Quyen deposit formed at ~840 Ma. The mineralization was synchronous with the regional subduction-related (Andean-type) magmatism, indicating that the deposit formed in an active continental margin. The alteration mineralogy and O-S isotopic compositions suggest that magmatic-hydrothermal fluids were dominant in the ore-forming system, and the ore-forming fluids were reducing and rich in Cl but poor in F and CO2. The Nd-Hf isotopic compositions indicate that ore metals were derived mainly from ancient crust-derived granitic magmas/intrusions. The ore metals were probably transported from the igneous rocks by high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, and were deposited due to cooling of the fluid and fluid/wallrock interaction. Both the Yinachang and Sin Quyen deposits share many features common to other IOCG-type deposits, but are of different ages and formed in different tectonic environments.…

Subjects/Keywords: Copper ores - Vietnam; Rare earth metals - China; Rare earth metals - Vietnam; Iron ores - China; Iron ores - Vietnam; Copper ores - China

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APA (6^th Edition):

李晓春. (2016). Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/238874

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

李晓春. “Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam.” 2016. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/238874.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

李晓春. “Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam.” 2016. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

李晓春. Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/238874.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

李晓春. Proterozoic FE-Cu-REE deposits in southwestern China and northwestern Vietnam. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/238874

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

24. Neal, James T. Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec.

Degree: MS, 1959, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7565

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores – Analysis; Geology, Stratigraphic – Canada – Québec (Province); Iron ores – Canada – Québec (Province)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Neal, J. T. (1959). Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7565

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Neal, James T. “Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec.” 1959. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7565.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Neal, James T. “Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec.” 1959. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Neal JT. Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 1959. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7565.

Council of Science Editors:

Neal JT. Stratigraphy and structure of a portion of the iron-formation at Lake Albanel, Quebec. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1959. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:7565

University of Johannesburg

25. Harding, Christopher John. Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1963

M.Sc.

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores; Northern Cape (South Africa)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Harding, C. J. (2009). Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1963

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Harding, Christopher John. “Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1963.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Harding, Christopher John. “Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.” 2009. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Harding CJ. Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1963.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Harding CJ. Origin of the Zeekoebaart and Nauga East high-grade iron ore deposits, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1963

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Johannesburg

26. Nel, Brian Philip. Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa.

Degree: 2013, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8762

►

M.Sc. (Geology)

Nel, B.P. (2013). Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. MSc thesis (unpublished),… (more)

▼

M.Sc. (Geology)

Nel, B.P. (2013). Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. MSc thesis (unpublished), University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, pp. 133. The Early Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup comprises a succession of siltstone, mudstone, iron-‐formation, chert and carbonate rocks that overlies the iron-‐formations of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup with sharp contact. It is overlain with erosional unconformable contact by glaciogenic diamictites of the Makaganyene Formation. This study focused on the lithostratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry of the iron-‐ formations of the Koegas Subgroup based on fresh diamond drill core samples obtained during the Agouron scientific drilling project in South Africa in 2004. The iron formations the Koegas Subgroup are represented by a few important lithotypes, occurring in distinct sedimentary facies, which formed in unique depositional and diagenetic environments. The iron formations consist essentially of four facies, namely silicate lutite, mixed silicate-‐siderite lutite, siderite lutite and siderite peloidstone A repetitive sedimentary cycle consisting of fine-‐grained chemical lithotypes grading upward into reworked chemical lithotypes is evident throughout the Koegas Subgroup iron formations. Silicate lutite formed in deep water settings well below the wave base along a chemocline. Siderite lutite formed in shallower parts of the basin through transformation of primary ferric iron precipitate by iron respiration in presence of organic carbon. Peloidstone formed above normal wave base in shallow water by reworking of earlier siderite lutite deposits. The REE geochemistry provides important clues as to the depositional environment of the iron formation as follows. Depletion in LREE and enrichment in HREE combined with positive Y are typical of ocean water indicate that the iron formations were deposited in a marine environment. Positive Eu anomaly suggest the presence of a hydrothermal component in the ocean water from which the iron formations were deposited. Negative Ce anomalies indicate that somewhere in the marine system Ce3+ was oxidized to Ce4+ oxide, probably in the presence of free oxygen in the ocean water column (Bau and Dulski, 1996). The negative Ce anomalies seen in the Koegas iron formations are the oldest currently known from iron formations. As such the Ce anomalies most probably signify an increase in the oxygenation state of the ocean immediately prior to the rise of atmospheric oxygen as defined by Guo et al. (2009).

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores; Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa); Geochemistry - South Africa - Griqualand West; Geology, Stratigraphic - Proterozoic

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nel, B. P. (2013). Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8762

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nel, Brian Philip. “Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa.” 2013. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8762.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nel, Brian Philip. “Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa.” 2013. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Nel BP. Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8762.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Nel BP. Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8762

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Adelaide

27. Linley, John Gordon. Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit.

Degree: 1978, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/20988

Subjects/Keywords: Iron ores Western Australia Whaleback; Mount.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Linley, J. G. (1978). Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/20988

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Linley, John Gordon. “Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit.” 1978. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/20988.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Linley, John Gordon. “Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit.” 1978. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Linley JG. Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1978. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/20988.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Linley JG. Genesis of the Mt. Whaleback iron ore deposit. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1978. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/20988

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of New South Wales

28. Gaal, Sean. Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace.

Degree: Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Science & Technology, 2000, University of New South Wales

URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/58047 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:45339/SOURCE02?view=true

Subjects/Keywords: Thesis Digisation Project; Furnaces; Iron ores

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gaal, S. (2000). Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/58047 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:45339/SOURCE02?view=true

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gaal, Sean. “Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace.” 2000. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New South Wales. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/58047 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:45339/SOURCE02?view=true.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gaal, Sean. “Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace.” 2000. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gaal S. Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2000. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/58047 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:45339/SOURCE02?view=true.

Council of Science Editors:

Gaal S. Study of direct iron smelting processes in the laboratory furnace. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2000. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/58047 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:45339/SOURCE02?view=true

University of New South Wales

29. Causer, Michael Edward. The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives.

Degree: Commerce & Economics. Economics, 2000, University of New South Wales

URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/62388 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:58458/SOURCE01?view=true

Subjects/Keywords: Exports; Iron ores; Thesis Digitisation Program

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Causer, M. E. (2000). The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives. (Masters Thesis). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/62388 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:58458/SOURCE01?view=true

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Causer, Michael Edward. “The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives.” 2000. Masters Thesis, University of New South Wales. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/62388 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:58458/SOURCE01?view=true.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Causer, Michael Edward. “The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives.” 2000. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Causer ME. The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of New South Wales; 2000. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/62388 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:58458/SOURCE01?view=true.

Council of Science Editors:

Causer ME. The 1938 iron ore export embargo : the Commonwealth Government's motivations and objectives. [Masters Thesis]. University of New South Wales; 2000. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/62388 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:58458/SOURCE01?view=true

30. Zhu, Wenyi, 1981-. Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:.

Degree: PhD, Environmental Sciences, 2010, Rutgers University

URL: http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052172

► Controls on pyrite deposition and weathering were investigated in Newark Basin (Lockatong formation) black shale. Inorganic sulfur species including pyritic S and acid volatile S… (more)

▼ Controls on pyrite deposition and weathering were investigated in Newark Basin (Lockatong formation) black shale. Inorganic sulfur species including pyritic S and acid volatile S were quantified in early, middle, and late Lockatong formation black shale samples obtained from the Newark Basin rock core collection. Pyritic S accounted for more than 50% of total S in Lockatong black shale and was strongly correlated to total S, yet no correlation was found between acid volatile S and total S. An inverse relationship was identified between pyritic S and acid volatile S at various depths in the formation which may indicate their redox potential-controlled interconversion. Further analysis of the redox potential index, Th/U ratio, showed that redox potential was one of the controlling factors for the deposition of the reduced sulfur species in the Newark Basin sedimentary environments. Trace metal enrichment factors showed that As and Mo were two highly enriched elements in Lockatong formation black shale. Correlation analyses show that As was closely linked to pyritic S and Mo was associated with organic matter in Lockatong black shale. The hypothesized mobilization of arsenic from pyritic black shale by a sulfide-arsenide exchange and oxidation reaction was tested with FeAsS, homogenized Lockatong formation black shale and Lockatong formation black shale pyrite incubated under oxic, hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Incubation results showed that sulfide increased arsenic mobilization to the dissolved phase from all three solids under oxic and hypoxic, but not anoxic conditions. Moreover, XANES results show that arsenic in Newark Basin black shale pyrite has the same oxidation state as that in FeAsS (-1) and thus extend the sulfide-arsenide exchange mechanism of arsenic mobilization to sedimentary rock, black shale pyrite. This process will be most important to arsenic mobilization in aquifers where pyrite is exposed to a supply of sulfide from zones of anoxic groundwater which supports sulfate reducing bacteria and oxic groundwater or other oxidants. The direct role of microorganisms in pyrite weathering in Newark Basin black shale was examined through microbial colonization experiments. Thick biofilms were observed on the surface of pyrite bearing, polished black shale thick sections during their incubation in a subsurface groundwater well and the microbial community structure of the colonized microbes was analyzed. Colonizing microbes preferentially attached to pyrite rather than the shale matrix and the co-occurrence of bacteria-shaped pits and secondary iron minerals on pyrite were observed. 16S rDNA sequence analysis of pyrite and arsenopyrite biofilm communities indicated that most of the mineral colonizing microorganisms were members of the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacteraceae (δ-proteobacteria). Other sequences showed high similarity (>99%) with species in the β and ε-proteobacteria that are able to oxidize iron or sulfur. These results indicate that microbes may play a critical role in the transformation of iron… Advisors/Committee Members: Zhu, Wenyi, 1981- (author), Reinfelder, John (chair), Young, Lily (internal member), Yee, Nathan (internal member), Serfes, Mike (outside member).

Subjects/Keywords: Pyrites; Soil oxidation; Iron ores

…1 1.1 The Biogeochemistry of Iron, Sulfur and Trace elements in the Environment-1 1.2… …MICROBIAL COLONIZATION OF IRON SULFIDE SUBSTRATE IN SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT… …iron sulfide, arsenopyrite (FeAsS), and arsenian pyrite isolated from Newark Basin… …108 CHAPTER V 1. The subsurface iron and sulfur geochemistry… …116 xii 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Biogeochemistry of Iron, Sulfur and Trace…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhu, Wenyi, 1. (2010). Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:. (Doctoral Dissertation). Rutgers University. Retrieved from http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052172

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhu, Wenyi, 1981-. “Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers University. Accessed January 20, 2021. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052172.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhu, Wenyi, 1981-. “Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:.” 2010. Web. 20 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhu, Wenyi 1. Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2010. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052172.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhu, Wenyi 1. Chemical and microbial control of pyrite weathering and its implications to arsenic mobility and sulfur and iron geochemistry:. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052172

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