You searched for subject:(In flame soot sampling).
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University of New South Wales
1.
Zhang, Yilong.
Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine.
Degree: Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2017, University of New South Wales
URL: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/59629 
;
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:49162/SOURCE02?view=true
► Soot particles emitted from modern diesel engines, despite significantly lower total mass, show higher reactivity and toxicity than black-smoking old engines, which cause serious health…
(more)
▼ Soot particles emitted from modern diesel engines, despite significantly lower total mass, show higher reactivity and toxicity than black-smoking old engines, which cause serious health and environmental issues.
Soot nanostructure, i.e. the internal structure of
soot particles composed of nanoscale carbon fringes, can provide useful information to the investigation of the particle reactivity and its oxidation status. This thesis presents the nanostructure details of
soot particles sampled directly from diesel flames in a working diesel engine as well as from exhaust gases to compare the internal structure of
soot particles in the high formation stage and after in-cylinder oxidation. Thermophoretic
soot sampling was conducted using an in-house-designed probe with a lacy transmission electron microscope (TEM) grid stored at the tip. The
soot particles deposited on the grid were imaged using a high-resolution TEM to obtain key nanostructure parameters such as carbon fringe length, tortuosity and fringe-to-fringe separation. The TEM images show that in-
flame soot particles are consisted of multiple amorphous cores with many defective carbon fringes, which are surrounded by a more oriented and graphitised outer shell. The same core-shell structures are found in the exhaust
soot particles, suggesting the overall shape developed within the diesel
flame does not change during
soot oxidation. However, the exhaust
soot particles exhibit more oxidised and less reactive nanostructures as evidenced by the increased fringe length, reduced fringe tortuosity, and lower fringe separation distance. In investigating the in-cylinder particles, the effect of jet-jet interaction on
soot nanostructure was considered as one of the major factors. This is because a wall-jet head merging with a neighbouring jet head, which always occurs in diesel engines, is well known to cause high
soot formation due to locally rich mixtures. This topic was investigated by performing nanostructure analysis and corresponding morphology analysis of
soot particles together with the assistance of planar laser-induced fluorescence of fuel and hydroxyl (fuel- and OH-PLIF) and incandescence of
soot (
soot-PLII). Since a conventional diesel
flame produces a large amount of
soot leading to significant beam attenuation to laser diagnostics, methyl decanoate was selected as a surrogate fuel due to its low-sooting propensity. Prior to investigate the effect of jet-jet interaction on
soot particles, a direct comparison in
soot nanostructure and corresponding morphology is conducted between methyl decanoate and conventional diesel in single jet configuration. The results show that methyl decanoate generates smaller
soot primary particles and aggregates with lower fractal dimension, which could be explained either by the earlier stage of
soot formation or more oxidised
soot status. From the fringe separation results showing a smaller gap for methyl decanoate, it is concluded that the sampled in-
flame soot particles were more oxidised likely due to the presence of oxidisers…
Advisors/Committee Members: Kook, Sanghoon, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Hawkes, Evatt, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW.
Subjects/Keywords: Soot nanostructure; Diesel engine; In-flame soot sampling; Soot morphology; TEM
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APA (6th Edition):
Zhang, Y. (2017). Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/59629 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:49162/SOURCE02?view=true
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Zhang, Yilong. “Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of New South Wales. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/59629 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:49162/SOURCE02?view=true.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Zhang, Yilong. “Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine.” 2017. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Zhang Y. Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/59629 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:49162/SOURCE02?view=true.
Council of Science Editors:
Zhang Y. Nanostructure Analysis of In-flame Soot Particles in a Diesel Engine. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of New South Wales; 2017. Available from: http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/59629 ; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:49162/SOURCE02?view=true
University of Toronto
2.
Gigone, Ben.
Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames.
Degree: 2018, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91392
► The effect of pressure on soot aggregate morphology in laminar diffusion flames, specifically pertaining to primary soot particle size and soot aggregate fractal parameters, was…
(more)
▼ The effect of pressure on soot aggregate morphology in laminar diffusion flames, specifically pertaining to primary soot particle size and soot aggregate fractal parameters, was investigated in methane-air and nitrogen-diluted ethylene flames. Soot aggregate samples were collected by thermophoretic sampling within a high-pressure combusting chamber. Soot samples were imaged via transmission electron microscopy followed by an automated imaging detection method. The experiments covered pressures from 7 to 30 bar at vertical flame heights of 3, 6, and 8 mm in methane-air flames, and 3 to 6 bar at heights of 2, 5, 10, and 15 mm in nitrogen-diluted ethylene flames. It was observed that mean primary soot particle size increased with increasing pressure for both fuel types at virtually all flame locations. The fractal dimension was found to vary with pressure for both fuel cases, suggesting that a universal soot aggregate fractal value may not be justified in high-pressure flames.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gülder, Ömer L., Aerospace Science and Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: Combustion; Flame; Fractal; Soot; 0538
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APA (6th Edition):
Gigone, B. (2018). Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91392
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Gigone, Ben. “Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91392.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Gigone, Ben. “Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames.” 2018. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Gigone B. Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91392.
Council of Science Editors:
Gigone B. Effect of Pressure on Soot Morphology in Laminar Diffusion Flames. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91392
University of Toronto
3.
Griffin, Elizabeth Anne.
The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures.
Degree: 2018, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91441
► Laminar co-flow diffusion flames of ethanol-doped methane flames with 10% of carbon from ethanol up to 6 bar and nitrogen-diluted alkene flames of ethylene and…
(more)
▼ Laminar co-flow diffusion flames of ethanol-doped methane flames with 10% of carbon from ethanol up to 6 bar and nitrogen-diluted alkene flames of ethylene and propylene up to 8 bar and 1-butylene up to 2.5 bar were investigated. Line-of-sight spectral emission measurements were inverted with an Abel-type algorithm to obtain radially resolved soot volume fraction and temperature measurements. Ethanol-doped methane flames displayed consistently higher soot yields than neat methane flames, but only a slightly higher pressure dependence. Comparing the nitrogen-diluted alkene flames, 1-butylene produced the most soot, followed by propylene and ethylene. Propylene and 1-butylene displayed similar sooting propensity pressure dependencies, but ethylene was found to have a significantly stronger pressure dependence. This was attributed to the greater concentration of aromatics in the pyrolysis products of propylene and 1-butylene as aromatics have been found to have a weaker sooting propensity pressure dependence.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gülder, Ömer L, Aerospace Science and Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: combustion; flame; pressure; soot; 0538
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APA (6th Edition):
Griffin, E. A. (2018). The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91441
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Griffin, Elizabeth Anne. “The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91441.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Griffin, Elizabeth Anne. “The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures.” 2018. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Griffin EA. The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91441.
Council of Science Editors:
Griffin EA. The Sooting Propensities of Ethanol, Ethylene, Propylene, and Butylene at Elevated Pressures. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91441
University of Southern California
4.
Abid, Aamir Dawood.
Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2009, University of Southern California
URL: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/216565/rec/2629
► Soot formed from incomplete combustion has significant health effects and contributes to atmospheric pollution. The details of soot nucleation and growth have been studied experimentally…
(more)
▼ Soot formed from incomplete combustion has significant
health effects and contributes to atmospheric pollution. The
details of
soot nucleation and growth have been studied
experimentally and numerically and recent advances in experimental
techniques have enabled the investigation of
soot particles in the
size range of 1 to 10 nm. This range is particularly interesting as
soot nucleation occurs at the lower end of this range and mass
growth is fast within this range.; This work utilizes a variety of
complimentary experimental techniques to probe
soot nucleation and
growth from premixed lightly sooting flat flames. A scanning
mobility particle sizer (SMPS) in conjunction with probe
sampling
is used to study detailed particle size distributions,
soot volume
fraction and number density.
Soot volume fraction is also measured
using a thermocouple particle densitometry technique.
Soot
morphology is investigated using transmission electron microscopy
and atomic force microscopy. For the ethylene-oxygen-argon flames
studied, the particle size distributions are bimodal. The trough of
this bimodal distribution shifts gradually to smaller sizes as the
flame temperature is increased resulting in an apparent unimodal
size distribution. Morphology studies show that nascent particles
are spherical and not fully carbonized.; A standard SMPS system is
modified to extend the lower size detection limit from 2.5 nm to
1.6 nm. Using this lower detection limit the particle distributions
at high
flame temperatures are observed to be persistently bimodal
and the apparent unimodality previously seen is concluded to be due
to instrumentation limitation. In addition, the ethylene flames are
doped with benzene to examine the effect of nucleation rate
variation on nascent
soot size distribution. The size distributions
for benzene doped flames are similar to that of pure ethylene
flames yet further study needs to be done to decouple the influence
of
flame temperature resulting from benzene doping on the evolution
of the size distributions.; An inherent challenge of probe
sampling
is that it is intrusive and the effect of probe perturbation needs
to be quantified. To address this issue, a burner stabilized
stagnation flow
sampling technique is developed and fully
characterized. The key advantage of this technique is that the
flame can be modeled as the flow field and boundary conditions are
known. The size distributions measured by this technique are
similar to that observed with tubular probe
sampling with the onset
of the second size mode occurring at somewhat short residence
times.; Using the new
sampling technique developed, n-dodecane
sooting flames are investigated. This liquid fuel is of particular
interest as it is an ideal surrogate component for real jet fuels.
The size distributions for these flames show a bimodal
characteristic and the nucleation mode for n-dodecane flames is
stronger compared to similar ethylene flames. The measured and
simulated temperature profiles show good agreement. The modified
sampling probe and development of a…
Advisors/Committee Members: Wang, Hai (Committee Chair), Egolfopoulos, Fokion N. (Committee Member), Phares, Dennis (Committee Member), Campbell, Charles (Committee Member), Sioutas, Constantinos (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: soot; premixed flame; probe sampling; morphology; particle size distribution; nucleation; burner stabilized flame
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APA (6th Edition):
Abid, A. D. (2009). Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Southern California. Retrieved from http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/216565/rec/2629
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Abid, Aamir Dawood. “Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/216565/rec/2629.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Abid, Aamir Dawood. “Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames.” 2009. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Abid AD. Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2009. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/216565/rec/2629.
Council of Science Editors:
Abid AD. Experimental investigation of soot nucleation and growth in
premixed flat flames. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2009. Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/216565/rec/2629
University of Toronto
5.
Daca, Adriana Elizabeth.
Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames.
Degree: 2015, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/70275
► Laminar co-flow diffusion flames were studied in 1) nitrogen-diluted ethylene flames at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 mass ratios (C2H4: N2) at 10 atm (compared to…
(more)
▼ Laminar co-flow diffusion flames were studied in 1) nitrogen-diluted ethylene flames at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 mass ratios (C2H4: N2) at 10 atm (compared to previous results at a 1:3 ratio), and 2) liquid-doped methane flames with 7.4% of carbon from liquid fuel using ethanol and n-heptane up to 8 atm and toluene up to 6 atm. Soot spectral emission measurements were deconvoluted using Abel inversion to provide radially resolved soot volume fraction and temperature profiles. In the former, soot production was proportional to fuel concentration, and flame temperatures increased at higher dilution ratios. In the latter, toluene-doped flames produced the most soot, followed by n-heptane- and ethanol-doped flames. Soot production in ethanol-doped flames was higher than expected, and possible mechanisms for this are discussed including synergistic effects. Flame temperatures were inversely proportional to soot concentration, and the pressure dependence of soot formation is compared to previous measurements.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gülder, Ömer L, Aerospace Science and Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: aviation; biofuel; combustion; flame; pressure; soot; 0538
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APA (6th Edition):
Daca, A. E. (2015). Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/70275
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Daca, Adriana Elizabeth. “Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/70275.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Daca, Adriana Elizabeth. “Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames.” 2015. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Daca AE. Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/70275.
Council of Science Editors:
Daca AE. Soot Formation at High Pressures in Laminar Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Flames. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/70275
University of Windsor
6.
Amidpour, Yasaman.
A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.
Degree: MS, Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, 2020, University of Windsor
URL: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8432
► Soot particles are harmful emissions that can effect human health, the environment and contribute to global warming that is why the study of soot formation…
(more)
▼ Soot particles are harmful emissions that can effect human health, the environment and contribute to global warming that is why the study of
soot formation is crucial. A better understanding of
soot formation can lead to more efficient combustion device designs, reduce their emissions and their impact on human health and the environment. This thesis contains two different detailed numerical studies. This work aims to find solutions to reduce
soot by controlling combustion variables (Chapter 3) and understand the current ability of chemical mechanisms to predict PAH and
soot concentrations (Chapter 4) by applying a detailed numerical method. The results of the numerical studies are obtained using the CoFlame code. This detailed code models the formation of
soot particles in a laminar coflow C2H4/air diffusion
flame by applying a fixed sectional method and accounting for processes such as reversible nucleation and condensation,
soot surface growth and oxidation. The first objective is to model and investigate the effect of inlet coflow temperature on
soot formation. Inlet coflow temperature plays an important role in
soot formation as it can effect the reaction rates and fundamentals of
soot formation process such as surface growth, nucleation and condensation. Previous studies of
soot formation using the CoFlame code have focused on the modeling of the effect of pressure, diluents, and fuel types on
soot formation; however, the effect of coflow temperature at lower temperatures has not been previously studied using this detailed numerical approach. The results suggest that the
soot volume fraction increases in flames with a higher inlet coflow temperature. This phenomenon is associated with the high inception rates at the lower
flame region and increase in the number of primary particles which will increase the possibility of more surface reaction. The second study shows the difference of two important kinetic chemical mechanisms, the chemical mechanism developed at the German Aerospace Center, referred to as the DLR mechanism, and the mechanism developed at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, referred to as the KAUST mechanism. The effect of these mechanisms on
soot aerosol dynamics and, therefore, the formation of
soot particles is studied. The results of this study suggest that there is still a need to develop a chemical mechanism which can accurately predict both the species concentration and
soot volume fraction.
Advisors/Committee Members: Nickolas Eaves.
Subjects/Keywords: coflow diffusion flame; mechanism; soot; temperature effect
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APA (6th Edition):
Amidpour, Y. (2020). A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. (Masters Thesis). University of Windsor. Retrieved from https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8432
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Amidpour, Yasaman. “A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2020. Masters Thesis, University of Windsor. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8432.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Amidpour, Yasaman. “A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2020. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Amidpour Y. A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Windsor; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8432.
Council of Science Editors:
Amidpour Y. A Numerical Study on the Effect of Temperature and Chemical Mechanism on Soot Formation in an Ethylene-Air Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Masters Thesis]. University of Windsor; 2020. Available from: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8432
University of Southern California
7.
Feng, Qiyao.
An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates.
Degree: PhD, Chemical Engineering, 2011, University of Southern California
URL: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/674004/rec/747
► The use of biodiesel is attracting substantial attention currently as a potential effective and environmentally friendly solution to the world’s dependence on conventional petroleum resources.…
(more)
▼ The use of biodiesel is attracting substantial
attention currently as a potential effective and environmentally
friendly solution to the world’s dependence on conventional
petroleum resources. As with conventional diesel, concerns exist
with the use of biodiesel in terms of its emissions, especially NOₓ
emissions and particulate matter (PM) due to their potential health
effects. Although there is strong incentive for using biodiesel to
substitute for petroleum fuels, the NOₓ and
soot emissions of those
fuels are not yet well characterized and understood. In this study,
the NOₓ emissions of a class of model biodiesel fuels, namely fatty
acid esters (FAME) were studied systematically in both premixed as
well as non-premixed flames. The
soot emissions of these model
biodiesel fuels were also studied systematically in non-premixed
flames. In addition, a diesel surrogate was also studied in order
to compare its
soot emissions with those of the model biodiesels. ❧
The experiments were conducted in the counter-flow configuration
for different fuel/oxidizer ratios (for premixed flames) or fuel/N₂
molar ratios (for non-premixed flames) at atmospheric pressures.
The NOₓ measurements were carried out using the quartz microprobe
sampling method. The
soot volume fractions were determined using
the laser extinction method. The experimental data were compared
against those obtained in flames of n-alkanes with similar carbon
numbers. Additional experiments were carried out, in order to
assess the effects of carbon number, type of ester group (methyl or
ethyl), and the extent of saturation (presence of double bonds) on
the NOₓ emissions and sooting propensity of these model biodiesel
fuels. ❧ Recently developed chemical kinetic models were utilized
in order to simulate the flames and to investigate the kinetic
pathways controlling the formation of key
soot precursors, such as
C₂H₄, C₂H₂ and C₃H₃, aiming to provide insight into the
experimentally observed differences in the sooting propensity among
the various fuels. In simulating the NOₓ emissions, a recently
developed NOₓ sub-kinetic model was incorporated into the
aforementioned fuel combustion mechanisms in order to investigate
the relative contributions of the four different reaction pathways
to the total NOₓ formation in these flames. Overall, this study
constitutes a systematic effort to investigate the fundamental
emission characteristics of biofuels, and to provide significant
new insight into fatty acid ester combustion leading eventually to
the detailed study of real biodiesels.
Advisors/Committee Members: Tsotsis, Theodore T. (Committee Chair), Shing, Katherine S. (Committee Member), Egolfopoulos, Fokion N. (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: methyl esters; laminar flame; soot; NOₓ; biodiesel
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APA (6th Edition):
Feng, Q. (2011). An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Southern California. Retrieved from http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/674004/rec/747
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Feng, Qiyao. “An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/674004/rec/747.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Feng, Qiyao. “An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates.” 2011. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Feng Q. An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/674004/rec/747.
Council of Science Editors:
Feng Q. An experimental and modeling study of NOₓ and soot emissions
from biodiesel and its surrogates. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Southern California; 2011. Available from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/674004/rec/747
Michigan State University
8.
Ray, Anjan.
Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames.
Degree: PhD, Department of Mechanicala Engineering, 1996, Michigan State University
URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:25925
Subjects/Keywords: Diffusion; Flame; Soot
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APA (6th Edition):
Ray, A. (1996). Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:25925
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ray, Anjan. “Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames.” 1996. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:25925.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ray, Anjan. “Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames.” 1996. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Ray A. Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1996. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:25925.
Council of Science Editors:
Ray A. Theoretical and numerical investigation of radiataive extinction of diffusion flames. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1996. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:25925
University of Adelaide
9.
Qamar, Nader H.
Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames.
Degree: 2010, University of Adelaide
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/62616
► Soot measurements using planar laser-induced incandescence (LII) have been performed in three commercial propane-fired flames produced by simple jet (SJ), precessing jet (PJ-P) and bluff-body…
(more)
▼ Soot measurements using planar laser-induced incandescence (LII) have been performed in three commercial propane-fired flames produced by simple jet (SJ), precessing jet (PJ-P) and bluff-body
jet (BB) burners. The flames span a wide range of different global mixing rates for the same nozzle diameter and fuel flow rate. Measurements of their radiation, NOₓ emissions and
residence times are available. LII has also been performed in a natural gas-fired precessing jet (PJ-NG)
flame with the same nozzle diameter and throat Reynolds number as the PJ-P and, in
the well characterised “Delft III Flame” from the TNF workshop firing simulated Dutch natural gas.
The PJ-P and the SJ have a similar time-averaged
soot volume fraction, FV [F in italics & ¯ accented; V in italics & subscript], which is about an order of magnitude higher than in the BB and about 20 times higher than in the PJ-NG. The
integrated total volume of
soot, however, in the PJ-P is about 2.5 time higher than in the SJ, 25 times higher than in the PJ-NG and 220 times higher than in the BB. The axial location of the
peak, time-averaged
soot volume fraction, FV,max [F in italics & ¯ accented; V,max in italics & subscript], in the two propane flames issued from a long pipe, the SJ and the BB, are very similar when normalised to the
flame length (x/Lfl≈0.6) [x/Lfl in italics; fl subscript] and consistent with other measurements in simple jet flames. The PJ-P and PJ-NG flames show much closer peaks at x/Lfl≈0.37 [x/Lfl in italics; fl subscript] and 0.53, respectively, also consistent with the peak heat flux in
a precessing jet burner. When normalised to the length of the sooting part, the Delft
flame shows a similar location of FV,max [F in italics & ¯ accented; V,max in italics & subscript] as the SJ and the BB. The
soot in the Delft
flame is highly
intermittent with FV [F in italics & ¯ accented; V in italics & subscript] about 70 times less than in the SJ.
The burnout of
soot in the two propane flames issued from a long pipe, the SJ and the BB, and in the natural gas Delft
flame, proceeds mainly by increasing intermittency, I [in italics], evident by the
high instantaneous
soot volume fraction, FV [F in italics; V in italics & subscript], and the high intermittency in the burnout region. In addition, the
soot sheet dimensions do not vary significantly in the burnout region of these flames indicating that burnout proceeds by less number of
soot sheets rather than a reduction in their dimensions. The burnout in the PJ-P proceeds by a different mechanism than the other turbulent flames, the asymptotic behaviour of I [in italics] and the low FV [F in italics; V in italics & subscript] reveal that the burnout in this
flame is mainly due to low
soot concentration. The reduction in the size of the
soot sheets also indicate that both the dimensions of the sheets and the
soot concentration within them drop in the burnout region.
The distribution of the PDF of FV [F in italics; V in italics & subscript] in the five investigated flames is well characterised by an…
Advisors/Committee Members: Nathan, Graham (advisor), Alwahabi, Zeyad T. (advisor), King, Keith Douglas (advisor), School of Chemical Engineering (school).
Subjects/Keywords: soot; turbulent non-premixed flame; laser-induced incandescence; mixing; soot burnout; soot sheet dimension
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APA (6th Edition):
Qamar, N. H. (2010). Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/62616
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Qamar, Nader H. “Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames.” 2010. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2440/62616.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Qamar, Nader H. “Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames.” 2010. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Qamar NH. Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2010. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/62616.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Qamar NH. Sooting behaviour of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/62616
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Toronto
10.
Karatas, Ahmet Emre.
High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.
Degree: PhD, 2014, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/68260
► High-pressure soot formation and flame stability characteristics were studied experimentally in laminar diffusion flames. For the former, radially resolved soot volume fraction and temperature profiles…
(more)
▼ High-pressure
soot formation and
flame stability characteristics were studied experimentally in laminar diffusion flames. For the former, radially resolved
soot volume fraction and temperature profiles were measured in axisymmetric co-flow laminar diffusion flames of pre-vaporized n-heptane-air, undiluted ethylene-air, and nitrogen and carbon dioxide diluted ethylene-air at elevated pressures. Abel inversion was used to re-construct radially resolved data from the line-of-sight spectral
soot emission measurements. For the latter,
flame extinction strain rate was measured in counterflow laminar diffusion flames of C1-4 alcohols and hydrocarbon fuels of n-heptane, n-octane, iso-octane, toluene, Jet-A, and biodiesel.The luminous
flame height, as marked by visible
soot radiation, of the nitrogen- and helium-diluted n-heptane and nitrogen- and carbon dioxide-diluted ethylene flames stayed constant at all pressures. In pure ethylene flames,
flame heights initially increased with pressure, but changed little above 5 atm. The maximum
soot yield as a function of pressure in nitrogen-diluted n-heptane diffusion flames indicate that n-heptane flames are slightly more sensitive to pressure than gaseous alkane hydrocarbon flames at least up to 7 atm. Ethylene's maximum
soot volume fractions were much higher than those of ethane and n-heptane diluted with nitrogen (fuel to nitrogen mass flow ratio is about 0.5). Pressure dependence of the peak carbon conversion to
soot, defined as the percentage of fuel's carbon content converted to
soot, was assessed and compared to previous measurements with other gaseous fuels. Maximum
soot volume fractions were consistently lower in carbon dioxide-diluted flames between 5 and 15 atm but approached similar values to those in nitrogen-diluted flames at 20 atm. This observation implies that the chemical
soot suppression effect of carbon dioxide, previously demonstrated at atmospheric pressure, is also present at elevated pressures up to 15 atm, but fades off beyond 15 atm.In
flame stability experiments, the extinction strain rates increased with decreasing dilution. In general, the fuels with higher carbon number and fuels with more compact structures were found to be more prone to extinction. Counterflow laminar diffusion flames established at the impingement of reactants with a top-hat (axially uniform) velocity profile were found to be more resistant to extinction than those with a parabolic exit velocity profile. Multiple solutions to the
flame stability were observed for certain hydrocarbons.
Advisors/Committee Members: Omer, L. Gulder, Aerospace Science and Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: diffusion flame; flame extinction; liquid fuels; soot formation; 0538
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APA (6th Edition):
Karatas, A. E. (2014). High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/68260
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Karatas, Ahmet Emre. “High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/68260.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Karatas, Ahmet Emre. “High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels.” 2014. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Karatas AE. High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Toronto; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/68260.
Council of Science Editors:
Karatas AE. High-pressure Soot Formation and Diffusion Flame Extinction Characteristics of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Toronto; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/68260
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
11.
Bennett, Anthony.
Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments.
Degree: Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, 2020, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664378
► Abstract: Soot from combustion emissions has a negative impact on human health and the environment. Understanding and controlling soot formation is desirable to reduce this…
(more)
▼ Abstract:
Soot from combustion emissions has a negative impact on human health and the environment. Understanding and controlling
soot formation is desirable to reduce this negative impact, especially as energy demands continue to increase. In this work, a range of fundamental combustion experiments are performed to better understand the
soot formation process, and to develop diagnostics for measuring
soot properties.
First, studies on the effects of doping the
flame with different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed to investigate
soot nucleation mechanisms.
Soot formation was found to be most sensitive to phenylacetylene addition and nucleation through physical dimerization appears to be unlikely. Next, the effects of ammonia addition, a possible future fuel, on
soot formation in laminar nonpremixed ethylene counterflow flames was performed. A reduction in
soot volume fraction was observed and attributed to chemical effects of ammonia addition.
Second, the investigation and development of several types of diagnostics was performed.
Soot is typically reported to scale with pressure as Pn where P is pressure and n is a scaling factor. A wide range of scaling factors for ethylene coflow flames have been reported using different types of diagnostics. In this work, a comparison between a light extinction technique and PLII was performed and differences between reported values was explored. Next, the time resolved laser induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) diagnostic was advanced by exploring the effects of SVF on local gas heating. Errors introduced into this model by neglecting local gas heating are explored. Finally, a new diagnostic was developed for 3 dimensional measurements of SVF and velocity in turbulent flames using a technique known as diffuse-backlight illumination extinction imaging.
Third, the application of gated 2D TiRe-LII was assessed in pressurized environments on laminar coflow flames. Comparisons between TiRe-LII and thermophoretically captured
soot imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed. TiRe-LII was found to have reasonable agreement with TEM measurements if the SNR was high, but due to the large disparity in primary particle size in pressurized environments errors in 2D TiRe-LII can be significant.
Advisors/Committee Members: Roberts, William L. (advisor), Sarathy, Mani (committee member), Pinnau, Ingo (committee member), Castaño, Pedro (committee member), Thomson, Murray J. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Soot formation; Laser induced incandescence; Ammonia combustion; Soot nucleation; Thermophoretic sampling; High pressure soot formation
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APA (6th Edition):
Bennett, A. (2020). Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments. (Thesis). King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664378
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bennett, Anthony. “Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments.” 2020. Thesis, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664378.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bennett, Anthony. “Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments.” 2020. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Bennett A. Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments. [Internet] [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664378.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Bennett A. Fundamental Studies of Soot Formation and Diagnostic Development in Nonpremixed Combustion Environments. [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664378
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Penn State University
12.
Huang, Chung-hsuan.
Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies.
Degree: 2014, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/23525
► Combustion generated soot impacts human health and climate. Particulate emissions from combustors on jet aircraft are relevant to each area, occurring at ground level and…
(more)
▼ Combustion generated
soot impacts human health and climate. Particulate emissions from combustors on jet aircraft are relevant to each area, occurring at ground level and at altitude. One of the advantages of alternative fuels is their potential for reducing emission levels. Comparative field-testing of alternative fuels for their emissions was conducted in the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment II (AAFEX II), a NASA-led ground-based field campaign. In this study, particulate emissions from a CFM-56-2C1 engine aboard a DC-9 aircraft were characterized by HRTEM and XPS for nanostructure, carbon speciation and surface chemistry. Fuels studied included JP-8, a 50:50 (JP-8 & HRJ) blend, Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ), and a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel.
Soot nanostructure and surface chemistry are examined across engine power levels from 4% to 100%. Nanostructure ranged from amorphous (reflecting organic carbon) to graphitic (reflecting elemental carbon) as characterized by lamellae length analysis. With JP-8 fuel,
soot particle bonding chemistry, as inferred from the XPS ratio for sp2/sp3 carbon is compared to
soot nanostructure evolution. Increasing lamellae length is found to strongly correlate with increasing sp2/sp3 ratio with increasing engine power – suggesting a change in species identity contributing to the
soot growth process.
Comparisons between fuels for the same power levels yielded insights into differences in
soot processes as dependent upon initial fuel. Soots from the renewable HRJ and FT fuels exhibit significant nanostructure at each power level, rather than the progression as observed for JP-8. This difference is associated with differences in the
soot formation environments as dependent upon fuel. To further examine the correlation between chemical environment and
soot structure as manifested on different physical length scales, primary particle size versus lamellae length was compared. For JP-8 and its blend with HRJ, there is correlation with engine power, i.e. each spatial metric increases with increasing power, suggesting common underlying cause(s) for both observations. For the HRJ and FT fuels, there is no discernable trend. These results are interpreted in terms of the aromatic content of the JP-8 and blended fuels and their different pyrolysis kinetics compared to paraffinic components of the fuels. Observations of fullerenic nanostructure, particularly evident in soots from the pure paraffinic fuels were interpreted as reflecting partial premixing in order to produce the C5 membered rings for lamellae curvature. This led to the hypothesis defining this study: Partially premixed combustion produces
soot with fullerenic nanostructure. Curvature is that one special feature of nanostructure that can be related back to particular gas phase specie(s), namely cyclopentadiene and PAHs containing 5-membered rings.
This hypothesis was tested in the following two laboratory
flame studies. Partial premixing within simple gas jet diffusion flames has a very long history – stemming back to…
Advisors/Committee Members: Randy Vander Wal, Dissertation Advisor/Co-Advisor, Randy Vander Wal, Committee Chair/Co-Chair, Andre Louis Boehman, Committee Member, Adrianus C Van Duin, Special Member, Thomas Litzinger, Special Member.
Subjects/Keywords: Soot nanostructrue; AAFEX II; Premixed flame; diffusion; bunsen; SERDP; ChemKin; fullerenic soot; curvature; cyclopentadiene.
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APA ·
Chicago ·
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CSE |
Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Huang, C. (2014). Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/23525
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Huang, Chung-hsuan. “Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies.” 2014. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/23525.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Huang, Chung-hsuan. “Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies.” 2014. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Huang C. Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/23525.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Huang C. Soot nanostructure evolution from gas turbine engine, premixed and diffusion flame: Equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and fuel dependencies. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/23525
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Wayne State University
13.
Zha, Kan.
Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Wayne State University
URL: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/813
► A fundamental understanding of advanced compression ignition combustion is requisite to meet the simultaneous challenges of stringent fuel efficiency and emission standards. Single zone…
(more)
▼ A fundamental understanding of advanced compression ignition combustion is requisite to meet the simultaneous challenges of stringent fuel efficiency and emission standards. Single zone simulation shows that nitrogen oxide (NOx) production occurs in a high temperature region and
soot production in a high equivalence ratio region within a specific temperature window. Combustion temperature, therefore, is a crucial variable that determines
soot and NOx emissions under various combustion modes, and it is thus very important to have the capability to quantify this parameter in-cylinder. Optical diagnostic techniques such as – Rayleigh scattering, filtered Raman scattering (Doppler), Raman scattering, coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), vibrational thermally-assisted fluorescence, two-line atomic fluorescence, two-line molecular fluorescence, chemiluminescence emission, absorption thermometry and
soot two-color thermometry – commonly provide the sole means of non-intrusively investigating
flame temperature. However, significant challenges of diesel combustion, such as temporal and spatial
flame heterogeneity, interference from particle-scattering, background combustion illumination, and the limitations imposed by laser repetition rates hinder the utilization of most of these diagnostics. The final technique,
soot two-color thermometry, is less affected by the above factors, and therefore, has been widely utilized in diesel engine studies. This work presents an approach to implement the classic
soot classic two-color thermometry technique on a high-speed digital color camera to realize crank-angle-resolved, spatial distribution of in-cylinder combustion temperature. A comparison is made between high-speed two-color thermometry measurements and reacting flow simulations in an engine application fueled with ULSD. The results show the simulations over-estimate
soot temperature by 10%-20% in most crank angle intervals. To improve the two-color thermometry technique, a
soot emissivity model is developed by incorporating
soot optical properties and CARS and laser-induced incandescence (LII) data obtained from a rich (Φ=2.1), C_2 H_4 / Air premixed flat calibration
flame. With the
flame-calibrated
soot emissivity model, the in-cylinder
soot temperature error between simulation and experiment decreases to ±5% implying an improvement of the
soot two-color thermometry technique. The limitations of line-of-sight two-color thermometry are investigated by comparing the in-cylinder
soot optical thickness KL with simultaneous
soot laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements in an optical engine. The results exhibit significant spatial differences, implying temperature gradient along the line of sight.
Advisors/Committee Members: Marcis Jansons.
Subjects/Keywords: diesel; LII; optical engine; premixed flat flame; soot two-color thermometry; soot volume fraction; Engineering
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Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Zha, K. (2013). Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model. (Doctoral Dissertation). Wayne State University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/813
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Zha, Kan. “Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Wayne State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/813.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Zha, Kan. “Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model.” 2013. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Zha K. Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Wayne State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/813.
Council of Science Editors:
Zha K. Development Of A Two-Color Optical Diagnostic For The Determination Of Engine In-Cylinder Soot Temperature And Volume Fraction Evolution With A Flame-Calibrated Emissivity Model. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Wayne State University; 2013. Available from: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/813
University of Toronto
15.
Zhao, Liyun.
Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.
Degree: 2016, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76127
► The first part of this thesis addresses the validation of combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic laser scattering diagnostics for soot characterization. The results from…
(more)
▼ The first part of this thesis addresses the validation of combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic laser scattering diagnostics for soot characterization. The results from three measurement heights (30, 40, 50 mm) of a non-smoking ethylene-air laminar coflow diffusion flame were found to agree well with those from the literatures.
The second part of this thesis applies the optical diagnostics mentioned above to investigate the effects of n-propylbenzene addition on soot formation in an n-dodecane laminar coflow diffusion flame. All of the tested flames had similar temperature profiles. Soot volume fraction was found to increase at all flame heights as the mole fraction of n-propylbenzene increases. Along the centerline, the increase of the soot formation was mainly caused by the combined effect of higher soot inception rate and surface growth rate, while along the wing, the higher soot formation was mainly because of the higher surface growth rate.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Thomson, Murray, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: Laminar diffusion flame; n-Dodecane; n-Propylbenzene; Soot; 0791
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Zhao, L. (2016). Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76127
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Zhao, Liyun. “Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76127.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Zhao, Liyun. “Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2016. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Zhao L. Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76127.
Council of Science Editors:
Zhao L. Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76127
University of Toronto
16.
Zhao, Liyun.
Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.
Degree: 2016, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76195
► The first part of this thesis addresses the validation of combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic laser scattering diagnostics for soot characterization. The results from…
(more)
▼ The first part of this thesis addresses the validation of combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic laser scattering diagnostics for soot characterization. The results from three measurement heights (30, 40, 50 mm) of a non-smoking ethylene-air laminar coflow diffusion flame were found to agree well with those from the literatures.
The second part of this thesis applies the optical diagnostics mentioned above to investigate the effects of n-propylbenzene addition on soot formation in an n-dodecane laminar coflow diffusion flame. All of the tested flames had similar temperature profiles. Soot volume fraction was found to increase at all flame heights as the mole fraction of n-propylbenzene increases. Along the centerline, the increase of the soot formation was mainly caused by the combined effect of higher soot inception rate and surface growth rate, while along the wing, the higher soot formation was mainly because of the higher surface growth rate.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Thomson, Murray, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: Laminar diffusion flame; n-Dodecane; n-Propylbenzene; Soot; 0791
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Zhao, L. (2016). Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76195
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Zhao, Liyun. “Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76195.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Zhao, Liyun. “Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame.” 2016. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Zhao L. Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76195.
Council of Science Editors:
Zhao L. Effects of n-Propylbenzene Addition on Soot Formation in an n-Dodecane Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flame. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/76195
University of Toronto
17.
Shum, Justin.
The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations.
Degree: 2012, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33528
► This study employs a novel approach in order to satisfy the need in industry for a computationally inexpensive means to modelling soot formation in engines…
(more)
▼ This study employs a novel approach in order to satisfy the need in industry for a computationally inexpensive means to modelling soot formation in engines fuelled by natural gas. The complex geometries found in practical combustion devices along with the requirement to solve turbulent, chemically reacting, and multi-phase flows necessitates this goal. A two-equation model, which tracks soot mass and soot number density, is employed. The goal is to apply this model in engine simulations at Westport Innovations, an industry partner.
Experimental data is used to validate the model in various operating conditions. Numerical data obtained from a detailed sectional soot model is also used to augment available validation data, especially with respect to soot formation/oxidation mechanisms. The developed model shows good agreement compared to experimental data and the detailed sectional soot model among all cases considered and will be further tested and applied in Westport’s natural gas engine simulations.
MAST
Advisors/Committee Members: Thomson, Murray J., Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: Soot; Model; Simulation; Combustion; Methane; Numerical; Nanoparticles; Laminar Flame; 0548
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APA (6th Edition):
Shum, J. (2012). The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33528
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Shum, Justin. “The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33528.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Shum, Justin. “The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations.” 2012. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Shum J. The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33528.
Council of Science Editors:
Shum J. The Development and Validation of a Simplified Soot Model for use in Soot Emissions Prediction in Natural Gas Fuelled Engine Simulations. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33528
University of Adelaide
18.
Foo, Kae Ken.
Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames.
Degree: 2018, University of Adelaide
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120361
► With current concerns for sustainability, the ability to control pollutant emissions is a crucial factor in the design of modern combustion systems. Among pollutants of…
(more)
▼ With current concerns for sustainability, the ability to control pollutant emissions is a crucial factor in the design of modern combustion systems. Among pollutants of concern is
soot, a type of particulate matter that is emitted from flames and fires due to incomplete hydrocarbon combustion. Interest in
soot study spans a diverse range of combustion systems from simple laminar jet flames on a stove, to large-scale boilers and furnaces and complex aircraft turbine operating under high pressure. This thesis reports on work performed to advance understanding of
soot evolution in a series of time-varying laminar non-premixed ethylene–nitrogen flames. Time-varying laminar flames offer diverse combinations of residence time, temperature histories, local stoichiometries and strain rates, that are inaccessible under steady conditions. These parameters are not only interdependent but also significantly influential to
soot evolution. The thesis aims to provide a deeper understanding of interactions between
flame chemistry, time-dependent flow field and
soot evolution through a combined experimental and computational study. In the experiments, optical-based techniques are utilised to study the effects of acoustically induced flow modulations on the macroscopic aspects of time-varying laminar flames. The computational study focuses on the chemistry of
soot evolution under unsteady combustion. This thesis consists of a compilation of four journal articles, presenting results and findings from a combination of experimental and computational studies. The experiments examine three operating parameters, namely, the forcing frequency, the burner diameter and the fuel flow modulation.Various optical-based techniques were used, including Two-Line Atomic Fluorescence (TLAF), Laser- Induced Incandescence (LII), Time-Resolved LII (TiRe-LII), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF) and Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). The experimental data set comprises simultaneous two-dimensional measurements of gas temperature,
soot volume fraction, primary particle diameter and OH radical with a subsequent measurement of velocity field. All measurements, except OH-PLIF, are quantitative. Nevertheless, the qualitative measurement of OH serves as a reliable indicator for
flame location. Furthermore, the experimental data spans a wide range of
flame conditions, which is not only valuable for advancing current knowledge of
soot evolution but also particularly useful for model development and validation. The results reveal that the coupling between the
flame structure and time-varying flow field is most effective at frequencies near to the
flame natural flickering frequency, which is approximately 10 Hz for low-velocity flows, independent of the burner diameter. The peak
soot concentrations in 10-Hz time-varying flames are 120% larger than that measured in a steady
flame burning with the same averaged fuel volumetric flow rate, whereas the enhancement for the 20- and 40-Hz time-varying laminar flames is only 87% and 10%, respectively. The same…
Advisors/Committee Members: Dally, Bassam (advisor), School of Mechanical Engineering (school).
Subjects/Keywords: Soot; laminar flame; acoustic forcing; laser diagnostic techniques; ethylene
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APA (6th Edition):
Foo, K. K. (2018). Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120361
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Foo, Kae Ken. “Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames.” 2018. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120361.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Foo, Kae Ken. “Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames.” 2018. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Foo KK. Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120361.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Foo KK. Soot Evolution in Acoustically Forced Laminar Non-premixed Jet Flames. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120361
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Université Catholique de Louvain
19.
Detilleux, Valéry.
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames.
Degree: 2011, Université Catholique de Louvain
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/73291
► Flames that have an excess of fuel, compared to the stoichiometry, or where the mixing between fuel and oxidizer is imperfect, result in an incomplete…
(more)
▼ Flames that have an excess of fuel, compared to the stoichiometry, or where the mixing between fuel and oxidizer is imperfect, result in an incomplete combustion. The excess of fuel is principally converted into Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), which are molecular precursors of soot. In addition to the carcinogenic hazard of PAH, soot promotes the atmospheric solar heating or causes the coating of combustion chambers in the industry. It is therefore very important to understand mechanisms involved in the chemistry of soot formation. Such a comprehension is the main goal of this work investigating chemical pathways involved in benzene and toluene flames.
One-dimensional, premixed and laminar benzene-oxygen-argon and toluene-oxygen-argon flames have been stabilized at different equivalence ratios and at low pressure on a flat flame burner. Experimental structures have been determined by Gas Chromatography, enabling the detection of major products of combustion, small hydrocarbon intermediates and chemical species from C6Hx to first PAH. Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry has been used to detect chemical species of interest that could not be followed by Gas Chromatography. These species include the phenoxy radical, the benzoquinone, the benzyl radical and the fulvenallene, which are all thought to be important intermediates of benzene and toluene combustion. Finally, a device has been developed for the measurement of soot concentration in rich hydrocarbon flames.
A detailed kinetic model for the aromatic consumption and the soot formation has been developed on the basis of a comprehensive literature survey. The good predictive capability of the proposed model has been verified by comparing its predictions to the experimental flame structures. Comparative reaction rate analyses have been carried out to determine the main reaction pathways occurring in aromatic flames.
The comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling studies presented in this work improve the current understanding of aromatic flame chemistry, and will help the future works devoted to aromatic oxidation, as well as those on PAH and soot formation.
(CHIM 3) – UCL, 2011
Advisors/Committee Members: UCL - SST/IMCN/MOST - Molecules, Solids and Reactivity, Vandooren, Jacques, Peeters, Daniel, Gohy, Jean-François, Van Tiggelen, Pierre, Jeanmart, Hervé, Paillard, Claude, Gasnot, Laurent.
Subjects/Keywords: Benzene; Toluene; Flame; Flamme; Combustion; PAH; HAP; Soot; Suie
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APA (6th Edition):
Detilleux, V. (2011). Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames. (Thesis). Université Catholique de Louvain. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/73291
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Detilleux, Valéry. “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames.” 2011. Thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/73291.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Detilleux, Valéry. “Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames.” 2011. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Detilleux V. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/73291.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Detilleux V. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of benzene and toluene combustion in premixed, laminar and one-dimensional flames. [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/73291
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Adelaide
20.
Algoraini, Safa Mohammed M.
Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames.
Degree: 2019, University of Adelaide
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123106
► Soot particles generated during combustion processes enhance heat transfer by thermal radiation. These particles are harmful to human health; therefore, control of soot emissions from…
(more)
▼ Soot particles generated during combustion processes enhance heat transfer by thermal radiation. These particles are harmful to human health; therefore, control of
soot emissions from combustion systems and mitigation of their negative effects is highly desirable.
Soot particle formation is a complex process involving many processes. These are nucleation, surface growth, coagulation, aggregation, and finally oxidation. These processes are not completely understood. The aim of this research was to apply optical diagnostics as a tool to better understand the inception phase and surface growth of
soot particles in low pressure premixed laminar flames. The work described in this thesis is based on quasi-one-dimensional, premixed C2H4–air (plus other additives) laminar flames, stabilised on a McKenna burner. Three different
flame settings were used to study the dependence of
soot particle formation on pressure variation in the range of 48–27 kPa. Two flames were at stoichiometric ratios, at phi (Φ) of 2.1 and 2.3. The third
flame, at Φ of 2.1 and pressure of 40 kPa, was chosen to evaluate the effect of gas additives on the
soot formation process. Three gas additives to ethylene base
flame (C2H4-air) were used. These gas additives are argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Laser-induced incandescence (LII) was used to carefully measure the spatial profile of the
soot volume fraction (fv). Spatially resolved emission spectroscopy was then utilised to measure two key radicals (CH* and C2*) and to verify the location of the
flame front (yff) and
soot particle temperature (Ts). Probe thermocouple was employed to measure gas temperature (Tg), while Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) was used to record the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with 2 – 3 rings (2-3R), 3 – 4 rings (3-4 R) and >5 rings (>5 R). The gas velocity (v) was modelling by using the Ansys-Fluent software package. The time (t), at each axial location was calculated in a stepwise fashion, based on the modelled velocity profile. This helps to compute the
soot surface growth rate and the phenomenological removing rates of PAH (2-3R) and PAH (3-4R). From Φ of 2.1 and 2.3 flames at different pressure settings, it was found that the thickness zone for CH*, used as an indicator of the
flame front, was larger than for C2*. Furthermore, it was observed that the distance between the maximum recorded intensity of CH* and C2* decreased linearly with increasing pressure - with a slope of 25 × 10–9 ± 0.062 × 10–9 (mPa–1) and 28 × 10–9 ± 0.048 × 10–9 (mPa–1) for Φ of 2.1 and 2.3, respectively. It was found that the lowest value of fv was 0.0003 ppm, observed at a spatial location of 6 mm away from the burner surface. It was also observed that fv scales with pressure following a simple power function of the form fv = kPrn, where k is a scaling factor and n was measured at a value of 2.15 ± 0.7 and 1.5 ± 0.4 for Φ = 2.1 and Φ = 2.3, respectively. The analysis of
soot particle surface growth pointed to a
soot growth rate constant, kSG, of 20 s-1 for Φ of 2.1,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Alwahabi, Zeyad (advisor), Sun, Zhiwei (advisor), School of Chemical Engineering (school).
Subjects/Keywords: Optical diagnostics; soot; law pressure; LII; LIF; Laminar flame
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APA (6th Edition):
Algoraini, S. M. M. (2019). Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123106
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Algoraini, Safa Mohammed M. “Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames.” 2019. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123106.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Algoraini, Safa Mohammed M. “Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames.” 2019. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Algoraini SMM. Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123106.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Algoraini SMM. Optical diagnostics of soot formation in low pressure laminar premixed flames. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123106
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Michigan State University
21.
Lee, Keunchul.
An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames.
Degree: PhD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1991, Michigan State University
URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:47005
Subjects/Keywords: Soot; Flame; Combustion; Oxidation
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APA (6th Edition):
Lee, K. (1991). An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:47005
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lee, Keunchul. “An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames.” 1991. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:47005.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lee, Keunchul. “An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames.” 1991. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Lee K. An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1991. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:47005.
Council of Science Editors:
Lee K. An experimental study of soot formation and oxidation in axisymmetric counterflow diffusion flames. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 1991. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:47005
Georgia Tech
22.
Chang, Hojoon.
Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms.
Degree: MS, Aerospace Engineering, 2004, Georgia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4922
► The present work focuses on a computational study of a simplified soot model to predict soot production and destruction in methane/oxidizer (O2 and N2) and…
(more)
▼ The present work focuses on a computational study of a simplified
soot model to predict
soot production and destruction in methane/oxidizer (O2 and N2) and ethylene/air flames using a one-dimensional laminar opposed diffusion
flame setup. Two different detailed reaction mechanisms (361 reactions and 61 species for methane/oxidizer
flame and 527 reactions and 99 species for ethylene/air
flame) are used to validate the simplified
soot model in each
flame. The effects of strain rate and oxygen content on the
soot production and destruction are studied, and the
soot related properties such as
soot volume fraction, particle number density and particle diameter are compared with published results. The results show reasonable agreement with data and that the
soot volume fraction decreases with higher strain rate and lower oxygen content. The simplified
soot model has also been used with two reduced reaction mechanisms (12-step, 16-species for methane
flame
and 20-species for ethylene
flame) since such reduced mechanisms are computationally more efficient for practical application. The profiles of the physical properties and the major species are in excellent agreement with the results using the detailed reaction mechanisms. However, minor hydrocarbon-species such as acetylene (C2H2) that is the primary pyrolysis species in the simplified
soot model is significantly over predicted and this, in turn, results in an over-prediction of
soot production. Finally, the reduced reaction mechanism is modified to get more accurate prediction of the minor hydrocarbon-species. The modified reduced reaction mechanism shows that the
soot prediction can be improved by improving the predictions of the key minor species.
Advisors/Committee Members: Suresh Menon (Committee Chair), Jechiel Jagoda (Committee Member), Jerry Seitzman (Committee Member).
Subjects/Keywords: Soot; Laminar opposed diffusion flame
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Chang, H. (2004). Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms. (Masters Thesis). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4922
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Chang, Hojoon. “Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms.” 2004. Masters Thesis, Georgia Tech. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4922.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Chang, Hojoon. “Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms.” 2004. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Chang H. Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2004. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4922.
Council of Science Editors:
Chang H. Prediction of Soot Formation in Laminar Opposed Diffusion Flame with Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms. [Masters Thesis]. Georgia Tech; 2004. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4922
University of Sydney
23.
Bartos, Daniel Ambrose.
Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
.
Degree: 2018, University of Sydney
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18880
► This thesis provides an improved characterisation of the evolution of soot nanoparticles in laminar and turbulent flames with a particular focus on the transition from…
(more)
▼ This thesis provides an improved characterisation of the evolution of soot nanoparticles in laminar and turbulent flames with a particular focus on the transition from nucleation to solid particles where intermediate structures occur. Laser light at 266 nm is primarily used for Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) measurements as a means to detect and characterise incipient soot nanostructures that retain molecular qualities. These species have a size in the order of a few nanometres and do not absorb light at longer visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths. In addition, the 266 nm laser is used for Elastic Light Scattering and Laser-Induced Incandescence that prevail where larger solid particles are present. A 1064 nm laser, on the other hand, is used to exclusively excite solid soot particles that do absorb in the IR and preferentially incandesce. The combination of these Laser-induced-Emissions (LIE) is used to track the presence and character of both soot and soot precursor nanostructures. A key feature of these measurements is the ability to track the temporal decay of LIEs. Measurements taken in different combustion conditions (premixed, diffusion and turbulent) highlight different behaviours and properties of combustion formed particles. In all cases, the decay time of the majority of LIF signals is found to be much longer than that expected for molecules present with these flames at the same temperature, yet much shorter and spectrally different than that of soot particles, as is expected from semi-rigid structures. In some cases an obvious transition from smaller aromatic species to larger more rigid nanostructures is inferred from redshifted spectra downstream and longer fluorescent decay times. Collectively, these findings confirm the hybrid nature of nanostructures (semi-solid structure retaining molecular qualities) that dominate the early evolution of soot and highlight the multiple pathways in which soot precursor nanostructures initiate and evolve.
Subjects/Keywords: soot;
laser-induced fluorescence;
nanostructures;
nanoparticles;
laser-induced incandescence;
flame
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Bartos, D. A. (2018). Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
. (Thesis). University of Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18880
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bartos, Daniel Ambrose. “Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
.” 2018. Thesis, University of Sydney. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18880.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bartos, Daniel Ambrose. “Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
.” 2018. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Bartos DA. Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18880.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Bartos DA. Detection and Characterisation of Combustion Formed Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Emission
. [Thesis]. University of Sydney; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18880
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
The Ohio State University
24.
Iskander, Adel Maurice.
Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames.
Degree: PhD, Graduate School, 1987, The Ohio State University
URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215767
Subjects/Keywords: Engineering; Flame; Soot; Laminar flow
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Iskander, A. M. (1987). Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames. (Doctoral Dissertation). The Ohio State University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215767
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Iskander, Adel Maurice. “Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames.” 1987. Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215767.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Iskander, Adel Maurice. “Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames.” 1987. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Iskander AM. Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1987. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215767.
Council of Science Editors:
Iskander AM. Effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar diffusion
flames. [Doctoral Dissertation]. The Ohio State University; 1987. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215767
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
25.
Abdelgadir, Ahmed Gamaleldin.
Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames.
Degree: Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, 2017, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625044
► Soot is a carbon particulate formed as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels. Due to the health hazard posed by the carbon particulate,…
(more)
▼ Soot is a carbon particulate formed as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels. Due to the health hazard posed by the carbon particulate, government agencies have applied strict regulations to control
soot emissions from road vehicles, airplanes, and industrial plants. Thus, understanding
soot formation and evolution is critical. Practical combustion devices operate at high pressure and in the turbulent regime. Elevated pressures and turbulence on
soot formation significantly and fundamental understanding of these complex interactions is still poor. In this study, the effects of pressure and turbulence on
soot formation and growth are investigated numerically. As the first step, the evolution of the particle size distribution function (PSDF) and
soot particles morphology are investigated in turbulent non-premixed flames. A Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code is developed and used. The stochastic reactor describes the evolution of
soot in fluid parcels following Lagrangian trajectories in a turbulent flow field. The trajectories are sampled from a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of an n-heptane turbulent non-premixed
flame. Although individual trajectories display strong bimodality as in laminar flames, the ensemble-average PSDF possesses only one mode and a broad tail, which implies significant polydispersity induced by turbulence. Secondly, the effect of the flow and mixing fields on
soot formation at atmospheric and elevated pressures is investigated in coflow laminar diffusion flames. The experimental observation and the numerical prediction of the spatial distribution are in good agreement. Based on the common scaling methodology of the flames (keeping the Reynolds number constant), the scalar dissipation rate decreases as pressure increases, promoting the formation of PAH species and
soot. The decrease of the scalar dissipation rate significantly contributes to
soot formation occurring closer to the nozzle and outward on the flames wings as pressure increases. The scaling of the scalar dissipation rate is not straightforward due to buoyancy effects. Finally, a new scaling approach of the
flame at different pressures is introduced. In this approach, both Reynolds number and Grashof number are kept constant so that the effect of gravity is the same at all pressures. In order to keep Gr constant, this requires the diameter of the nozzle to be changed as pressures vary. This approach guarantees a similar non-dimensional flow field at all pressures and rules out the effect of hydrodynamics and mixing, so that only the effect of chemical kinetics on
soot formation can be studied.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bisetti, Fabrizio (advisor), Roberts, William L. (committee member), Knio, Omar (committee member), Haworth, Daniel C. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Soot; Monte Carlo; Diffusion flame; High pressure; scalar dissipation
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APA (6th Edition):
Abdelgadir, A. G. (2017). Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames. (Thesis). King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625044
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Abdelgadir, Ahmed Gamaleldin. “Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames.” 2017. Thesis, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625044.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Abdelgadir, Ahmed Gamaleldin. “Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames.” 2017. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Abdelgadir AG. Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625044.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Abdelgadir AG. Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Non-premixed Flames. [Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625044
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Toronto
26.
Vargas, Alex Mateo.
Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames.
Degree: 2016, University of Toronto
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72809
► Pollutant formation processes associated with high-pressure combustion pose challenges to optical diagnostics and physical probing of the flames due to various technical problems in comparison…
(more)
▼ Pollutant formation processes associated with high-pressure combustion pose challenges to optical diagnostics and physical probing of the flames due to various technical problems in comparison to the atmospheric case. One preferred process of studying the size and morphology of soot in atmospheric flames is in situ thermophoretic sampling and transmission electron microscopy. In this work, a multi-probe high-pressure thermophoretic sampling system was developed and used successfully inside a high-pressure combustion chamber. All soot samples were measured at a constant height above the burner exit. Findings show that the mean primary soot particle size decreased about 36% from 2 to 10 atm. In addition, the corresponding soot volume fractions imply that the number of soot nuclei in the soot inception region of the laminar diffusion flames have a strong sensitivity to pressure. The higher amounts of soot are mainly determined by the increasing primary soot particle number densities as pressure increases.
M.A.S.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gulder, Omer L, Aerospace Science and Engineering.
Subjects/Keywords: Primary soot particle size; Soot formation at high pressures; Soot particle size by TEM; Thermophoretic sampling; 0538
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APA (6th Edition):
Vargas, A. M. (2016). Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72809
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Vargas, Alex Mateo. “Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72809.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Vargas, Alex Mateo. “Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames.” 2016. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Vargas AM. Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72809.
Council of Science Editors:
Vargas AM. Design and Development of a Thermophoretic Soot Sampling System for High-pressure Laminar Diffusion Flames. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72809
Universitat Politècnica de València
27.
Villalta Lara, David.
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
.
Degree: 2019, Universitat Politècnica de València
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793
► En las últimas décadas, la investigación en motores de combustión ha estado enfocada fundamentalmente en la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes y la eficiencia de…
(more)
▼ En las últimas décadas, la investigación en motores de combustión ha estado enfocada fundamentalmente en la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes y la eficiencia de los mismos. Estos hechos junto con un aumento de la concienciación sobre el cambio climático han llevado a un aumento en la importancia de la eficiencia térmica respecto a otros criterios en el diseño de motores de combustión interna (MCIA). Para alcanzar este objetivo, existen diferentes estrategias a aplicar. En concreto, la transferencia de calor a las paredes de la cámara de combustión puede ser considerada como una de las principales fuentes de disminución de la eficiencia indicada. En particular, en los modernos motores diésel de inyección directa, la emisión de radiación de las partículas de hollín puede constituir un componente importante de las pérdidas de eficiencia. En este contexto se enmarca el objetivo principal de la tesis: contribuir a la comprensión de la transferencia de calor por radiación en la combustión diésel de inyección directa junto con la mejora del conocimiento en el proceso de formación-oxidación de hollín. El trabajo se ha basado tanto en resultados experimentales mediante la aplicación de técnicas ópticas en diversas tipologías de motor como en resultados simulados a partir de modelos unidimensionales validados.
En la primera parte de resultados experimentales, se ha evaluado la cantidad de energía por radiación respecto a la energía química del combustible mediante la aplicación de una sonda optoelectrónica (basada en la técnica del 2-Colores) tanto en un motor óptico DI como en motor poli-cilíndrico DI de producción. En este estudio se han obtenido valores de intensidad espectral emitida por el hollín y posteriormente, la radiación total emitida por las partículas de hollín en todo el espectro.
Como se ha citado anteriormente, las partículas de hollín son las principales responsables de la transferencia de calor por radiación, además de uno de los principales agentes contaminantes emitidos por los motores diésel. Las emisiones de hollín son el resultado de dos procesos antagonistas: la formación y oxidación del hollín. Los mecanismos de formación de hollín se discuten extensamente en la literatura. Sin embargo, existen deficiencias en cuanto al conocimiento de la oxidación de hollín. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta sección ha sido evaluar el impacto del proceso de mezcla y la temperatura del gas sobre el proceso de oxidación de hollín durante la última parte de la combustión bajo condiciones reales de operación.
Finalmente, y en base a los resultados y conocimientos adquiridos hasta el momento, se ha desarrollado un modelo capaz de predecir las pérdidas de calor por radiación para un chorro diésel. El modelo está basado en tres sub-modelos: modelo de chorro, el cual analiza y caracteriza la estructura interna del chorro en términos de mezcla y combustión en un proceso de inyección con resolución temporal y espacial. Un modelo de hollín, en el que los resultados se justifican en función de procesos de formación y…
Advisors/Committee Members: García Martínez, Antonio (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Soot;
in- cylinder heat transfer;
radiation;
Optical pyrometer;
soot oxidation process;
soot radiation model
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APA (6th Edition):
Villalta Lara, D. (2019). RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
. (Doctoral Dissertation). Universitat Politècnica de València. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Villalta Lara, David. “RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Universitat Politècnica de València. Accessed April 14, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Villalta Lara, David. “RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
.” 2019. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Villalta Lara D. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Universitat Politècnica de València; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793.
Council of Science Editors:
Villalta Lara D. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Universitat Politècnica de València; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114793
Penn State University
28.
Wang, Yefu.
effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames.
Degree: 2015, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25967
► This study is part of a larger effort to establish a science-based model to predict the emissions from gas turbine engine combustors using alternative fuels.…
(more)
▼ This study is part of a larger effort to establish a science-based model to predict the emissions from gas turbine engine combustors using alternative fuels. In order to validate and improve the chemical mechanisms in the model, four binary fuel mixtures comprised of the hydrocarbon compounds representative of the classes compounds that are expected in alternative aviation fuels. In each fuel mixture, n-dodecane was the base component. The second component was m-xylene, methylcyclohexane, iso-octane, or n-heptane that were selected to represent the molecular structures of aromatic, cyclo-paraffin, iso-paraffin, and n-paraffin. The binary fuel mixture (25% m-xylene and 75% n-dodecane in liquid volume fraction) was also evaluated as a surrogate for JP-8.
A burner system was developed and built to produce co-flow laminar jet flames with liquid fuel mixtures. The experimental conditions for flames were set at three equivalence ratios (Φ) of the fuel jet—Φ=∞, Φ=6, and Φ=2—to simulate the
soot-rich zones in gas turbine engine combustors. The combination of laser extinction and laser-induced incandescence (LII) was applied to obtain the spatial distributions of
soot volume fraction quantitatively. “Small aromatics” and “large aromatics,” containing 1-2 aromatic rings and 3-4 aromatic rings respectively, were detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). A special configuration of thermocouple probe was developed to obtain the temperature distributions in the
soot-free regions of the flames. Experimental results indicated that the PAH and
soot from all paraffin fuels are similar, but PAH and
soot of the aromatic fuel were much larger than for the paraffin fuels. The amount of
soot was found to be higher in aromatic flames than in paraffin flames by a factor of between 2-4. The maximum LIF signals from both small and large aromatics along centerline were found to be approximately ten times higher in the aromatic fuel than in paraffin fuels. Similar results, especially
soot volume fraction distributions, was found between JP-8 and the m-xylene/n-dodecane fuel.
The experimental results were compared in detail to simulation results provided by Dr. Katta of Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc. Basic consistent distribution trends for each fuel mixture were established with the simulation results. Similar qualitative distributions of
soot volume fraction and semi-quantitative LIF signals from aromatic species as well as temperature were found for flames burnt with all fuel mixtures, even though the simulation always displayed large areas of
soot and aromatics existing regions. The maximum
soot volume fraction along centerline in flames was estimated with values similar to experimental data for paraffin fuels. Several potential explanations were produced for the significant discrepancy of
soot distributions in aromatic flames between the simulation and experimental data. Other simulation results, including the distributions of OH and rates of
soot nucleation,
soot surface growth, and
soot oxidation were presented to gain…
Advisors/Committee Members: Thomas Litzinger, Dissertation Advisor/Co-Advisor, Robert John Santoro, Committee Member, Daniel Connell Haworth, Committee Member, Sarma V Pisupati, Committee Member, Donald Richards, Committee Member.
Subjects/Keywords: fuel; molecular structure; co-flow laminar flame; soot; aromatic species; LII; LIF; laser diagnostics
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APA ·
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Wang, Y. (2015). effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25967
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Wang, Yefu. “effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames.” 2015. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25967.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Wang, Yefu. “effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames.” 2015. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Wang Y. effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25967.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Wang Y. effects of fuel molecular structures on pollutants in co-flow laminar flames. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2015. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25967
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Penn State University
29.
Al-Qurashi, Khalid O.
THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
.
Degree: 2008, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/7746
► Restrictive emissions standards to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines necessitate the development of advanced emission control technology. The…
(more)
▼ Restrictive emissions standards to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines necessitate the development of advanced emission control technology. The engine manufacturers in the United States have implemented the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and diesel particulate filters (DPF) to meet the stringent emissions limits on NOx and PM, respectively. Although the EGR-DPF system is an effective means to control diesel engine emissions, there are some concerns associated with its implementation. The chief concern with this system is the DPF regenerability, which depends upon several factors, among which are the physico-chemical properties of the
soot. Despite the plethora of research that has been conducted on DPF regenerability, the impact of EGR on
soot reactivity and DPF regenerability is yet to be examined. This work concerns the impact of EGR on the oxidative reactivity of diesel
soot. It is part of ongoing research to bridge the gap in establishing a relationship between
soot formation conditions, properties, and reactivity.
This work is divided into three phases. In the first phase, carbon dioxide (CO2) was added to the intake charge of a single cylinder engine via cylinders of compressed CO2. This approach simulates the cold-particle-free EGR. The results showed that inclusion of CO2 changes the
soot properties and yields synergistic effects on the oxidative reactivity of the resulting
soot.
The second phase of this research was motivated by the findings from the first phase. In this phase, post-
flame ethylene
soot was produced from a laboratory co-flow laminar diffusion
flame to better understand the mechanism by which the CO2 affects
soot reactivity. This phase was accomplished by successfully isolating the dilution, thermal, and chemical effects of the CO2. The results showed that all of these effects account for a measurable increase in
soot reactivity. Nevertheless, the thermal effect was found to be the most important factor governing the
soot reactivity.
In the third phase of this research, diesel
soot was generated under 0 and 20% EGR using a four-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged common rail direct injection (DI) DDC diesel engine. The objective of this work was to examine the relevance of the single cylinder engine and
flame studies to practical engine operation. The key engine parameters such as load, speed, and injection timing were kept constant to isolate the EGR effect on
soot properties from any other engine effects.
The thermokinetic analyses of the
flame soot and engine
soot showed a significant increase in
soot oxidation rate as a result of the CO2 or EGR inclusion into the combustion process. The activation energy of
soot oxidation was found to be independent of
soot origin or formation history. The increase in
soot oxidation rate is attributed solely to the increase in
soot active sites, which are presented implicitly in the pre-exponential factor (A) of the oxidation rate equation. This latter statement was confirmed by…
Advisors/Committee Members: Andre Louis Boehman, Committee Chair/Co-Chair, Angela Lueking, Committee Member, Richard A Yetter, Committee Member, Yaw D Yeboah, Committee Member.
Subjects/Keywords: Oxidation; Nanostructure; EGR; Diesel; Soot; Flame
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APA (6th Edition):
Al-Qurashi, K. O. (2008). THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/7746
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Al-Qurashi, Khalid O. “THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
.” 2008. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/7746.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Al-Qurashi, Khalid O. “THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
.” 2008. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Al-Qurashi KO. THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2008. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/7746.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Al-Qurashi KO. THE IMPACT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON THE OXIDATIVE REACTIVITY OF SOOT FROM ETHYLENE FLAMES AND DIESEL ENGINES
. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2008. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/7746
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Penn State University
30.
Roy, Somesh Prasad.
Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames.
Degree: 2014, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/20625
► Modeling of soot formation and destruction in combustion systems involves modeling of fluid dynamics, chemistry, and radiative transfer. Each of these sub-problems are highly complex…
(more)
▼ Modeling of
soot formation and destruction in combustion systems involves modeling of fluid dynamics, chemistry, and radiative transfer. Each of these sub-problems are highly complex in nature and computationally very intensive. Considering complexity of these inter-connected processes of real-world combustion systems and computational cost associated with their modeling, a systematic comparative study of
soot models is needed to identify an affordable, yet comprehensive and accurate model of
soot prediction in device-scale and real-world combustion systems. Such a systematic study of two detailed
soot models is performed in the current work. The models used in this study are a discrete sectional method (DSM) and a method of moments with interpolative closure (MOMIC). A semi-empirical
soot model is also included in the study for comparison. Several gas-phase chemical mechanism were also tested with the
soot models to identify the relative importance of gas-phase chemical mechanisms in the outcome of the
soot simulations.
Results showed the importance of the surface growth and nucleation schemes in predicting the
soot volume fraction. Even though the surface growth contributed most to the
soot mass growth, nucleation plays a critical role in final
soot volume fraction by way of influencing the
soot number density. Therefore, accurate prediction of nucleating species is key to the success of detailed
soot model. The comparison of DSM and MOMIC showed very similar prediction trend in global quantities. The semi-empirical model, with proper tuning, was found to perform well in all the flames studied. DSM was found computationally most costly, while the semi-empirical model was computationally least expensive.
The study in laminar flames was complemented by a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a two-dimensional turbulent
flame using MOMIC. A robust numerical scheme was developed and tested for MOMIC in DNS. The effects of turbulence on gas-phase chemistry and
soot dynamics were explored from the data generated. Relative importance of
soot surface reactions were found to be affected by both the scalar dissipation rate and the curvature of the instantaneous
flame surface.
Advisors/Committee Members: Daniel Connell Haworth, Dissertation Advisor/Co-Advisor, Daniel Connell Haworth, Committee Chair/Co-Chair, Stephen R Turns, Committee Member, Robert John Santoro, Committee Member, Padma Raghavan, Committee Member.
Subjects/Keywords: soot modeling; discrete sectional model; method of moments; aerosol dynamics; laminar flame; direct numerical simulation
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Roy, S. P. (2014). Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/20625
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Roy, Somesh Prasad. “Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames.” 2014. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/20625.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Roy, Somesh Prasad. “Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames.” 2014. Web. 14 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Roy SP. Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 14].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/20625.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Roy SP. Aerosol-dynamics-based soot modeling of flames. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/20625
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
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Open Access Theses and Dissertations