subject:(HIV Viruses )

Rutgers University

1. Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley, 1981-. Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).

Degree: PhD, Medicinal Chemistry, 2019, Rutgers University

URL: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/61759/

► Retroviruses continue to attract public health attention due to the increasing disease burden these viruses continue to have in animals. An estimated 38 million people… (more)

▼ Retroviruses continue to attract public health attention due to the increasing disease burden these viruses continue to have in animals. An estimated 38 million people worldwide are infected with HIV which underscores the importance of these viruses to humans. In the absence of a cure or vaccine for HIV, therapeutic interventions that have culminated in the taming of the disease, which used to be a death sentence before the discovery of these drugs, has relied on detailed understanding of key processes which underline the replication of the virus in its hosts. It is not surprising that the great majority of the currently approved drugs for treating HIV infections target the various enzymatic proteins which carry out chemical reactions that enable the virus to infect new cells. Increasing resistance to these drugs, and problems of compliance and toxicity, have necessitated the need to search for more potent and less toxic drugs to manage the disease. It is in this regard that understanding the structural and mechanistic details of polyprotein processing is important. Synthesis of polyprotein precursors which are subsequently processed into mature enzymes is unique to pathogenic viruses such as retroviruses and RNA viruses. Developing drugs selective to these polyproteins would reduce the potential for cross-reactivity with host proteins. The crystal structure of the PFV protease-reverse transcriptase (PR-RT), solved to 2.9 Å resolution, has revealed a monomeric protein containing individually folded subdomains. In PFV, PR-RT is the mature entity following the proteolytic release of IN from the C-terminus of the PFV Pol polyprotein. The structure of the PR resembles a monomer of the homodimeric HIV-1 PR even though the N-terminal and C-terminal residues involved in the formation of anti-parallel β-sheets which mediate the dimer interface, remain unstructured. The RT also contains the canonical subdomains: fingers, palm, thumb and connection, as well as the RNase H domain, which characterize retroviral RTs. The relative orientations of these subdomains are however different, resembling more the compact p51 subunit of HIV RT. This is an inactive RT conformation since the nucleic acid binding cleft is occluded. It however offers insights into the possible subdomain arrangements of the monomeric precursor polyproteins. In this work also, the Pol polyproteins from the prototype foamy virus (PFV), as well as Pol and Gag-Pol polyproteins from HIV-1 have been characterized using a combination of enzymatic assays and other biophysical methods including: gel filtration, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and single particle cryo-EM. The production of these proteins, which were isolated in yields and purity suitable for biophysical studies from bacteria for the first time, relied on a new media formulation for E. coli growth. Fundamentally, it was discovered that at non-physiologic Mg2+ concentration (~50 mM) or low pH (≤ 6.0), the proteolytic degradation of these polyproteins and by extension,… Advisors/Committee Members: Arnold, Eddy (chair), Hu, Longqin (internal member), Lavoie, Edmond (internal member), Olson, Wilma (outside member), School of Graduate Studies.

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses); Foamy viruses; Retroviruses

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APA (6^th Edition):

Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley, 1. (2019). Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). (Doctoral Dissertation). Rutgers University. Retrieved from https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/61759/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley, 1981-. “Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/61759/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley, 1981-. “Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).” 2019. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley 1. Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/61759/.

Council of Science Editors:

Harrison, Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley 1. Structural and biophysical characterization of retroviral polyproteins: insights from prototype foamy virus (PFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2019. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/61759/

University of Utah

2. Shi, Yu. Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense.

Degree: MS;, Biochemistry;, 2007, University of Utah

URL: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/etd2/id/1932/rec/743

► HIV undergoes a maturation process required for infectivity after leaving the cell. Significant internal morphological rearrangements occur during the maturation process, converting the immature HIV… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses); Etiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shi, Y. (2007). Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense. (Masters Thesis). University of Utah. Retrieved from http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/etd2/id/1932/rec/743

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shi, Yu. “Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense.” 2007. Masters Thesis, University of Utah. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/etd2/id/1932/rec/743.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shi, Yu. “Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense.” 2007. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Shi Y. Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Utah; 2007. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/etd2/id/1932/rec/743.

Council of Science Editors:

Shi Y. Mechanism of HIV entry: surface stiffnes and steric defense. [Masters Thesis]. University of Utah; 2007. Available from: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/etd2/id/1932/rec/743

University of Oxford

3. James, Katherine Louise. Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection.

Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Oxford

URL: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ba022d-62e4-4cb1-8032-085ea5240b98 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711962

► HIV-2 is a contemporary human retrovirus with the majority of infections localised to West Africa. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are able to cause AIDS; however,… (more)

▼ HIV-2 is a contemporary human retrovirus with the majority of infections localised to West Africa. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are able to cause AIDS; however, in contrast to HIV-1 infection, a common outcome following HIV-2 infection (∼ 37% of patients in this study cohort) is long-term non-progression (LTNP), where patients remain aviraemic and asymptomatic in the absence of treatment, often for decades. HIV-1 and HIV-2 both arose following zoonotic transmission of SIVs from non-human primates at around the beginning of the 20^th century and when patients develop AIDS caused by HIV-2 infection, it is clinically indistinguishable from AIDS following HIV-1 infection. Whilst the estimated number of HIV-2 infections remains small in the context of the global HIV pandemic (HIV-2 ∼ 2 million, HIV-1 group M ∼75 million), the differences in pathogenicity between these two viruses has been a source of great interest, particularly the features of LTNPs that allow control of viral replication in the absence of anti-retroviral treatment. The studies described in this thesis were carried out using samples collected from a well-characterised longitudinal community cohort in Caió, Guinea-Bissau. Chapter 3 of this thesis presents an investigation into the variation and evolution present in the HIV-2 specific accessory gene vpx. The data showed significantly increased signals of positive selection pressure in vpx in viraemic when compared to non-viraemic patients and also allowed the identification of novel variations at high frequencies (up to 22%) in this cohort that were previously un-described. Chapters 4 and 5 present a novel application of shotgun RNA sequencing (RNA- Seq) to HIV ex vitro and ex vivo samples. Chapter 4 demonstrates the divergence seen in a cultured viral isolate at the level of the whole genome, in the absence of many of the biases typically involved in sequencing of RNA viruses. Chapter 5 further extends this method to show the applicability of using RNA-Seq on primary patient HIV samples for the first time. Analysis of diversity estimates over the whole genome in the context of a low bias sequencing method show a high level of diversity in HIV-2 pol and low diversity in vpx. The aim of this work was to combine traditional and novel sequencing methods to facilitate assessment of the variation and evolution acting on vpx and to generate an accurate picture of the genetic diversity over the whole genome of HIV-2.

Subjects/Keywords: 616.97; HIV infections; HIV antibodies; HIV (Viruses)

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APA (6^th Edition):

James, K. L. (2015). Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oxford. Retrieved from http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ba022d-62e4-4cb1-8032-085ea5240b98 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711962

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

James, Katherine Louise. “Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oxford. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ba022d-62e4-4cb1-8032-085ea5240b98 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711962.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

James, Katherine Louise. “Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection.” 2015. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

James KL. Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ba022d-62e4-4cb1-8032-085ea5240b98 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711962.

Council of Science Editors:

James KL. Viral genetics of HIV-2 infection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2015. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ba022d-62e4-4cb1-8032-085ea5240b98 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711962

Rhodes University

4. Sekgota, Khethobole Cassius. Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors.

Degree: MS, Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2015, Rhodes University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017926

► This project has been concerned with the application of the Baylis-Hillman methodology to the synthesis of medicinally important diketo acid analogues (cinnamate ester-AZT conjugates and… (more)

▼ This project has been concerned with the application of the Baylis-Hillman methodology to the synthesis of medicinally important diketo acid analogues (cinnamate ester-AZT conjugates and 3-hydroxy ester-AZT conjugates) as dual-action HIV-1 IN/RT inhibitors; and on exploratory studies in the preparation of 3-(amidomethyl)-(1H)-2-quinolones as PR inhibitors; and (1H)-2- quinolone-AZT conjugates as dual action IN/RT inhibitors. A series of Baylis-Hillman adducts has been prepared, typically in moderate to excellent yield, by reacting 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Subsequently, various transformations that include conjugate addition of primary and secondary amines to the α,ß-unsaturated moiety to obtain 2- (aminomethyl)-3-hydroxy-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propanoate derivatives, effective SN2´ substitution of the BH ß-hydroxy by a Vilsmeier-Haack in situ-generated chloride to afford Baylis-Hillman allyl chlorides, iron in acetic acid-catalyzed cyclisation to 3-acetoxymethyl-(1H)-2-quinolone derivatives were achieved. Thus, using the Baylis-Hillman methodology, two nuanced classes of diketo acid analogues were constructed. These involved conjugating appropriate propargylamine derivatives with AZT using the „click‟ reaction. In an exploratory study, the quinolone derivative, precisely 3-acetoxymethyl- (1H)-quinol-2-one, was transformed into 3-hydroxymethyl-(1H)-quinol-2-one using potassium carbonate in a mixture of methanol and water (1:1). Following successful hydrolysis, the resulting alcohol was transformed to the corresponding chloride, 3-chloromethyl-(1H)-quinol-2- one, using thionyl chloride. Subsequent nucleophilic substitution afforded 3-(aminomethyl)- (1H)-2-quinolone derivatives which were subsequently transformed to 3-(amidomethyl)-(1H)-2- quinolones; and 3-[(propargylamino)-methyl]-(1H)-quinol-2-one as precursors to quinolone- AZT derivatives. All compounds were characterized by NMR, IR, and where appropriate, high resolution MS Advisors/Committee Members: Kaye, Perry T., Klein, Rosalyn.

Subjects/Keywords: Enzyme inhibitors; Viruses – Reproduction; HIV (Viruses)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sekgota, K. C. (2015). Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors. (Masters Thesis). Rhodes University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017926

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sekgota, Khethobole Cassius. “Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Rhodes University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017926.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sekgota, Khethobole Cassius. “Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors.” 2015. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Sekgota KC. Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Rhodes University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017926.

Council of Science Editors:

Sekgota KC. Design, development and evaluation of novel lead compounds as HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors. [Masters Thesis]. Rhodes University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017926

Columbia University

5. Reif, Lindsey Krull. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes.

Degree: 2020, Columbia University

URL: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6qk4-0098

► Adolescents and young adults represent a growing proportion of people living with HIV around the world and have worse outcomes than all other age groups.… (more)

▼ Adolescents and young adults represent a growing proportion of people living with HIV around the world and have worse outcomes than all other age groups. Retention along each step of the HIV care cascade is essential for optimal care, but importantly, achieving sustained adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequent viral suppression is necessary for decreasing morbidity and mortality and reducing further transmission. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to assess health-services interventions aimed at improving ART adherence among adolescents and young adults living with HIV, and prospectively evaluate one such intervention – point-of-care viral load testing – in a randomized control trial. First, a systematic review was conducted to assess and synthesize recent research on interventions aimed at improving ART adherence among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in a resource-limited setting. Evidence from the review indicated that comprehensive models of HIV care, re-structuring how HIV services were delivered to patients, which included increased monitoring of adolescents and young adults through home visits or case management in addition to standard clinical care improved ART adherence. Second, a randomized control trial was conducted to evaluate the implementation and effect of point-of-care viral load testing compared to standard laboratory-based testing. The trial had two primary objectives: 1) to assess the efficiency of point-of-care viral load testing, and 2) evaluate the effect of point-of-care viral load testing on health outcomes including ART adherence and viral suppression. The research protocol is described including study design, the point-of-care viral load testing intervention, analysis plan, and outcome definitions. Lastly, the results of this trial are reported which indicate that point-of-care viral load testing can be feasibly integrated into a low-resource, clinical setting. A majority of point-of-care viral load test results (81.8%; 148/181) were processed and returned the same day, with a mean time between blood collection and participant receipt of results of 2.7 hours (IQR: 2.5-3.2; range 1.7-6.0). Point-of-care viral load testing also appeared to improve the accuracy of reported ART adherence, an unanticipated finding. In the point-of-care arm, participants who reported sub-optimal ART adherence on any of 3 adherence questions were more likely to have a VL >1,000 copies/mL (OR: 6.57; 95% CI: 2.12-25.21), compared to participants in the standard arm among whom the association was weaker (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 0.97-7.44). There was no difference in viral load outcomes between arms. Overall, this dissertation addresses gaps in our knowledge about interventions aimed at improving ART adherence among adolescents and young adults living with HIV. The key finding is that point-of-care viral load testing can simplify the viral load monitoring process and help clinicians accurately identify adolescents and young adults with a high viral load in order to…

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; HIV (Viruses); HIV (Viruses) – Patients – Services for; HIV (Viruses) – Testing; Teenagers; Young adults

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APA (6^th Edition):

Reif, L. K. (2020). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes. (Doctoral Dissertation). Columbia University. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6qk4-0098

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Reif, Lindsey Krull. “Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes.” 2020. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6qk4-0098.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Reif, Lindsey Krull. “Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes.” 2020. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Reif LK. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6qk4-0098.

Council of Science Editors:

Reif LK. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Haiti: Point-of-care viral load testing to simplify viral load monitoring and improve outcomes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Columbia University; 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6qk4-0098

University of Zambia

6. Munachaka, Jonathan C. Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District .

Degree: 2011, University of Zambia

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/462

► The sexual transmission of HIV continues at an alarming rate in sub-Saharan Africa despite high knowledge levels of HIV/AIDS. Some factors such as socio-economic, culture,… (more)

▼ The sexual transmission of HIV continues at an alarming rate in sub-Saharan Africa despite high knowledge levels of HIV/AIDS. Some factors such as socio-economic, culture, attitudes, communication and perception of risk to HIV may be responsible for engaging in risk sexual behaviors. A cross sectional descriptive qualitative study of "Teachers' Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Infection: The Case of Lusaka District", involving 300 government school teachers, was carried out. This study was carried out in Lusaka District from October to December 2003. Questionnaires, FGDs, interview and observations were used to collect data. For the purpose of this study a convenient sample of 300 teachers was used to select the teachers from 14 schools situated in the Lusaka District. The study sought to determine the factors that make teachers vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection; establish the gender difference to HIV/AIDS infection; and suggest interventions on how to fight, prevent and control it. The findings show that the subjects had high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS,though this did not motivate behaviour change as evidenced by low use of condoms by the subjects. For instance, only 27.7% used condoms. Only 10.3% of those who used condoms used them consistently. Some could not use them because of their religious beliefs and lack of enjoyment during their use. Almost one-half (47%) of the respondents believed that condoms were porous and could allow the virus to pass and infect the sexual partner. Others believed that AIDS could be cured by herbal medicine and prayers.Misconceptions about the mode of transmission of HIV were also reported by the respondents such as that HIV is spread by mosquito bites, witchcraft, use of the same cup with the infected and condom lubricant. There were no significant workplace programmes for teachers found at schools. Apart from the teacher co-ordinators of pupils' Anti-AIDS clubs, there was no teacher involvement in such clubs. Condoms (male) were only dispersed at one school by a head teacher and most of the teachers reported that they were mostly and usually shy to collect them from their boss.Teachers' AIDS awareness workshops and seminars were irregular and often conducted by the NGOs to very few selected teachers due to high costs involved in organising such trainings. Those teachers who were suspected of suffering from AIDS were not likely to be promoted or recommended because they were seen not to perform.The study revealed that multiple partnership and sex with non-regular partners, including pupils (72%), prevailed among teachers thereby exposing them, both teachers and pupils, to the risk of HIV infection. The fact that almost one-quarter of teachers were single raised concern of their increased risk of HIV infection as they would be in unsteady sexual relationships.The majority (63%) of the respondents did not know their HIV status. Despite the fact that 32% of the respondents claimed that they were negative, no one reported to be positive while 42% and 49.3% reported that…

Subjects/Keywords: HIV infections; Viruses- - Infections

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APA (6^th Edition):

Munachaka, J. C. (2011). Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/462

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Munachaka, Jonathan C. “Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District .” 2011. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/462.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Munachaka, Jonathan C. “Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District .” 2011. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Munachaka JC. Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/462.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Munachaka JC. Teachers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection : The case of Lusaka District . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/462

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alberta

7. Chen, Chih-hsiung. The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells.

Degree: MS, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1998, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/5138jh111

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Chen, C. (1998). The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells. (Masters Thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/5138jh111

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chen, Chih-hsiung. “The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells.” 1998. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/5138jh111.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chen, Chih-hsiung. “The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells.” 1998. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Chen C. The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Alberta; 1998. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/5138jh111.

Council of Science Editors:

Chen C. The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells. [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta; 1998. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/5138jh111

University of Johannesburg

8. Hill, Emma. The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1.

Degree: 2012, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6014

►

M.Sc.

It is the widely accepted view that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and that South… (more)

▼

M.Sc.

It is the widely accepted view that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and that South Africa harbors mainly HIV type 1 subtype C (HIV-1 C). Extensively characterized biological isolates (especially of HIV-1 subtype C) for use in HIV/AIDS vaccine and drug development are not readily available. This study evaluated three different protocols for the expansion of virus from infected PBMC's of 68 HIV/AIDS patients (designated HJ1 — 22 and INN1 — 97). Factors influencing the success of a protocol for the expansion of HIV-1 were 1) the amount and time of addition of IL-2 and PHA to the culture media; 2) the fact that freshly isolated clean PBMC's (treated with PHA prior to co-cultivation) was necessary while infected PBMC's could be used fresh or frozen; 3) whether the absence or presence of polybrene as a tissue culture additive had any effect. The I-11V-status of patients could be confirmed with rapid tests and/or NASBA assays, while successful expansion of the virus could be confirmed or refuted by determining p24 levels of sera or culture supematant (with values ranging from <7.8pg/ml to about 280pg/ml). Less sensitive assays like the reverse transcriptase (RT) and gpl 20 ELISA's give much lower absorbance values when compared to the p24 ELISA. Using expanded virus to infect PBMC's and T-cell lines (PM1, U87.CD4-CCR5, U87.CD4-CXCR4 and CEM.NKR-CCR5) and then measuring p24 levels showed that the final protocol chosen was capable of producing high titre, biologically active virus. To further test the biological activity of the isolates, the virus was used in assays evaluating the potential inhibitory ability of natural products and neutralizing antibodies. PCR using universal primers (SK22/SK38/SK39) was not consistently successful in amplifying out the correct sized region of gag (for SK22/SK39 a fragment of 600bp and a 115bp fragment for SK38/SK39 was obtained but not for all the samples). Primers (Cgag189(+/-)) were designed during this project to specifically amplify an 189bp region of gag from subtype C, which proved (in some instances) to be more successful. PCR amplification of the proviral DNA fragments was confirmed by sequencing of selected PCR products. Virus titre was determined by calculating TCID50 (login: 1.054). By modifying expansion and detection protocols it is possible to standardize the process to suit a particular isolate and/or circumstance. This production of large volumes of high titre, biologically active isolates has filled a desperate need for reagents to aid HIV researchers in the development of an effective vaccine or other drug therapy.

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses); Biological reagents.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hill, E. (2012). The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6014

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hill, Emma. “The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1.” 2012. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6014.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hill, Emma. “The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1.” 2012. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hill E. The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6014.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Hill E. The preparation and characterization of biological isolates of HIV-1. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6014

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Nairobi

9. Sule, Andrew Juma. Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital .

Degree: 2003, University of Nairobi

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11295/6348

► Objective: To determine the aetiology of lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients at Kenyatta National Hospital. ** Design: Cross sectional descriptive study with aonsecutive sampling. ** Setting:… (more)

▼ Objective: To determine the aetiology of lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients at Kenyatta National Hospital. ** Design: Cross sectional descriptive study with aonsecutive sampling. ** Setting: Medical out-patient clinics and the medical wards at Kenyatta National Hospital, between May 1993 and April 1994 Period. ** Methods: Consecutive patients with significant palpable lymphadenopathy who were HIV positive aware of their status and consented were evaluated. Clinical evaluation was done especially for evidence of fever, aneamia, Jaundice, wasting and oral thrush. Total blood count and CD4/CD8 counts were done on each patient. An accessible lymph node was identified and excision biopsy done under local anaesthesia. The lymph node specimen was sent for histologic examination. Outcome Measures: Lymph node histology, CD4 counts, and haematological parameters (Haemoglobin, total white cell count and platelets). ** Results: One hundred patients satisfied the inclusion criteria but only 71 had lymph node biopsy done. Forty (40%) males and 31 (31%) females were included, with age range of 16-67 uears. The population mean age was 33.6 12.7 years. The male female ration was 1.3:1. The cervical region was the commonest site of lymphadenopathy, found in 83.1% of the cases. Tuberculous adenitis occurred in 80.3% of the cases and was the commonest cause of lymphadenopathy. Other causes included, reactive adenitis (11.03%), Kaposi's sarcoma4.2%,High grade Lymphoma 2.8% and polyarteritis nodosa 1.4%. Compared to malignant causes, TB adenitis occurred at a seemingly low CD4 cell count of 141 186 Imlcompared to patients with High grade Lymphoma 35017/ml. Conclusion: Tuberculosis adenitis is the main .cause of lymphadenopathy in HIV IAIDS patients with significantly enlarged lymph nodes at Kenyatta National Hospital. TB adenitis also occurs at a fairly low CD4 count in this population consistent with AIDS defining illness. Malignant causes of lymphadenopathy were found to be rare in patients in this study.

Subjects/Keywords: HIV(viruses)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sule, A. J. (2003). Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital . (Thesis). University of Nairobi. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11295/6348

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sule, Andrew Juma. “Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital .” 2003. Thesis, University of Nairobi. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11295/6348.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sule, Andrew Juma. “Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital .” 2003. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Sule AJ. Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Nairobi; 2003. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11295/6348.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sule AJ. Lymphadenopathy in HIV infected adults at Kenyatta National Hospital . [Thesis]. University of Nairobi; 2003. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11295/6348

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Oxford

10. Rajapaksa, Ushani Sadeepika. The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Oxford

URL: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd18d13-fda8-45bd-a72f-e116a6d4d826 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665165

► Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) uses various mechanisms to evade immune recognition by cytotoxic T cells. Down-regulation of Human Leucocyte Antigen class I (HLA-I) by the… (more)

▼ Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) uses various mechanisms to evade immune recognition by cytotoxic T cells. Down-regulation of Human Leucocyte Antigen class I (HLA-I) by the viral protein Nef is one such important mechanism. HLA-A and B are believed to be down-regulated by Nef while HLA-C and E are not. The differences in down-regulation were due to sequence differences between alleles. I evaluated the functional significance of polymorphisms in the cytoplasmic domains of HLA-A and B in Nef mediated HIV-1 pathogenesis. HLA-B cytoplasmic alleles resisted down-regulation mediated by nef compared to HLA-A cytoplasmic alleles and these differences were seen to play a crucial role in maintaining CTL response as shown by live virus ELISPOT assays, viral suppression assays and CD107a secretion. Therefore, we propose that this relative resistance to Nef mediated down-regulation by HLA-B cytoplasmic allele contributes to the high efficacy and better control of HIV infection by HLA-B restricted CTLs. The partial resistance of HLA-B cytoplasmic domain was maintained in HIV-2 Nef alleles and sub group O HIV-1 viruses. The variability of the HLA-A and B susceptibility appeared to depend on the Nef allele while resistance of HLA-C was global. Substitution of ³¹⁵DR³¹⁶ to GG and truncation of C terminal amino acids play a role in mediating resistance to Nef. Possibly these amino acid changes lead to different molecular trafficking profiles as observed in wet lab methods, and changes to secondary protein structures as predicted by in silico methods resulting in partial resistance. In addition, the functional significance of CD4 down-regulation by Nef, another important effect was also explored in this thesis. Nef was found to be ineffective in down-regulating CD4 molecules truncated at cytoplasmic domain and the viruses which were produced in cell lines expressing truncated CD4, were found to be defective in terms of replication and infection. Evaluating the potential of these CD4 molecules in gene therapy is highlighted in my in vitro studies. In summary this thesis provides insight into important but unexplored areas of Nef mediated pathogenesis of HIV infection.

Subjects/Keywords: 616.97; Immunology; Viruses; HIV/AIDS

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rajapaksa, U. S. (2013). The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oxford. Retrieved from http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd18d13-fda8-45bd-a72f-e116a6d4d826 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665165

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rajapaksa, Ushani Sadeepika. “The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oxford. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd18d13-fda8-45bd-a72f-e116a6d4d826 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665165.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rajapaksa, Ushani Sadeepika. “The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.” 2013. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rajapaksa US. The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd18d13-fda8-45bd-a72f-e116a6d4d826 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665165.

Council of Science Editors:

Rajapaksa US. The role of Nef protein in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oxford; 2013. Available from: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd18d13-fda8-45bd-a72f-e116a6d4d826 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665165

University of North Carolina – Greensboro

11. Premadasa, Lakmini. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.

Degree: 2016, University of North Carolina – Greensboro

URL: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?styp=ti&id=19755

► The old maxim of “one gene, one mRNA, one protein” no longer holds, especially with viral genes. It is possible for one mRNA to encode… (more)

▼ The old maxim of “one gene, one mRNA, one protein” no longer holds, especially with viral genes. It is possible for one mRNA to encode several proteins of unrelated functions in overlapping reading frames of a single oligonucleotide, or for an additional protein domain to be added on to a protein at the C-terminal by the readthrough of a stop codon. The question of how and when stop does not always mean stop, how slippage from one reading frame into another is controlled, and the factors that trigger those genetic switches, are the subjects of this research. The focus of the project is the HIV-1 nef gene, which has examples of both of these types of co-translational switching events (translational frameshifting and stop codon readthrough). Nef is a myristoylated protein expressed in the early stage of the HIV-1 life cycle, which functions as a fundamental factor for efficient viral replication and pathogenesis. One of the notable features of nef is the highly conserved 3’-UGA stop codon, and the potential for the protein to be extended by about 30 amino acids if readthrough of that stop codon can occur. We hypothesize that antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between viral mRNA and host selenoprotein mRNA enables capture of the host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element to enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules via translation of in frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). This mRNA hijack mechanism was predicted theoretically using computational analysis and was experimentally supported at the DNA level by gel shift assay. Readthrough of UGA was proved at the mRNA level by fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of transfected HEK 293 cells with engineered reporter gene plasmid vector constructs, in which the downstream reporter gene can only be expressed if the UGA is translated. siRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA in transfected cells resulted in decreased GFP expression, consistent with the hypothesis that host-virus mRNA tethering may enable selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough. Furthermore quantitative analysis of TR1 mRNA knockdown demonstrated using RT-PCR confirmed that the siRNA treatment results in approximately 20% knockdown of TR1. The HIV-1 nef coding region features a potential -1 frameshift site with a potential overlapping gene region near the middle of the coding sequence. A sequence matching the pattern (XXXYYYZ) of a known -1 frameshifting “slippery sequence” signal is present in the nef sequence at this point, immediately upstream of a G-quadruplex (QPX) sequence that serves to regulate frameshifting. An in vitro frameshift assay using a dual reporter vector was constructed, in which the putative HIV-1 nef-fs sequence with QPX was cloned between two fluorescent reporter genes. Cells transfected with this construct showed orange fluorescence, which is only possible if the -1 frameshifting occurs. Treating the transfected cells with QPX stabilizing synthetic drug TMPYP4 increased the… Advisors/Committee Members: Ethan Taylor (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses) – Genetic aspects

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Premadasa, L. (2016). Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of North Carolina – Greensboro. Retrieved from http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?styp=ti&id=19755

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Premadasa, Lakmini. “Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina – Greensboro. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?styp=ti&id=19755.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Premadasa, Lakmini. “Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Premadasa L. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of North Carolina – Greensboro; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?styp=ti&id=19755.

Council of Science Editors:

Premadasa L. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of North Carolina – Greensboro; 2016. Available from: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?styp=ti&id=19755

12. NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa, Lakmini. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.

Degree: 2016, NC Docks

URL: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Premadasa_uncg_0154D_11932.pdf

► The old maxim of “one gene, one mRNA, one protein” no longer holds, especially with viral genes. It is possible for one mRNA to encode… (more)

▼ The old maxim of “one gene, one mRNA, one protein” no longer holds, especially with viral genes. It is possible for one mRNA to encode several proteins of unrelated functions in overlapping reading frames of a single oligonucleotide, or for an additional protein domain to be added on to a protein at the C-terminal by the readthrough of a stop codon. The question of how and when stop does not always mean stop, how slippage from one reading frame into another is controlled, and the factors that trigger those genetic switches, are the subjects of this research. The focus of the project is the HIV-1 nef gene, which has examples of both of these types of co-translational switching events (translational frameshifting and stop codon readthrough). Nef is a myristoylated protein expressed in the early stage of the HIV-1 life cycle, which functions as a fundamental factor for efficient viral replication and pathogenesis. One of the notable features of nef is the highly conserved 3’-UGA stop codon, and the potential for the protein to be extended by about 30 amino acids if readthrough of that stop codon can occur. We hypothesize that antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between viral mRNA and host selenoprotein mRNA enables capture of the host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element to enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules via translation of in frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). This mRNA hijack mechanism was predicted theoretically using computational analysis and was experimentally supported at the DNA level by gel shift assay. Readthrough of UGA was proved at the mRNA level by fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of transfected HEK 293 cells with engineered reporter gene plasmid vector constructs, in which the downstream reporter gene can only be expressed if the UGA is translated. siRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA in transfected cells resulted in decreased GFP expression, consistent with the hypothesis that host-virus mRNA tethering may enable selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough. Furthermore quantitative analysis of TR1 mRNA knockdown demonstrated using RT-PCR confirmed that the siRNA treatment results in approximately 20% knockdown of TR1. The HIV-1 nef coding region features a potential -1 frameshift site with a potential overlapping gene region near the middle of the coding sequence. A sequence matching the pattern (XXXYYYZ) of a known -1 frameshifting “slippery sequence” signal is present in the nef sequence at this point, immediately upstream of a G-quadruplex (QPX) sequence that serves to regulate frameshifting. An in vitro frameshift assay using a dual reporter vector was constructed, in which the putative HIV-1 nef-fs sequence with QPX was cloned between two fluorescent reporter genes. Cells transfected with this construct showed orange fluorescence, which is only possible if the -1 frameshifting occurs. Treating the transfected cells with QPX stabilizing synthetic drug TMPYP4 increased the…

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses) $x Genetic aspects

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa, L. (2016). Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. (Thesis). NC Docks. Retrieved from http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Premadasa_uncg_0154D_11932.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa, Lakmini. “Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.” 2016. Thesis, NC Docks. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Premadasa_uncg_0154D_11932.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa, Lakmini. “Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa L. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. [Internet] [Thesis]. NC Docks; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Premadasa_uncg_0154D_11932.pdf.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Premadasa L. Co-translational genetic switching during protein synthesis: the HIV-1 Nef gene as a paradigm. [Thesis]. NC Docks; 2016. Available from: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Premadasa_uncg_0154D_11932.pdf

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Aberdeen

13. Smith, Kieron A. The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1.

Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Aberdeen

URL: https://abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/44ABE_INST/12152775390005941 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715470

► Due to the lack of an effective cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), with approximately twenty million new infections expected by 2031, research has moved… (more)

▼ Due to the lack of an effective cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), with approximately twenty million new infections expected by 2031, research has moved towards optimised prevention strategies. Drug transporters, characterised extensively in the human liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, can be manipulated to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of orally delivered anti-retrovirals (ARV's). There is paucity in knowledge of drug transporter expression in the human cervicovaginal (CV) tract and representative pre-clinical models, where characterisation and manipulation may enable optimisation of topically applied ARVs for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. In this thesis, RT-qPCR was used to characterise drug transporter profiles of CV pre-clinical models (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) for comparison with human CV tissue profiles, where distinguishable differences were observed, most notably in the efflux transporters P-gp and MRP2-4. This may explain the contrasting efficacy observed between pre-clinical and clinical trials of ARV-microbicides. Additionally, CV physiological factors (hormones, immunoregulatory proteins, microbes, pH) and microbicide candidate ARV's (dapivirine and darunavir) were shown to modulate expression of ARV-relevant drug transporters in CV cell lines. This highlights the potential intra-variability and inter-variability challenges associated with microbicide development and optimisation, in addition to potential drug-drug interactions in combination ARV-microbicides. Modulation of cellular pharmacokinetic properties in response to physiological pH levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, observed within drug transport experiments, further emphasises these challenges. Molecular cloning experiments demonstrated the potential to develop a robust high throughout in vitro screening tool for the development of optimised microbicides. In conclusion, this thesis provides evidence exposing the limitations of pre-clinical CV models commonly used during ARV-microbicide screening, development and optimisation. The potential clinical implications of physiologically-induced and ARV-induced modulation of ARV accumulation in the CV tract when topically applied is highlighted within this thesis. It is imperative these key factors be incorporated into the pre-clinical screening and development of optimised microbicides.

Subjects/Keywords: 616.97; HIV (Viruses); Drug interactions

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Smith, K. A. (2017). The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Aberdeen. Retrieved from https://abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/44ABE_INST/12152775390005941 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715470

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Smith, Kieron A. “The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Aberdeen. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/44ABE_INST/12152775390005941 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715470.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Smith, Kieron A. “The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Smith KA. The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/44ABE_INST/12152775390005941 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715470.

Council of Science Editors:

Smith KA. The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Aberdeen; 2017. Available from: https://abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/44ABE_INST/12152775390005941 ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715470

University of Missouri – Columbia

14. Janaka, Sanath Kumar, 1986-. Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity.

Degree: 2013, University of Missouri – Columbia

URL: https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/43241

► Retroviral compatibility with diverse glycoproteins has been known and identified through the course of several studies. However, molecular mechanisms of glycoprotein acquisition are poorly defined.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses).; HIV (Viruses) – Gene therapy.; Glycoproteins.; Retroviruses.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Janaka, Sanath Kumar, 1. (2013). Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity. (Thesis). University of Missouri – Columbia. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/43241

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Janaka, Sanath Kumar, 1986-. “Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity.” 2013. Thesis, University of Missouri – Columbia. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/43241.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Janaka, Sanath Kumar, 1986-. “Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity.” 2013. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Janaka, Sanath Kumar 1. Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Missouri – Columbia; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/43241.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Janaka, Sanath Kumar 1. Definition of VPU sensitivity using a model VPU target and role of hydrophobicity of the membrane spanning domain in the viral envelope glycoprotein fusogenicity. [Thesis]. University of Missouri – Columbia; 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/43241

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Zambia

15. Mundongo, Ngambo Ellah. Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia .

Degree: 2012, University of Zambia

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1594

► HIV/AIDS is a major public health problem all over the world. It is a threat to economies and to the very fabric of our societies.… (more)

▼ HIV/AIDS is a major public health problem all over the world. It is a threat to economies and to the very fabric of our societies. In badly affected countries, the socioeconomic effect of this most destructive disease is measured in loss of productivity and deteriorating public health services such as health and education as key staff fall ill and die. The virus is increasingly targeting women, babies and young people. However, the distribution of the rates of infection is not equal around the globe. There are puzzling discrepancies in HIV/AIDS prevalence between different countries and regions, despite the presence of what seems to be similar risk factors. Within countries, there are variations in prevalence rates by region.The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga district in Northwestern province. A cross-sectional comparative descriptive study was conducted in Mwinilunga and Solwezi districts with Mwinilunga having had a moderately lower prevalence of HIV/AIDS than Solwezi.The study was conducted in all the 5 high schools of the two districts. The study population included male and female students from grade ten to grade twelve. The age range was from 16 to 24 years. The sample was selected using a systematic sampling method. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 130 students and a focus group discussion guide which was administered to 120 students. Five FGDs were conducted in each district. Each FGD comprised of 12 discussants.Data was analyzed using SPSS computer software package. The Chi-square (X^) test was used to test for significant associations. Statistical significance was achieved if P<0.05. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors.The results revealed a significant association between ethnicity (tribe) and low prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS with more respondents from Mwinilunga (64.6%) than Solwezi (18.5%) belonging to the Lunda tribe. The respondents who were Lunda by tribe were 6.24 times more likely to have been from Mwinilunga district than the respondents who were of other tribes like Lenje, Ngoni, Bemba, kaonde, Tonga, Tumbuka and Lozi.Furthermore, a significant association was observed between male circumcision and low prevalence of HIV/AIDS with more males (69.2%) from Mwinilunga than Solwezi (30.8%) among the respondents who said they were circumcised.Another significant association was observed between initiation ceremonies and low prevalence of HIV/AIDS with more from Mwinilunga (90.85%) than Solwezi (61.5%) among the respondents who said young people in the district went through initiation ceremonies. Those who said young people in the district went through initiation ceremonies were 3.16 times more likely to have been from Mwinilunga than those who said that young people did not go through initiation ceremonies.Additionally, a significant association was observed between Christian religious denomination and low prevalence of HIV/AIDS with more…

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses) – Mwinilunga,Solwezi; Circumcision – Mwinilunga,Solwezi

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mundongo, N. E. (2012). Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1594

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mundongo, Ngambo Ellah. “Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia .” 2012. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1594.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mundongo, Ngambo Ellah. “Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia .” 2012. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Mundongo NE. Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1594.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mundongo NE. Determinants of the low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mwinilunga District in Northwestern Province, Zambia . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1594

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Stellenbosch University

16. Njagarah, Hatson John Boscoh. Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS.

Degree: MSc, Mathematical Sciences, 2011, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17935

►

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Substance abuse is an imminent danger on the health of both substance users and nonusers. In general, abuse of psychoactive substances is associated… (more)

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Substance abuse is an imminent danger on the health of both substance users and nonusers. In general, abuse of psychoactive substances is associated with high risk behaviour, mortality and morbidity. The drug use cycle involves inextricably intertwined variants such as production, trading and usage of both licit and illicit addictive substances. The dynamics of substance use involve initiation, addiction, rehabilitation/treatment and quitting/ recovery. In response to supply and abuse of monster drugs, control strategies such as law enforcement and rehabilitation have been stepped up to reduce access to drugs by targeting drug kingpins and harm reduction respectively. In this thesis, we model the factors affecting the prevalence of substance abuse, the effect of drug lords on the prevalence of substance abuse, and the impact of substance abuse on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. We formulate mathematical models based on systems of autonomous differential equations describing the dynamics of the sub- populations involved in the drug using cycle. We examine the effects of amelioration, rehabilitation/treatment and re- initiation on the prevalence of substance abuse. Our results suggest that, recruitment into rehabilitation and amelioration in the presence of quitting for light users reduce the prevalence of substance abuse; re-initiation and amelioration without quitting for light users increase the prevalence of substance abuse. Our assessment of the impact of drug lords and the effect of law enforcement on drug epidemics shows that, the presence of drug lords seriously constraints the efforts to reduce substance abuse since they increase access to drugs. However, law enforcement if stepped up in response to the population of drug lords, greatly reduces the prevalence of substance abuse. Given the associated influence of drugs on high risky behaviour, as a cofactor for sexually transmitted infections, we assess the influence of substance abuse on the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Our results show that dissemination of information regarding HIV and drug use reduces HIV prevalence whereas, there is faster spread of the epidemic and high prevalence with increased sexual contact.

AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dwelmmisbruik is ’n dreigende gevaar vir die gesondheid van beide dwelm gebruikers en nie-gebruikers. In die algemeen, word die misbruik van psigoaktiewe dwelms verbind met hoë risiko gedrag, mortaliteit en morbiditeit. Die dwelmgebruikskringloop behels onlosmaaklik vervlegde variante soos vervaardiging, handel en gebruik van beide wettige en onwettige verslawende middels. Die dinamika van dwelms behels aanvang, verslawing, rehabilitasie/ behandeling en staking/herstel. In reaksie op die misbruik en verskaffing van monster dwelms, is beheer strategieë soos wetstoepassing en rehabilitasie verskerp, om die toegang tot dwelms te verminder, deur onderskeidelik te fokus op dwelmspilfigure en skadebeperking. Die belangrikste doel van hierdie verhandeling is om…

Advisors/Committee Members: Farai, Nyabadza, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Mathematical Sciences..

Subjects/Keywords: Mathematics; HIV (Viruses); AIDS (Disease); Mathematical models

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Njagarah, H. J. B. (2011). Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17935

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Njagarah, Hatson John Boscoh. “Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17935.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Njagarah, Hatson John Boscoh. “Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS.” 2011. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Njagarah HJB. Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17935.

Council of Science Editors:

Njagarah HJB. Modelling the role of amelioration and drug lords on drug epidemics and the impact of substance abuse on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17935

University of Johannesburg

17. Philippeos, Christina. HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components.

Degree: 2009, University of Johannesburg

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2436

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M.Sc.

It is generally believed that the development of a completely effective vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will likely require neutralizing antibodies that… (more)

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M.Sc.

It is generally believed that the development of a completely effective vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will likely require neutralizing antibodies that react with the diverse strains of cell-free forms of this virus, as well as induce cellular responses in the form of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), to eliminate cell-associated virus. Vaccines based on viral envelope proteins attempt to induce the former response, whilst DNA/vector based approaches aim to induce CTL. The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is a target of two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, and is an important lead for vaccine design. It is conserved among several strains of HIV-1, except for subtype C where restricted mutations are found, especially in the epitopes of 2F5 and 4E10. Mono- and polyvalent (homologous and heterologous) synthetic peptide constructs of the epitopes recognised by 2F5 and 4E10, based on HIV-1 subtype C, have been designed and their immunogenicity compared in this study. The peptide constructs, designated MPER 1 / 2, a / b, induced humoral immune responses in mice and rabbits with the use of adjuvants. The homologous constructs (designated a) induced better humoral immune responses than the heterologous versions (designated b) in small animals. However the antibodies generated in rabbits were not potent enough to neutralize isolates of HIV- 1. The induction of neutralizing antibodies may be addressed by further conformational considerations, as conjugation to an octameric lysine core was insufficient. The peptide constructs did induce proliferative and inflammatory immune responses in a murine model. Additionally, the peptide constructs were highly antigenic as neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies present in naturally infected sera were able to recognise and bind to the MPER peptides as antigen in ELISAs. This suggests that the peptide constructs may be of value for characterizing anti-MPER antibody responses in infected individuals. The constructs were further able to mimic the true representation of these regions in vivo, as human monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 were able to recognize and bind 3 of the 4 constructs. The human anti-MPER antibodies as well as the recombinant monoclonal antibodies had a higher binding affinity for the heterologous constructs. The MPER constructs exhibited many beneficial characteristics and may therefore hold application as a component in HIV-1 preventative and therapeutic vaccination following further modification.

Subjects/Keywords: AIDS vaccines; Peptides synthesis; HIV (Viruses); Immunochemistry

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Philippeos, C. (2009). HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components. (Thesis). University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2436

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Philippeos, Christina. “HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components.” 2009. Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2436.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Philippeos, Christina. “HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components.” 2009. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Philippeos C. HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2436.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Philippeos C. HIV-1 subtype C gp41-based synthetic peptide constructs as potential vaccine components. [Thesis]. University of Johannesburg; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2436

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

18. Moonga, Justina Muchaka. Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District.

Degree: 2012, University of Zimbabwe

URL: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/1569

► This study examined factors that lead to high incidence of HIV/AIDS infection among women in order to establish determinants that influence women' s protection from… (more)

▼ This study examined factors that lead to high incidence of HIV/AIDS infection among women in order to establish determinants that influence women' s protection from contracting HIV/AIDS infection. The exercise was done by investigating the subjects' level of awareness of the existence and seriousness of HIV/AIDS; the subjects' knowledge of how HIV/AIDS is transmitted and how it can be prevented; and the subjects' views on the use of condoms as a preventive measure against the spread of HIV/AIDS in their community. Data were collected both quantitatively and qualitatively by administering a standardized pre-tested questionnaire to each of the 88 subjects. In addition, focus group discussions were held with men and women outside the study sample. Specific methods of data collection consisted of a cross sectional survey of 88 women in Nkonkola, Mazabuka district. Of the 88 women in the study sample, 38 were members of an NGO called Women for Change (WFC) who were selected by systematic random selection, while 50 were non members of WFC. The members of WFC were included in the study to establish the impact of women's economic empowerment on their capacity to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection. The findings show that the subjects have a very high level of knowledge of the existence of HIV/AIDS since n=88 and 98.9 percent both WFC and non WFC members have heard of HIV/AIDS. It did not matter as whether they belong to WFC or not , the Knowledge was the same. Tests of statistical significance on Knowledge on HIV made of transmission between WFC and non WFC members confirm that no association exists between Knowing the existence of HIV/AIDS and belonging to WFC. A total of 88 women were interviewed , 38 belong to WFC and 50 are not members of WFC , Knowledge on mosquito bite as a mode of HIV transmission gave P=.4824 for WFC and P = 1.00 for non WFC members, multiple partners as mode of HIV transmission gave P=1.00 for WFC and P=1.00 for non WFC members . Despite this high level of Knowledge existence of HIV/AIDS, most of the participants in the study were not doing anything to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection . 22.7 percent of the subjects Know at least three persons who have HIV/AIDS while 54.5 Knew at least three persons who had died of HIV/AIDS. The main sources of information on HIV/AIDS included relatives and friends (36%) , doctors /nurses (17 percent ) , and the rest heard from other sources.Very few respondents thought they were personally at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS infection. There is unfortunately a very low level of condom acceptability in the study community.As much as people Know that couples can prevent HIV infection by using condoms , WFC ( P = .0025 ) , and non WFC (p= 1.00) , they do not actually use them , on responding to a question of ever using condoms , WFC (P = .5177) and non WFC (P=1.00 ) They also do not insist to their partners to use condoms WFC ( P=.1599 ) and non WFC (P= 1.000). Opinion on couples using condoms was tested using chi-square test. A statistically…

Subjects/Keywords: AIDS (Disease) – Zambia; HIV (Viruses) – Zambia

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Moonga, J. M. (2012). Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District. (Thesis). University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/1569

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Moonga, Justina Muchaka. “Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District.” 2012. Thesis, University of Zimbabwe. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/1569.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Moonga, Justina Muchaka. “Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District.” 2012. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Moonga JM. Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zimbabwe; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/1569.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Moonga JM. Factors that influence Women's capacity to protect themselves from contracting HIV infection in a Zambian community : a case study of Nkonkola area in Mazabuka District. [Thesis]. University of Zimbabwe; 2012. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/1569

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Montana State University

19. Johnson, Alex Charles. Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides.

Degree: MS, College of Letters & Science, 1999, Montana State University

URL: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8591

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses); Peptides.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Johnson, A. C. (1999). Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides. (Masters Thesis). Montana State University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8591

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Johnson, Alex Charles. “Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides.” 1999. Masters Thesis, Montana State University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8591.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Johnson, Alex Charles. “Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides.” 1999. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Johnson AC. Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Montana State University; 1999. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8591.

Council of Science Editors:

Johnson AC. Design and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 mimetic peptides. [Masters Thesis]. Montana State University; 1999. Available from: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8591

University of Hong Kong

20. Chan, Lai-yee, Lally. Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth.

Degree: 2015, University of Hong Kong

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/221090

► Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the leading cause of death, threatening nearly 33 million people who are living with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) worldwide. HIV-1… (more)

▼ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the leading cause of death, threatening nearly 33 million people who are living with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) worldwide. HIV-1 cripples the immune defense by dysregulating various cytokines that causes the host to be more susceptible to opportunistic infections by pathogens such as mycobacteria. In response to infections, the host’s immunity releases cytokines to establish a strong immune network for pathogen eradication. Previous research from our laboratory demonstrated that IL-10 is hyperinduced by viral infection. That means the immune defense is taken advantage of by the pathogen and turned into its own immunity evasion strategy. Here, the mechanism of IL-10 dysregulation was investigated to demonstrate how HIV-1 perturbs the immune response. I hypothesize that IL-10 interferes with the IFN-γ-induced cell surface molecule of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) in primary human blood macrophages. My data showed that the suppressive effect of IL-10 on IFN-γ-induced MHC-II surface expression was independent of both JAK2/STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Upon further investigation, IFN-γ-induced expression of cathepsin S protein, a protease which participates in antigen processing, was demonstrated to be inhibited by IL-10. Following knock-down of STAT3 with its specific siRNA, the expressions of IFN-γ-induced surface MHC-II antigens and cathepsin S levels were restored, even in the presence of IL-10. Thus, IL-10 exerts its immunosuppressive effects by its primary mediator STAT3 on MHC-II antigen presentation, which may occur via the inhibition of cathepsin S expression. With the emergence of HIV-1 infection, the number of Tuberculosis (TB) cases has increased tremendously. The crisis of co-infection of HIV-1 and TB exacerbates the global and economic threat than ever. Thus, I hypothesize that HIV-1 may play a role in promoting the mycobacterial intracellular growth. My data showed that HIV-1 Tat enhanced M. avium intracellular growth in primary human blood macrophages, which was dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), but not p38MAPK. Different cellular defense mechanisms were shown to be perturbed by HIV-1 Tat to enhance M. avium growth. The inhibitory effect of HIV-1 Tat on TNF-α is potentially beneficial to M. avium growth as TNF-α is known to elicit anti-mycobacterial responses. For example, the expression of TNF-α plays a role in inducing autophagy. My data has also demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat suppressed M. avium-induced LC3B and -activated vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-H+-ATPase) protein expression. This suppressive effect of HIV-1 Tat on these two cellular defense mechanisms was shown to be dependent on ERK1/2 signaling. Taken together, HIV-1 induces IL-10 to exert immunosuppressive effect on perturbing antigen presentation via inhibition of cathepsin S expression. HIV-1 Tat in turn enhances mycobacterial growth, which was dependent on ERK1/2 signaling, by downregulating phagosome acidification and…

Subjects/Keywords: Mycobacteria; HIV (Viruses)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Chan, Lai-yee, L. (2015). Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/221090

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chan, Lai-yee, Lally. “Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth.” 2015. Thesis, University of Hong Kong. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/221090.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chan, Lai-yee, Lally. “Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth.” 2015. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Chan, Lai-yee L. Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/221090.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Chan, Lai-yee L. Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mycobacteria result in dysregulation of immune response and enhancement of mycobacterial growth. [Thesis]. University of Hong Kong; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/221090

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Drexel University

21. Baker, Michelle Katherine. Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer.

Degree: 2014, Drexel University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:6009

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HIV-1 envelope protein complexes known as “spikes” are trimers of gp120 and gp41 that mediate fusion and infection to target cell membranes. The membrane spanning… (more)

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HIV-1 envelope protein complexes known as “spikes” are trimers of gp120 and gp41 that mediate fusion and infection to target cell membranes. The membrane spanning domain (MSD) of gp41 contains several highly conserved residues important for fusion, however the structure and function of MSD are only partly understood. All-atom simulations can elucidate how the conserved residues affect MSD structure to provide atomistic insight into HIV-1 fusion. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) of monomeric HIV-1 gp41 MSD in model viral bilayers was used to investigate the conserved midspan arginine and the requirement of cholesterol for fusion. All wild-type peptides were α-helical, remained membrane-spanning, and solvated their midspan arginines with a water defect that was independent of cholesterol. However, the simulations indicate that cholesterol may allow the spike to localize the water defect and to control the tilt of the helices. The dynamics of the model viral bilayer with ∼50% cholesterol was explored with 3 systems and simulated for up to 10 μs to explore the phase space of configurations, an order of magnitude greater than previous studies. This timescale allowed observation of diffusive motion and calculated diffusion coefficients agreed with experiments. Oligomeric forms of the MSD were then created to examine the GXXXG motif, known for helical, transmembrane, dimer interactions, but conserved in the MSD of the trimeric gp41. The lowest-energy trimeric MSD with interacting GXXXG residues could not mediate trimerization in a bilayer on 100 ns timescales. However, the lowest energy MSD dimer remained associated on similar timescales, suggesting a dimer form of the MSD during fusion. Finally, the trimeric MSD was stabilized by addition of the trimeric crystal structure of the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER). Simulation of the MPER-MSD trimer for 11 μs showed relaxation towards a different, stable configuration in which the GXXXG motifs were not interacting but the cholesterol recognition motif (CRAC) sequestered water and cholesterol. This is the first simulation of a model of trimeric MPER-MSD in a cholesterol-containing bilayer and it may represent a point between the prefusion and the prefusion intermediate experimental trimeric structures.

Ph.D., Chemical Engineering – Drexel University, 2014

Advisors/Committee Members: Abrams, Cameron F..

Subjects/Keywords: Chemical engineering; HIV (Viruses); Membrane fusion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Baker, M. K. (2014). Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer. (Thesis). Drexel University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:6009

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Baker, Michelle Katherine. “Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer.” 2014. Thesis, Drexel University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:6009.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Baker, Michelle Katherine. “Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer.” 2014. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Baker MK. Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer. [Internet] [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:6009.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Baker MK. Molecular simulations and modeling of HIV-1 gp41 membrane spanning domain (MSD) in a model viral bilayer. [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:6009

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Drexel University

22. Antell, Gregory C. Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment.

Degree: 2017, Drexel University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:7451

►

The low fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase results in a high frequency of mutation and generates extensive genetic variation both within and between infected individuals.… (more)

▼

The low fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase results in a high frequency of mutation and generates extensive genetic variation both within and between infected individuals. Importantly, many of these mutations can contribute to disease presentation and progression despite the overall efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of particular interest to the studies herein was the relationship between HIV-1 genetic diversity, tropism, and the development of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), a comorbidity of increasing prevalence in the HIV-1 infected population. These studies explored two interrelated avenues of research: developing a strategy to identify genetic signatures of HIV-1 co-receptor utilization during entry that extends beyond proteins forming the viral envelope, and utilizing the genetic variation of the accessory HIV-1 protein Tat to assess the likelihood of neurocognitive impairment. Jensen-Shannon divergence was applied to compare multiple sequence alignments and identify signature positions that are most distinct between X4- and R5-utilizing HIV-1 genotypes or quasispecies, for the accessory proteins Tat and Vpr. Additionally, within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), predicted transcription factor binding sites demonstrated statistically different binding affinity scores for X4 and R5 LTR sequences. Finally, we developed a statistical learning approach utilizing regularized logistic regression for the prediction of neurocognitive impairment, integrating patient-derived HIV-1 genetic information as well as standard clinical measurements such as CD4+ T cell count and viral load. Here, we demonstrated that genetic-based models of neurocognitive impairment can outperform models utilizing standard clinical data based on the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. This performance provides strong support that the integration of next generation sequencing data of HIV-1 Tat and other genes may yield improvements to clinical screening tools, as well as allow the statistical inference of genetic variants associated with neurocognitive impairment. These studies have shown that the naturally occurring genetic variation that exists throughout the genome associates with coreceptor usage and hence cell phenotype. This may play a role in disease pathogenesis as macrophages are classically implicated in bringing virus to the central nervous system (CNS) and infection of the T cell compartment is classically related to worsening of disease progression. In line with this thought, viral proteins made from infected cells in the CNS, like Tat, may play a role in CNS dysfunction leading to impairment. Taken together, viral sequences found in patients may have the ability to be used as a biomarker for disease progression and neurocognitive impairment.

Ph.D., Biomedical Engineering – Drexel University, 2017

Advisors/Committee Members: Wigdahl, Brian, Hershberg, Uri, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems.

Subjects/Keywords: Biomedical engineering; Bioinformatics; Microbiology; HIV (Viruses) – Research

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Antell, G. C. (2017). Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment. (Thesis). Drexel University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:7451

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Antell, Gregory C. “Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment.” 2017. Thesis, Drexel University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:7451.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Antell, Gregory C. “Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Antell GC. Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment. [Internet] [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:7451.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Antell GC. Identification of HIV-1 genetic associations with coreceptor usage and neurocognitive impairment. [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1860/idea:7451

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Missouri – Columbia

23. Flores, Jacqueline A. Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Degree: 2017, University of Missouri – Columbia

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/62017

► [ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Two classes of drugs: nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs)… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Reverse transcriptase; Drug resistance; HIV (Viruses)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Flores, J. A. (2017). Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. (Thesis). University of Missouri – Columbia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10355/62017

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Flores, Jacqueline A. “Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.” 2017. Thesis, University of Missouri – Columbia. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/62017.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Flores, Jacqueline A. “Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Flores JA. Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Missouri – Columbia; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/62017.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Flores JA. Biochemical characterization of clade B and non-B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. [Thesis]. University of Missouri – Columbia; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10355/62017

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Drexel University

24. Haftl, Ann R. Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors.

Degree: 2019, Drexel University

URL: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9463

►

Entry of HIV-1 virus into human CD4 positive cells is a critical step for infection1. Preventing this entry process is key for therapeutic intervention. Despite… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Chemistry; Biochemistry; HIV (Viruses); Macrocyclic compounds; Peptides

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APA (6^th Edition):

Haftl, A. R. (2019). Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors. (Thesis). Drexel University. Retrieved from https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9463

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Haftl, Ann R. “Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors.” 2019. Thesis, Drexel University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9463.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Haftl, Ann R. “Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors.” 2019. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Haftl AR. Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors. [Internet] [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9463.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Haftl AR. Exploring Chemical Optimization Pathways for HIV-1 Env-Targeting Entry Inhibitors. [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2019. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9463

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Drexel University

25. Ma, Ziyuan. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors.

Degree: 2018, Drexel University

URL: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A8856

►

HIV-1 accounts for the vast majority cause of AIDS in the world. Viral entry is the first phase of the HIV replication cycle which begins… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacology; Physiology; Chemistry,Organic; HIV (Viruses)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ma, Z. (2018). Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors. (Thesis). Drexel University. Retrieved from https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A8856

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ma, Ziyuan. “Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors.” 2018. Thesis, Drexel University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A8856.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ma, Ziyuan. “Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ma Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors. [Internet] [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A8856.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ma Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Recruiting Small Molecule (ARM) HIV Entry Inhibitors. [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2018. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A8856

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Drexel University

26. Nolan, Rachel Ann. Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse.

Degree: 2019, Drexel University

URL: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9367

►

Drug abuse is an important comorbidity in HIV infection and has been linked to changes in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). All drugs… (more)

▼

Drug abuse is an important comorbidity in HIV infection and has been linked to changes in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). All drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine in the CNS, and data showing correlations between dopaminergic dysfunction and HIV infection of the CNS suggest that inflammation induced by elevated dopamine could enhance the development of HIV-associated neuropathology. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which elevated dopamine could exacerbate the progress of HAND remain unclear. As the primary targets for and responders to HIV in the CNS are myeloid lineage cells, the effects of dopamine on these cells may be a key connection between dopaminergic changes and HIV-associated neuroinflammation. Our data show that dopamine treatment of human macrophages promotes an inflammatory phenotype in these cells by inducing production of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10. Further, dopamine-mediated modulation of specific cytokines is correlated with macrophage expression of dopamine-receptor transcripts, particularly DRD5, which is expressed at significantly higher levels than other dopamine-receptor subtypes. Mechanistically, these effects are induced, at least in part by dopamine mediated activation of inflammatory pathways, as our data show dopamine activation of the NF-kB pathway is necessary for the increased production of IL-6 and CXCL10. Activation of NF-kB also increases expression of NF-kB modulated genes including NLRP3 and IL-1β that prime the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. Thus, elevated CNS dopamine in the context of HIV and/or drug abuse may potentiate neuroinflammation via the NF-kB pathway. Overall, these data will provide more understanding of the role of dopamine in the development of NeuroHIV, and may suggest new molecules or pathways that can be useful as therapeutic targets during HIV infection.

Ph.D., Neuroscience – Drexel University, 2019

Advisors/Committee Members: Gaskill, Peter, College of Medicine.

Subjects/Keywords: Neurosciences; Immunology; Dopamine; HIV (Viruses); Inflammation; Macrophages

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nolan, R. A. (2019). Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse. (Thesis). Drexel University. Retrieved from https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9367

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nolan, Rachel Ann. “Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse.” 2019. Thesis, Drexel University. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9367.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nolan, Rachel Ann. “Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse.” 2019. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Nolan RA. Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse. [Internet] [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9367.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Nolan RA. Role of Dopamine in the Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation: Implications for the Neuropathogenesis of NeuroHIV and Drug Abuse. [Thesis]. Drexel University; 2019. Available from: https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A9367

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of KwaZulu-Natal

27. Madlala, Paradise Zamokuhle. Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression.

Degree: PhD, Genetics, 2011, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8810

► Objective.Humans differ substantially with respect to susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and disease progression. This heterogeneity is attributed to the interplay… (more)

▼ Objective.Humans differ substantially with respect to susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and disease progression. This heterogeneity is attributed to the interplay between the environment, viral diversity, immune response and host genetics. This study focused on host genetics. We studied the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in peptidyl prolyl isomerase A (PPIA), transportin 3 (TNPO3) and PC4 or SFRS1 interacting protein 1 (PSIP1) genes with HIV-1 infection and disease progression. These genes code for Cyclophilin A (CypA), Transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2) and Lens epithelium derived growth factor/p75 (LEDGF/p75) proteins respectively, which are all validated HIV replication cofactors in vitro. Methods. One SNP A1650G in the PPIA gene was genotyped in 168 HIV-1 negative and 47 acutely infected individuals using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). 6 intronic and 2 exonic haplotype tagging (ht) SNPs (rs13242262; rs2305325; rs11768572; rs1154330; rs35060568; rs8043; rs6957529; rs10229001) in the TNPO3 gene, 4 intronic ht SNPs (rs2277191, rs1033056, rs12339417 and rs10283923) and 1 exonic SNP (rs61744944, Q472L) in the PSIP1 gene were genotyped in 195 HIV-1 negative and 52 acutely infected individuals using TaqMan assays. The rs1154330, rs2277191, rs12339417 and rs61744944 were further genotyped in 403 chronically infected individuals. CypA and LEDGF/p75 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The impact of the Q472L mutation on the interaction of LEDGF/p75 with HIV-1 integrase (IN) was measured by AlphaScreen. Results. The minor allele (G) of SNP A1650G (1650G) in the promoter region of PPIA was significantly associated with higher viral load (p<0.01), lower CD4+ T cell counts (p<0.01) and showed a possible association with rapid CD4+ T cell decline (p=0.05). The 1650G was further associated with higher CypA expression post HIV-1 infection. The minor allele (G) of rs1154330 in the intron region of TNPO3 was associated with faster HIV-1 acquisition (p<0.01), lower CD4+ T cell counts, higher viral load during primary infection (p<0.05) and rapid CD4+ T cells decline (p<0.01). The minor allele (A) of rs2277191 (rs2277191A) in the intron region of PSIP1 was more frequent among seropositives (p=0.06). Among individuals followed longitudinally, rs2277191A was associated with higher likelihood of HIV-1 acquisition (p=0.08) and rapid CD4+T cell decline (p=0.04) in the recently infected (primary infection) cohort. In contrast, the minor allele (C) of rs12339417 (rs12339417C) also in the intron region of PSIP1 was associated with higher CD4+ T cell counts during primary infection. The rs12339417C was also associated with slower rate of CD4+ T cell decline (p=0.02) and lower mRNA levels of LEDGF/p75 (p<0.01). Seroconverters had higher preinfection mRNA levels of LEDGF/p75 compared to nonseroconverters… Advisors/Committee Members: Ndung'u, Peter Thumbi. (advisor), Kormuth, Emil. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Genetics.; HIV (Viruses)

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Madlala, P. Z. (2011). Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8810

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Madlala, Paradise Zamokuhle. “Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8810.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Madlala, Paradise Zamokuhle. “Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression.” 2011. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Madlala PZ. Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8810.

Council of Science Editors:

Madlala PZ. Association of genetic polymorphisms in select HIV-1 replication cofactors with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8810

University of KwaZulu-Natal

28. Carries, Stanley. Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa.

Degree: 2018, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17563

► The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a global public health concern. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS estimated that 36.9 million people were infected with… (more)

▼ The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a global public health concern. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS estimated that 36.9 million people were infected with HIV globally at the end of 2017. Almost 20% of these resided in South Africa, making this the highest global HIV burden held by any one country. It is thus important that HIV infection be detected early as this may have important implications in the control of the pandemic. The early recognition of acute HIV infection could present early treatment options that could alter the natural history of the disease, or even eliminate infection. Detecting acute infection early could also provide a unique opportunity to understand HIV transmission and pathogenesis, including early host-virus interactions. In the present study, blood samples were collected from 18-23 year old HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected women from Umlazi Township in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, that had participated in a study called Females Rising through Education, Support and Health (FRESH). Eleven blood samples from this cohort, collected within 24 hours of onset of plasma viremia, were used for this study. The aim of the present research was to identify sites within pol that were experiencing positive selective pressure and the likely implications of these mutations on viral functional domains and host cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. The study also sort to observe the loss of drug resistant mutations (DRM) in the viral sequences of participants who had multiple timepoints and to correlate mutation loss to structural changes. Datamonkey and Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML) were used to detect positively selected sites. Putative functional domains were detected using Prosite and CTL epitopes were identified using the Los Alamos Molecular Immunology Database. Ancestral reconstruction was performed using PAML and Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) was used to calculate the time to the most recent common ancestor. Altogether 16 unique positively selected sites were identified in this cohort. Putative functional domains were highly conserved in protease, while positive mutations in reverse transcriptase resulted in either a loss of functional domains in conserved regions or in the gain of functional sites in non-conserved regions. Owing to the important role that protease plays in viral maturation and infectivity, mutations within these conserved regions could possibly lead to defective viral particles with reduced viral infectivity. The K103N in reverse transcriptase, observed in one participant, was the only DRM inherited from its common ancestor. The major limitation of this study was the small sample size. Advisors/Committee Members: Gordon, Michelle Lucille. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses).; HIV 1 subtype C.; HIV infections in South Africa.; HIV strains and subtypes.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Carries, S. (2018). Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17563

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Carries, Stanley. “Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa.” 2018. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed March 05, 2021. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17563.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Carries, Stanley. “Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Carries S. Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17563.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Carries S. Sequence analysis of an HIV-1 subtype C acutely infected cohort from Durban, South Africa. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2018. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17563

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

29. Curtis-Fisk, Jaime Lyn. Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies.

Degree: PhD, Chemistry, 2009, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16814

Subjects/Keywords: HIV (Viruses); Influenza viruses

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APA (6^th Edition):

Curtis-Fisk, J. L. (2009). Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16814

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Curtis-Fisk, Jaime Lyn. “Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan State University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16814.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Curtis-Fisk, Jaime Lyn. “Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies.” 2009. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Curtis-Fisk JL. Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16814.

Council of Science Editors:

Curtis-Fisk JL. Structural studies of the influenza and HIV viral fusion proteins and bacterial inclusion bodies. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan State University; 2009. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16814

Stellenbosch University

30. Maponga, Tongai Gibson. Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation.

Degree: PhD, Pathology, 2016, Stellenbosch University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100084

► ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negatively impacts the natural progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including causing rapid progression… (more)

▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negatively impacts the natural progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including causing rapid progression to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In sub-Saharan Africa the overlap between high HIV and HBV prevalence may increase the incidence of HCC. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HIV co-infection on presentation of HCC among HBV-infected patients. Since HCC is thought to be driven by ongoing severe inflammation, the study also evaluated the association between the expression of markers of immune activation/exhaustion and liver inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to determine if the risk of hepatofibrosis is increased by exposure to gut microbial products and compared HIV-infected patients with HBV-infected and HIV-HBV co-infected patients. Ethical approval was obtained to conduct two sub-studies. The first sub-study (HCC Epidemiology Study) involved recruitment of patients diagnosed with HCC at oncology units of selected teaching hospitals in South Africa. A total of 107 HCC cases were recruited between December 2012 and October 2015. Demographic, laboratory and clinical data together with blood specimens were collected. Patients were tested for HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV. Molecular characterization of HBV and HCV was also performed. For the second sub-study (Liver Fibrosis and Immune Markers Study), 46 HBV/HIV co-infected; 47 HBV monoinfected; 39 HIV monoinfected and; 39 HIV-/HBV-uninfected controls were recruited following informed consent. All HIV-infected patients had been on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for ≥3 months. Liver stiffness measurements were taken using the Fibroscan 402. Cell-based immunomarkers of activation/exhaustion were measured using flow cytometry of fresh whole blood. Soluble serum/plasma immunomarkers were measured using ELISA and Luminex. HIV and HBV viral loads and genotyping of HBV were performed. Of 107 cases in the HCC Epidemiology study, 83 (78%) were male and 68/106 (64%, 95% CI: 59-77) were positive for HBsAg. HIV seropositivity was seen in 22/100 (22%, 95% CI: 14-30) of all HCC cases. Among HBsAg-positive HCC cases, 19/66 (29%, 95% CI: 18-40) were HIV-infected compared to only 3/34 (9%) among those that were HBsAg-negative, p=0.04. The proportion of females among the HBV/HIV co-infected HCC cases 6/18 (33%, 95% CI: 11-55) was significantly higher compared to those that were HBV-mono-infected 6/47 (13%, 95% CI: 3-23), p=0.005. HIV/HBV co-infected females presented younger, at mean age 36.8 years (95% CI: 32.2-41.5) compared to 50.5 years (95% CI: 30.2-70.8) in HBV-mono-infected women, p=0.09. Males continue to be disproportionally affected with HCC. There is a trend towards younger age at diagnosis of HCC among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative women. The Liver Fibrosis and Immune Markers Study showed a high percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes from co-infected subjects expressing HLA-DR/CD38 and PD-1 (p<0.05).… Advisors/Committee Members: Andersson, Monique I., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Pathology: Medical Virology.

Subjects/Keywords: HIV co-infection; HIV (Viruses); Hepatitis B virus; Liver fibrosis; UCTD

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Maponga, T. G. (2016). Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100084

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maponga, Tongai Gibson. “Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100084.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maponga, Tongai Gibson. “Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Maponga TG. Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100084.

Council of Science Editors:

Maponga TG. Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100084

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Open Access Theses and Dissertations