subject:(Geology AND Earth Sciences)

Florida State University

1. Tibbetts, Nicole Jessica. The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere.

Degree: PhD, Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 2010, Florida State University

URL: http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4632 ;

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Mineral-mineral partition coefficients (D) measured on mantle peridotites by ICP-MS can compliment what is known from experimental studies and put additional constraints on the temperature,… (more)

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Mineral-mineral partition coefficients (D) measured on mantle peridotites by ICP-MS can compliment what is known from experimental studies and put additional constraints on the temperature, pressure and compositional dependence of trace element partitioning in the mantle. Analyses of the data collected here shows that temperature and Na content of the clinopyroxene have the largest effect on trace element partitioning between ortho-and clinopyroxene in spinel peridotites. The Ca-Tschermak molecule in clinopyroxene, in turn, has a lesser control on partitioning in the natural sample than observed experimentally. Importantly chemical disequilibrium or transient metasomatic effects appear to control the orthopyroxene/clinopyroxene partitioning for the most incompatible elements, and that partitioning is a function of orthopyroxene concentration. The first 57Mössbauer determinations of Fe3+/ΣFe ratios in lherzolitic spinels and pyroxenitic garnet-clinopyroxene pairs from xenoliths of the sub-oceanic mantle beneath Hawai'i give a range in calculated oxygen fugacity (fO2) of 4 log units (-3 to +1 ΔlogfO2 (FMQ)). The Hawaiian peridotites are more oxidized than the oceanic upper mantle as recorded in MORB and abyssal peridotites, but less oxidized than arc peridotites. There are no correlations between fO2 and temperature or major element compositions. Instead, correlations between light REE DOpx/Cpx and fO2 in the peridotites suggests that metasomatism affects oxygen fugacity decoupled from the degree of melt depletion. The garnet pyroxenites are more reduced than the peridotites and estimates of the oceanic upper mantle. The fO2 of Hawaiian pyroxenites is the product of complex interaction between melts buffered with changing volatile species from predominantly H2O at reducing conditions to CO2-rich at the pressure, temperature and fO2 of the peridotites. A relationship between Mg# and Fe3+/ΣFe ratios in both clinopyroxene and garnet that is not evident in garnet peridotites points to evolution of the parent melt as controlling the bulk Fe2O3 of the pyroxenite cumulates. Koidu eclogites, with Nb/Ta ratios varying from sub- to superchondritic, have Nd and Hf isotopic compositions that are decoupled. The Nd-Hf isotopic compositions indicate an origin other than subducted oceanic crust. Unradiogenic Pb-isotope ratios indicate these eclogites have an ancient component (>2 Ga). Coincidental high Nb/Ta ratios, unradiogenic Sr and Pb isotopes require the involvement of a fluid to fractionate Rb/Sr, U/Pb and Nb/Ta. This process is consistent with dehydration during Archean subduction, however, Nd and Hf isotopic compositions are complicated by multiple fractionation events and open system behaviour that does not identify a common precursor. If the high Nb/Ta reservoir is composed of Koidu type eclogite, the extreme isotopic compositions measured here preclude them from participating in any meaningful way to present day basaltic volcanism (MORB-OIB array).

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Earth, Ocean and…

Advisors/Committee Members: Vincent J. M. Salters (professor directing dissertation), Michael Bizimis (professor co-directing dissertation), Albert E. Stiegman (university representative), Munir Humayun (committee member), Leroy A. Odom (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth sciences; Earth sciences; Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Tibbetts, N. J. (2010). The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere. (Doctoral Dissertation). Florida State University. Retrieved from http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4632 ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tibbetts, Nicole Jessica. “The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4632 ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tibbetts, Nicole Jessica. “The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Tibbetts NJ. The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4632 ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Tibbetts NJ. The Mantle Xenolith Perspective on Trace Element Partitioning, Oxygen Fugacity and Isotope Systematics of Subducted Oceanic Lithosphere. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Florida State University; 2010. Available from: http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4632 ;

McGill University

2. Mann, Crystal. Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat.

Degree: PhD, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2010, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile94980.pdf

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Implicit in active, steady-state magmatic systems is their persistent activity and unchanging behavior in terms of composition and eruptive styles. The ongoing eruption (July 1995… (more)

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Implicit in active, steady-state magmatic systems is their persistent activity and unchanging behavior in terms of composition and eruptive styles. The ongoing eruption (July 1995 April 2010) of the Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV), Montserrat, provides an ideal setting for understanding this steady-state behavior. Mafic enclaves are ubiquitous in andesitic magma erupted from SHV. The mafic enclaves are basalt to basaltic andesite (49 56 wt. % SiO2) in composition. Based on their chemistry, mineralogy and petrology, they are divided into three types. Prior to intrusion, basaltic magma underwent significant differentiation of amphibole at deep crustal levels. Type 1 (T1) and Type 2 (T2) enclaves represent hybrid magmas which are a mixture of differentiated basaltic magma and the host andesite, while Type 3 (T3) enclaves represent basaltic magma which ponded prior to intrusion and underwent significant additional fractionation of plagioclase. The T1 enclaves sample a vesiculated upper portion of the mixing horizon, while the T2 enclaves sample a less vesiculated, deeper, and slightly more rigid portion of this horizon. The T3 enclaves were near the temperatures of the andesite reservoir at the time of their intrusion; they demonstrate mixing on a physical mixing only, i.e., crystal transfer. The T1 enclaves formed when they reached buoyancy due to vesiculation and detached from the mixing horizon to rise upward in the andesite, whereas T2 enclaves formed during subsequent intrusions, during mafic overturn. The SHV demonstrates periodic and regular explosive activity, for which we can quantify changes in volatile content over time. Volatile analyses from phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions sampled from andesitic pumice cluster at 2.8 5.4 wt. % H2O, with ~ 3000 ppm Cl and negligible CO2. We interpret these volatile contents to mirror conditions in the lower conduit and upper magma reservoir beneath the volcano. Our model of the SHV magmatic system suggests that

Une caractéristique des systèmes magmatiques à l'équilibre est leur activité persistante et leur comportement c onstant en termes de compositions et styles d'éruption. L'éruption en cours (Juillet 1995 Avril 2010) du volcan de Soufrière Hills (SHV), Montserrat, représente une configuration idéale pour comprendre cet état d'équilibre éruptif. Les enclaves mafiques sont omniprésentes dans les magmas andésitiques émis à SHV. La composition de ces enclaves varie de basaltes à andésites basaltiques (49 56 % SiO2). Elles se répartissent en trois types selon leur chimie, minéralogie et pétrologie. Avant intrusion dans le magma andésitique, les magmas basaltiques ont fractionné une quantité importante d'amphibole dans la croûte profonde. Les enclaves de type 1 (T1) et type 2 (T2) représentent des magmas hybrides, soit un mélange de basalte différencié et d'andésite hôte, tandis que les enclaves de type 3 (T3) représentent un magma basaltique qui a stagné avant intrusion et a subi un fractionnement additionnel de plagioclase. Les enclaves T1 proviennent de portions…

Advisors/Committee Members: John Stix (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mann, C. (2010). Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile94980.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mann, Crystal. “Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile94980.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mann, Crystal. “Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Mann C. Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McGill University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile94980.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Mann C. Magma chamber dynamics at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McGill University; 2010. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile94980.pdf

McGill University

3. Patterson, Michael. The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment.

Degree: PhD, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2015, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile132573.pdf

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Despite general agreement amongst kimberlite researchers on many of the basic characteristics of kimberlite, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) still considers kimberlite undefined.… (more)

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Despite general agreement amongst kimberlite researchers on many of the basic characteristics of kimberlite, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) still considers kimberlite undefined. Furthermore, a fundamental and crucially important characteristic of kimberlite is still fiercely debated: the composition of its primary magma. Two distinct schools of thought have emerged to explain the composition of kimberlite magma. The first favors a volatile-rich ultramafic silicate melt while the other suggests a silico-carbonatite parental melt. Kimberlite can be described by two principle components: mantle-derived carbonate and xenocrystic olivine. Despite this prevalence of carbonate and the near-absence of magmatic olivine, the parental magma is often assumed to be a volatile-rich ultramafic silicate melt. The overwhelming volume of silicate magmatism, operating within the framework of plate tectonics, has led to a bias against the existence of any magmatic process that is divorced from plate tectonics and would thus result in a magma composition that is different in chemical character. This thesis investigates the nature of the composition of kimberlite magma, constraining the composition of kimberlite magma by using the composition of magmatic olivine overgrowths and the composition of kimberlite pelletal lapilli. This thesis then illustrates the implications of kimberlite eruptions of that composition on Earth’s climate.

Malgré un accord général parmi les chercheurs de kimberlite sur la plupart des caractéristiques de base de kimberlite, l'Union internationale des sciences géologiques (UISG) considère encore kimberlite indéfini. De plus, une caractéristique fondamentale et d'une importance cruciale de kimberlite est encore âprement débattue: la composition de son magma primaire. Deux écoles de pensée distinctes ont émergé pour expliquer la composition du magma kimberlitic: La première favorise un silicate ultramafique riche en volatil, tandis que l'autre suggère un liquide parental de caractére silico-carbonatitic. Il est incontestable que la kimberlite peut être décrit par deux composantes principales: le carbonate et l'olivine. Malgré la prevalence de carbonate et une absence quasi-complète d`olivine magmatique, la magma parental is souvent supposé d`être d`un caractére silicate ultramafique rich en volatil. L`énorme volume de magmatisme silicate contribue certainement à un préjugé contre l'existence de processus magmatique qui est distinct de la tectonique des plaques, et donc contre l`existence de magma d`une caractère chimique différente. Cette thèse étudie la composition du magma parental de kimberlite, contraignant la composition du magma de kimberlite en utilisant la composition de surcroissances d'olivine magmatiques et la composition de lapilli pelletal de kimberlite. Ensuite, cette thèse illustre les conséquences des éruptions de kimberlite de cette composition sur le climat de la Terre.

Advisors/Committee Members: Donald M Francis (Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Patterson, M. (2015). The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment. (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile132573.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Patterson, Michael. “The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile132573.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Patterson, Michael. “The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment.” 2015. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Patterson M. The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McGill University; 2015. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile132573.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Patterson M. The composition of kimberlite magma with implications for the Earth's environment. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McGill University; 2015. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile132573.pdf

McGill University

4. Maharaj, Laura. Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru.

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2011, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104647.pdf

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High-elevation Andean water storage is extremely important for water resources for the arid western coast of South America. Pampas (a subset of pàramos) are a… (more)

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High-elevation Andean water storage is extremely important for water resources for the arid western coast of South America. Pampas (a subset of pàramos) are a freshwater reservoir in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. These organic-rich clay systems buffer stream and river runoff to the Rio Santa and provide water to surrounding communities. More than 50% of dry season discharge from pampas is groundwater derived, however little is known about their geomorphology and subsurface sedimentology. Watertable measurements, streambed temperature sensors, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were used to characterize the subsurface and develop a formational model for the Yanamarey and Quilcayhuanca pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The water table in July 2009 was found on average to be 0.35 m and 0.57 m below the land surface at Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey respectively. In the Yanamarey Pampa, streambed temperature sensors showed that upstream, water flows from the stream into the ground and further downstream, water flows upwards recharging the stream. From watertable measurements, a watertable map was produced that showed steeper watertable gradients further up valley. GPR was an effective tool for imaging the subsurface to a depth of 8 meters in the high permittivity material and delineated four stratigraphic units at both sites. In sequence the units are; dry sandy peat soils with pebbles at the surface, water saturated soil with sand and pebbles, linear stratified clay and glacial outwash intermixed with colluviums deposits. The identification of the subsurface sedimentary units allowed for the creation of formation models of both sites. The valley walls of Quilcayhuanca are steeper than Yanamarey, which caused more landslides and consequently more extensive colluvial deposits throughout the Quilcayhuanca valley subsurface. These connected colluvial deposits are likely the primary zone for groundwater flow and storage.

Les réservoirs hydrologiques des hautes Andes constituent une partie importantee des ressources d'eau de la région aride de la côte ouest de l'Amérique du Sud. Les Pampas, un sous ensemble des pàramos, représentent un des réservoirs d'eau fraîche de la Cordillère Blanche du Pérou. Ces systèmes riches en argile et en matière organique modulent le ruissellement des rivières et des cours d'eau, et offrent de l'eau fraîche aux communautés voisines. Plus de 50 % du volume d'eau provenant des Pampas durant la saison sèche sont d'origine souterraine, cependant peu d'études se sont penchées sur la géomorphologie et la sédimentologie de ces systèmes. Des relevés du niveau de la nappe, des mesures de température dans le lit de la rivière, et des profils obtenus a l'aide de radars a pénétration du sol (RPS) ont été utilisés pour décrire le sous-sol et développer un modèle pour expliquer le fonctionnement des pampas de Yanamarey et de Quilcayhuancas de la Cordillère Blanche.Le niveau de la nappe se situe en moyenne a 0,35 m et 0,57m de profondeur à Quilcayhuanca et Yanamarey respectivement. Dans le Pampa du Yanamarey,…

Advisors/Committee Members: Jeffrey McKenzie (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Maharaj, L. (2011). Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104647.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maharaj, Laura. “Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” 2011. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104647.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maharaj, Laura. “Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Maharaj L. Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104647.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Maharaj L. Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2011. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104647.pdf

McGill University

5. Maisonneuve, Melissa. Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions.

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2013, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114325.pdf

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The Baffin Island picrites are interpreted to represent primitive magmas (up to ~22 wt % MgO) that are minimally changed since leaving their mantle source… (more)

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The Baffin Island picrites are interpreted to represent primitive magmas (up to ~22 wt % MgO) that are minimally changed since leaving their mantle source and thus provide important insights into our understanding of high-MgO primary magmas and the heterogeneity of their mantle sources. In this study of olivine-hosted melt inclusions, the ratio of potassium to titanium (K/Ti) is used as a probe for the mantle source as both these elements are incompatible in olivine and plagioclase, K/Ti behaves in a similar manner to La/Sm and remains unaffected by crystal fractionation. We define depleted glass compositions (N-type) as those with K/Ti < 0.2 and enriched glass compositions (E-type) as those with K/Ti > 0.2, based on an apparent population minimum in the melt inclusion data set at ~ 0.2. Whereas N-type melt inclusions are hosted dominantly in the higher-Fo content olivines (Fo89 to Fo87), the E-type melt inclusions are mostly found in the lower-Fo content olivines (Fo87-Fo83), suggesting that the E-type component was less magnesian than the N-type. Both E- and N-type melt inclusions and pillow margin glasses are low in volatile contents, indicating that both magmas were significantly degassed upon eruption. Higher overall Cl and F contents in the E-type melt inclusions, however, may indicate that the E-type magmas were slightly less degassed than the N-type. The variation in K/Ti observed in the melt inclusions cannot be successfully modeled by crystal fractionation of olivine and plagioclase, by contamination by continental crust, nor by contamination by hydrothermally altered oceanic crust. Therefore, the E-type and N-type components likely reflect small-scale heterogeneities in the mantle source. The similarity in composition between the melt inclusions and the pillow margin glasses indicates that the melt inclusions were trapped immediately before eruption. Melt inclusions in olivines from the same outcrop have restricted K/Ti ratios (within ~0.1), whereas the two components are both present in single hand specimens and in at least one sample within a single olivine phenocryst. This indicates that the two components were present at least on the scale of tens of centimetres (i.e., hand sample), and implies a fine-scale mixing of the two magmas. We conclude that the E- and N-type magmas were distinct in the mantle and partially homogenized in a shallow-level reservoir of less than 4 kilometers depth.

Les picrites provenant de l'île de Baffin sont considérés comme représentant de magmes primitifs (jusqu'à ~ 22% en poids de MgO) qui auront étés peu changés depuis leur extraits de leur source mantellique et sont au cœur de notre compréhension de magmes primaires contenant haute-MgO et les sources mantelliques hétérogènes. Dans cette étude d'inclusions de fonte de silice piégés en olivine, le rapport du potassium au titane (K/Ti) est utilisé comme analogue d'enrichissement d'éléments de trace car ces deux éléments sont incompatibles en olivine et plagioclase, K/Ti se comporte d'une manière similaire à La/Sm et…

Advisors/Committee Members: Donald M Francis (Internal/Supervisor), John Stix (Internal/Cosupervisor2).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Maisonneuve, M. (2013). Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions. (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114325.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maisonneuve, Melissa. “Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions.” 2013. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114325.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maisonneuve, Melissa. “Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions.” 2013. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Maisonneuve M. Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114325.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Maisonneuve M. Constraining the nature of E- and N- type components in the Baffin Island picrites using olivine-hosted melt inclusions. [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2013. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114325.pdf

McGill University

6. Rosa, Daniel. The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec.

Degree: PhD, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2012, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile107581.pdf

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The meteorite impact that formed the 32-km-wide Upper Pennsylvanian (285 ± 23 Ma) West Clearwater structure, situated about 125 km east of the Hudson Bay… (more)

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The meteorite impact that formed the 32-km-wide Upper Pennsylvanian (285 ± 23 Ma) West Clearwater structure, situated about 125 km east of the Hudson Bay arc, northern Quebec, formed a sheet of impact melt now exposed on a central ring of islands. Crater-fill deposits exposed on the ring of islands can be divided into three major successive units, which are, in ascending order: 1) a red, friable impact-melt-bearing fragmental breccia 0 to 20 m thick cut by small (cm to dm) dykes of impact melt; 2) a red, massive, clast-rich impact-generated melt about 18 meters thick containing up to 25% clasts > 1 mm in size, and 3) a massive poorly jointed clast-poor impact-generated melt containing <15% clasts greater than 1 mm in size, at least 85 m thick, with a matrix that shows an ophitic to subophitic texture. The average composition of the West Clearwater Lake impact melt, which has a bulk composition similar to that of a trachyandesitic volcanic rock, can be modeled by mixing the average chemical compositions of three types of lithologies present in the vicinity of the impact structure: 1) granitic rocks, 2) granodioritic, enderbitic and tonalitic rocks, and 3) mafic and ultramafic rocks, according to the following proportions: 1) 31%, 2) 62% and 3) 6%. The order of crystallization of the melt was plagioclase + Fe-Ti oxides + clinopyroxene + sanidine + apatite + quartz. The initial clast content in the clast-poor melt, before the onset of crystallization, must have been much higher. This conclusion is supported by the widespread occurrence in the clast-poor impact melt rock of plagioclase grains with an irregular, partially resorbed relict core. In thin section, plagioclase xenocrysts now form ~5% to ~15% of the clast-poor impact melt rock, depending on the thin section. The preferential preservation of plagioclase as a clast implies that the melt quickly equilibrated to temperatures below the liquidus and within the range of plagioclase crystallization. Two-feldspar thermometry calculations suggest that the last plagioclase and the first alkali feldspar crystallized at temperatures of about 781 to 816°C (±44°C). Quartz, the last phase to crystallize in the clast-poor impact melt rock, formed at temperatures of 700 to 730°C, with an activity of Ti in quartz between 0.5 and 0.6. This study is the first to employ Ti-in-quartz geothermometry to estimate the temperature of solidification of a melt sheet created by a meteoritic impact. Because the melt crystallized anhydrous minerals, it is possible that the melt was highly undersaturated at the liquidus but had achieved H2O saturation at the solidus.

Le cratère du Lac à l'Eau Claire Ouest, une structure de 32 km de diamètre, a été formé pendant le Pennsylvanien supérieur, il y a 285 ± 23 Ma; il se trouve environ 125 km à l'est de l'arc de la Baie d'Hudson. L'impact météoritique à l'origine de ce cratère a produit une nappe de magma, et les roches qui en résultent se trouvent maintenant exposées dans un anneau d'îles occupant le centre du cratère. Ces roches peuvent…

Advisors/Committee Members: Robert F Martin (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rosa, D. (2012). The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec. (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile107581.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rosa, Daniel. “The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile107581.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rosa, Daniel. “The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Rosa D. The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McGill University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile107581.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Rosa D. The sheet of impact melt at West Clearwater Lake, Northern Quebec. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McGill University; 2012. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile107581.pdf

McGill University

7. Scher, Samantha. Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia).

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2012, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile110439.pdf

► High-sulfidation epithermal deposits are genetically associated with calc-alkaline volcanism in subduction zones, and although these ore deposits are excellent places to focus research, subduction zone… (more)

▼ High-sulfidation epithermal deposits are genetically associated with calc-alkaline volcanism in subduction zones, and although these ore deposits are excellent places to focus research, subduction zone stratovolcanoes provide important windows on magmatic-hydrothermal processes that are not available from study of the corresponding ore deposits. There is general agreement that the hydrothermal alteration accompanying the high-sulfidation epithermal ores is the product of volcanic degassing, however, there is considerably less agreement on the nature and origin of the ore fluid. Opinion is divided over whether the ore fluid is a vapor or a liquid, and whether it is entirely volcanic or of mixed volcanic-meteoric origin.The research presented here details a field-based investigation of the magmatic-hydrothermal environment of Kawah Ijen volcano, an active stratovolcano (mainly andesitic pyroclastics and lavas) located in the Ijen Caldera Complex in Java, Indonesia. The Kawah Ijen crater is approximately one kilometer in diameter and contains a hyperacidic lake (pH ~ -0.5) and a small and actively degassing solfatara, which is surrounded by a much larger area of acid-sulfate alteration that was exposed during a phreato-magmatic eruption of the volcano in 1817; the eruption excavated the crater to a depth of 250 m. The research described in this thesis involved sampling and chemical analyses of the gases and their condensates (the surface equivalents of the ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal fluids) collected from the solfatara and rock samples taken from the alteration center.Condensed fumarolic gases (pH ~ -0.5) released from the solfatara and sampled at temperatures between 330 and 495 °C contain up to 3 ppm Cu and 3.8 ppm As; the concentration of Ag is below detection. The alteration center is characterized by zones of residual silica, alunite-pyrite and kaolinite/dickite; based on alunite-pyrite geothermometry, the area formed at a temperature between 200 and 300 °C. High sulfidation epithermal mineralization occurs in this area in the form of massive and vein-hosted pyrite that contains up to 200 ppb Au, 9 ppm Ag, 6,800 ppm Cu, and 3,430 ppm As; these elements are invisible at the highest resolution of scanning electron microscopy, and thus occur either in the form of nano-particles or are in solid solution in the pyrite.The manuscript in Chapter 3 summarizes the observations detailed above to support a model in which highly acidic gases condensed ~ 250 m beneath the floor of the pre-1817 crater at Kawah Ijen volcano. In the area near the source of the vapors, the ratio of fluid to rock was extremely high and resulted in the leaching of elements from the andesitic host rock, leaving behind a residue of "vuggy silica." With increasing distance from the source, in an area of intermediate fluid/rock ratio, the condensed liquids replaced the primary minerals of the host with alunite and pyrite. The kaolinite/dickite zone formed in a rock-buffered environment (low fluid/rock ratio), in the zone furthest from the vapor… Advisors/Committee Members: Anthony E Williams-Jones (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Scher, S. (2012). Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia). (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile110439.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Scher, Samantha. “Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia).” 2012. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile110439.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Scher, Samantha. “Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia).” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Scher S. Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile110439.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Scher S. Fumarolic activity, acid-sulfate alteration and high- sulfidation epithermal precious metal mineralization in the crater of Kawah Ijen volcano (Java, Indonesia). [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2012. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile110439.pdf

University of Colorado

8. Hewlett, Alicia Christine. Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado.

Degree: MS, Geological Sciences, 2010, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/11

► The reservoir architecture, reservoir quality, and associated sandstone-body connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation at Mamm Creek Field vary stratigraphically and with depositional setting.… (more)

▼ The reservoir architecture, reservoir quality, and associated sandstone-body connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation at Mamm Creek Field vary stratigraphically and with depositional setting. The fluvial and shallow-marine sandstones were deposited within alluvial-plain, coastal-plain, and shallow-marine settings. The stratigraphic interval consists of porous but low permeability (tight-gas) sandstones that form the main gas-producing reservoirs in the Piceance Basin. Fluvial sandstones that are observed and interpreted in the Williams Fork Formation at Mamm Creek Field primarily include single-story channel bodies (e.g., channel bars; point bars) and crevasse splays. These deposits can be isolated bodies but also form amalgamated multistory channel bodies and channel complexes. Stratigraphic analysis of the fluvial deposits shows a relatively low, but variable, net-to gross ratio (30-76%) for the lower Williams Fork Formation with numerous laterally continuous coal beds. The middle Williams Fork Formation exhibits a relatively higher net-to-gross ratio (50-80%), and the net-to-gross ratio of the upper Williams Fork Formation ranges from 15 to 60%. Horizontal variogram correlation lengths of the sandstones are relatively short (<800 ft; 244 m) with respect to the distances between wells (330 ft [100 m] in north-south direction, and 1,320 ft [402 m] in east-west direction) and do not vary significantly stratigraphically. Variogram polar plots of the sandstones and effective porosity values indicate preferential trends of continuity in the north northeast to south-southwest direction. Three-dimensional reservoir models are used to explore how the fluvial sandstone bodies, effective porosity, and pay are distributed and interconnected. Static sandstone-body connectivity is greater than 52% for irregular 10-ac [660 ft; 201 m] well densities and decreases by as much as 25% with lower well densities (i.e., 40- and 160- ac). The middle Williams Fork Formation exhibits static connectivity values that are as much as 15% higher as compared to the lower Williams Fork Formation. Considering only reservoir-quality sandstones and calculated pay, results illustrate a decrease in static connectivity by as much as 57 to 74%, respectively, as compared to scenarios that include all sandstones. The static sandstone-body connectivity results provide a high estimate of connectivity, whereas the pay-based results provide a “base-case” or lower estimate of connectivity. Advisors/Committee Members: Matthew J. Pranter, Rex D. Cole, Edmund R. Gustason.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hewlett, A. C. (2010). Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/11

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hewlett, Alicia Christine. “Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado.” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/11.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hewlett, Alicia Christine. “Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Hewlett AC. Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/11.

Council of Science Editors:

Hewlett AC. Fluvial Architecture and Static Connectivity of the Williams Fork Formation, Central Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/geol_gradetds/11

McGill University

9. Sheard, Emma. Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2010, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile92260.pdf

►

The Thor Lake rare-metal (Zr, Nb, Y, REE, Ta, Be, Ga) deposit in the Northwest Territories of Canada represents one of the largest resources of… (more)

▼

The Thor Lake rare-metal (Zr, Nb, Y, REE, Ta, Be, Ga) deposit in the Northwest Territories of Canada represents one of the largest resources of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the heavy rare earth elements in the world. Much of the potentially economic mineralization was concentrated by magmatic processes. However, there is also evidence of remobilization of Zr, Y and REE by hydrothermal fluids. Geologically, the deposit is situated at the southern edge of the Slave Province of the Canadian Shield, within the 2150 Ma alkaline to peralkaline Blachford Lake Complex (Davidson, 1978).

The rare metal mineralization occurs in two sub-horizontal tabular layers in the Nechalacho deposit, an upper and a lower zone, with Zr hosted primarily by zircon, Nb primarily by ferrocolumbite and fergusonite-(Y), and Y + HREE by fergusonite-(Y) and zircon. The LREE are hosted by monazite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce) and parisite-(Ce)/synchysite-(Ce).

A model is proposed in which REE and HFSE enriched layers were formed by injection of separate miaskitic and agpaitic magmas, to form an upper zone rich in zircon and a lower zone rich in eudialyte. Primary eudialyte was later altered to zircon-fergusonite-(Y)-bastnäsite-(Ce)-parisite-(Ce)/synchysite-(Ce)-allanite-(Ce)-albite-quartz-biotite-fluorite-kutnahorite-hematite-bearing pseudomorphs by an inferred fluorine-enriched magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Yttrium and REE were also mobilized from the cores of primary zircon crystals in the upper zone and locally precipitated as fergusonite-(Y) along micro-fractures. Hydrothermal fluids altered the distribution of REE, within the upper and lower mineralized zones, locally enriching and depleting them, and created a set of secondary minerals which will be the main target of future exploitation.

Le gisement de terres rares (Zr, Nb, Y, REE, Ta, Be, Ga) de Thor Lake situé dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Canada, représente l'une des plus grandes ressources de zircon, niobium, yttrium et des éléments du groupe des terres rares lourdes (REE) au monde. Une partie importante des minéralisations reconnues comme potentiellement économiques résulte de processus magmatiques. Il existe également des évidences d'une remobilisation du Zr, Y et REE par des fluides hydrothermaux. Le gisement se situe sur le versant méridional de la Province de l'Esclave dans le Bouclier canadien, dans les unités de roches alkalines à perakalines du Complexe du lac Blachford datées à 2150 Ma (Davidson, 1978).

La minéralisation de métal rare est associée à deux couches tabulaires sub-horizontales formant une zone supérieure et une zone inférieure. Le Zr est principalement associé au zircon; le Nb à la ferrocolumbite et la fergusonite-(Y); et Y + HREE à la fergusonite-(Y) et au zircon. Les LREE sont quant à eux associés à la monazite-(Ce), l'allanite-(Ce), la bastnäsite-(Ce) et la parisite(Ce)/synchysite-(Ce).

Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel les couches enrichies en REE et HFSE résultent d'injections indépendantes de magmas miaskitique et…

Advisors/Committee Members: Anthony E Williams-Jones (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Sheard, E. (2010). Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada. (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile92260.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sheard, Emma. “Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada.” 2010. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile92260.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sheard, Emma. “Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Sheard E. Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile92260.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Sheard E. Behaviour of zirconium, niobium, yttrium and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare-metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada. [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2010. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile92260.pdf

McGill University

10. Nadeau, Olivier. The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia.

Degree: PhD, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2011, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104612.pdf

► Porphyry and high sulfidation epithermal ore-forming systems are genetically associated with calc-alkaline volcanism in subduction zones, and where erosion has not been too deep, the… (more)

▼ Porphyry and high sulfidation epithermal ore-forming systems are genetically associated with calc-alkaline volcanism in subduction zones, and where erosion has not been too deep, the volcanic rocks are still commonly exposed in close proximity to the deposits. Most models for porphyry copper and high sulfidation epithermal gold systems include a shallow magmatic reservoir (the porphyry stock), an overlying hydrothermal cell, its alteration paragenesis and a stratovolcano. Some investigations also discuss the importance of underlying granitoid batholiths as feeders for porphyry stocks and their hydrothermal systems. Although it is commonly believed that the ores deposit during the waning stages of volcanism, given the time span over which these deposits form (tens of thousands to several million years) and the undeniable existence of hydrothermal systems beneath volcanoes, it is quite probable that their formation is initiated at times when volcanoes are still active. Although currently mined ore deposits are excellent places to focus research, subduction zone stratovolcanoes provide important windows on the magmatic-hydrothermal processes at play.This thesis describes an investigation of the magmatic-hydrothermal environment that resides beneath Merapi volcano, Indonesia. The research involved sampling and chemical analysis of minuscule aliquots of evolving silicate and sulfide melts trapped as inclusions at different times and in different locations in growing crystals subsequently ejected during eruptions. The research also involved sampling and analysis of fumarolic gases (and their precipitates) emitted at Merapi volcano during times of quiescence and eruptive activity, as well as compilation of published compositional data for fumarolic gases from other arc volcanoes. These gases are the surface equivalents of ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Finally the research involved compilation from the literature of compositional data for fluid inclusions (micron-scale droplets of magmatic volatile phases) trapped in gangue minerals in porphyry copper deposits. The focus of the research was the behaviour of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead and molybdenum in magmatic hydrothermal systems.The research reported in Chapter 1 showed that injections of sulfide melt-saturated mafic magma into shallower, more evolved and more oxidized resident magma at Merapi volcano induced exsolution of a magmatic volatile phase from the mafic magma. This hydrothermal fluid dissolved the sulfide melt and became enriched in chalcophile (notably copper) and siderophile metals. An argument is presented that the overpressure generated by the exsolution of a fluid originating in this manner triggered an explosive eruption at Merapi volcano in 2006. This is supported by the observation that the metal content, particularly of copper, was higher in the volcanic gas sampled immediately after this eruption than during periods of quiescence and that metal ratios of the gas are remarkably similar to those of sulfide melt inclusions. In Chapter… Advisors/Committee Members: Anthony E Williams-Jones (Internal/Supervisor), John Stix (Internal/Cosupervisor2).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Nadeau, O. (2011). The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia. (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104612.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nadeau, Olivier. “The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104612.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nadeau, Olivier. “The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Nadeau O. The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. McGill University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104612.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Nadeau O. The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. McGill University; 2011. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile104612.pdf

McGill University

11. King, Julia. A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia.

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2013, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114467.pdf

► The Bowone and Binebase Au (Ag-Cu) deposits are related prospects, located 1 km apart on the volcanic island of Sangihe, Northeastern Indonesia. The deposits occur… (more)

▼ The Bowone and Binebase Au (Ag-Cu) deposits are related prospects, located 1 km apart on the volcanic island of Sangihe, Northeastern Indonesia. The deposits occur at the southern and oldest end of the island, and are hosted in Quaternary volcanic and volcaniclastic formations. Each deposit has a supergene and hypogene mineralized zone, although only the supergene zone of the Binebase deposit is of significant thickness. This thesis focuses on the hypogene zones of the deposits, and was undertaken with the goal of understanding the formation of high-sulphidation epithermal precious metal (Au, Ag) deposits. The hypogene mineralized zones at both Bowone and Binebase are spatially related to intense advanced (quartz, pyrite, pyrophyllite, natroalunite, alunite and kaolinite) and intermediate (quartz, pyrite, kaolinite, dickite and illite) argillic alteration that resulted in enhanced secondary porosity and silica-rich zones. However, vuggy or residual silica, which is characteristic of high-sulphidation epithermal deposits, is poorly developed. The mineralization occurred in three stages: 1) early gold-bearing pyrite (Pyrite I) in textural equilibrium with advanced and intermediate argillic alteration; 2) replacement and veining of massive gold-bearing Pyrite II and; 3) barite-enargite (Au and Ag bearing) veins. In each stage, gold and silver are hosted in pyrite and locally enargite, either in solid solution or as nanoparticles. The occurrence of gold-bearing pyrite in textural equilibrium with hydrothermal alteration minerals that are widely considered to have formed from condensed acidic vapours shows that the same fluids were also mineralizing, and transported gold (and other metals).The metals likely originated from an oxidizing felsic magma that was emplaced at high crustal levels and exsolved a low-density supercritical fluid into which the metals partitioned preferentially. The metals were transported by this fluid (which evolved to vapour on cooling) as hydrated species that ascended through the volcanic pile via fractures and zones of enhanced permeability. The fluid condensed at depths between 920 and 1260 m to form an acidic liquid with a pH between 0.5 and 4. The temperature ranged between 250 and 340°C and ∆ logfO2 (HM) was between -1 and +4. At high fluid/rock ratios, advanced argillic assemblages formed, whereas at low fluid/rock ratios, an intermediate argillic I and a distal intermediate argillic II alteration assemblage formed. The alteration also created porosity through the dissolution of minerals. The metals accumulated in zones of high fluid/rock ratios controlled by sub-vertical conduits and porosity of the sub-horizontal host rocks, where they were concentrated by adsorption onto the faces of pyrite crystals and incorporated in the pyrite through substitution for Fe or deposition as nanoparticles.Pyrite contains Ag, As, Au, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Te and Zn. Pyrite I is host to an average of 1.1 ppm Au and 33.0 ppm Ag, pyrite II contains an average of 3.0 ppm Au and 80.6 ppm Ag, and… Advisors/Committee Members: Anthony E Williams-Jones (Internal/Supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

King, J. (2013). A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia. (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114467.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

King, Julia. “A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia.” 2013. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114467.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

King, Julia. “A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia.” 2013. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

King J. A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114467.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

King J. A vapour-dominated high-sulphidation system: geology, alteration and mineralization of the hypogene Au (Ag-Cu) Bowone and Binebase deposits, Sangihe Island, Indonesia. [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2013. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile114467.pdf

McGill University

12. Hryciuk, Matthew. Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada.

Degree: MS, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2013, McGill University

URL: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile117166.pdf

►

Contamination in the intrusive plumbing system of large igneous provinces (LIPs) by country rocks can lead to sulfide immiscibility, which is a vital step in… (more)

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Contamination in the intrusive plumbing system of large igneous provinces (LIPs) by country rocks can lead to sulfide immiscibility, which is a vital step in the formation of nickel-copper-platinum group element (PGE) ore deposits. On Victoria Island, arctic Canada, exceptional preservation enables the relationships between sills and dikes of the Neoproterozoic Franklin LIP and their host sedimentary rocks to be studied in detail. We use sulfur isotope values and major and trace elements concentrations of intrusions and host rocks and Fe-Ti oxide oxybarometry of intrusions to evaluate contamination in the Franklin LIP and the effect of contamination on sulfur solubility. There is minimal evidence of host rock contamination in carbonate- and shale-hosted sills. These sills tend to have homogeneous δ34S values between +3 and +4‰ (V-CDT, Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite). We document how sulfur contamination in a prominent dike led to δ34S values as low as -4‰. Major and trace element profiles document a net depletion of sulfur and trace metals in host carbonates proximal to the dike. We propose that sulfur advected into the dike carried by contact metamorphic fluids generated by carbonate devolatilization reactions.We present field evidence linking host-rock contamination to oxygen fugacity (fO2) and sulfide immiscibility. Sills hosted by carbonates and shales have oxygen fugacity conditions in the range where sulfides are stable below ΔFMQ+1 (log units relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer). In these sills, oxygen fugacity (fO2) is not correlated to sulfur isotope values. Evaporite-hosted sills record much wider ranges of sulfur isotope values and oxygen fugacities. Evaporite-hosted sill samples with δ34S values less than +5‰ recorded uniformly reducing fO2 conditions below ΔFMQ-1. The sill with the most positive δ34S in its interior (up to +13‰) recorded the most homogeneously oxidizing fO2 conditions (ΔFMQ+1 to ΔFMQ+2) in the transitional range between sulfide and sulfate melt speciation. Mixing calculations indicate that up to 0.7wt% anhydrite needed to be assimilated to explain the S-isotopic signatures. However, half the added sulfur predicted by the mixing calculations is missing, and it is inferred that this may be due to immiscible sulfide segregation upstream of the sill emplacement site.Although sulfide immiscibility in a mafic melt, such as that accompanying host-rock contamination, is a necessary prerequisite to the formation of an economic magmatic sulfide deposit, it does not guarantee that further ore-forming processes, such as metal tenor upgrading, will occur. With this caution in mind, the data presented in this thesis suggest that evaporite assimilation in dikes is the best way to generate the immiscible sulfides needed to initiate an ore-forming sequence in a large igneous province plumbing system

La contamination par des roches encaissantes ayant lieu dans les conduits qui alimentent les effusions basaltiques de grande envergure (LIP = large igneous province) pourrait déclencher…

Advisors/Committee Members: Boswell Wing (Internal/Supervisor), Jean Bédard (Internal/Cosupervisor2).

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences - Geology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Hryciuk, M. (2013). Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada. (Masters Thesis). McGill University. Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile117166.pdf

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hryciuk, Matthew. “Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada.” 2013. Masters Thesis, McGill University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile117166.pdf.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hryciuk, Matthew. “Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada.” 2013. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Hryciuk M. Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. McGill University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile117166.pdf.

Council of Science Editors:

Hryciuk M. Host-rock contamination and sulfide immiscibility in the Franklin large igneous province, Victoria Island, Canada. [Masters Thesis]. McGill University; 2013. Available from: http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile117166.pdf

University of Nevada – Las Vegas

13. Eck, Nathan C. The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA.

Degree: MSin Geoscience, Geoscience, 2010, University of Nevada – Las Vegas

URL: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/879

► Carlin-type gold deposits (CTGDs) result from low to moderate temperature hydrothermal systems which form replacement bodies in carbonate or calcareous host rocks. The Getchell… (more)

▼ Carlin-type gold deposits (CTGDs) result from low to moderate temperature hydrothermal systems which form replacement bodies in carbonate or calcareous host rocks. The Getchell CTGD is located on the Getchell trend in north central Nevada. The Eocene age mineralization is locally hosted within the metamorphic aureole of the Cretaceous age Osgood stock. Previous studies have noted that the effects of the contact metamorphism can be heterogeneous, with strongly calc-silicate altered carbonates transitioning to relatively pristine limestone over short distances. The main finding of this study was that the variability in calc-silicate alteration is largely dependent on the differing host lithologies at the deposit. Strong calc-silicate alteration from contact metamorphism commonly exists in rocks composed of argillaceous mudstone inter-bedded with limestone while the rocks composed of siliceous carbonaceous mudstones and limestones just a few meters away show no evidence of calc-silicate alteration. The different ways in which these rock types respond to the contact metamorphism plays an important role in ore control at the deposit. The strongly calc-silicate altered rocks are poor hosts for Carlin-type gold deposition. The ore fluids which were moderately acidic, pH 3-4, required carbonates to generate porosity and permeability, as well as to liberate iron for the ore fluids to sulfidize to form the Au-bearing pyrite. As such the strongly calc-silicate altered lithologies are not receptive to the Carlin ore fluids, due to most of the carbonate being replaced by calc-silicate minerals. The limestones inter-bedded with siliceous carbonaceous mudstones which have not been altered to calc-silicates, are the best hosts for Carlin-type mineralization. This study observed several locations where strong mineralization is present in this rock type up to the contact with the strongly calc-silicate altered argillaceous mudstones inter-bedded with limestones. Additionally mineralization is restricted to areas adjacent to conduits for ore fluids, most commonly faults, but also along dikes. Where conduits transporting ore fluids contact the receptive areas host rock mineralization permeates outward away from the conduit. The best hosts, those which are dominantly limestone, contain grades >1.000 ounce Au per ton (oz/t). Sections composed dominantly of siliceous carbonaceous mudstones have little to no calcareous material for the ore fluids to replace aside from calcite filled fractures. Gold grade in mineralized sections of siliceous carbonaceous mudstone are <0.100 oz/t Au. Faults which cut the strongly calc-silicate altered rocks typically have mineralization which is confined to the fault gouge and does not permeate into the surrounding rock, although in heavily faulted areas there can be significant intervals of fault gouge and breccia with ore grade mineralization (>0.300 oz/t Au). The secondary focus of this study examined the distribution of iron-bearing carbonate proximal to the Osgood stock to… Advisors/Committee Members: Adam Simon, Co-Chair, Jean Cline, Co-Chair, Wanda Taylor, John Muntean.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Eck, N. C. (2010). The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA. (Masters Thesis). University of Nevada – Las Vegas. Retrieved from https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/879

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Eck, Nathan C. “The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA.” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Nevada – Las Vegas. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/879.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Eck, Nathan C. “The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Eck NC. The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Nevada – Las Vegas; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/879.

Council of Science Editors:

Eck NC. The Effects of contact metamorphism on the host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization at the Getchell Development, Nevada, USA. [Masters Thesis]. University of Nevada – Las Vegas; 2010. Available from: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/879

University of Arkansas

14. O'Keefe, Caroline Vance. Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone.

Degree: MS, 2012, University of Arkansas

URL: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/270

► The Glenn Pool Oil Field of Northeastern Oklahoma was established as the first major oil discovery of the fledgling state of Oklahoma. Fully developed… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth sciences; Geology; Stratigraphy

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APA (6^th Edition):

O'Keefe, C. V. (2012). Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone. (Masters Thesis). University of Arkansas. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/270

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

O'Keefe, Caroline Vance. “Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Arkansas. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/270.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

O'Keefe, Caroline Vance. “Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

O'Keefe CV. Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Arkansas; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/270.

Council of Science Editors:

O'Keefe CV. Data Integration and Reservoir Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Bartlesville Sandstone. [Masters Thesis]. University of Arkansas; 2012. Available from: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/270

University of Arkansas

15. Knight, Lacie. Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas.

Degree: MS, 2012, University of Arkansas

URL: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/386

► Paleozoic formations in western Arkansas have been well-studied; however, they are not well-understood in the eastern part of the state. The study area encompasses… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth sciences; Stratigraphy; Geology; Stratigraphy

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APA (6^th Edition):

Knight, L. (2012). Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas. (Masters Thesis). University of Arkansas. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/386

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Knight, Lacie. “Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Arkansas. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/386.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Knight, Lacie. “Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Knight L. Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Arkansas; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/386.

Council of Science Editors:

Knight L. Stratigraphy and Provenance of Shallow Sandstones Endountered in Wells in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 6 and 7 West, White County, Arkansas. [Masters Thesis]. University of Arkansas; 2012. Available from: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/386

University of Washington

16. Hillebrand, Trevor Ray. Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica.

Degree: PhD, 2019, University of Washington

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/43830

► The West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be prone to rapid collapse under climates warmer than today due to a dynamic instability at the grounding line,… (more)

▼ The West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be prone to rapid collapse under climates warmer than today due to a dynamic instability at the grounding line, where the ice sheet goes afloat over seawater. However, there is to-date no conclusive evidence that the ice sheet has gone away in last few million years. Thus, characterizing and understanding the transitions between the glacial and interglacial states of the ice sheet is a fundamental step towards predicting its response to future warming. Here, I investigate the history of ice sheet fluctuations in the Ross and Weddell Sea sectors of Antarctica over thousand- to million-year timescales, using cosmogenic nuclide analysis of glacial deposits and glaciated bedrock surfaces, ice-penetrating radar surveys, and numerical modeling of radar waveforms and ice flow. I have mapped and dated glacial deposits from Darwin and Hatherton glaciers, which have been used to constrain the last deglaciation in the Ross Embayment. I find that these glaciers thinned slowly and steadily through the Holocene, thousands of years later than other glaciers in the region. I use ice flow models to show (1) that their thickness changes require changing catchment boundaries upstream, and (2) that ice thickness changes at the glacier mouth are not a simple proxy for grounding line position. Next, I present new ice-penetrating radar surveys from Crary Ice Rise, a promontory in the Ross Ice Shelf that provides stability to portions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. I find that the ice rise contains large amounts of marine ice that accreted in basal crevasses and rifts before or during ice rise formation. Marine ice could have strengthened the damaged ice shelf, facilitating ice rise formation. Finally, I use cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in a subglacial bedrock core and a large ensemble of ice sheet model simulations to investigate the long-term stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The concentrations in the core preclude 150 m of ice sheet thinning at the Pirrit Hills since at least 2 Ma. The ice sheet model results show that continuous burial of the bedrock core requires a stable Filchner-Ronne ice shelf. Advisors/Committee Members: Stone, John O.H. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords:

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hillebrand, T. R. (2019). Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1773/43830

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hillebrand, Trevor Ray. “Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/43830.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hillebrand, Trevor Ray. “Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica.” 2019. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Hillebrand TR. Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington; 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/43830.

Council of Science Editors:

Hillebrand TR. Quaternary grounding-line fluctuations in Antarctica. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Washington; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/43830

Michigan Technological University

17. Brill, Kyle Arthur. Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/314

► We observed Santiaguito volcano in southwestern Guatemala from March 2008 - March 2010. Seismic and infrasound data collected between January and March of 2009… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Brill, K. A. (2011). Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/314

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Brill, Kyle Arthur. “Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/314.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Brill, Kyle Arthur. “Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Brill KA. Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/314.

Council of Science Editors:

Brill KA. Characterization of harmonic tremor at Santiaguito volcano and its implications for eruption mechanisms. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/314

Michigan Technological University

18. Lechner, Hans N. Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2010, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/329

► We used differential GPS measurements from a 13 station GPS network spanning the Santa Ana Volcano and Coatepeque Caldera to characterize the inter-eruptive activity… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lechner, H. N. (2010). Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/329

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lechner, Hans N. “Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/329.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lechner, Hans N. “Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Lechner HN. Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/329.

Council of Science Editors:

Lechner HN. Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/329

Michigan Technological University

19. Knutsen, Karinne L. La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2010, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/541

► La Yeguada volcanic complex is one of three Quaternary volcanic centers in Panama, and is located on the southern slope of the Cordillera Central… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Knutsen, K. L. (2010). La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/541

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Knutsen, Karinne L. “La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/541.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Knutsen, Karinne L. “La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Knutsen KL. La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/541.

Council of Science Editors:

Knutsen KL. La Yeguada volcanic complex, western Panama : an assessment of the geologic hazards using new ⁴⁰AR/³⁹Ar Ages. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/541

Michigan Technological University

20. Desplas, Elise A. Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2012, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/317

► Data on the evolution of geomagnetic paleointensity are crucial for understanding the geodynamo and Earth’s thermal history. Although basaltic flows are preferred for paleointensity… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Desplas, E. A. (2012). Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/317

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Desplas, Elise A. “Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/317.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Desplas, Elise A. “Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Desplas EA. Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/317.

Council of Science Editors:

Desplas EA. Comparison of magnetic properties and petrography between dykes and lava flows from La Cienega, New Mexico and Thunder Bay area, Canada. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/317

Michigan Technological University

21. Silverman, Jesse. "The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/338

► A major deficiency in disaster management plans is the assumption that pre-disaster civil-society does not have the capacity to respond effectively during crises. Following… (more)

▼ A major deficiency in disaster management plans is the assumption that pre-disaster civil-society does not have the capacity to respond effectively during crises. Following from this assumption a dominant emergency management strategy is to replace weak civil-society organizations with specialized disaster organizations that are often either military or Para-military and seek to centralize decision-making. Many criticisms have been made of this approach, but few specifically addresses disasters in the developing world. Disasters in the developing world present unique problems not seen in the developed world because they often occur in the context of compromised governments, and marginalized populations. In this context it is often community members themselves who possess the greatest capacity to respond to disasters. This paper focuses on the capacity of community groups to respond to disaster in a small town in rural Guatemala. Key informant interviews and ethnographic observations are used to reconstruct the community response to the disaster instigated by Hurricane Stan (2005) in the municipality of Tectitán in the Huehuetenango department. The interviews were analyzed using techniques adapted from grounded theory to construct a narrative of the events, and identify themes in the community’s disaster behavior. These themes are used to critique the emergency management plans advocated by the Guatemalan National Coordination for the Reduction of Disasters (CONRED). This paper argues that CONRED uncritically adopts emergency management strategies that do not account for the local realities in communities throughout Guatemala. The response in Tectitán was characterized by the formation of new organizations, whose actions and leadership structure were derived from “normal” or routine life. It was found that pre-existing social networks were resilient and easily re-oriented meet the novel needs of a crisis. New or emergent groups that formed during the disaster utilized social capital accrued by routine collective behavior, and employed organizational strategies derived from “normal” community relations. Based on the effectiveness of this response CONRED could improve its emergency planning on the local-level by utilizing the pre-existing community organizations rather than insisting that new disaster-specific organizations be formed. Advisors/Committee Members: William I. Rose.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Silverman, J. (2011). "The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/338

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Silverman, Jesse. “"The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/338.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Silverman, Jesse. “"The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Silverman J. "The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/338.

Council of Science Editors:

Silverman J. "The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/338

Michigan Technological University

22. Mandon, Céline L. Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2012, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/331

► Mount Etna, Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, and is also regarded as one of the strongest volcanic sources… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mandon, C. L. (2012). Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/331

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mandon, Céline L. “Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/331.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mandon, Céline L. “Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Mandon CL. Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/331.

Council of Science Editors:

Mandon CL. Comparing satellite and ground-based observations of paroxysmal degassing events at Etna volcano, Italy. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/331

Michigan Technological University

23. Herrick, Julie A. Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/324

► Two volcanic debris avalanche deposits (VDADs), both attributed to sector collapse at Volcán Barú, Panama, have been identified after an investigation of deposits that… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Herrick, J. A. (2011). Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/324

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Herrick, Julie A. “Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/324.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Herrick, Julie A. “Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Herrick JA. Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/324.

Council of Science Editors:

Herrick JA. Recurrent voluminous sector collapses at Volcán Barú, Panama. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/324

Michigan Technological University

24. Benjakul, Rungroj. Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2010, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/313

► The primary challenge in groundwater and contaminant transport modeling is obtaining the data needed for constructing, calibrating and testing the models. Large amounts of… (more)

▼ The primary challenge in groundwater and contaminant transport modeling is obtaining the data needed for constructing, calibrating and testing the models. Large amounts of data are necessary for describing the hydrostratigraphy in areas with complex geology. Increasingly states are making spatial data available that can be used for input to groundwater flow models. The appropriateness of this data for large-scale flow systems has not been tested. This study focuses on modeling a plume of 1,4-dioxane in a heterogeneous aquifer system in Scio Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan. The analysis consisted of: (1) characterization of hydrogeology of the area and construction of a conceptual model based on publicly available spatial data, (2) development and calibration of a regional flow model for the site, (3) conversion of the regional model to a more highly resolved local model, (4) simulation of the dioxane plume, and (5) evaluation of the model's ability to simulate field data and estimation of the possible dioxane sources and subsequent migration until maximum concentrations are at or below the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality's residential cleanup standard for groundwater (85 ppb). MODFLOW-2000 and MT3D programs were utilized to simulate the groundwater flow and the development and movement of the 1, 4-dioxane plume, respectively. MODFLOW simulates transient groundwater flow in a quasi-3-dimensional sense, subject to a variety of boundary conditions that can simulate recharge, pumping, and surface-/groundwater interactions. MT3D simulates solute advection with groundwater flow (using the flow solution from MODFLOW), dispersion, source/sink mixing, and chemical reaction of contaminants. This modeling approach was successful at simulating the groundwater flows by calibrating recharge and hydraulic conductivities. The plume transport was adequately simulated using literature dispersivity and sorption coefficients, although the plume geometries were not well constrained. Advisors/Committee Members: John S Gierke.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Benjakul, R. (2010). Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/313

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Benjakul, Rungroj. “Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/313.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Benjakul, Rungroj. “Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data.” 2010. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Benjakul R. Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/313.

Council of Science Editors:

Benjakul R. Simulating dioxane transport in a heterogeneous glacial aquifer system (Washtenaw County, Michigan) using publicly available models and data. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2010. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/313

Michigan Technological University

25. Islam, Nayyer. Sonic log prediction in carbonates.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/326

► This work is conducted to study the complications associated with the sonic log prediction in carbonate logs and to investigate the possible solutions to… (more)

▼ This work is conducted to study the complications associated with the sonic log prediction in carbonate logs and to investigate the possible solutions to accurately predict the sonic logs in Traverse Limestone. Well logs from fifty different wells were analyzed to define the mineralogy of the Traverse Limestone by using conventional 4-mineral and 3-mineral identification approaches. We modified the conventional 3-mineral identification approach (that completely neglects the gamma ray response) to correct the shale effects on the basis of gamma ray log before employing the 3-mineral identification. This modification helped to get the meaningful insight of the data when a plot was made between DGA (dry grain density) and UMA (Photoelectric Volumetric Cross-section) with the characteristic ternary diagram of the quartz, calcite and dolomite. The results were then compared with the 4-mineral identification approach. Contour maps of the average mineral fractions present in the Traverse Limestone were prepared to see the basin wide mineralogy of Traverse Limestone. In the second part, sonic response of Traverse Limestone was predicted in fifty randomly distributed wells. We used the modified time average equation that accounts for the shale effects on the basis of gamma ray log, and used it to predict the sonic behavior from density porosity and average porosity. To account for the secondary porosity of dolomite, we subtracted the dolomitic fraction of clean porosity from the total porosity. The pseudo-sonic logs were then compared with the measured sonic logs on the root mean square (RMS) basis. Addition of dolomite correction in modified time average equation improved the results of sonic prediction from neutron porosity and average porosity. The results demonstrated that sonic logs could be predicted in carbonate rocks with a root mean square error of about 4μsec/ft. We also attempted the use of individual mineral components for sonic log prediction but the ambiguities in mineral fractions and in the sonic properties of the minerals limited the accuracy of the results. Advisors/Committee Members: Wayne D Pennington.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Islam, N. (2011). Sonic log prediction in carbonates. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/326

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Islam, Nayyer. “Sonic log prediction in carbonates.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/326.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Islam, Nayyer. “Sonic log prediction in carbonates.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Islam N. Sonic log prediction in carbonates. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/326.

Council of Science Editors:

Islam N. Sonic log prediction in carbonates. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/326

Michigan Technological University

26. Morales Rivera, Anieri M. Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/334

► Turrialba is one of the largest and most active stratovolcanoes in the Central Cordillera of Costa Rica and an excellent target for validation of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Morales Rivera, A. M. (2011). Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/334

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Morales Rivera, Anieri M. “Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/334.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Morales Rivera, Anieri M. “Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Morales Rivera AM. Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/334.

Council of Science Editors:

Morales Rivera AM. Comparisons between OMI SO₂ data and ground-based SO₂ measurements at Turrialba volcano. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/334

Michigan Technological University

27. Manzoni, Patrick. Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2012, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/332

► The Pacaya volcanic complex is part of the Central American volcanic arc, which is associated with the subduction of the Cocos tectonic plate under… (more)

▼ The Pacaya volcanic complex is part of the Central American volcanic arc, which is associated with the subduction of the Cocos tectonic plate under the Caribbean plate. Located 30 km south of Guatemala City, Pacaya is situated on the southern rim of the Amatitlan Caldera. It is the largest post-caldera volcano, and has been one of Central America’s most active volcanoes over the last 500 years. Between 400 and 2000 years B.P, the Pacaya volcano had experienced a huge collapse, which resulted in the formation of horseshoe-shaped scarp that is still visible. In the recent years, several smaller collapses have been associated with the activity of the volcano (in 1961 and 2010) affecting its northwestern flanks, which are likely to be induced by the local and regional stress changes. The similar orientation of dry and volcanic fissures and the distribution of new vents would likely explain the reactivation of the pre-existing stress configuration responsible for the old-collapse. This paper presents the first stability analysis of the Pacaya volcanic flank. The inputs for the geological and geotechnical models were defined based on the stratigraphical, lithological, structural data, and material properties obtained from field survey and lab tests. According to the mechanical characteristics, three lithotechnical units were defined: Lava, Lava-Breccia and Breccia-Lava. The Hoek and Brown’s failure criterion was applied for each lithotechnical unit and the rock mass friction angle, apparent cohesion, and strength and deformation characteristics were computed in a specified stress range. Further, the stability of the volcano was evaluated by two-dimensional analysis performed by Limit Equilibrium (LEM, ROCSCIENCE) and Finite Element Method (FEM, PHASE 2 7.0). The stability analysis mainly focused on the modern Pacaya volcano built inside the collapse amphitheatre of “Old Pacaya”. The volcanic instability was assessed based on the variability of safety factor using deterministic, sensitivity, and probabilistic analysis considering the gravitational instability and the effects of external forces such as magma pressure and seismicity as potential triggering mechanisms of lateral collapse. The preliminary results from the analysis provide two insights: first, the least stable sector is on the south-western flank of the volcano; second, the lowest safety factor value suggests that the edifice is stable under gravity alone, and the external triggering mechanism can represent a likely destabilizing factor. Advisors/Committee Members: Thomas Oommen, Alessandro Tibaldi.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Manzoni, P. (2012). Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/332

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Manzoni, Patrick. “Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/332.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Manzoni, Patrick. “Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Manzoni P. Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/332.

Council of Science Editors:

Manzoni P. Slope stability analysis of the Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala, using limit equilibrium and finite element method. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/332

Michigan Technological University

28. Morgan, Hilary A. Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala.

Degree: MS, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2012, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/335

► Time-averaged discharge rates (TADR) were calculated for five lava flows at Pacaya Volcano (Guatemala), using an adapted version of a previously developed satellite-based model.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Morgan, H. A. (2012). Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala. (Masters Thesis). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/335

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Morgan, Hilary A. “Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/335.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Morgan, Hilary A. “Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala.” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Morgan HA. Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/335.

Council of Science Editors:

Morgan HA. Lava discharge rate estimates from thermal infrared satellite data at Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/335

Michigan Technological University

29. Nadeau, Patricia Amanda. Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes.

Degree: PhD, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2011, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/336

► Magmatic volatiles play a crucial role in volcanism, from magma production at depth to generation of seismic phenomena to control of eruption style. Accordingly,… (more)

▼ Magmatic volatiles play a crucial role in volcanism, from magma production at depth to generation of seismic phenomena to control of eruption style. Accordingly, many models of volcano dynamics rely heavily on behavior of such volatiles. Yet measurements of emission rates of volcanic gases have historically been limited, which has restricted model verification to processes on the order of days or longer. UV cameras are a recent advancement in the field of remote sensing of volcanic SO₂ emissions. They offer enhanced temporal and spatial resolution over previous measurement techniques, but need development before they can be widely adopted and achieve the promise of integration with other geophysical datasets. Large datasets require a means by which to quickly and efficiently use imagery to calculate emission rates. We present a suite of programs designed to semi-automatically determine emission rates of SO₂ from series of UV images. Extraction of high temporal resolution SO₂ emission rates via this software facilitates comparison of gas data to geophysical data for the purposes of evaluating models of volcanic activity and has already proven useful at several volcanoes. Integrated UV camera and seismic measurements recorded in January 2009 at Fuego volcano, Guatemala, provide new insight into the system’s shallow conduit processes. High temporal resolution SO2 data reveal patterns of SO₂ emission rate relative to explosions and seismic tremor that indicate tremor and degassing share a common source process. Progressive decreases in emission rate appear to represent inhibition of gas loss from magma as a result of rheological stiffening in the upper conduit. Measurements of emission rate from two closely-spaced vents, made possible by the high spatial resolution of the camera, help constrain this model. UV camera measurements at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, in May of 2010 captured two occurrences of lava filling and draining within the summit vent. Accompanying high lava stands were diminished SO₂ emission rates, decreased seismic and infrasonic tremor, minor deflation, and slowed lava lake surface velocity. Incorporation of UV camera data into the multi-parameter dataset gives credence to the likelihood of shallow gas accumulation as the cause of such events. Advisors/Committee Members: Gregory Phillip Waite, Simon Anthony Carn.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA (6^th Edition):

Nadeau, P. A. (2011). Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/336

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Nadeau, Patricia Amanda. “Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/336.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Nadeau, Patricia Amanda. “Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes.” 2011. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Nadeau PA. Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/336.

Council of Science Editors:

Nadeau PA. Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2011. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/336

Michigan Technological University

30. Henney, Lorna Alison. Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER).

Degree: PhD, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, 2012, Michigan Technological University

URL: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/323

► The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) has been used to quantify SO₂ emissions from passively degassing volcanoes. This dissertation explores ASTER’s… (more)

▼ The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) has been used to quantify SO₂ emissions from passively degassing volcanoes. This dissertation explores ASTER’s capability to detect SO2 with satellite validation, enhancement techniques and extensive processing of images at a variety of volcanoes. ASTER is compared to the Mini UV Spectrometer (MUSe), a ground based instrument, to determine if reasonable SO₂ fluxes can be quantified from a plume emitted from Lascar, Chile. The two sensors were in good agreement with ASTER proving to be a reliable detector of SO₂. ASTER illustrated the advantages of imaging a plume in 2D, with better temporal resolution than the MUSe. SO₂ plumes in ASTER imagery are not always discernible in the raw TIR data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Decorrelation Stretch (DCS) enhancement techniques were compared to determine how well they highlight a variety of volcanic plumes. DCS produced a consistent output and the composition of the plumes was easy to identify from explosive eruptions. As the plumes became smaller and lower in altitude they became harder to distinguish using DCS. PCA proved to be better at identifying smaller low altitude plumes. ASTER was used to investigate SO₂ emissions at Lascar, Chile. Activity at Lascar has been characterized by cyclic behavior and persistent degassing (Matthews et al. 1997). Previous studies at Lascar have primarily focused on changes in thermal infrared anomalies, neglecting gas emissions. Using the SO₂ data along with changes in thermal anomalies and visual observations it is evident that Lascar is at the end an eruptive cycle that began in 1993. Declining gas emissions and crater temperatures suggest that the conduit is sealing. ASTER and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were used to determine the annual contribution of SO₂ to the troposphere from the Central and South American volcanic arcs between 2000 and 2011. Fluxes of 3.4 Tg/a for Central America and 3.7 Tg/a for South America were calculated. The detection limits of ASTER were explored. The results a proved to be interesting, with plumes from many of the high emitting volcanoes, such as Villarrica, Chile, not being detected by ASTER. Advisors/Committee Members: Iain Matthew Watson.

Subjects/Keywords: Earth Sciences; Geology; Physical Sciences and Mathematics

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Henney, L. A. (2012). Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/323

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Henney, Lorna Alison. “Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER).” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University. Accessed January 17, 2020. http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/323.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Henney, Lorna Alison. “Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER).” 2012. Web. 17 Jan 2020.

Vancouver:

Henney LA. Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. [cited 2020 Jan 17]. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/323.

Council of Science Editors:

Henney LA. Remote sensing of volcanic plumes using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). [Doctoral Dissertation]. Michigan Technological University; 2012. Available from: http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds/323

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