subject:(Black carbon)

Cornell University

1. Heymann, Karen. Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter.

Degree: PhD, Soil and Crop Sciences, 2012, Cornell University

► Black carbon (BC) is considered ubiquitous in soil organic matter and therefore plays an important role in soil biogeochemistry. This research largely relied on advanced… (more)

▼ Black carbon (BC) is considered ubiquitous in soil organic matter and therefore plays an important role in soil biogeochemistry. This research largely relied on advanced Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-edge (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to expand our understanding of black carbon chemistry, and to investigate the mechanisms controlling black carbon stability in soil. The international BC ring trial was characterized using NEXAFS; our results indicated that NEXAFS is a reliable approach for spectroscopic characterization of BC in soil. We also evaluated two mathematical modeling approaches to quantify black carbon (BC) in a BC-rich Anthrosol using carbon (C) near-edge X-ray absorption fine-edge structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Best fit results (lowest error) were achieved using BCs formed at 500[MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR]C-600[MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR]C compared with BC produced at at 350[MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR]C-450[MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR]C. BC produced at lower temperatures were characterized by lower aromaticity than those produced at higher temperatures. These differences suggest that assumptions about formation temperature of BC may affect the quantification of BC contained in soil for methods that rely on reference materials. We attempted to verify the existence of BC HS using Scanning Transmission X -ray Microscopy (STXM) coupled with near-edge X-ray absorption fine-edge spectroscopy (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to analyze the spatial composition of a BC rich soil microaggregate at a scale of < 50 [MICRO SIGN]m. However, we were unable to obtain a good fit (RMS = <0.01) for the HS extracts within the spatial map. Our results suggest that HS do not exist in soil as a distinct component class but rather reflect the extraction of various materials at different stages of decomposition. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-edge spectroscopy (NEXAFS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to compare BC exposed to water, nitric acid (HNO3), kaolinite, pyrophyllite, vermiculite and goethite. that multiple mechanisms such as electrostatic interactions, ligand exchange, electron donor or acid-base reactions play a role in the interaction between BC and clay minerals. High-resolution microscopy revealed that BC-mineral interactions can commence quickly and result in chemical changes to BC. Advisors/Committee Members: Lehmann, Christopher Johannes (chair), Thies, Janice E. (committee member), Duxbury, John M (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: black carbon; soil; nexafs spectroscopy

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APA (6^th Edition):

Heymann, K. (2012). Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31073

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Heymann, Karen. “Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31073.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Heymann, Karen. “Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter.” 2012. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Heymann K. Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31073.

Council of Science Editors:

Heymann K. Black Carbon In Soil Organic And Mineral Matter. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31073

North Carolina State University

2. Lewitsky, Jeffrey Ryan. A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables.

Degree: MS, Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 2008, North Carolina State University

URL: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/790

Subjects/Keywords: Black Carbon

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lewitsky, J. R. (2008). A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables. (Thesis). North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lewitsky, Jeffrey Ryan. “A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables.” 2008. Thesis, North Carolina State University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lewitsky, Jeffrey Ryan. “A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables.” 2008. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Lewitsky JR. A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables. [Internet] [Thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2008. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/790.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lewitsky JR. A Southeastern United States Site Characterization Involving Black Carbon Aerosol Concentrations and Meteorological Variables. [Thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2008. Available from: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/790

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Toronto

3. Chen, Gang. Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera.

Degree: 2018, University of Toronto

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94831

►

Black carbon (BC) is one of the major components of the atmospheric particulate matter (PM), which can cause adverse health impacts and contribute significantly to… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: black carbon; smartphone camera; 0542

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chen, G. (2018). Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94831

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chen, Gang. “Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94831.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chen, Gang. “Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera.” 2018. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Chen G. Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94831.

Council of Science Editors:

Chen G. Method Development for Measuring Black Carbon (BC) Using a Smartphone Camera. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94831

Georgia Tech

4. Darwin, Roy West. The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black.

Degree: MS, Chemical Engineering, 1948, Georgia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11187

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon-black

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APA (6^th Edition):

Darwin, R. W. (1948). The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black. (Masters Thesis). Georgia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11187

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Darwin, Roy West. “The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black.” 1948. Masters Thesis, Georgia Tech. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11187.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Darwin, Roy West. “The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black.” 1948. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Darwin RW. The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Georgia Tech; 1948. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11187.

Council of Science Editors:

Darwin RW. The adsorption of fatty acids on carbon black. [Masters Thesis]. Georgia Tech; 1948. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11187

Texas Christian University

5. Gruber, Tyler Charles. Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber.

Degree: 1994, Texas Christian University

URL: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34219

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon-black

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gruber, T. C. (1994). Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber. (Thesis). Texas Christian University. Retrieved from https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34219

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gruber, Tyler Charles. “Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber.” 1994. Thesis, Texas Christian University. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34219.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gruber, Tyler Charles. “Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber.” 1994. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Gruber TC. Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas Christian University; 1994. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34219.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gruber TC. Raman studies of particle structure and graphitization in carbon blacks / by Tyler Charles Gruber. [Thesis]. Texas Christian University; 1994. Available from: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34219

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Texas Christian University

6. Xu, Wei. Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu.

Degree: 1998, Texas Christian University

URL: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34226

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon-black

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APA (6^th Edition):

Xu, W. (1998). Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu. (Thesis). Texas Christian University. Retrieved from https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34226

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Xu, Wei. “Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu.” 1998. Thesis, Texas Christian University. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34226.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Xu, Wei. “Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu.” 1998. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Xu W. Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas Christian University; 1998. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34226.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Xu W. Structure and properties of carbon black particles / by Wei Xu. [Thesis]. Texas Christian University; 1998. Available from: https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/34226

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Texas – Austin

7. Samfield, Max, 1918-. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process.

Degree: PhD, Chemistry, 1945, University of Texas – Austin

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5333

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon-black

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APA (6^th Edition):

Samfield, Max, 1. (1945). A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5333

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Samfield, Max, 1918-. “A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process.” 1945. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5333.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Samfield, Max, 1918-. “A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process.” 1945. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Samfield, Max 1. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Texas – Austin; 1945. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5333.

Council of Science Editors:

Samfield, Max 1. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part A, Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process: Development of a new battery black from the methane-to-acetylene process. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Texas – Austin; 1945. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5333

University of Texas – Austin

8. Glass, King Irwin, 1917-. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks.

Degree: PhD, Chemistry, 1945, University of Texas – Austin

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5334

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon-black

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APA (6^th Edition):

Glass, King Irwin, 1. (1945). A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5334

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Glass, King Irwin, 1917-. “A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks.” 1945. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5334.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Glass, King Irwin, 1917-. “A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks.” 1945. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Glass, King Irwin 1. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Texas – Austin; 1945. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5334.

Council of Science Editors:

Glass, King Irwin 1. A study of new types of carbon blacks produced by the electrical discharge. Part B, Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks: Evaluation and economics of the new battery black and a study of other electric discharge blacks. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Texas – Austin; 1945. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/5334

University of Manchester

9. Jirakittidul, Kittimon. Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites.

Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Manchester

URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polyurethanecarbon-particle-nanocomposites(01f05095-9aa2-4d88-999b-73ea88ed9bca).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607014

► In this research work, the relationships between structure and properties in micro-composites and nano-composites of polyurethane (PU) and conductive carbon particles have been studied. PU… (more)

▼ In this research work, the relationships between structure and properties in micro-composites and nano-composites of polyurethane (PU) and conductive carbon particles have been studied. PU is a class of block copolymers containing the urethane linkage (-NHCO-O-) within its structure. Most PU block copolymers consist of alternating ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ segments. The hard segment used in this study was based on 4,4’-methylenebisphenylisocyanate (MDI) and 2-methyl 1,3 propanediol (MP-Diol) which produced a stiff aromatic polyurethane. Two soft segments; poly(tetrahydofuran) (PTHF) and poly(propylene oxide) based polyol end-capped with ethylene oxide (PPO-EO) were used to study the effects of soft segment structure on PU properties. DMTA, DSC and modulated-DSC indicated that PU-PTHF had higher microphase separation due to greater immiscibility between PTHF and the MDI/MP-Diol hard segments. In order to improve the electrical and mechanical properties of PU, conductive carbon particles were incorporated. The critical factor was the dispersion of these conductive fillers in the PU matrix to obtain optimum properties. The first carbon filler studied was carbon black (CB). PU composites prepared by the adding of MP-Diol plus ultrasonication (MU) gave the best dispersion of CB aggregates resulting in higher thermal decomposition temperature and good conductivity. However, the mechanical toughness was reduced. In subsequent studies, PU composites incorporating three different treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated. MWCNT were disentangled and shortened by ultrasonication and acid cutting treatments. The ultrasonicated MWCNT (MWCNT_U) had longer length than the acid-cut MWCNT (MWCNT_AC). Ultrasonication was the best technique for dispersing MWCNT since the storage modulus was increased by ~200% at low MWCNT_U loading and the toughness remained the same as unfilled PU. PU/MWCNT_AC nanocomposites at 1 – 3 wt% of MWCNT_AC exhibited similar electrical conductivities to unfilled PU at an order of 10-8 S/cm, implying that the acid cutting treatment might disturb the inherent conductivity in MWCNT. The conductive percolation thresholds of composites were determined following the percolation theory. It was found that the percolation thresholds for MWCNT-filled composites were significantly lower than that of CB-filled composites. The lowest percolation threshold was observed in MWCNT_U-filled composite at 0.31 wt%.

Subjects/Keywords: 620.1; Polyurethane; Nanocomposite; Carbon black; Carbon nanotube

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jirakittidul, K. (2013). Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polyurethanecarbon-particle-nanocomposites(01f05095-9aa2-4d88-999b-73ea88ed9bca).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607014

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jirakittidul, Kittimon. “Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polyurethanecarbon-particle-nanocomposites(01f05095-9aa2-4d88-999b-73ea88ed9bca).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607014.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jirakittidul, Kittimon. “Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites.” 2013. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Jirakittidul K. Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polyurethanecarbon-particle-nanocomposites(01f05095-9aa2-4d88-999b-73ea88ed9bca).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607014.

Council of Science Editors:

Jirakittidul K. Structure-property relationships in polyurethane-carbon particle nanocomposites. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2013. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polyurethanecarbon-particle-nanocomposites(01f05095-9aa2-4d88-999b-73ea88ed9bca).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607014

Tampere University

10. Borenius, Patrik. Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials .

Degree: 2019, Tampere University

URL: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117931

► The aim of thesis was to understand how lignins and hemicelluloses work as plasticizers, dispersing agents, emulsifiers and stabilizer in dispersion applications from the chemistry… (more)

▼ The aim of thesis was to understand how lignins and hemicelluloses work as plasticizers, dispersing agents, emulsifiers and stabilizer in dispersion applications from the chemistry point of view. An alkali-O2 oxidation (LigniOx) of lignins was discussed in more detail because relevance to the applied part of this thesis. In the applied part, two organosolv and soda lignins provided by Fortum, and oxidized by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, were evaluated in special carbon black and titan dioxide dispersions. Rheological measurements and optical microscopy were used as analysis methods. The aim of the applied part was to increase the knowledge of the new type of lignin-based dispersants and give background information for the development of Fortum’s lignins as dispersants in paint, coating, ink, plastic and other dispersion-related applications. The research literature of lignins and hemicelluloses in different dispersion-related applications is broad. However, this does not directly translate to broad amount of developed and existing applications. Hemicelluloses have chemical analogies, such as gums and other hydrocolloids, which are commercially used for example as texture modifiers in foods and cosmetics. The public research of hemicelluloses as dispersants and texture modifiers in other dispersion applications than foods and cosmetics is however still in early phases. The research of new lignin-based dispersants has focused on the applications in which lignosulfonates are already commercially utilized, such as cement plasticization. In these cases, the new lignin-based dispersant should perform better than lignosulfonates, especially if the production costs are higher for these new lignin-based dispersants. Alternatively, new dispersion applications should be found, in which lignosulfonates have not been used or do not work well. In the applied part of the thesis, the rheological measurements and complementary optical microscopy imaging showed that alkali-O2 oxidized (LigniOx) lignins have potential as dispersants especially in carbon black dispersions and to an extent in the titan dioxide dispersions. All the oxidized organosolv and soda lignins had very similar behavior in these dispersions. The optimum amounts of lignin dispersants (7.5-20 wt% lignin of carbon black) in carbon black dispersions were slightly lower compared to commercial lignosulfonate and synthetic polymer references. The lignin dispersants were especially suitable for the special carbon black dispersions because good dispersing performance and no visible change in the color of the dispersions even with high amounts of lignin dispersants. In the case of titan dioxide dispersions, the required amount of lignin dispersants was lower (0.125-0.5 wt% lignin of titan dioxide) compared to the references. However, the brown color of lignin affects the color of titan dioxide dispersions to an extent and the storage stability of titan dioxide dispersions with lignin dispersants needs to be further investigated.

Subjects/Keywords: lignin; hemicellulose; dispersion; carbon black; titan dioxide

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APA (6^th Edition):

Borenius, P. (2019). Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials . (Masters Thesis). Tampere University. Retrieved from https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117931

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Borenius, Patrik. “Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials .” 2019. Masters Thesis, Tampere University. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117931.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Borenius, Patrik. “Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials .” 2019. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Borenius P. Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Tampere University; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117931.

Council of Science Editors:

Borenius P. Lignin and Hemicellulose in Dispersions - as Surfactants and Functional Materials . [Masters Thesis]. Tampere University; 2019. Available from: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/117931

Tampere University

11. Rantanen, Joni. Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion .

Degree: 2020, Tampere University

URL: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120843

► Musta hiili on yksi ilmaston muutokseen eniten vaikuttavimmista partikkeleista. Tyypillisiä lähteitä sille ovat pienpoltto, liikenne ja metsäpalot. Mustan hiilen vaikutus ilmastoon korostuu arktisilla alueilla, joilla… (more)

▼ Musta hiili on yksi ilmaston muutokseen eniten vaikuttavimmista partikkeleista. Tyypillisiä lähteitä sille ovat pienpoltto, liikenne ja metsäpalot. Mustan hiilen vaikutus ilmastoon korostuu arktisilla alueilla, joilla se laskeutuu lumipinnoille ja edistää niiden sulamista. Musta hiili syntyy hapettomissa olosuhteissa erilaisista hiilivedyistä. Kaasumaiset hiilivedyt, kuten C2H2, C2H4 ja C6H6, kiinnittyvät toisiinsa ja muodostavat monirenkaisen aromaattisen hiilivedyn. Kun useita monirenkaisia aromaattisia hiilivetyjä yhdistyy, syntyy kiinteä nokipartikkelin ydin. Ydin kasvaa suureksi, haarautuneeksi ja huokoiseksi nokipartikkeliksi toisten nokipartikkeleiden törmätessä siihen. Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin mustan hiilen syntymistä biomassan pölypoltossa, jossa hienoksi jauhetut kiinteät partikkelit poltetaan siihen suunnitellulla polttimella. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin ANSYS Fluent virtauslaskentaohjelmaa. Tehtiin CFD-mallinnus yksinkertaisesta C2H4 polttimesta, 120 kWth biomassan pölypolttoliekistä sekä 100 MWth biomassan pölypolttolämpölaitoksesta. C2H4 liekkiä mallinnettiin ja tuloksia verrattiin kirjallisuudesta löydettyyn validointidataan, jotta saataisiin ymmärrystä nokimallin toiminnasta. Biomassan pölypolton nokimallinnuksessa on haastavaa sisällyttää noen prekursorit biomassan pyrolyysituotteisiin. Noen prekursori C2H2 päätettiin sisällyttää pyrolyysituotteisiin ja sen pitoisuutta arvioitiin kirjallisuuden ja testimallinnusten perusteella. 120 kWth pölypolttoliekkiä mallinnettiin useilla eri C2H2 pitoisuuksilla ja noen muodostumista seurattiin ja verrattiin kokeelliseen dataan. Noen muodostumista täyden mittakaavan 100 MWth lämpölaitoksessa mallinnettiin pienen mittakaavan malleista opitulla tiedolla. Lämpölaitoksessa tehtiin paljon kokeellisia mittauksia BC Footprint mittauskampanjan aikana ja mallinnuksen tuloksia verrattiin kokeelliseen dataan. Mallinnuksia ja mittauksia tehtiin eri kuormilla. Integroimalla C2H2 biomassan pyrolyysituotteisiin, noen muodostumista voidaan mallintaa suuntaa antavasti. Pyrolyysituotteiden riippuvuus kemiallisesta kinetiikasta täytyy huomioida, jotta noen muodostumista voidaan mallintaa eri kuormilla. Suhteet mustan hiilen päästöissä mittauspisteiden välillä ovat yhteisymmärryksessä mallinnuksen kanssa, mutta pitoisuus on kertaluokkaa suurempi CFD-mallissa. CFD-malli pystyi mallintamaan noen minimipitoisuuden 1.25 mg/Nm3 kattilan pohjalla ja sen lisääntymisen pitoisuuteen 2.25 mg/Nm3 tyhjässä vedossa täydellä 100 MWth kuormalla. Vastaavat pitoisuudet kokeellisissa mittauksissa mittauskampanjan ajalta ovat keskimäärin 90 and 219 µg/Nm3. Mallinnuksesta oli apua kokeellisten tulosten tulkitsemisessa. Jatkotutkimuksia varten pyrolyysikoostumus täytyy huomioida tarkemmin, jotta menetelmällä voitaisiin mallintaa eri biomassojen palamista ja palamista eri polttimissa.Black Carbon (BC) is one of the most influential particles affecting on the climate change. Typical sources for BC are residential combustion, traffic and forest fires. The impact of BC on the climate is…

Subjects/Keywords: CFD ; pulverized combustion ; soot ; black carbon ; biomass

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rantanen, J. (2020). Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion . (Masters Thesis). Tampere University. Retrieved from https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120843

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rantanen, Joni. “Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion .” 2020. Masters Thesis, Tampere University. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120843.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rantanen, Joni. “Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion .” 2020. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Rantanen J. Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Tampere University; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120843.

Council of Science Editors:

Rantanen J. Black Carbon Formation and Modeling in Pulverized Biomass Combustion . [Masters Thesis]. Tampere University; 2020. Available from: https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/120843

University of Delaware

12. Armstrong, Matthew. Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material.

Degree: PhD, University of Delaware, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2015, University of Delaware

URL: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/17461

► Thixotropic materials can be found everywhere around us, in the manufacturing industry, as well as in everyday life. This includes the petroleum industry, the food… (more)

▼ Thixotropic materials can be found everywhere around us, in the manufacturing industry, as well as in everyday life. This includes the petroleum industry, the food industry, personal care and soap industry, pharmaceuticals and paints, as well as highly radioactive, transuranic waste in several multi-billion dollar Superfund cleanup sites across the country. In addition many biological materials have been shown to exhibit thixotropic properties, like blood, offering the potential for another gateway into blood pathology diagnosis. To properly understand, and be able to predict the rheological behavior of these thixotropic materials, better models connecting to the underlying microstructure are required. Rheological and microstructural information can be gained in many ways, beginning with more elaborate experiments, both rheological and scattering, while better predictions must come from the development of better modeling frameworks and more accurate parameter estimations. This is exactly the objective of the present thesis. We first constructed two model thixotropic systems, following protocol from literature, a 2.9vol% fumed silica in paraffin oil and polyisobutylene, and a 3.23vol% carbon black in naphthenic oil. Both systems have been well characterized in literature to provide a solid basis for further investigation. Both systems have then been methodically tested subject to several linear and nonlinear rheological tests with the ARES G2 strain controlled, and DHR-3 stress controlled rheometers. Those included steady state, small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS), transient step-up and step-down in shear rate experiments. We have then extended the rheological testing of these model thixotropic systems to large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) to gain additional information and obtain both systems rheological fingerprints. Two additional tests have been conducted to further investigate the material response and compare with model predictions: the flow reversal, and a novel unidirectional LAOS (developed here for the first time), or UD-LAOS. All of the experiments together have been conducted on the same samples allowing for the first time for such an extensive complete set of rheological data, spanning a full spectrum of linear, nonlinear, static, and dynamic tests. This provided for a unique test bed for thixotropic models development and validation. In parallel, a robust, parametric determination procedure has been developed and extensively validated that accurately determines, based on a global optimization process, the parameters of various user-defined models. Moreover, we developed a new structural parameter thixotropic model, the Modified Delaware Thixotropic Model (MDTM). The MDTM is based on previous work at Delaware, and incorporated some of the best thixotropic modeling features from contemporary literature. Using the parametric determination procedure, we then thoroughly tested the MDTM against three other representative models from literature. We showed the new… Advisors/Committee Members: Beris, Antony N.Wagner, Norman J..

Subjects/Keywords: Thixotropy.; Silica.; Carbon-black.; Rheology.; Microstructure.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Armstrong, M. (2015). Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Delaware. Retrieved from http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/17461

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Armstrong, Matthew. “Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Delaware. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/17461.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Armstrong, Matthew. “Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material.” 2015. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Armstrong M. Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Delaware; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/17461.

Council of Science Editors:

Armstrong M. Investigating and modeling the thixotropic behavior, microstructure, and rheology of complex material. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Delaware; 2015. Available from: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/17461

Linköping University

13. Odhiambo, Moses. Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria.

Degree: Tema Environmental Change, 2016, Linköping University

URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130696

► Lake Victoria (LV), is the largest tropical fresh water lake. It is however facing a myriad of challenges like eutrophication, introducing species, mass extinction… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lake Victoria; Eutrophication; Biomass burning; Black Carbon

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APA (6^th Edition):

Odhiambo, M. (2016). Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria. (Thesis). Linköping University. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130696

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Odhiambo, Moses. “Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria.” 2016. Thesis, Linköping University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130696.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Odhiambo, Moses. “Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria.” 2016. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Odhiambo M. Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria. [Internet] [Thesis]. Linköping University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130696.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Odhiambo M. Distribution of black carbon and its impact on Eutrophication in Lake Victoria. [Thesis]. Linköping University; 2016. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130696

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

14. Jones, Amanda. Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations.

Degree: MS, 0334, 2014, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49492

► Aerosol particles have the ability to alter our climate by direct and indirect effects. Black carbon is a unique aerosol in that along with scattering,… (more)

▼ Aerosol particles have the ability to alter our climate by direct and indirect effects. Black carbon is a unique aerosol in that along with scattering, it can also absorb solar radiation, which heats the atmosphere and contributes to a positive radiative forcing. The optical and cloud condensation nuclei properties of the aerosol depend on the per-particle chemical species composition, or mixing state. Challenges arise in determining black carbon climate effects because the mixing state changes during the particles’ transport in the atmosphere. By condensation of semi-volatile substances, coagulation, and photochemical processes, termed aging, the mixing state of the particles change can further change. During the aging processes, initially hydrophobic black carbon become hydophilic, and can then act as cloud condensation nuclei. Under a high supersaturation, the particles can form cloud droplets, altering the cloud albedo and radiative forcing. To characterize the radiative effects of black carbon, knowledge of condensational growth and activation are important. In determining the particle evolution, it is necessary to consider entrainment of dry air into a cloud in order to achieve the cloud droplet spectra. In our current research, we used the particle-resolved model PartMC-MOSAIC, which has the ability to track the individual size and composition of thousands of particles through the aging processes of condensation, coagulation, and chemistry. Through PartMC-MOSAIC, an urban plume scenario was simulated and an aged particle population was determined every hour. Then, the particle populations were used as input into a particle-resolved cloud parcel model. Previously, the cloud parcel was assumed to be adiabatic. In this work, we tested the cloud parcel model capability with entrainment implemented through a homogeneous approach. We presented three cases in this work. Case 1 used idealized temperature, pressure, and total specific humidity profiles to extend the study by Ching et al. (2012) to include entrainment. Case 2 used idealized total specific humidity profiles and less idealized temperature and pressure profiles, constructed from 3-D cloud resolving data. Finally, Case 3 used composition-averaged particle populations initialize the cloud parcel and we used Case 2 as a reference case to compare the results. For Case 1, entrainment caused a decrease in the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and the liquid water content (LWC) according to the amount of entrainment. In Case 2, the CDNC and LWC followed the same pattern as Case 1 when using T2 profiles, while the CDNC was higher than the no entrainment case for the scenarios with T1 profiles. The size distribution broadened and shifted towards smaller sizes. In Case 3, a large overes- timation in the black carbon nucleation scavenged mass fraction, f_BC and a small difference in the cloud droplet fraction, f_N was seen for all plume hours in the compostition averaged case compared to the reference case. Entrainment altered f_BC and f_N for scenarios… Advisors/Committee Members: Riemer, Nicole (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: black carbon; entrainment; cloud physics; PartMC-MOSAIC

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jones, A. (2014). Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations. (Thesis). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jones, Amanda. “Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations.” 2014. Thesis, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jones, Amanda. “Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations.” 2014. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Jones A. Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49492.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Jones A. Investigating the impacts of entrainment on nucleation scavenging of black carbon particles through particle-resolved simulations. [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/49492

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

15. Fierce, Laura. Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission.

Degree: MS, 0231, 2012, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/29548

► The microphysical properties of black carbon-containing particles change due to interaction with other aerosol components after emission, altering their radiative properties and cloud condensation nuclei… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: black carbon; cloud condensation; urban aerosols

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fierce, L. (2012). Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission. (Thesis). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/29548

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fierce, Laura. “Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission.” 2012. Thesis, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/29548.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fierce, Laura. “Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission.” 2012. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Fierce L. Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/29548.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Fierce L. Sub-grid process analysis of the sensitivity of black carbon aging to particle microphysical properties at emission. [Thesis]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/29548

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

16. Fierce, Laura Michelle. Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model.

Degree: PhD, Environ Engr in Civil Engr, 2015, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88296

► Particles containing black carbon (BC) alter the Earth's energy balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, by interacting with clouds, and by decreasing the albedo… (more)

▼ Particles containing black carbon (BC) alter the Earth's energy balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, by interacting with clouds, and by decreasing the albedo of ice and snow. Each of these climate effects depends on the properties of individual BC-containing particles and their atmospheric residence time. The dominant removal mechanism of BC mass from the atmosphere is wet deposition, with one important pathway being the activation of BC-containing particles into cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and their subsequent removal if the cloud precipitates. Although freshly emitted BC-containing particles are too small and hydrophobic to activate, their morphology and chemical composition are altered soon after emission by condensation of semi-volatile gases and coagulation with pre-existing particles. This transformation in black carbon's characteristics, termed ``aging", increases particles' susceptibility to cloud droplet nucleation and wet removal. Further, these aging process also modify light absorption and scattering by particles containing black carbon. However, a complex aerosol population that evolves with time is not easily simulated in climate models, so even sophisticated aerosol schemes do not fully resolve aerosol properties on a per-particle level. The objective of this research is (1) to improve the scientific understanding of the underlying factors that drive aerosol aging, (2) to quantify error in climate-relevant aerosol properties for the approximate representations of aerosol microphysical properties that are commonly applied in global models, and (3) to produce parameterizations that enable improved representations of black carbon within existing global model frameworks. Particle-resolved model simulations were used to complete these objectives. First, I applied a process-level analysis to identify the set of independent variables that best explain variance in BC's aging timescale for a large collection of simulations. I show that 80-90% of variance in BC's aging timescale is explained by just a few independent variables. Second, I used PartMC-MOSAIC as a benchmark for comparing other aerosol modeling frameworks. I found that cloud condensation nuclei activity can often be modeled with high accuracy using very simple representations of aerosol composition, but more complex representations of aerosol composition are needed to simulate aerosol absorption. Finally, based on particle-resolved simulations I developed one parameterization to represent black carbon's aging timescale and a different parameterization to predict enhancement in light absorption by mixed BC populations. Advisors/Committee Members: Bond, Tami C. (advisor), Riemer, Nicole (advisor), Bond, Tami C. (Committee Chair), Riemer, Nicole (Committee Chair), West, Matthew (committee member), Bauer, Susanne E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: aerosol modeling; black carbon; aerosol radiative effects

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Fierce, L. M. (2015). Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88296

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fierce, Laura Michelle. “Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88296.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fierce, Laura Michelle. “Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model.” 2015. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Fierce LM. Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88296.

Council of Science Editors:

Fierce LM. Improving model representations of black carbon using a particle-resolved aerosol model. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88296

Queens University

17. Ning, Jie. Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents .

Degree: Chemical Engineering, 2016, Queens University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14081

► This thesis investigates the interactions between ionomer and carbon black in solution as influenced by different ink parameters. The motivation for this work is to… (more)

▼ This thesis investigates the interactions between ionomer and carbon black in solution as influenced by different ink parameters. The motivation for this work is to collect necessary data that would lead toward the development of an improved microstructure model of catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Ionomer aggregation behaviour in solution was investigated at different ionomer concentration, solvent type and solvent composition. Ionomer was found to exist in three forms in solution. Extended molecule chains having a hydrodynamic diameter between 20nm to 30nm. Primary aggregates formed by the hydrophobic interaction of fluorocarbon backbone are around 300nm in diameter. Secondary aggregates formed from electrostatic interaction of side chain ion pairs usually having diameter above 1000nm. Aggregation behaviour of ionomer in different solvents and solvent mixtures at different mixing ratios was also investigated. 1-propanol and 1-propanol/water mixture were found to be the best solvent and solvent mixture among the solvents examined. Carbon black (CB) particle size distribution in solution was measured under different conditions. A maximum 2hr sonication time is suggested for dispersing CB in solution. Size distribution of CB particles increases with concentration. Water content in the co-solvent mixture influences the particle size distribution of CB. It is suggested that water content should be kept under 50wt% to prevent aggregation of CB particles. Ionomer is found to adsorb on platinum/carbon (Pt/CB) surface strongly when mixed. The adsorption process comprises a primary adsorption stage and a secondary adsorption stage. At low ionomer concentration, the primary adsorption was found to follow a Langmuir isotherm with maximum surface coverage around 2.66 x 10-3 g ionomer/m2 Pt/CB. The Pt/CB particle size change due to ionomer adsorption was measured. A maximum size increase around 40nm was found. The size change combined with ionomer molecule geometry estimation implies that only part of the ionomer molecule adsorbed on Pt/CB surface.

Subjects/Keywords: Catalyst Ink ; Ionomer ; Carbon Black ; Aggregation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ning, J. (2016). Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents . (Thesis). Queens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14081

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ning, Jie. “Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents .” 2016. Thesis, Queens University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14081.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ning, Jie. “Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents .” 2016. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Ning J. Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents . [Internet] [Thesis]. Queens University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14081.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ning J. Investigation of the Colloidal Behaviour of Carbon Black and Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer in Various Solvents . [Thesis]. Queens University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1974/14081

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

18. Chellman, Nathan J. Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings.

Degree: 2019, University of Nevada – Reno

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6017

► Reconstructions of past climate and pollution often rely on chemical records preserved in glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings. The goal of this dissertation… (more)

▼ Reconstructions of past climate and pollution often rely on chemical records preserved in glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings. The goal of this dissertation is to combine perspectives on paleoclimate and pollution from paired records developed from these archives to obtain a more complete understanding of past environmental change, as well as to leverage the strengths of each archive to address shortcomings of another. Paired ice-core and tree-ring records were developed from the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) and groves of nearby whitebark pines in the Wind River Range, Wyoming. The depth-age scale for the difficult-to-date ice cores was constrained by synchronizing the ice-core water isotopes to the absolutely-dated tree-ring chronology, both proxies for temperature. On the revised depth-age scale, trends in black carbon, thallium, bismuth, and mercury (Hg) in the ice paralleled those observed in Greenland documenting widespread industrial pollution. The record of ice-core Hg subsequently was used to evaluate the viability of tree rings for reconstructing past atmospheric Hg concentrations. Hg trends observed in the trees were temporally offset from the ice core, suggesting radial movement of Hg across ring boundaries. A well-dated ice core record of water isotopes and ice accumulation was developed from a shallow ice patch on the Beartooth Plateau, Wyoming. Radiocarbon dating indicated the ice patch has persisted for over 10,000 years, and these records represent the first climate records developed from such an archive. In conjunction with a nearby lake sediment record, the ice patch records were shown to document Holocene climate variability, including peak warmth around 4,200 years ago followed by a 1,500 year-long era of colder and wetter winters, generally paralleling human activity in the nearby Bighorn Mountains. Black carbon (BC) profiles from two Wyoming lakes were used to assess how lake characteristics affect interpretations of lake sediment BC records. Comparisons of BC to charcoal data from Island Lake indicate that BC can be subject to similar depositional mechanisms as charcoal, leading to locally-biased records. At North Lake, which has a comparatively smaller and less vegetated watershed of the two lakes, comparisons to the UFG BC record and modelling results indicate that the North Lake BC record is primarily atmospherically deposited and therefore represents regional burning. The climate and pollution records presented in this dissertation demonstrate how improved analytical techniques and new paleo archives can lead to a better understanding of environmental changes in the northern Rocky Mountains over past centuries and millennia. Advisors/Committee Members: McConnell, Joseph R. (advisor), Arienzo, Monica M. (committee member), Pederson, Gregory T. (committee member), Csank, Adam (committee member), Heyvaert, Alan (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Archaeology; Black carbon; Dendrochronology; Ice core; Limnology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Chellman, N. J. (2019). Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings. (Thesis). University of Nevada – Reno. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6017

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Chellman, Nathan J. “Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings.” 2019. Thesis, University of Nevada – Reno. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6017.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Chellman, Nathan J. “Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings.” 2019. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Chellman NJ. Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6017.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Chellman NJ. Holocene records of climate and pollution from the Northern Rocky Mountains: Integrating perspectives from glacial ice, lake sediments, and tree rings. [Thesis]. University of Nevada – Reno; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6017

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Alberta

19. Soucémarianadin, Laure N. Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests.

Degree: PhD, Department of Renewable Resources, 2013, University of Alberta

URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/s1784k78s

► Wildfires affect boreal forest carbon stocks through consumption of the vegetation and forest floor, and production of black carbon (BC). This by-product of organic matter’s… (more)

▼ Wildfires affect boreal forest carbon stocks through consumption of the vegetation and forest floor, and production of black carbon (BC). This by-product of organic matter’s incomplete combustion is an important component of the global soil carbon pool. My thesis reveals how fire severity is related to BC chemical and physical properties and how it influences both soil organic carbon (SOC) and BC stocks in forest floors and mineral soils of fire-affected Quebec black spruce forests. This work also attempts to uncover BC storage mechanisms in mineral horizons. I collected BC samples produced by 2005–2007 wildfires, and compared them to laboratory-produced samples. As indicated by 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, surface area analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, formation conditions – mostly maximum temperature – greatly affected BC properties, which in turn may determine its potential as a carbon sink. BC condensation increased with increasing fire severity, as shown by decreasing atomic H/C and O/C ratios. The fraction of aromatic carbon:total carbon of all these freshly-produced BC was low, suggesting that they may be susceptible to rapid physical alteration and chemical degradation. However, these BC were characteristic of early-season fires, which resulted in low temperatures (≤ 250 °C) and overall, low fire severity, in forest floors. Mineral horizons contained SOC stocks comparable to those in forest floors, but their BC stocks were significantly lower. In the fire sites I studied, forest floor’s BC stocks were mostly influenced by past severe fires, with the deepest layer containing most of the BC stocks. In mineral soils, SOC and BC concentrations were strongly correlated. To further explore the relationship between podzolization and BC storage mechanisms, I measured SOC and BC content in size and density fractions of podzolic B horizons. While some BC was found in unprotected particulate organic matter (POM), the rest was associated with organo-mineral and organo-metallic complexes in the micro-aggregate protected POM and fine fraction. Podzolization processes result in idiosyncratic patterns of SOC accumulation in the mineral subsoil; here I show that patterns of BC and SOC accumulation are similar, with the greater BC stocks being found in podzolic B horizons.

Subjects/Keywords: podzols; characterization; black spruce forests; quantification; Quebec, Canada; black carbon

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APA (6^th Edition):

Soucémarianadin, L. N. (2013). Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Alberta. Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/s1784k78s

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Soucémarianadin, Laure N. “Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Alberta. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/s1784k78s.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Soucémarianadin, Laure N. “Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests.” 2013. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Soucémarianadin LN. Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Alberta; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/s1784k78s.

Council of Science Editors:

Soucémarianadin LN. Black carbon in Quebec boreal black spruce forests. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Alberta; 2013. Available from: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/s1784k78s

University of Newcastle

20. Qi, Fangjie. Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals.

Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Newcastle

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1349807

►

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), the residue from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass, has been recognized as a… (more)

▼

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), the residue from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass, has been recognized as a strong geosorbent for soil contaminants. This research was designed to investigate the interaction of both soil native PyC and synthetic PyC (biochars) with heavy metals, particularly, cadmium (Cd). Soil native PyC are solid residues of heat-transformed organic matter (fossil fuel or biomass) that already exist in the natural environment while biochars are purposely manufactured carbon-rich products from thermochemical processing of biomass. The work includes quantification of soil native PyC and assessing its effect on the mobility of Cd in soils as well as examination of effects of biochars on sorption, mobility, pore water chemistry and bioavailability of Cd in soils with varying types. Based on a chemo-thermal oxidation method, we found PyC in Australian soils ranged from 0.27-5.62 mg/g (N=27), with it ranging from 2.58-5.62 mg/g in three Dermosol soils. Contribution of PyC to the total organic carbon (TOC) in the 30 soils was generally 2.0-11% (N=29), but in one Ferrosol soil reached as high as 26%. PyC was concentrated either in the top (0-10 cm) or bottom (30-50 cm) soil layers, with the highest PyC : TOC ratio in the bottom (30-50 cm) soil horizon in all soils. Based on the PyC and TOC quantified, we found soil native PyC and TOC did not exhibit significant correlation (N=18) with soil pore water Cd level but soil pH and CEC showed significant (p<0.05) negative correlation (N=18) with that. This suggests that soil inherent PyC and TOC were not the controlling factors for Cd solubility in soils but pH and CEC played the dominating role in governing Cd solubility (N=18). Hence, the following chapters (chapter 4, 5, 6) focused on soil external PyC, biochars, only. Biochars, like the studied wood shaving (WS, 650 °C) biochar and chicken litter (CL, 550 °C) biochar, are mostly likely to lose almost all of the organic C phases during natural fire combustion (200-500 °C), indicating low thermal stablity. However, the combusted WS and CL biochars retained considerable amounts of negative charge and displayed higher sorption for Cd (from 5.46 to 68.9 mg/g for WS and from 48.5 to 60.9 mg/g for CL). The increased sorption capacity of acidic WS biochar was due to increased pH (from acidic to alkaline) and the high sorption capacity of the remaining mineral components while that of CL biochar was because of the sorption from remaining mineral residues. The combusted biochars displayed stronger chemisorption (surface complexation and precipitation) for Cd compared to the weaker physiosorption (electrostatic reaction) from WS biochar and surface complexation and cation exchange from CL biochar. Hence, our study indicates that though not thermally stable, once subjected to potential natural wildfires, biochars can still have a high sorption capacity for Cd that may afford long-lasting retention due to the remaining mineral phase. This research also…

Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Science, Global Center for Environmental Remediation.

Subjects/Keywords: pyrogenic carbon; biochar; black carbon; heavy metal; soil

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APA (6^th Edition):

Qi, F. (2017). Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1349807

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Qi, Fangjie. “Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1349807.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Qi, Fangjie. “Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals.” 2017. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Qi F. Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1349807.

Council of Science Editors:

Qi F. Pyrogenic carbon and its interaction with heavy metals. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1349807

University of Toronto

21. Singh, Abhikaran. Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine.

Degree: 2018, University of Toronto

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91752

►

The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) found that black carbons (BC) concentrations were significantly higher in summer than in winter, which could be… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Black Carbon; Gasoline Direct Injection Engine; organic Carbon; Particulate Emissions; 0540

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APA (6^th Edition):

Singh, A. (2018). Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. (Masters Thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91752

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Singh, Abhikaran. “Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91752.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Singh, Abhikaran. “Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine.” 2018. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Singh A. Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91752.

Council of Science Editors:

Singh A. Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. [Masters Thesis]. University of Toronto; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1807/91752

North-West University

22. Maritz, P. Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz .

Degree: 2014, North-West University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11840

► The baseline of uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing is large and depends on aerosol characteristics (e.g. size and composition), which can vary significantly on a… (more)

▼ The baseline of uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing is large and depends on aerosol characteristics (e.g. size and composition), which can vary significantly on a regional scale. Sources (natural and anthropogenic) can be directly linked to the aerosol characteristics of a region, making monitoring campaigns to determine aerosol composition in different regions very important. Limited data currently exists for atmospheric aerosol black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) in South Africa. In this study, BC and OC concentrations were explored in terms of spatial and temporal patterns, mass fractions of BC and OC of the overall aerosol mass, as well as possible sources. Primary pollutants, of which BC is an example, are emitted directly from the source. Certain primary pollutants can react with other pollutants to form secondary pollutants. OC can either be a primary or secondary pollutant, e.g. formed by gas-to-particle conversion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere (nucleation and condensation of gaseous precursors). Greenhouse gases (GHG) and BC absorb terrestrial long wave radiation causing an increase of atmospheric temperature. In contrast, OC generally reflects incoming radiation, cooling the atmosphere. GHGs have a long residence time in the atmosphere (10 to 100 years), while the residence time of aerosols is usually only a week or more. The climatic effects of aerosols are therefore particularly important from a regional perspective. Aerosols are also important from an air quality perspective, especially since ultrafine particles (diameter smaller than 100nm) are small enough to go through the membranes of the respiratory tract and into the blood stream. They can then be transported to the brain. Up to 2005, DEBITS (Deposition of Biogeochemical Import Trace Species) activities in South Africa did not include aerosol measurements. In order to initiate aerosol monitoring, campaigns were launched during the 2005 to 2007 period. Additionally, OC and BC measurements for the PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than or equal to 10 and 2.5 μm, respectively) fractions were started in 2009. PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected at five sampling sites in South Africa operated within the DEBITS network, i.e. Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Vaal Triangle, Amersfoort and Botsalano, with MiniVol samplers. The selected sites are mostly located in rural areas, but with the surrounding atmosphere influenced by industries, transportation, biomass burning, etc. Winters are characterised by an increase in biomass burning (fires) and combustion for domestic use (cooking and space heating). Samples were analysed with a Thermal/Optical Carbon analyser (Desert Research Institute). OC and BC results showed that the total carbonaceous content decreased during the summer due to less biomass burning (fires). BC was the highest at the industrially influenced sites, while OC was highest at regional background sites. OC was higher than BC concentrations at all sites in both size fractions. Most OC and BC…

Subjects/Keywords: Organic carbon (OC); Black carbon (BC); Spatial; Temporal; DEBITS; IDAF

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APA (6^th Edition):

Maritz, P. (2014). Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz . (Thesis). North-West University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11840

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maritz, P. “Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz .” 2014. Thesis, North-West University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11840.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maritz, P. “Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz .” 2014. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Maritz P. Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz . [Internet] [Thesis]. North-West University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11840.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Maritz P. Spatial and temporal assessment of atmospheric organic carbon and black carbon concentrations at South African DEBITS sites / P. Maritz . [Thesis]. North-West University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11840

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Virginia Tech

23. Barrett, Chelsea A. Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field.

Degree: MS, Mining Engineering, 2018, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82669

► Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is the solid portion of diesel exhaust. DPM occurs primarily in the submicron range, and poses a number of respiratory and… (more)

▼ Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is the solid portion of diesel exhaust. DPM occurs primarily in the submicron range, and poses a number of respiratory and other health hazards including cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Underground miners typically have the highest DPM exposures compared to other occupations. This is because many mines are characterized by confined work spaces and large diesel equipment fleets. Exposures can be a particularly high hazard in large opening mines where ventilation can be challenging. As such, DPM monitoring is critical to protecting miner health and informing a range of engineering decisions. DPM is primarily composed of two components, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), which are often summed to report total carbon (TC). The ratio of EC to OC, and presence of a number of other minor constituents such as sorbed metals, can vary with many factors such as engine operating conditions, maintenance, fuel types and additives, and the level and type of exhaust after-treatments used. Given its complexity, DPM cannot be measured directly, and either TC or EC are generally used as a surrogate. Currently, the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) limits personal exposures of underground metal/non-metal miners to 160 µg TC/m3 on an 8-hr time weighted average basis. Compliance is demonstrated by collecting full-shift personal filter samples, which are later analyzed using the NIOSH 5040 Standard Method. For engineering purposes, area samples can also be collected and analyzed. The typical lag time between sample collection and reporting of results is on the order of weeks, and this presents a real problem for identifying and remediating conditions that led to overexposures or high DPM in area samples. The handheld FLIR Airtec monitor was developed to provide real-time DPM data and allow immediate decision making. The monitor works on a laser extinction principle to measure EC, the black component of DPM, as mass accumulates on a filter. The Airtec has proven useful for personal monitoring and short-term DPM surveying. However, capabilities are needed for continuous, long-term monitoring. Continuous DPM monitoring would be highly valuable for applications such as design and operation of ventilation on demand systems, or engineering studies of new ventilation, exhaust treatment or other DPM controls. The work presented in this thesis considers three continuous monitors, two of which are already commercially available: Magee Scientific's AE33 black carbon (BC) Aethalometer and Sunset Laboratory's Semi-Continuous OCEC Field Analyzer. The third monitor, called the Airwatch, is still in development. The AE33 and Airwatch effectively operate on the same principle as the Airtec, but include a self-advancing filter tape to allow autonomous operation over relatively long periods of time. The OCEC field monitor is essentially a field version of the laboratory analyzer used for traditional 5040 Method analysis. The AE33 has been briefly demonstrated in mine environments in a couple… Advisors/Committee Members: Sarver, Emily Allyn (committeechair), Luttrell, Gerald H. (committee member), Luxbacher, Kramer Davis (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Diesel Particulate Matter; DPM; Elemental Carbon; Black Carbon; Continuous Monitoring

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APA (6^th Edition):

Barrett, C. A. (2018). Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82669

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Barrett, Chelsea A. “Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82669.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Barrett, Chelsea A. “Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field.” 2018. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Barrett CA. Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82669.

Council of Science Editors:

Barrett CA. Continuous DPM Monitoring in Underground Mine Environments: Demonstration of Potential Options in the Laboratory and Field. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82669

University of Houston

24. Beless, Bradley D. 1989-. Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution.

Degree: MS, Environmental Engineering, 2013, University of Houston

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1077

► The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment is a continuing challenge that presents a hazard to ecosystems and human health. The proliferation of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyls; Activated Carbon; Black carbon; Graphene; Carbon nanotubes; Sorption; Isotherm; Water; Remediation; Environmental engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Beless, B. D. 1. (2013). Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution. (Masters Thesis). University of Houston. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1077

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Beless, Bradley D 1989-. “Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Houston. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1077.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Beless, Bradley D 1989-. “Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution.” 2013. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Beless BD1. Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Houston; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1077.

Council of Science Editors:

Beless BD1. Natural and Anthopogenic Carbonaceous Materials for the Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Aqueous Solution. [Masters Thesis]. University of Houston; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10657/1077

Rochester Institute of Technology

25. Hulse, Vanessa. Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production.

Degree: MS, School of Chemistry and Materials Science (COS), 2019, Rochester Institute of Technology

URL: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10130

► Replacing carbon black with biochar, a more sustainable carbon negative material, in commercial inks will be presented. The overall project goal was to produce… (more)

▼ Replacing carbon black with biochar, a more sustainable carbon negative material, in commercial inks will be presented. The overall project goal was to produce an optimal feedstock for biochar through impurity removal techniques. Biochar is most commonly used in soil applications or water remediation, due to its highly porous nature, leading to high contaminant adsorption. This project however, focuses on biochar as a pigment for lithographic inks. When raw boxboard or recycled paper pulp was subjected to pyrolysis, an appreciable amount of mineral impurities remained. These harder mineral impurities result in poor black coverage power. Harder mineral impurities also made mill processing more inefficient. A reasonable and sustainable purification process was required. New feedstock processing techniques were developed to remove, SiO2, TiO2, and CaO. Treatment effectiveness was confirmed using x-ray analysis to determine carbon and inorganic contaminant changes. The most effective treatments were a phosphoric acid treatment, and a floatation treatment which increased the carbon percentage 3% and 4%, respectively. The least effective contamination removal methods were flotation, acid digestion and hydrogen peroxide treatments, which decreased the carbon percent by 0%, 3%, and 6%, respectively. A significant increase in carbon content, up to 98% carbon by weight, was achieved when using the optimized pre-treatment processes. The biochar was then subjected to a range of pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 550 °C and 1600 °C in order to obtain a maximum black ink covering power. Lithographic printing inks were then formulated and print tested. With new contamination processing techniques, more biochar feedstocks can be introduced to the industry. Introducing more feedstocks, such as non-recyclable boxboard waste, has the potential to increase the sustainability of this technology. There is additional sustainable potential if current Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) covering power and color standards are loosened for the sake of producing sustainable inks. Advisors/Committee Members: Scott Williams.

Subjects/Keywords: Biochar; Black pigment; Carbon black; Lithographic ink; Metal oxide contaminant removal; Non-recyclable boxboard waste

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hulse, V. (2019). Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production. (Masters Thesis). Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10130

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hulse, Vanessa. “Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10130.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hulse, Vanessa. “Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production.” 2019. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Hulse V. Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Rochester Institute of Technology; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10130.

Council of Science Editors:

Hulse V. Biochar as a Substitute for Carbon Black in Lithographic Ink Production. [Masters Thesis]. Rochester Institute of Technology; 2019. Available from: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10130

26. Marina Justi. Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado.

Degree: 2016, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-06072016-102820/

► A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) representa um importante reservatório de carbono (C) nos ecossistemas terrestres. O conteúdo de C estocado no solo pode ser… (more)

▼ A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) representa um importante reservatório de carbono (C) nos ecossistemas terrestres. O conteúdo de C estocado no solo pode ser liberado para a atmosfera na forma de CO2, com a decomposição da MOS, ou pode ser aumentado com a entrada de resíduos e retenção da MOS. Nesse sentido, é importante entender os mecanismos de estabilidade e retenção da MOS para predizer como os solos respondem a mudanças, quer sejam elas induzidas por alterações climáticas ou por práticas de manejo. Dentro dos Latossolos, classe que ocupa cerca de 32 % do território brasileiro, há aqueles que possuem horizonte A húmico hiper espesso e, portanto, com maior estoque de C. Aspectos sobre a origem, formação e preservação do horizonte A húmico destes solos em suas ocorrências em diferentes biomas ainda não foram completamente elucidados e estão estritamente ligados à fonte, dinâmica e mecanismos de preservação e distribuição da MOS no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é entender a gênese da MO dos Latossolos húmicos que ocorrem no Bioma Cerrado, por meio da caracterização molecular pela técnica da pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e espectroscopia de massas (pirólise - CG/EM). Para isso, foram coletadas amostras dos horizontes A em dois perfis de Latossolos com horizonte A húmico (LH1, LH2) e um perfil de Latossolo com horizonte A moderado (solo de referência; LNH) situados em superfície de aplanamento adjacente à Serra do Espinhaço, no município de Grão Mogol - MG, sob clima tropical semi-úmido e vegetação de cerrado sensu strictu. Por meio da descrição morfológica dos solos em diferentes níveis de observação (campo, lupa e microscópio) procurou-se entender melhor os mecanismos de espessamento do horizonte A e a distribuição de partículas de carvão ao longo do perfil. As amostras dos horizontes foram submetidas ao fracionamento físico e extração da MOS, gerando as seguintes frações: fração leve livre (FLL); fração leve oclusa (FLO), fração extraível com NaOH (EXT) e resíduo (RES). A morfologia dos perfis evidencia a intensa e longa atividade biológica (fauna e raízes) a que esses solos foram e estão submetidos. Isso explica a abundância de microagregados e a consequente macropososidade elevada, assim como a ampla distribuição de fragmentos de carvão em todo o horizonte A, e parte do B, com dimensões milimétricas a submilimétricas, sugerindo a fragmentação destes ao longo do tempo. Foi evidenciado o maior conteúdo de carvões nos dois LHs em comparação ao LNH. A distribuição da MOS nas frações estudadas foi a mesma para os três perfis estudados: RES>EXT>FLL>FLO, que mostra a importância da fração RES para estes solos. Produtos da carbonização (Black carbon; BC: hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos) foram mais abundantes na fração RES e FLO, no entanto, a maior diferença qualitativa entre a MOS de LHs e LNH diz respeito à abundância de BC na fração RES, que é maior em LHs do que LNH; confirmando a maior quantidade de carvões em LHs verificada na morfologia. Um índice de degradação do BC foi estabelecido com base em análise… Advisors/Committee Members: Pablo Vidal Torrado, Nilton Curi, Carlos Alberto Silva.

Subjects/Keywords: Biourbação; Black carbon; Fracionamento físico; Pirólise-CG/EM; Bioturbation; Black carbon; Pyrolysis-GC/MS; SOM fractionation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Justi, M. (2016). Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-06072016-102820/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Justi, Marina. “Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-06072016-102820/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Justi, Marina. “Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado.” 2016. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Justi M. Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-06072016-102820/.

Council of Science Editors:

Justi M. Química da matéria orgânica e pedogênese em Latossolos húmicos sob vegetação de cerrado. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2016. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-06072016-102820/

Northeastern University

27. Wen, Chuchu. On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives.

Degree: MS, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2016, Northeastern University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20203960

► This research explored the flame retardancy effectiveness of powdered solid additives to polyethylene (PE). The polymer was treated with both organic and inorganic additives of… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: carbon black; fire retardants; flammability; mult-walled carbon nanotubes; nanocomposites; polymer additives; Polymerization; Flammability; Polyethylene; Additives; Fire resistant polymers; Carbon nanotubes; Carbon-black; Nanocomposites (Materials); Combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wen, C. (2016). On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives. (Masters Thesis). Northeastern University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20203960

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wen, Chuchu. “On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Northeastern University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20203960.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wen, Chuchu. “On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives.” 2016. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Wen C. On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Northeastern University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20203960.

Council of Science Editors:

Wen C. On the flame retardancy of polymers impregnated with powdered additives. [Masters Thesis]. Northeastern University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20203960

28. Coppola, Alysha Inez. Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment.

Degree: Earth System Science, 2015, University of California – Irvine

URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht837ws

► The incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels produces black carbon (BC). BC is recalcitrant and serves as a long term holding pool for carbon,… (more)

▼ The incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels produces black carbon (BC). BC is recalcitrant and serves as a long term holding pool for carbon, with a mean residence time of one to two orders of magnitude greater than unburnt carbon on land. Yet the known sources of BC are far larger than the known sinks, which led to studies of BC in the ocean’s dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir. The goal of this dissertation was to measure the abundance and residence times of BC in sediment, sinking particles and DOC in order to understand the cycling of BC in the ocean. I found that BC in northeast Pacific sediments was older by 6,200 ± 2,200 14C years than the concurrently deposited sedimentary organic carbon, suggesting that BC ages within DOC for millennia before deposition to sediments. Sinking particulate organic carbon may provide the main transport mechanism of aged BC into sediments. A solid phase extraction (SPE) technique was modified to extract DOC from seawater, and provided the methodological basis by which BC composition, concentration and Δ14C values were determined. This SPE method isolated 43 ± 6% of the DOC from seawater. I found that the composition of SPE-BC was less aromatic in the ocean samples than those in a set of river standards. The average concentration of SPE-BC in the surface ocean samples was 1.6 ± 0.1 μM and 1.2 ± 0.1 μM in a deep ocean sample. The average 14C age of surface SPE-BC is 4,500 ± 3,000 14C years, and is much older in the deep water sample from the Sargasso Sea (23,000 ± 3,000 14C years). I calculate that the SPE-BC pool is approximately 14 ± 2 Gt C in the open ocean. This value is a minimum estimate, because it does not include the BC content in 57% of the DOC that was not isolated using SPE methods in this work. BC can explain a small part of the 4,000 – 6,500 14C years age of DOC, but is not the major cause. The range of SPE-BC structures and Δ14C values found in this work suggest that oceanic SPE-BC is not homogeneous, but that it contains several distinct pools of BC with widely ranging residence times.

Subjects/Keywords: Biogeochemistry; Environmental science; black carbon; BPCA; dissolved organic carbon; radiocarbon; Station M

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APA (6^th Edition):

Coppola, A. I. (2015). Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment. (Thesis). University of California – Irvine. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht837ws

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Coppola, Alysha Inez. “Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment.” 2015. Thesis, University of California – Irvine. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht837ws.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Coppola, Alysha Inez. “Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment.” 2015. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Coppola AI. Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of California – Irvine; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht837ws.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Coppola AI. Radiocarbon Studies of Black Carbon in the Marine Environment. [Thesis]. University of California – Irvine; 2015. Available from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht837ws

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University

29. Gungor, Sila. Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites.

Degree: 2013, Penn State University

URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19871

► Advancing the methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) of composites and controlling the material properties for adapting to existent SHM methods is important for continuous… (more)

▼ Advancing the methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) of composites and controlling the material properties for adapting to existent SHM methods is important for continuous examination of damage in composites. This investigation aims to address these problems by tailoring the electrical properties of glass-epoxy composites by the addition and electric-field-induced alignment of carbon nanofillers in order to develop a new type of material, which is a suitable candidate for damage detection using electrical resistance method. As carbon nanofillers, short unfunctionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were used due to their low aspect ratio, which is believed to ease their motion between the glass fibers. Short CNTs and CB were dispersed in a bisphenol-A based epoxide diluted with alkyl glycidyl ether by using bath sonication and stirring methods. Short CNT-filled epoxy and CB-filled epoxy composites were manufactured with and without electric-field-induced alignment of nanofillers due to dielectrophoresis. In addition to nanofilled-epoxy composites, random and aligned short CNT-filled and CB-filled glass-epoxy composites were also manufactured by using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging techniques. Significant increases were obtained in the electrical conductivity through the thickness of the composites filled with CB by aligning the CB nanoparticles through the thickness. It was further observed that, for a given concentration of nanofiller, higher electrical conductivities are obtained in aligned CB-filled glass-epoxy composites than in aligned short CNT-filled glass-epoxy composites, which turned the focus of this investigation on CBs rather than CNTs for damage detection studies. A parametric experimental investigation was carried out for CB-filled glass-epoxy composites by using different CB concentrations, applied AC field strengths and frequencies. Studies showed that increasing CB concentration and AC field strength up to a point increases the electrical conductivity through the thickness while imposing minor effects on the in-plane conductivities, whereas frequency does not have a significant effect on the conductivities. With the use of a proper CB concentration, AC field strength and frequency, a material with an anisotropy ratio, defined as the ratio of through-thickness conductivity to in-plane transverse conductivity, equal to 3.3 was achieved for CB-filled unidirectional glass-epoxy composites. This is the first investigation which shows that through thickness conductivity can exceed in-plane transverse conductivity. Finite element analyses were conducted to map the place and the size of damage for four different cases. It was shown that perpendicular electrode configuration is better compared to the parallel electrode configuration and it is possible to detect multiple damage and distinguish different sized damage from each other. A graphic user interface code was created to graphically illustrate the place and the size of the damage by a 3D animation, which permits… Advisors/Committee Members: Charles E Bakis, Dissertation Advisor/Co-Advisor, Charles E Bakis, Committee Chair/Co-Chair, Clifford Jesse Lissenden Iii, Committee Member, Kevin L Koudela, Committee Member, James Hansell Adair, Committee Member.

Subjects/Keywords: composites; carbon nanotubes; carbon black; electrical anisotropy; damage detection; glass fiber reinforced plastics

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Gungor, S. (2013). Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19871

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gungor, Sila. “Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites.” 2013. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed April 17, 2021. https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19871.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gungor, Sila. “Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites.” 2013. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Gungor S. Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19871.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gungor S. Electric-field-induced Alignment of Carbon Nanofillers in Multifunctional Glass-epoxy Composites. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19871

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Baylor University

30. Von Bargen, Justin M. Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes.

Degree: MS, Geology., 2013, Baylor University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2104/8718

► Wildfires have occurred over geologic time since the evolution of land plants and affect global biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem processes. Charcoal particles in the geological… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Charcoal.; Carbon.; Proxy.; Paleowildfires.; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.; Black carbon (BC).

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APA (6^th Edition):

Von Bargen, J. M. (2013). Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes. (Masters Thesis). Baylor University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2104/8718

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Von Bargen, Justin M. “Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Baylor University. Accessed April 17, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/8718.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Von Bargen, Justin M. “Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes.” 2013. Web. 17 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Von Bargen JM. Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Baylor University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2104/8718.

Council of Science Editors:

Von Bargen JM. Charcoal chemistry : developing a proxy for paleofire regimes. [Masters Thesis]. Baylor University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2104/8718

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