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1.
Gaudette, Jason E.
Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing.
Degree: PhD, Biomedical Engineering, 2014, Brown University
URL: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386112/ 
► Echolocating mammals such as bats, dolphins, and toothed whales perceive images of objects with hyper-resolution and navigate seamlessly through obstacles in complex acoustic environments. The…
(more)
▼ Echolocating mammals such as bats, dolphins, and
toothed whales perceive images of objects with hyper-resolution and
navigate seamlessly through obstacles in complex acoustic
environments. The biological solution to imaging with sound is
vastly different from man-made sonar. The most prominent difference
is that instead of imaging with multiple narrow beams, animals
ensonify a large spatial region and exploit broadband spectral
information to localize echoes with about one degree of angular
resolution. By imaging with wider beams, this remarkable
performance requires only a single broadband transmitter and two
receiving sensors, which is in direct contrast to the tens or
hundreds of array elements typically required for high-resolution
acoustic imaging. In order to translate the advantages of
biosonar
to man-made systems, we need an improved understanding of the
functional mechanisms that are responsible for its success.
Currently, little is known about the neural computations in the
auditory system of bats and cetaceans. However, analyzing
biological sonar as a black-box system can elucidate some of its
information processing. The objectives of this dissertation are to
improve our understanding of
biosonar from an engineering
perspective and to apply this perspective toward the development of
a compact bio-inspired broadband sonar system. New high-resolution
approaches to analyzing the bio-acoustic signals emitted by
echolocating bats are developed in the time-frequency, as well as
spatio-temporal domains. Computational modeling and simulation are
then used to explore the broadband information received and
processed by animals. Translating echolocating animals' complex
broadband beam patterns and acoustic signal processing techniques
to engineered sensing systems will ultimately lead to significant
innovations in how future sonar and radar systems are developed.
This research lays the groundwork towards constructing a compact
bio-inspired broadband sonar system - one that drastically reduces
array hardware complexity and requirements for a variety of
real-world aerial and underwater acoustic sensing
applications.
Advisors/Committee Members: Simmons, James (Director), Bienenstock, Elie (Reader), Clifton, Rodney (Reader), Hoffman-Kim, Diane (Reader), Reda, Sherief (Reader), Buck, John (Reader).
Subjects/Keywords: biosonar
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APA (6th Edition):
Gaudette, J. E. (2014). Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing. (Doctoral Dissertation). Brown University. Retrieved from https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386112/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Gaudette, Jason E. “Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Brown University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386112/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Gaudette, Jason E. “Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Gaudette JE. Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Brown University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386112/.
Council of Science Editors:
Gaudette JE. Bio-Inspired Broadband Sonar: Methods for Acoustical
Analysis of Bat Echolocation and Computational Modeling of Biosonar
Signal Processing. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Brown University; 2014. Available from: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386112/
2.
Barchi, Jonathan R.
Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat.
Degree: PhD, Neuroscience, 2014, Brown University
URL: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386121/
► This work presents several experiments designed to explore the use of spatial memory by echolocating big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) through observable flight behavior, specifically…
(more)
▼ This work presents several experiments designed to
explore the use of spatial memory by echolocating big brown bats
(Eptesicus fuscus) through observable flight behavior, specifically
the development of precisely stereotyped but individual flight
paths through a sparsely cluttered test environment. It was
demonstrated that a small local change to the flight environment
causes changes in flight behavior that are distributed along the
bats’ entire flight paths, suggesting that the bats are using an
internal spatial map to guide their navigation. The temporal
development of flight path stereotypy was measured, and found to be
asymptotically complete by the end of 6 days of daily flight at 5
min. per day. These flight paths were shown to be tolerant to
changes of initial condition, varied by changing the release
location within the flight chamber, and to persist over four weeks
without exposure to the test chamber. When exposed to a slightly
different configuration of obstacles than that one which they were
trained, in the same test chamber, bats maintained their path
precision and quickly adjusted to new flight paths. The precise
stereotypy of the flight paths through space was also observed in
the bats’ velocity profiles throughout the test chamber, suggesting
that these learned flight paths were really learned trajectories
with spatiotemporal content - a learned motor plan - rather than a
simple spatial attractor.
Advisors/Committee Members: Simmons, James (Director), Simmons, Andrea (Reader), Berson, David (Reader), Connors, Barry (Reader), Bandyopadhyay, Promode (Reader).
Subjects/Keywords: bat biosonar
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APA (6th Edition):
Barchi, J. R. (2014). Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat. (Doctoral Dissertation). Brown University. Retrieved from https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386121/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Barchi, Jonathan R. “Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Brown University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386121/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Barchi, Jonathan R. “Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Barchi JR. Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Brown University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386121/.
Council of Science Editors:
Barchi JR. Flight path dynamics and spatial memory in the big brown
bat. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Brown University; 2014. Available from: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:386121/
Virginia Tech
3.
Bhardwaj, Ananya.
Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes.
Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2021, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102299
► Horseshoe bats (family Rhinolophidae) are an echolocating bat species, i.e., they emit sound waves and use the corresponding echoes received from the environment to gather…
(more)
▼ Horseshoe bats (family Rhinolophidae) are an echolocating bat species, i.e., they emit sound
waves and use the corresponding echoes received from the environment to gather information
for navigation. This species of bats demonstrate the behavior of deforming their emitter
(noseleaf), and ears (pinna), while emitting or receiving echolocation signals. Horseshoe
bats are adept at navigating in the dark through dense foliage. Their impressive navigational
abilities are of interest to researchers, as their biology can inspire solutions for autonomous
drone navigation in foliage and underwater. Prior research, through numerical studies and
experimental reproductions, has found that these deformations can introduce time-dependent
changes in the emitted and received signals. Furthermore, recent research using a biomimetic
robot has found that echoes received from simple shapes, such as cube and sphere, also
contain time-dependent changes. However, prior studies have not used foliage echoes in
their analysis, which are more complex, since they include a large number of randomly
distributed targets (leaves). Foliage echoes also constitute a large share of echoes from the
bats' habitats, hence an understanding of the effects of the dynamic deformations on these
foliage echoes is of interest. Since echolocation signals exist within bat brains as neural spikes,
it is also important to understand if these dynamic effects can be identified within such signal
representations, as that would indicate that these effects are available to the bats' brains. In
this study, a biomimetic robot that mimicked the dynamic pinna and noseleaf deformation
was used to collect a large dataset (>55,000) of echoes from foliage. A signal processing model
that mimicked the auditory processing of these bats and generated simulated spike responses
was also developed. Supervised machine learning was used to classify these simulated spike
responses into two groups based on the presence or absence of these dynamics' effects. The
success of the machine learning classifiers of up to 80% accuracy suggested that the dynamic
effects exist within foliage echoes and also spike-based representations. The machine learning
classifier was more accurate when classifying echoes from a small confined area, as compared
to echoes distributed over a larger area with varying foliage. This result suggests that any
potential benefits from these effects might be location-specific if the bat brain similarly fails
to generalize over the variation in echoes from different locations.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Roan, Michael J. (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: bats; biosonar; dynamics; machine learning; sensing; dynamics
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APA (6th Edition):
Bhardwaj, A. (2021). Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102299
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bhardwaj, Ananya. “Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes.” 2021. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102299.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bhardwaj, Ananya. “Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes.” 2021. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Bhardwaj A. Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2021. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102299.
Council of Science Editors:
Bhardwaj A. Biomimetic Detection of Dynamic Signatures in Foliage Echoes. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2021. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102299
Texas A&M University
4.
Elsberry, Wesley Royce.
Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
Degree: PhD, Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 2004, Texas A&M University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/554
► Recent advances in technology permitted the first simultaneous digital recording of intranarial pressure and on-axis acoustic data from bottlenose dolphins during a biosonar target recognition…
(more)
▼ Recent advances in technology permitted the first simultaneous digital recording
of intranarial pressure and on-axis acoustic data from bottlenose dolphins during a
biosonar target recognition task. Analysis of pressurization events in the intranarial
space quantifies and supports earlier work, confirming that intranarial pressure
is increased when whistle vocalizations are emitted. The results show complex relationships
between various properties of the
biosonar click to the intranarial pressure
difference at the time it was generated. The intranarial pressure that drives the production
of clicks is not the primary determinant of many of the acoustic properties
of those clicks. A simple piston-cylinder physical model coupled with a sound production
model of clicks produced at the monkey-lips/dorsal bursae complex yields an
estimate of mechanical work for individual pressurization events. Individual pressurization
events are typically associated with a single click train. Mechanical work for
an average pressurization event is estimated at 10 Joules.
Advisors/Committee Members: Evans, William E. (advisor), Ridgway, Sam H. (committee member), Neill, William H. (committee member), Davis, Randall W. (committee member), Levine, Daniel S. (committee member), Cranford, Ted W. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: dolphins; biosonar; clicks; bioenergetics
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APA (6th Edition):
Elsberry, W. R. (2004). Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). (Doctoral Dissertation). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/554
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Elsberry, Wesley Royce. “Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).” 2004. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/554.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Elsberry, Wesley Royce. “Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).” 2004. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Elsberry WR. Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2004. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/554.
Council of Science Editors:
Elsberry WR. Interrelationships between intranarial pressure and biosonar clicks in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). [Doctoral Dissertation]. Texas A&M University; 2004. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/554
Virginia Tech
5.
Pannala, Mittu.
Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52702
► Bats are a paragon of evolutionary success. They rely on parsimonious sensory inputs provided by echolocation, yet are able to master lives in complex environments.…
(more)
▼ Bats are a paragon of evolutionary success. They rely on parsimonious
sensory inputs provided by echolocation, yet are able to master lives
in complex environments. The outer ears (pinnae) of bats are
intricately shaped receiver baffles that encode sensory information
through a diffraction process. In some bat species with particularly
sophisticated
biosonar systems, such as horseshoe bats
(Rhinolophidae), the pinnae are characterized by static as well as
dynamic geometrical features. Furthermore, bats from these species can
deform their pinnae while the returning ultrasonic waves impinge on
them. Hence, these dynamic pinna geometries could be a substrate for
novel, dynamic sensory encoding paradigms.
In this dissertation, two aspects of this dynamic sensing process were
investigated: (i) Do local shape features impact the acoustic effects
during dynamic deformation of the bat pinna? and (ii) do these shape
deformations provide a substrate for the dynamic encoding of sensory
information? For this, a family of simplified biomimetic prototypes
has been designed based on obliquely truncated cones manufactured from
sheets of isobutyl rubber. These prototypes were augmented with
biomimetic local shape features as well as with a parsimonious
deformation mechanism based on a single linear actuator. An automated
setup for the acoustic characterization of the time-variant prototype
shapes has been devised and used to characterize the acoustic
responses of the prototypes as a function of direction.
It was found that the effects of local shape features did interact
with each other and with the deformation of the overall shape. The
impact of the local features was larger for bent than for upright
shape configurations. Although the tested devices were much simpler
than actual bat pinnae, they were able to reproduce numerical
beampattern predictions that have been obtained for deforming
horseshoe bat pinnae in a qualitative fashion.
The dynamically deformable biomimetic pinna shapes were estimated to
increase the sensory encoding capacity of the device by unit[80]{%}
information when compared to static baffles. To arrive at this
estimate, spectral clustering was used to break up the direction- and
deformation-depended device transfer function into a discrete signal
alphabet. For this alphabet, we could estimate the joint signal
entropy across a bending cycle as a measure for sensory coding
capacity.
The results presented in this thesis suggest that bat
biosonar posses
unique dynamic sensing abilities which have no equivalent in man-made
technologies. Sensing paradigms derived from bat
biosonar could hence
inspire new deformable wave-diffracting structures for the advancement
in sensor technology.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Priya, Shashank (committee member), Socha, John J. (committee member), Bayandor, Javid (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: bat biosonar; pinna deformation; biomimetic model; dynamic sensing; sensory coding capacity
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Pannala, M. (2013). Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52702
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Pannala, Mittu. “Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52702.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Pannala, Mittu. “Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model.” 2013. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Pannala M. Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2013. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52702.
Council of Science Editors:
Pannala M. Investigation of Dynamic Ultrasound Reception in Bat Biosonar Using a Biomimetic Pinna Model. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52702
Virginia Tech
6.
Qiu, Peiwen.
Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti.
Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2020, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96483
► Sensors have been developed for a long time, and they can be used to detect the environments and then deliver the required sensing information. There…
(more)
▼ Sensors have been developed for a long time, and they can be used to detect the environments and then deliver the required sensing information. There are many different types of sensors, such as vision-based sensors (infrared camera and laser scanner) and sound-based sensors (sonar and radar). Ultrasonic transducers are one of the sound-based sensors, and they are more stable and reliable in environments where smoke or steam is present. Similar to human-made ultrasonic transducers, bats have developed highly capable
biosonar systems that consist of one ultrasonic emitter (nose or mouth) and two ultrasonic receivers (ears), and these
biosonar systems enable them to fly and hunt in cluttered environments. Some bats, e.g. rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats, have dynamic noseleaves (elaborate baffle shapes surrounding the nostrils) and pinna (outer ear), and these could enhance the sensing abilities of bats. Hence, the purpose of this thesis has been to investigate this variability to improve the human-made sensors by focusing on the dynamic pinna of the bats. It has been shown that bats have two distinct categories of pinna motions: rigid motions which change only the orientation of the pinna, and non-rigid motions which change also the shape of the pinna. However, the variability within the rigid and non-rigid pinna motions has received little attention. Therefore, the present work has investigated the variability in the rigid pinna motions and in the non-rigid pinna motions. Landmark points were placed on the pinna of certain bats and the pinna motions were tracked by high-speed video cameras. The rigid pinna motions exhibit a large continuous variation in where the pinna is orientated during rotation. Distributions of clusters of the landmarks on the pinna have shown that the non-rigid pinna motions fall into at least two subgroups. The acoustic impacts of the rigid pinna motions have been studied by a biomimetic pinna which reproduced the observed range of the rigid pinna motions. Ultrasonic signals mimicking the bats were emitted to be received by the biomimetic pinna. Based on these signals, it has been shown that different rotation axes and even small changes can provide over 50% new sensory information. These findings give engineers a potential way to improve the human-made sensors.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Kekatos, Vasileios (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Bat biosonar; pinna motions; dynamic sensing; sensory information encoding
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APA (6th Edition):
Qiu, P. (2020). Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96483
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Qiu, Peiwen. “Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96483.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Qiu, Peiwen. “Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti.” 2020. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Qiu P. Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96483.
Council of Science Editors:
Qiu P. Variability in the Pinna Motions of Hipposiderid Bats, Hipposideros Pratti. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96483
7.
Fu, Yanqing.
Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves.
Degree: PhD, Engineering Mechanics, 2016, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64906
► The evolution of bats is characterized by a combination of two key innovations - powered flight and biosonar - that are unique among mammals. Bats…
(more)
▼ The evolution of bats is characterized by a combination of two key innovations - powered flight and
biosonar - that are unique among mammals. Bats still outperform engineered systems in both capabilities by a large margin. Bat
biosonar stands out for its ability to encode and extract sensory information using various mechanisms such as adaptive beam width control, dynamic sound emission and reception, as well as cognitive processes. Due to the highly integrated and sophisticated design of their active sonar system, bats can survive in complex and dense environments using just a few simple smart acoustic elements. On the sound emission side, significant features that distinguish bats from the current man-made sonar system are the time-variant shapes of the noseleaves. Noseleaves are baffles that surround the nostrils in bats with nasal pulse emission such as horseshoe bats and can undergo non-rigid deformations large enough to affect their acoustic properties significantly. Behavioral studies have shown that these movements are not random byproducts, but are due to specific muscular action. To understand the underlying physical and engineering principles of the dynamic sensing in horseshoe bats, two experimental prototypes ,i.e. intact noseleaf and simplified noseleaf, have been used. We have integrated techniques of data acquisition, instrument control, additive manufacturing, signal processing, airborne acoustics, 3D modeling and image processing to facilitate this research. 3D models of horseshoe bat noseleaves were obtained by tomographic imaging, reconstructed, and modified in the digital domain to meet the needs of additive manufacturing prototype. Nostrils and anterior leaf were abstracted as an elliptical outlet and a concave baffle in the other prototype. As a reference, a circular outlet and a straight baffle designed. A data acquisition and instrument control system has been developed and integrated with transducers to characterize the dynamic emission system acoustically as well as actuators for recreating the dynamics of the horseshoe bat noseleaf. A conical horn and tube waveguide was designed to couple the loudspeaker to the outlet of bat noseleaf and simplified baffles. A pan-tilt was used to characterize the acoustic properties of the deforming prototypes over direction. By using those techniques, the dynamic effect of the noseleaf was reproduced and characterized. It was suggested that the lancet rotation induced both beam-gain and beamwidth changes. Narrow outlet produced an isotropic beampattern and concave baffle had a significant time-variant and frequency-variant effect with just a small displacement. All those results cast light on the possible functions of the biological morphology and provided new thoughts on the engineering device's design.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Zhu, Hongxiao (committee member), Abaid, Nicole (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member), Jung, Sunghwan (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Noseleaf; Biosonar; Emission Baffle
…Introduction
This chapter introduces the principles and advantages of the bat biosonar compared with… …the biosonar
system and delivers the goals and approach of the current research.
1.1
Bat… …Biosonar & Engineered Sonar
The evolution of bats is characterized by a combination of two key… …19].
Even though the echolocating bats have those simple biosonar elements and small… …technology [41, 42] while biosonar has more flexibility. For example, in the man-made…
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APA ·
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Fu, Y. (2016). Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64906
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Fu, Yanqing. “Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64906.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Fu, Yanqing. “Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Fu Y. Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64906.
Council of Science Editors:
Fu Y. Dynamic Emission Baffle Inspired by Horseshoe Bat Noseleaves. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64906
8.
Gupta, Anupam Kumar.
Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74951
► Horseshoe bats possess a sophisticated biosonar system that helps them to negotiate complex unstructured environments by relying primarily on the sound as the far sense.…
(more)
▼ Horseshoe bats possess a sophisticated
biosonar system that helps them to negotiate complex unstructured environments by relying primarily on the sound as the far sense. For this, the bats emit brief ultrasonic pulses and listen to incoming echoes to learn about the environment. The sites of emission and reception in these bats are surrounded by baffle structures called "noseleaves" and "pinnae (outer ears)". These are the the only places in the
biosonar system where direction-dependent information gets encoded. These baffle structures in bats unlike the engineering systems like megaphones have complex static geometry and can undergo fast deformations at the time of pulse emission/reception. However, the functional significance of the baffle motions in
biosonar system is not known. The current work primarily focuses on: i) the study of the impact of noseleaf dynamics on the outgoing sound waves, ii) the study of the impact of baffle dynamics on encoding of sensory information and localization performance of bats. For this, we take a numerical approach where we use computer-animated digital models of bat noseleaves that mimic noseleaf dynamics as observed in bats. The shapes are acoustically characterized (beampatterns) numerically using a finite element implementation. These beampatterns are then analyzed using an information-theoretic approach. The followings findings were obtained: i) noseleaf dynamics altered the spatial distribution of energy, ii) baffle dynamics results in encoding of new sensory information, and iii) the new sensory information encoded due to baffle dynamics significantly improves the performance of
biosonar system on the two target localization tasks evaluated here – direction resolution and direction estimation accuracy. These results affirm the importance of dynamics in
biosonar system of horseshoe bats and point at the possibility of
biosonar dynamics as a key factor behind the astounding sensory capabilities of these animals that are not yet matched by engineering systems. Thus, these
biosonar dynamic principles can help improve the man-made sensing systems and help close the performance gap between active sensing in biology and in engineering.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Priya, Shashank (committee member), Bayandor, Javid (committee member), Simmons, James A. (committee member), Zhu, Hongxiao (committee member), Burdisso, Ricardo A. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: biosonar sensing; sensory information encoding; sensor dynamics; acoustics; bat noseleaf
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APA (6th Edition):
Gupta, A. K. (2017). Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74951
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Gupta, Anupam Kumar. “Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74951.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Gupta, Anupam Kumar. “Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Gupta AK. Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74951.
Council of Science Editors:
Gupta AK. Numerical analysis of bat noseleaf dynamics and its impact on the encoding of sensory information. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74951
Virginia Tech
9.
Yin, Xiaoyan.
The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2021, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101965
► Bats are well-known for their intricate biosonar system that allow the animals to navigate even the most complex natural environments. While the mechanism behind most…
(more)
▼ Bats are well-known for their intricate
biosonar system that allow the animals to navigate even the most complex natural environments. While the mechanism behind most of these abilities remains unknown, an interesting observation is that some bat species produce fast movements of their ears when actively exploring their surroundings. By moving their pinna, the bats create a time-variant reception characteristic and very little research has been directed at exploring the potential benefits of such behavior so far. One hypothesis is that the speed of the pinna motions modulates the received
biosonar echoes with Doppler-shift patterns that could convey sensory information that is useful for navigation. This dissertation intends to explore this hypothetical dynamic sensing mechanism by building a soft-robotic biomimetic receiver to replicate the dynamics of the bat pinna. The experiments with this biomimetic pinna robot demonstrate that the non-rigid ear motions produce Doppler signatures that contain information about the direction of a sound source. However, these patterns are difficult to interpret because of their complexity. By combining the soft-robotic pinna with a convolutional neural network for processing the Doppler signatures in the time-frequency domain, I have been able to accurately estimate the source direction with an error margin of less than one degree. This working system, composed of a soft-robotic biomimetic ear integrated with a deep neural net, demonstrates that the use of Doppler signatures as a source of sensory information is a viable hypothesis for explaining the sensory skills of bats.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Socha, John (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member), Abaid, Nicole Teresa (committee member), Roan, Michael J. (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Bats; Biosonar; Pinna Motions; Doppler Shifts; Direction finding; Biomimetics; Deep Learning
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Yin, X. (2021). The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101965
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Yin, Xiaoyan. “The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions.” 2021. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101965.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Yin, Xiaoyan. “The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions.” 2021. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Yin X. The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2021. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101965.
Council of Science Editors:
Yin X. The Role of Actively Created Doppler shifts in Bats Behavioral Experiments and Biomimetic Reproductions. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2021. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101965
Virginia Tech
10.
Lee, Hyeon.
Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2020, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99833
► While bats are one of the most intriguing creatures to the general population, they are also a popular subject of study in various disciplines. Their…
(more)
▼ While bats are one of the most intriguing creatures to the general population, they are also a popular
subject of study in various disciplines. Their extraordinary ability to navigate and forage irrespective of clutter using echolocation has gotten attention from many scientists and engineers. Research investigating bats typically includes analysis of acoustic signals from microphones and/or microphone arrays. Using time difference of arrival (TDOA) between the array elements or the microphones is probably the most popular method to locate flying bats (azimuth and elevation). Microphone responses to transmitted signals and echoes near a bat provide sound pressure but no directional information.
This dissertation proposes a complementary way to the current TDOA methods, that delivers directional information by introducing spatial audio techniques. This work shows a couple of feasible methods based on spatial audio techniques, that can both track bats in flight and pinpoint the directions of echoes received by a bat. An ultrasonic tetrahedral soundfield microphone is introduced as a measurement tool for sounds in the sonar frequency range (20-80 kHz) of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Ambisonics, a signal processing technique used in three-dimensional (3D) audio applications, is used for the basic processing of the signals measured by the soundfield microphone. Ambisonics also reproduces a measured signal containing its directional properties.
As the first method, a spatial audio decoding technique called HARPEx (High Angular Resolution Planewave Expansion) was used to build a system providing angle and elevation estimates. HARPEx can estimate the direction of arrivals (DOA) for up to two simultaneous sound sources. Experiments proved that the estimation system based on HARPEx provides accurate DOA estimates of static or moving sources. The performance of the system was also assessed using statistical analyses of simulations. Medians and RMSEs (root-mean-square error) of 10,000 simulations for each simulation case represent the accuracy and precision of the estimations, respectively. Results show shorter distance between a capsule and the soundfield microphone center, or/and higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) are required to achieve higher performance.
For the second method, the matched-filter technique is used to build another estimation system. This is a sonar-like estimation system that provides information of the target (range, direction, and velocity) using matched-filter responses and sonar fundamentals. Experiments using a loudspeaker (emitter) and an artificial or natural target (either stationary or moving) show the system provides accurate estimates of the target's direction and range. Simulations imitating a situation where a bat emits a pulse and receives an echo from a target (30°) were also performed. The system processed the virtual bat pulse and echo, and accurately estimated the direction, range, and velocity of the target.
The suggested methods provide accurate estimates of the direction, range,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Roan, Michael J. (committeechair), Burdisso, Ricardo A. (committee member), Reed, Jeffrey H. (committee member), Mueller, Rolf (committee member), Tarazaga, Pablo Alberto (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: bat biosonar; spatial audio; soundfield microphone; Ambisonics; matched-filter; sound localization; echolocation; HARPEx; signal modeling
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Lee, H. (2020). Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99833
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lee, Hyeon. “Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar.” 2020. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99833.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lee, Hyeon. “Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar.” 2020. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Lee H. Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2020. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99833.
Council of Science Editors:
Lee H. Spatial Audio for Bat Biosonar. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99833
Virginia Tech
11.
Balakrishnan, Sreenath.
A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae.
Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2010, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36406
► In bats, the directivity patterns for reception are shaped by the surface geometry of the pinnae. Since many bat species are capable of large ear…
(more)
▼ In bats, the directivity patterns for reception are shaped by the surface geometry of the
pinnae. Since many bat species are capable of large ear deformations, these beampatterns
can be time-variant. To investigate this time-variance using numerical methods, a digital
model that is capable of representing the pinna geometry during the entire deformation cycle
has been developed.
Due to large deformations and occlusions, some of the surfaces relevant to sound diffraction
may not be visible and the geometry of the entire pinna has to be computed from limited
data. This has been achieved by combining a complete digital model of the pinna in one
position with time-variant sparse sets of three dimensional landmark data. The landmark
positions were estimated using stereo vision methods. A finite element model based on
elasticity was constructed from CT scans of the pinna post mortem. This elastic model
was deformed to provide a good fit to the positions of the landmarks and retain values of
smoothness and surface energy comparable to life. This model was able to handle ratios
of data to degrees of freedom around 1:5000 and still effect life-like deformations with an
acceptable goodness of fit.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Socha, John J. (committee member), Priya, Shashank (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: bat pinnae; Deformable models; ear movements; spatial hearing; biosonar
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Balakrishnan, S. (2010). A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36406
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Balakrishnan, Sreenath. “A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36406.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Balakrishnan, Sreenath. “A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae.” 2010. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Balakrishnan S. A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2010. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36406.
Council of Science Editors:
Balakrishnan S. A Numerical Elastic Model for Deforming Bat Pinnae. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36406
12.
Ming, Chen.
Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments.
Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Virginia Tech
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78825
► Foliage is very common feature in the habitats of echolocation bats and thus its echoes constitute the major input of bats' sensory systems. Acquiring useful…
(more)
▼ Foliage is very common feature in the habitats of echolocation bats and thus its echoes constitute the major input of bats' sensory systems. Acquiring useful information from vegetation echoes facilitates the bats significantly in the navigation and foraging behaviors. To better understand the foliage echoes, in this dissertation, a computer model was constructed to simulate foliage echoes with following simplifications: approximating leaves as circular disks, leaving out shading effects between leaves, and distributing leaves uniformly in the space. Then one tree can be described with three parameters in the model, leaf radius, orientation, and leaf density, where the first two determine the beampattern of each leaf. Compared with echoes collected from real trees, the simulation echoes are qualitatively accurate, i.e., they match in waveforms and also first-order statistics. Since the ground truth is known in the model, the three parameters were estimated with lasso model by selecting 40 features from each echo. The results have shown that estimation of one parameter with the other two known is usually successful with coefficient of determination close to one, and the classification still has reasonable accuracy when the number of known parameter is reduced to one. Besides, the three simplifications were examined with both experimental and simulation approaches. To assess the acoustic impact of leaf geometry on individual leaves, experiments were carried out by ensonifying leaves from both a single and different species. How the leaves' impulse responses change according to their equivalent radii was investigated. The simulation model of disks fits the experiments done with real leaves within one species and across species reasonably well. Shading effect is found to exist locally when two disks were 25 cm apart and were both in pulse direction. In addition, the inhomogeneous distribution of leaves was introduced by using the branching patterns of L-system. The evaluation of inhomogeneity in echoes produced with two distributions shows that there is always inhomogeneity in echoes, and L-system model does bring more inhomogeneity but not to the same extent as changes in the relative orientation between sonar beam and foliage do.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mueller, Rolf (committeechair), Zhu, Hongxiao (committee member), Taylor, John E. (committee member), Kurdila, Andrew J. (committee member), Leonessa, Alexander (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: bat biosonar; foliage echoes; computational model
…37
A simplified model of biosonar echoes from foliage and the properties of natural… …17
2.3
Biosonar beampattern model: A) distribution of beam gain amplitude over… …surface of the biosonar beam: A) pine, B) ginkgo. Experimental paradigms
(Fig 3.6… …50
xx
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1
Bioinspiration and Bat Biosonar
Biological systems… …bat biosonar,
vegetation and other non-prey objects are often referred to as sources of…
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Ming, C. (2017). Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78825
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ming, Chen. “Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78825.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ming, Chen. “Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Ming C. Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78825.
Council of Science Editors:
Ming C. Foliage Echoes and Sensing in Natural Environments. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78825
13.
LeBien, John.
Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales.
Degree: MS, Physics, 2017, University of New Orleans
URL: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2417
► The Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center has collected passive acoustic monitoring data in the northern Gulf of Mexico since 2001. Recordings were made in 2007…
(more)
▼ The Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center has collected passive acoustic monitoring data in the northern Gulf of Mexico since 2001. Recordings were made in 2007 near the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that provide a baseline for an extensive study of regional marine mammal populations in response to the disaster. Animal density estimates can be derived from detections of echolocation signals in the acoustic data. Beaked whales are of particular interest as they remain one of the least understood groups of marine mammals, and relatively few abundance estimates exist. Efficient methods for classifying detected echolocation transients are essential for mining long-term passive acoustic data. In this study, three data clustering routines using k-means, self-organizing maps, and spectral clustering were tested with various features of detected echolocation transients. Several methods effectively isolated the echolocation signals of regional beaked whales at the species level. Feedforward neural network classifiers were also evaluated, and performed with high accuracy under various noise conditions. The waveform fractal dimension was tested as a feature for marine
biosonar classification and improved the accuracy of the classifiers. [This research was made possible by a grant from The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative. Data are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information & Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at <a href="https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org/">https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org</a>.] [DOIs: 10.7266/N7W094CG, 10.7266/N7QF8R9K]
Advisors/Committee Members: Ioup, Juliette, Georgiou, Ioannis, Puri, Ashok.
Subjects/Keywords: beaked whale; biosonar; classification; clustering; feedforward neural network; fractal dimension; passive acoustic monitoring; Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; Environmental Monitoring; Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing; Physics
…biosonar features. Furthermore, trained neural network classifiers are evaluated using
these… …minutes
(Shorr et al., 2014).
Their biosonar is characterized by high frequency clicks… …biosonar clicks (Baumann-Pickering et al., 2013). Upon the detection of a desired… …in the evaluation. Quantification of some biosonar source properties requires the range
and… …Click Duration
Measures of transient duration have been developed specifically for biosonar…
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APA ·
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Export
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APA (6th Edition):
LeBien, J. (2017). Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales. (Thesis). University of New Orleans. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2417
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
LeBien, John. “Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales.” 2017. Thesis, University of New Orleans. Accessed February 28, 2021.
https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2417.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
LeBien, John. “Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
LeBien J. Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of New Orleans; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2417.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
LeBien J. Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales. [Thesis]. University of New Orleans; 2017. Available from: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2417
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
. 
Open Access Theses and Dissertations
