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Cornell University

1. Aron Melo, Felipe Alejandro. Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle.

Degree: PhD, Geological Sciences, 2014, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/38981 

I have used geological, geophysical and engineering methods to explore mechanisms of upper plate, brittle deformation at active forearc regions. My dissertation particularly addresses the permanent deformation style experienced by the forearc following great subduction ruptures, such as the 2010 Mw8.8 Maule, Chile and 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquakes. These events triggered large, shallow seismicity on upper plate normal faults above the rupture reaching Mw7.0. First I present new structural data from the Chilean Coastal Cordillera over the rupture zone of the Maule earthquake. The study area contains the Pichilemu normal fault, which produced the large crustal aftershocks of the megathrust event. Normal faults are the major neotectonic structural elements but reverse faults also exist. Crustal seismicity and GPS surface displacements show that the forearc experiences pulses of rapid coseismic extension, parallel to the heave of the megathrust, and slow interseismic, convergence-parallel shortening. These cycles, over geologic time, build the forearc structural grain, reactivating structures properly-oriented respect to the deformation field of each stage of the interplate cycle. Great subduction events may play a fundamental role in constructing the crustal architecture of extensional forearc regions. Static mechanical models of coseismic and interseismic upper plate deformation are used to explore for distinct features that could result from brittle fracturing over the two stages of the interplate cycle. I show that the semi-elliptical outline of the first-order normal faults along the Coastal Cordillera may define the location of a characteristic, long-lived megathrust segment. Finally, using data from the Global CMT catalog I analyzed the seismic behavior through time of forearc regions that have experienced great subduction ruptures >Mw7.7 worldwide. Between 61% and 83% of the cases where upper plate earthquakes exhibited periods of increased seismicity above background levels occurred contemporaneous to megathrust ruptures. That correlation is stronger for normal fault events than reverse or strike-slip crustal earthquakes. More importantly, for any given megathrust the summation of the Mw accounted by the forearc normal fault aftershocks appears to have a positive linear correlation with the Mw of the subduction earthquake - the larger the megathrust the larger the energy released by forearc events. Advisors/Committee Members: Allmendinger, Richard Waldron (chair), Ingraffea, Anthony R (committee member), Pritchard, Matthew (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Subduction seismic cycle; Permanent forearc deformation; 2010 Maule earthquake

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6th Edition):

Aron Melo, F. A. (2014). Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/38981

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Aron Melo, Felipe Alejandro. “Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 03, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/38981.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Aron Melo, Felipe Alejandro. “Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle.” 2014. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Aron Melo FA. Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/38981.

Council of Science Editors:

Aron Melo FA. Active And Long-Lived Permanent Forearc Deformation Driven By The Subduction Seismic Cycle. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/38981


Brigham Young University

2. Williams, Nicole D. Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel.

Degree: MS, 2015, Brigham Young University

URL: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7085&context=etd 

Over the past several decades, empirical formulas have been developed and improved to predict liquefaction and lateral spread based on a database of case histories from observed earthquakes, such as Youd et al. (2002) and Rauch and Martin (2000). The 2010 Maule Chile earthquake is unique first of all because it is recent and was not used to develop recent liquefaction and lateral spread evaluation methods, and therefore can be reasonably used to evaluate the effectiveness of such equations. Additionally, the 8.8 magnitude megathrust event fills a significant gap in the databases used to develop these empirical formulas, which tends to under represent large magnitude earthquakes and events which occur along subduction zones. Use of case histories from this event will therefore effectively test the robustness and accuracy of these methods.As a part of this comparison, data will be collected from two piers in Port Coronel, Chile: Lo Rojas or Fisherman's Pier, and el Carbonero. Lo Rojas is a municipally owned pier which failed in the 2010 earthquake. Dr. Kyle Rollins gathered detailed engineering survey data defining lateral spread displacements along this pier in a reconnaissance visit with other GEER investigators after the earthquake. El Carbonero was under construction during the earthquake, but no known lateral displacements were observed. Collaboration with local universities and personnel contributed a great deal of knowledge about the soil profile. In early April 2014, collection of SPT and CPT data began in strategic locations to fill gaps of understanding about the stratigraphy near the two piers. Additional testing will provide necessary information to carry out predictions of displacements using current empirical models, which can then be compared with observed displacements collected after the earthquake. Collected data will also be complied, and this alone will provide useful information as it represents a unique case history for future evaluation.The goals of this study are therefore: (1) Collect data for two piers (Lo Rojas and el Carbonero) in Port Coronel, Chile to provide a useful case history of lateral displacements observed; (2) Conduct a liquefaction and lateral spread analysis to predict displacement of the two piers in question, considering lateral spread and slope stability; (3) Compare predicted values with observed displacements and draw conclusions on the predictive capabilities of analyzed empirical equations for similar earthquakes (4) Make recommendations to improve when possible.

Subjects/Keywords: Maule Chile 2010 earthquake; liquefaction; lateral spread; Civil and Environmental Engineering

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6th Edition):

Williams, N. D. (2015). Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel. (Masters Thesis). Brigham Young University. Retrieved from https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7085&context=etd

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Williams, Nicole D. “Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Brigham Young University. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7085&context=etd.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Williams, Nicole D. “Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Williams ND. Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Brigham Young University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7085&context=etd.

Council of Science Editors:

Williams ND. Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 Earthquake in Port Coronel. [Masters Thesis]. Brigham Young University; 2015. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7085&context=etd


Delft University of Technology

3. Broerse, D.B.T. Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations.

Degree: 2014, Delft University of Technology

URL: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf  ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf 

During earthquakes large scale mass displacements take place when slip on a fault deforms the earth’s crust. Besides, in the days to decades after the main shock ongoing deformation is usually observed that is related to relaxation of stresses caused by the earthquake. In this thesis I relate gravity changes as observed by the GRACE satellite mission to solid earth deformation caused by earthquakes. Special attention is given to modeling the contribution of ocean mass redistribution to gravity changes, and its relation to changes in bathymetry. I show that common modeling practices are usually not properly taking into account the effect of ocean water redistribution when computing seismic gravity changes. Using a combination of GRACE data and GPS observations I interpret ongoing gravity changes and crustal motions after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake as dominantly caused by viscoelastic mantle flow. Contrasts in relaxation styles from both observation types are related to lateral variations in mantle rheology below the subduction zone. The combined analysis of GPS and GRACE data strongly suggest that the mantle at the continental side of the subduction zone is weaker than the oceanic side. Advisors/Committee Members: Ambrosius, B.A.C..

Subjects/Keywords: earthquakes; time-variable gravity; GRACE; sea level change; viscoelastic relaxation; megathrusts; GPS; 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake; 2010 Maule earthquake; 2011 Tohoku earthquake; normal modes; burgers rheology; mantle rheology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6th Edition):

Broerse, D. B. T. (2014). Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations. (Doctoral Dissertation). Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Broerse, D B T. “Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Delft University of Technology. Accessed March 03, 2021. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Broerse, D B T. “Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations.” 2014. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Broerse DBT. Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Delft University of Technology; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf.

Council of Science Editors:

Broerse DBT. Megathrust Earthquakes: Study of Fault Slip and Stress Relaxation Using Satellite Gravity Observations. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Delft University of Technology; 2014. Available from: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; urn:NBN:nl:ui:24-uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf ; http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3e46f5b1-1887-4c7c-9d5e-9a6a56126ebf

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