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1.
PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva.
Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea.
Degree: 2015, Federal University of Pernambuco
URL: https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469 
► Os Insumos Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) são considerados uma nova classe de micropoluentes orgânicos ambientais podendo causar impactos negativos aos ecossistemas. As indústrias farmacêuticas são umas…
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▼ Os Insumos Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) são considerados uma nova classe de micropoluentes orgânicos ambientais podendo causar impactos negativos aos ecossistemas. As indústrias farmacêuticas são umas das responsáveis por essa poluição, por isso buscam novos métodos para tratar seus efluentes. Dentre esses fármacos tem-se a Zidovudina (AZT) que pode ser considerado um poluente de difícil degradação nos efluentes industriais via processos convencionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento de um método de degradação eletroquímico com baixos custos através de uma eletrólise. O AZT foi doado pelo Laboratório Farmacêutico do Estado de Pernambuco (LAFEPE), e caracterizado através de análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho e difração de raios-X de pó. Como técnicas analíticas, a voltametria de pulso diferencial foi a primeira a ser explorada, utilizando eletrodos de amálgama de mercúrio e carbono vítreo com e sem
deposição de zinco na superfície, para pH de 7,2 e 9,6, solução de tampão sódio-potássio de AZT 16 mm, a fim de identificar o melhor pico de redução. Os resultados mostram que o AZT sofre degradação com o eletrodo de amálgama e de carbono vítreo, esse último em menor intensidade. Em busca de uma técnica menos poluente, o eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi o que melhor se enquadrou à proposta de descontaminação de efluentes. As condições ótimas para essa degradação foram solução de tampão sódio-potássio de AZT 16 mm em pH 9,6, com uma corrente (I) de 0,04 A e tempo de reação de 24 horas, em que os resultados obtidos com a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) revelaram uma degradação de 100% do fármaco Zidovudina, e formação de produtos de degradação.
Active Pharmaceuticals (AP) are considered as a new class of environmental organic micropollutant which are causing negative impact to the ecosystems. The pharmaceutical industries are one of the main responsible for this
pollution leading to the search of new wastewater treatment methods. Among these pharmaceuticals, the Zidovudin (AZT) may be considered a pollutant of hard degradation profile by the conventional known methodologies and this problem motivated the development of a low cost electrochemical degradation method. The AT was donated by the Pernambuco State Pharmaceutical Laboratory (LAFEPE) and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared absorption spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The differential pulse voltammetry was first explored applying Hg amalgam and vitreous carbon electrodes, with and without Zn surface deposition. These conditions were tested at a H = 7.2 and pH = 9.6, using a 16 mm AZT in a sodium-phosphate buffer in order to identify and optimize the reduction peak. The results show that the AZT degrades when the amalgam and the vitreous carbon are applied. Searching for a less pollutant technique, the vitreous carbon electrode was chosen for the continuation
of the studies. The optimized experimental conditions were found to be: 16 mm AZT in a…
Advisors/Committee Members: SANTOS, Beate Saegesser.
Subjects/Keywords: Zidovudina; Degradação; Eletrólise; Zidovudine; Degradation; Electrolysis
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APA (6th Edition):
PONTES, T. T. e. S. (2015). Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea. (Masters Thesis). Federal University of Pernambuco. Retrieved from https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva. “Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Federal University of Pernambuco. Accessed April 18, 2021.
https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
PONTES, Terezinha Thília e Silva. “Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea.” 2015. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
PONTES TTeS. Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Federal University of Pernambuco; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469.
Council of Science Editors:
PONTES TTeS. Estudo da remoção e degradação do fármaco zidovudina através de processos oxidativos mediados por catálise heterogênea. [Masters Thesis]. Federal University of Pernambuco; 2015. Available from: https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18469
2.
Palani, S.
Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -.
Degree: Pharmacy, 2007, Bundelkhand University
URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784
None
References p.255-271
Advisors/Committee Members: Sharma, P K.Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacy; drug delivery; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Palani, S. (2007). Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -. (Thesis). Bundelkhand University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Palani, S. “Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -.” 2007. Thesis, Bundelkhand University. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Palani, S. “Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -.” 2007. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Palani S. Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Bundelkhand University; 2007. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Palani S. Liposomal drug delivery of Zidovudine and its
evaluation; -. [Thesis]. Bundelkhand University; 2007. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13784
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
3.
Prasad, S V U M.
Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -.
Degree: Pharmacy, 2013, Andhra University
URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761
Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacy; pharmacokinetic studies; Lamivudine; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Prasad, S. V. U. M. (2013). Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -. (Thesis). Andhra University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Prasad, S V U M. “Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -.” 2013. Thesis, Andhra University. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Prasad, S V U M. “Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -.” 2013. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Prasad SVUM. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Andhra University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Prasad SVUM. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for
the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine
combination and its application in formulation development and
pharmacokinetic studies; -. [Thesis]. Andhra University; 2013. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/12761
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Boston University
4.
Brennan, Alana Teresa.
Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.
Degree: PhD, Epidemiology, 2016, Boston University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521
► The success of scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is in large part due to the introduction of a…
(more)
▼ The success of scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is in large part due to the introduction of a “public health approach” to access advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) which emphasized standardized treatment regimens that could be purchased in large quantities and delivered at scale. In 2010 the WHO updated their global HIV treatment guidelines recommending the substitution of stavudine with tenofovir (both of which are members of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) class of drugs) in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Given the size of treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa, changing the NRTI used in first-line therapy for HIV could have a substantial impact on treatment outcomes. We conducted three prospective cohort studies using clinical datasets from several sub-Saharan African countries to answer questions surrounding the impacts of exposure to tenofovir in first-line therapy.
The first study examines the frequency of stavudine use and single-drug substitutions (substituting the NRTI in first-line ART) in three regions in sub-Saharan Africa by calendar year, 2004–2014. We found a total of 33,441 (8.9%; 95% CI: 8.7–8.9%) single-drug substitutions occurred among 377,656 patients in the first 24 months on ART, close to 40% of which were amongst patients on stavudine. The decrease in single-drug substitutions corresponded with the phasing out of stavudine. We saw an 80% reduction in the risk of single-drug substitutions when comparing tenofovir to stavudine and close to a 70% reduction in the risk when comparing zidovudine to stavudine.
The second study uses a regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of national HIV treatment guideline changes in South Africa and Zambia recommending tenofovir in first-line ART on treatment outcomes. We found that updated WHO guidelines increased the proportion of patients initiating tenofovir (risk difference (RD) (South Africa): 81%; 95% CI: 73%, 89%; RD (Zambia): 42%; 95% CI: 38%, 45%). Intent to treat estimates showed a decrease in single-drug substitutions in South Africa (RD: -15%; 95% CI: -18%, -12%) and Zambia (RD: -2.0%; 95% CI: -3.6%, -0.3%). In both countries, there was no effect on mortality, attrition or viral load failure (South Africa only).
The third study investigates the effect of the 2012 tenofovir stock shortage in South Africa on provider and patient level outcomes, using data from four public-sector Right to Care clinics, two of which experienced a tenofovir stock shortage and two that did not. While imprecise, our results suggest a potential shift in how providers managed patients during the period of the shortage, mainly, a noticeable decrease in the average number of days between visits during the shortage compare to before or after at all four clinics and a significant difference in the proportion of patients missing visits. Difference-in-difference regression results showed a small, but significant, increase in the risk of missed visits during…
Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; HIV; Stavudine; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tenofovir; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Brennan, A. T. (2016). Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Brennan, Alana Teresa. “Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Brennan, Alana Teresa. “Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.” 2016. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Brennan AT. Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521.
Council of Science Editors:
Brennan AT. Shifting to tenofovir use in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults in public sector treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Boston University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19521
University of the Western Cape
5.
Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied.
Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
.
Degree: 2016, University of the Western Cape
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052
► Background: Zidovudine (AZT) is a very useful drug for the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Its optimal use is limited by its bitter…
(more)
▼ Background:
Zidovudine (AZT) is a very useful drug for the management of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Its optimal use is limited by its bitter taste, sparing solubility (20.1 mg/ml) and acid lability. Cyclodextrins (CD) are a class of compounds which can be used to form inclusion complexes with drugs such as AZT to improve it is taste, solubility and palatability. Purpose: This study complexed hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) with AZT. The formulated inclusion complex was evaluated for suitability as a dosage form and as a tool for improving AZT’s palatability, solubility and acid liability. Method: AZT was complexed with HPβCD using the lyophilisation method. The binding constant for the formulation was determined by the phase solubility method, and complex formation between AZT and HPβCD evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and hot stage microscopy (HSM). Tablets of the inclusion complex were formulated by direct compression, using the least possible amount of excipients, and the dosage form evaluated for hardness, friability, durability, disintegration time and dissolution. Results: The binding constant of the formulation was 3.919, and the degree of incorporation was 4.0 mg AZT/g of CD per complex. 1H NMR showed significant chemical shifts between the inclusion complex and AZT. DSC and TGA analyses showed significant differences in the curves for the pure AZT and HPβCD. Values for tablet hardness, friability, durability and disintegration time were 236 ± 20 N, 0.7 %, 1.02 % and 10.25 minutes, respectively. The solubility of the formulation was 148.08 mg/ml, and its dissolution profile was different from that of the branded formulation. Conclusions: AZT-HPβCD inclusion complex, with a 7.4-fold increase in AZT solubility, was successfully prepared using the lyophilisation method. The binding constant and friability of the formulation were within acceptable limits. Although the hardness value is high, the tablet still disintegrated within acceptable specified times. This study has significant implications for anti-retroviral complex formulations.
Advisors/Committee Members: Samsodien, Halima (advisor), Mbamalu, Oluchi (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Cyclodextrins;
Zidovudine (AZT);
HIV;
Solubility;
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Al-Derbali, M. A. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
. (Thesis). University of the Western Cape. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied. “Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
.” 2016. Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Al-Derbali, Meftah Abdulhafied. “Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
.” 2016. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Al-Derbali MA. Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Al-Derbali MA. Formulation and evaluation of zidovudine cyclodextrin inclusion complex to enhance acid lability and palatability
. [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5052
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Addis Ababa University
6.
Berhane, Yemane.
Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Degree: 2019, Addis Ababa University
URL: http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/21174
► Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and anemia are the major public health problems in sub-Sahara Africa. Anemia in HIV-infected individuals is associated with more rapid…
(more)
▼ Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and anemia are the major public health
problems in sub-Sahara Africa. Anemia in HIV-infected individuals is associated with more
rapid disease progression and a poorer prognosis if not addressed appropriately.
Objective: This study was aimed at determining the magnitude, severity and determinants of
anemia among HIV infected patients taking
Zidovudine (ZDV) and Tenofovir (TDF) containing
first line HAART regimen in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (ACSH), Mekele,
Ethiopia 2019.
Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted using both convenient and
quota sampling method to assess prevalence, severity and determinants of anemia in ACSH,
Ethiopia from February to August 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 212
HIV infected patients on ZDV and TDF containing first line HAART regimen were assessed.
Structured questionnaire, medical records, anthropometric measurement tools (electronic
weighing scale, adult height board), automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XT-4000i) for
CBC analysis and Becton Dickinson’s (BD) FACS caliber flow cytometer for the enumeration of
CD4 T- lymphocyte count were used.
Results: Around one third of the study participants (33.5%, n=212) were found to be anemic
(ZDV: 20.3%; TDF: 13.2% and P<0.05). The majority (21.7%, n=212) of them were found to
have mild anemia and the remaining were with moderate anemia. In both study groups
normocytic-normochromic anemia was the most common type (46.7%, n=212). In patients
taking ZDV containing regimen; advanced AIDS stage at enrollment, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
(CPT), poor adherence and underweight at baseline were the significant predictors of anemia.
On the other hand, in patients on TDF containing regimen anemia was significantly predicted by
CPT intake, poor adherence status and absence of regular income.
Conclusion: We found that anemia prevalence is significantly higher among patients taking ZDV
containing regimen. But various risk factors for anemia were identified among ZDV containing
regimen, showing that appropriate follow up, nutritional supplementation, continuous evaluation
of patients on CTP can reduce the risks of anemia in both HAART regimens.
Advisors/Committee Members: Dr.Haile, Diresibachew (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Zidovudine; Tenofovir; Immunological profiles; Hematological profiles; duration of treatment
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APA ·
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Berhane, Y. (2019). Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
(Thesis). Addis Ababa University. Retrieved from http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/21174
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Berhane, Yemane. “Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
” 2019. Thesis, Addis Ababa University. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/21174.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Berhane, Yemane. “Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
” 2019. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Berhane Y. Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
[Internet] [Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/21174.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Berhane Y. Assessment of magnitude, severity and determinants of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients taking ZIDOVUDINE and TENOFOVIR containing first line HAAT regimen at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
[Thesis]. Addis Ababa University; 2019. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/21174
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
7.
Fauchet, Floris.
Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.
Degree: Docteur es, Pharmacologie, 2014, Université Paris Descartes – Paris V
URL: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632
► L’utilisation d’un traitement antirétroviral, chez la femme enceinte ou chez l’enfant infecté par le VIH, doit être optimale en termes d’efficacité et de tolérance. De…
(more)
▼ L’utilisation d’un traitement antirétroviral, chez la femme enceinte ou chez l’enfant infecté par le VIH, doit être optimale en termes d’efficacité et de tolérance. De nombreuses modifications physiologiques ont lieu tout au long de la grossesse ainsi que pendant les premières années de vie d’un enfant. Ces changements peuvent intervenir à tous les niveaux du devenir du médicament dans l’organisme. Une mauvaise connaissance des variations pharmacocinétiques associées à ces changements physiologiques peut amener à une toxicité ou à une inefficacité de ces traitements. Il est donc primordial de connaître la pharmacocinétique des différentes molécules antirétrovirales recommandées chez la femme enceinte et l’enfant infectés par le VIH. Les pharmacocinétiques de deux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse, la zidovudine et l’abacavir et celle d'un inhibiteur de protéase, le lopinavir, ont été étudiées chez la femme enceinte et/ou chez l'enfant par une approche de population. L’évaluation et l’optimisation des recommandations posologiques de ces trois molécules ont été réalisées en tenant compte de relations concentration-effet et/ou concentration-toxicité précédemment établies. L'étude décrivant la pharmacocinétique de l’abacavir a montré qu’une adaptation posologique n’était pas nécessaire pendant la grossesse. En revanche, les études sur la pharmacocinétique de la zidovudine ont montré que les doses recommandées, chez la femme enceinte et chez l’enfant, devraient être diminuées afin de limiter les risques de toxicité. Pour finir, l’étude sur la pharmacocinétique du lopinavir a suggéré qu’il n’était pas nécessaire d’augmenter les posologies pendant la grossesse, contrairement à ce qui est recommandé dans la littérature.
The use of an antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women or in HIV-infected child should be optimal in terms of efficacy and safety. Important physiological changes occur during pregnancy and the first years of life. These changes can affect drug pharmacokinetics. Poor knowledge of pharmacokinetic variations associated with these physiological changes can lead to toxicity or failure of these treatments. Therefore, it is important to know the antiretroviral pharmacokinetics of recommended drugs in pregnant women and in HIV-infected children. The pharmacokinetics of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine and abacavir and one protease inhibitor, lopinavir, have been studied in pregnant women and/or in children with a population approach. The evaluation and optimization of dosage recommendations of these three molecules have been achieved using concentration-efficacy and/or concentration-toxicity relationships previously established. The study describing the abacavir pharmacokinetics showed that a dose adjustment was not necessary during pregnancy. However, studies on zidovudine pharmacokinetics presented that the doses recommended in pregnant women and in children should be reduced in order to limit the toxicity risks. Finally, the study on lopinavir…
Advisors/Committee Members: Tréluyer, Jean-Marc (thesis director).
Subjects/Keywords: VIH; Femme enceinte; Prévention mère-enfant; Pharmacocinétique de population; Passage transplacentaire; Zidovudine; Lopinavir; Abacavir; HIV; Pregnant women; PMTCT; Population pharmacokinetics; Placental transfer; Zidovudine; Lopinavir; Abacavir; 615.7
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APA (6th Edition):
Fauchet, F. (2014). Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Paris Descartes – Paris V. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Fauchet, Floris. “Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris Descartes – Paris V. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Fauchet, Floris. “Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Fauchet F. Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Paris Descartes – Paris V; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632.
Council of Science Editors:
Fauchet F. Optimisation pharmacocinétique du traitement de la femme enceinte et de l'enfant infectés par le VIH, par une approche de population : Pharmacokinetic optimization treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and children, use of a population approach. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Paris Descartes – Paris V; 2014. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P632
University of Georgia
8.
Brown, Stacy Denice.
Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies.
Degree: 2014, University of Georgia
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/29501
► This dissertation is divided into two parts entitled I. Trace Level Determination of Trichloroethylene from Liver, Lung, and Kidney Tissues by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and…
(more)
▼ This dissertation is divided into two parts entitled I. Trace Level Determination of Trichloroethylene from Liver, Lung, and Kidney Tissues by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and II. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis and
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir and Acyclovir/Zidovudine Therapies in the Pregnant Rat. The chapters contained therein describe techniques of analytical chemistry as well as some pharmacokinetic analysis and toxicology studies. The introduction
to this document should help the reader understand not only why specific subject matters are being examined, but also why analytical chemistry plays such a vital role in the scientific process. Part I focuses on the method development aimed at lowering
the limits of detection for the common drinking water contaminant, trichloroethylene (TCE). The ability to quantitate trace levels of this chemical in biological matrices will enable toxicologists to develop more environmentally relevant models of the
risk associated with TCE exposure. Chapter 1 presents the validated method used for quantitating TCE from drinking water from which the tissue methods were derived. Chapter 2 describes the final method and validation for quantitating low levels of TCE
from target organs. Part II describes the analytical and pharmacokinetic studies conducted to examine the placental transfer of the anti-herpes drug acyclovir (ACV). This study also incorporated the use of the anti-HIV compound zidovudine (AZT) in a
comparative pharmacokinetic analysis between ACV or AZT mono-therapies and a therapy involving a combination of the two. Chapters 3-5 outline the various analytical methods used to help quantitate acyclovir (and zidovudine) in a variety of biological
matrices. Chapter 6 presents the pharmacokinetic analysis of both the ACV and AZT mono-therapies and the results obtained from a study of the co-administration of ACV and AZT.
Subjects/Keywords: Trichloroethylene; TCO; Acyclovir; Zidovudine; AZT; Anti-Virals; Gas chromatography; CC/MS; Liquid chromatography; LC/MS
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APA (6th Edition):
Brown, S. D. (2014). Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies. (Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10724/29501
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Brown, Stacy Denice. “Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies.” 2014. Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10724/29501.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Brown, Stacy Denice. “Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Brown SD. Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/29501.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Brown SD. Trace level determination of trichloroethylene from liver, lung, and kidney tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; high performance liquid chromatographic analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and acyclovir/zidovudine
therapies. [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/29501
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Georgia
9.
Lewis, Summer Renee.
Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat.
Degree: 2014, University of Georgia
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/23173
► Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection has increased dramatically in pregnant women, thus, exposing the fetus in utero. However, with the increasing use of combination…
(more)
▼ Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection has increased dramatically in pregnant women, thus, exposing the fetus in utero. However, with the increasing use of combination therapies, drug-drug interactions causing significant health
risks are becoming more common. Therefore, antiviral drugs are used therapeutically in pregnancy for the treatment of the mother and the fetus. Antiviral drugs are presumed to prevent the transmission of infections from mother to fetus by decreasing
maternal viral load and/or accumulation of drugs in the fetal compartment. Drugs enter the fetal compartment through either passive diffusion and/or active transport across the placenta. Studies with single antiviral agents suggest that these drugs cross
the placenta by passive diffusion. However, recent studies have identified several nucleoside transporters in the placenta. To date, very few studies have examined the fetal disposition of drugs administered in combination. To understand these
interactions, the pharmacokinetics of these antiretroviral agents, alone and in combination, must be fully understood in both mother and fetus in order to successfully treat pregnant HIV positive women.
Subjects/Keywords: Pharmacokinetics; HIV; Abacavir; Lamivudine; 3TC; Zidovudine; AZT; placental transport; antiviral; fetal disposition
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APA (6th Edition):
Lewis, S. R. (2014). Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat. (Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10724/23173
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lewis, Summer Renee. “Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat.” 2014. Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10724/23173.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lewis, Summer Renee. “Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Lewis SR. Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/23173.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Lewis SR. Maternal and fetal disposition of antiviral agents in the pregnant rat. [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/23173
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of KwaZulu-Natal
10.
Chikeya, Grace.
Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng.
Degree: 2020, University of KwaZulu-Natal
URL: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/19003
► Objective The aim of the study is to identify adverse drug reactions attributable to tenofovir- and zidovudine-based fixed-dose combinations of highly active anti-retroviral therapy and,…
(more)
▼ Objective
The aim of the study is to identify adverse drug reactions attributable to tenofovir- and
zidovudine-based fixed-dose combinations of highly active anti-retroviral therapy and,
subsequently, to determine the annual costs incurred managing these adverse drug
reactions and the budget implications of these costs at an outpatient anti-retroviral clinic
in Mamelodi, Pretoria.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study reviewed de-identified clinical data for adverse drug
reactions. The study was carried out at Stanza Bopape ARV Clinic in Mamelodi, Pretoria.
De-identified medical charts of HIV-positive patients were analysed for clinical
information and laboratory data of adult patients who started on HAART between July
2017 and June 2018. Data collection commenced in October 2018.
Based on the costs and the incidence rates of adverse drug reactions observed in the
analysis, a decision tree model was established to estimate the cost impact of adverse drug
reaction management on the clinic¶s budget.
Results
A total of 469 patient files were analysed (62% female vs 38% male). The mean age at
the start of anti-retroviral therapy for the cohort was 36.6yrs (95% CI 35.74-37.45) and
the mean baseline CD4 count was 380 (95% CI 343-418). Incidence of adverse drug
reactions to tenofovir- or
zidovudine-based fixed-dose combinations of anti-retroviral
therapy was found to be 24.95%. The ADRs reported with the use of TDF and AZT based
HAART regimens were rash (n=45, 27%), decreased glomerular filtration rate (n=34,
21%), trouble sleeping (n=39, 21%), severe diarrhoea (n=19, 12%), nausea and vomitting
(n=18, 11%), decreased heamoglobin or anaemia (n=4, 2%), headaches (n=4, 2%),
dizziness (n=2, 5.3%).
The study revealed that ZAR427.30 was the cost attributed to adverse drug reactions due
to tenofovir-based regimens whilst ZAR467.94 was the cost attributed to adverse drug
reactions due to
zidovudine-based regimens, per patient, annually. Costs attributed to
gastro-intestinal related adverse drug reactions were the highest in comparison to other
adverse drug reactions. Estimated total cost of adverse drug reactions attributed to
zidovudine-based therapy was ZAR8003.98 (US$556.40) and estimated total cost of
adverse drug reactions attributed to tenofovir-based anti-retroviral therapy per annum was
ZAR33 788, 23 (US$2348.80) for 1221patients initiated on antiretroviral therapy between
July 2017 and June 2018.
Conclusion
Despite our estimated costs to the clinic, due to adverse drug reactions, being lower than
similar studies, there remains a notable budget impact on a resource-limited setting.These
estimates will allow for cost due to adverse drug reactions caused by tenofovir- and
zidovudine-based anti-retroviral therapy to be accounted for in budgets at the antiretroviral clinic.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bangalee, Varsha. (advisor), Oosthuizen, Frasia. (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Adverse drug reactions.; Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART).; Tenofovir.; Zidovudine.; Cost analysis.
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APA (6th Edition):
Chikeya, G. (2020). Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/19003
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Chikeya, Grace. “Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng.” 2020. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed April 18, 2021.
https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/19003.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Chikeya, Grace. “Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng.” 2020. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Chikeya G. Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/19003.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Chikeya G. Annual costs incurred on managing adverse drug reactions attributable to fixed-dose combination Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in an outpatient ARV clinic in Gauteng. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2020. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/19003
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
11.
André Luís da Silva Novaes.
Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.
Degree: 2013, University of São Paulo
URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/
► A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese…
(more)
▼ A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese de ácidos nucléicos. Estes são dois dos 21 fármacos componentes dos medicamentos distribuídas pelo Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro em programas de combate a Síndrome da imunodeficiência Adquirida (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS), configurando-se assim uma grande demanda de produção de medicamentos com estes fármacos. Programas de Tecnologia Analítica em Processo (Process Analytical techology - PAT), embasadas por avanços nos guias internacionais da Conferência Internacional sobre a Harmonização dos Requerimentos Técnicos para o Registro de Produtos Farmacêuticos para o uso Humano (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use - ICH) e pela agência norte-americana para a Administração de Alimentos e
Medicamentos (Food and Drugs Administration - FDA), estão ganhando força como alternativas para aumentar a eficiência e a segurança na produção de medicamentos, tanto para aqueles já em processo produtivo como também para medicamentos em fase de desenvolvimento. Estes últimos são denominados desenvolvimento em programas de Qualidade por Design (QbD). Métodos de quantificação por espectroscopia (NIR, MID, RAMAM, entre outras) são reconhecidos como ferramentas para a PAT. Neste contexto propôs-se comparar objetivamente o método tradicional de quantificação destes dois fármacos frente a um método de quantificação desenvolvido utilizando-se a espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID). Prepararam-se assim 41 amostras de calibração e 23 amostras de validação, compostas por misturas de zidovudina, lamivudina e placebo (qs) em escala laboratorial, na faixa de 80 a 120% da concentração nominal de uma associação comercial dos dois fármacos. As concentrações de referência de todas as
preparações foram determinadas empregando-se o método de referência por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) da Farmacopeia Americana (United States Pharmacopeia - USP). Subsequentemente, obtiveram-se cinco espectros no infravermelho de cada uma das preparações, na faixa de 450 a 4000 cm-1. Os espectros foram então pré-processados e utilizados para a construção de um modelo de calibração multivariado por PLS (mínimo quadrados parciais), de acordo com a ASTM E1655-05. Adicionalmente, o método de CLAE foi transferido para um método de UPLC de acordo com o Capitulo Geral descrito no volume 37(3) do Fórum da USP (United States Pharmacopeia). O desempenho do método MID foi então comparado com o método tradicional, bem como com o novo método de quantificação por UPLC. Foram definidaLs assim regiões de confiança para embasar a utilização dos métodos desenvolvidos. O método de quantificação por MID apresentou uma grande variabilidade enquanto que o método por UPLC foi totalmente
comparável com o método tradicional, reduzindo o tempo de corrida de 60 minutos para 12.55 minutos.
Zidovudine, also known…
Advisors/Committee Members: Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli Pinto, Felipe Rebello Lourenço, Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado.
Subjects/Keywords: Espectroscopia infravermelha; Lamivudina; MID; PAT; UPLC; Zidovudina; Infrared spectroscopy; Lamivudine; MID; PAT; UPLC; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Novaes, A. L. d. S. (2013). Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Novaes, André Luís da Silva. “Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Novaes, André Luís da Silva. “Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos.” 2013. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Novaes ALdS. Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/.
Council of Science Editors:
Novaes ALdS. Tecnologia Analítica em processo (PAT): método espectroscópico como alternativa ao método clássico para uniformidade de conteúdo e doseamento de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos revestidos. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2013. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-26032014-160051/
University of Pretoria
12.
[No author].
Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
.
Degree: 2013, University of Pretoria
URL: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/
► Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence…
(more)
▼ Objective: The objective of this retrospective
cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric
parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment
regimen, IRIS and adherence predict response to HAART as measured
by CD4 count, weight gain and functional status in a cohort of
patients in Roma, the Kingdom of Lesotho. Method: Data were
collected from a computerised database of the Antiretroviral Centre
of the hospital. A cohort of 300 subjects was identified from
hospital records from January 2007. Each of these subjects was
followed up over a period of 12 months with data obtained for at
least two visits within the 12-month span. Data were obtained on
weight and CD4 at baseline, three months and also at six and 12
months, and data for haemoglobin were obtained only at 12 months.
Variables that may be potential confounders were identified and
univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were
carried out to establish differences independent of confounding
factors for the combined endpoints, as well as for each endpoint
separately. Results: Three-hundred patient records were analysed.
Approximately 70% of the patients had a CD4 increase of at least
150 cells over baseline values at the end of the review period and
in 52.3% of the patients an increase in weight of 10% over baseline
measurements was seen. Seventy-nine patients (26.3%) had a
haemoglobin level of at least 14g/dL at 12 months, regardless of
baseline values or gender. The inclusion of
Zidovudine (AZT) in
treatment regimens was found in 73% of the patients and in
multivariate analysis AZT was associated with not having anaemia at
the end of the review period. However there was a slight reduction
in haemoglobin level in the first two to three months of therapy in
comparison with both Stavudine (d4T) and Tenofovir (TDF) but not
significant enough to result in clinical anaemia. Baseline CD4
values were similar for all treatments options but dissimilar in
other outcome variables and continued to vary significantly
throughout the review period. The outcomes of multivariate analyses
suggest that the male gender appears to have better response to
HAART as seen in each of the multivariate models. The most
important determinant of haemoglobin response was baseline
haemoglobin values. In the haemoglobin-associated multivariate
model, HAART is associated with an increase in haemoglobin over
baseline values. A history of TB prior to HAART was a major factor
in weight response and it is thought to be as a result of IRIS,
which is the unmasking of latent infections as the immune system
reconstitutes. CD4 values have no direct influence on weight
however, but an increase in weight was observed in all therapy
groups. Conclusion: Clinical and immunological parameters can be
used to monitor response to HAART and predict treatment outcomes.
These parameters can be organised into monitoring tools that will
be useful in resource-limited areas. This study suggests that
AZT-containing regimens appear not to result in anaemia and that…
Advisors/Committee Members: Rheeder, Paul (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: CD4;
Weight;
Haemoglobin;
Resource-limited;
Stavudine;
Tenofovir anaemia;
Zidovudine;
Response;
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART);
UCTD
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APA ·
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
author], [. (2013). Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
author], [No. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
author], [No. “Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
.” 2013. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
author] [. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/.
Council of Science Editors:
author] [. Factors affecting response to antiretroviral agents at
one year in an HIV cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho
. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2013. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05092013-133756/
University of KwaZulu-Natal
13.
Mollo, Lerato Joy.
A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.
Degree: 2016, University of KwaZulu-Natal
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671
Subjects/Keywords: Theses - Chemistry.; Photochemistry.; Zidovudine.; HIV/AIDS.; Photodegradation.
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APA (6th Edition):
Mollo, L. J. (2016). A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Mollo, Lerato Joy. “A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.” 2016. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Mollo, Lerato Joy. “A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents.” 2016. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Mollo LJ. A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Mollo LJ. A study of the photochemical stability of 3'-Azido-3' deoxythymidine in different solvents. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15671
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Pretoria
14.
Adebanjo, Adefolarin
Babafemi.
Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.
Degree: Clinical Epidemiology, 2012, University of Pretoria
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507
► Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence…
(more)
▼ Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort
study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric
parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment
regimen, IRIS and adherence predict response to HAART as measured
by CD4 count, weight gain and functional status in a cohort of
patients in Roma, the Kingdom of Lesotho. Method: Data were
collected from a computerised database of the Antiretroviral Centre
of the hospital. A cohort of 300 subjects was identified from
hospital records from January 2007. Each of these subjects was
followed up over a period of 12 months with data obtained for at
least two visits within the 12-month span. Data were obtained on
weight and CD4 at baseline, three months and also at six and 12
months, and data for haemoglobin were obtained only at 12 months.
Variables that may be potential confounders were identified and
univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were
carried out to establish differences independent of confounding
factors for the combined endpoints, as well as for each endpoint
separately. Results: Three-hundred patient records were analysed.
Approximately 70% of the patients had a CD4 increase of at least
150 cells over baseline values at the end of the review period and
in 52.3% of the patients an increase in weight of 10% over baseline
measurements was seen. Seventy-nine patients (26.3%) had a
haemoglobin level of at least 14g/dL at 12 months, regardless of
baseline values or gender. The inclusion of
Zidovudine (AZT) in
treatment regimens was found in 73% of the patients and in
multivariate analysis AZT was associated with not having anaemia at
the end of the review period. However there was a slight reduction
in haemoglobin level in the first two to three months of therapy in
comparison with both Stavudine (d4T) and Tenofovir (TDF) but not
significant enough to result in clinical anaemia. Baseline CD4
values were similar for all treatments options but dissimilar in
other outcome variables and continued to vary significantly
throughout the review period. The outcomes of multivariate analyses
suggest that the male gender appears to have better response to
HAART as seen in each of the multivariate models. The most
important determinant of haemoglobin response was baseline
haemoglobin values. In the haemoglobin-associated multivariate
model, HAART is associated with an increase in haemoglobin over
baseline values. A history of TB prior to HAART was a major factor
in weight response and it is thought to be as a result of IRIS,
which is the unmasking of latent infections as the immune system
reconstitutes. CD4 values have no direct influence on weight
however, but an increase in weight was observed in all therapy
groups. Conclusion: Clinical and immunological parameters can be
used to monitor response to HAART and predict treatment outcomes.
These parameters can be organised into monitoring tools that will
be useful in resource-limited areas. This study suggests that
AZT-containing regimens appear not to result in anaemia and that…
Advisors/Committee Members: Rheeder, Paul (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: CD4;
Weight;
Haemoglobin;
Resource-limited;
Stavudine; Tenofovir
anaemia;
Zidovudine;
Response; Highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART);
UCTD
Record Details
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APA (6th Edition):
Adebanjo, A. (2012). Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Adebanjo, Adefolarin. “Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Adebanjo, Adefolarin. “Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho.” 2012. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Adebanjo A. Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507.
Council of Science Editors:
Adebanjo A. Factors
affecting response to antiretroviral agents at one year in an HIV
cohort at Roma Hospital, Lesotho. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24507
University of the Western Cape
15.
Tenghe, Lovette Asobo.
Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
.
Degree: 2018, University of the Western Cape
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770
► Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and Zidovudine (AZT) are both nucleotide and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs and NRTIs), respectively. They are used for…
(more)
▼ Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and
Zidovudine (AZT) are both nucleotide and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs and NRTIs), respectively. They are used for the management and prevention of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. These drugs are faced with oral delivery challenges such as low intestinal permeability and extensive first pass liver metabolism for TDF and AZT, respectively. Their use may also be limited by dose-dependent adverse effects, which may result in treatment failure when patients become non-compliant and non-adherent to their prescribed antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. Non-compliance and non-adherence to ARV regimen may lead to drug resistance and a need for change in regimen, which can be very expensive, not only financially but in terms of morbidity and mortality. To solve such issues, a new drug can be formulated, or an existing drug can be modified. The development and formulation of a new drug is time consuming and expensive, especially with no available data and a high probability of failure. Modifying existing drugs is a cheaper, less time-consuming option with lower probability of failure. Such modification can be achieved via non-covalent interactions using various methods such as preparation of nano-particulates with polymeric micelles (a non-covalent interaction). Polymeric micelles offer a variety of polymers to choose from for drug modification purposes.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate polymeric nanoparticles of TDF and AZT using different ratios of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterize the formulated nanoparticles (using the following analyses: particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, hot stage microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy), analyze for stability during storage (2-8˚C) and determine the release rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulated nanoparticles.
Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared using a modified version of the double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) solvent evaporation and diffusion method. Two ratios of PLGA (50:50 and 85:15) were used to prepare four formulations (two each of TDF and AZT). Thereafter, the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the formulations were assessed by characterizing the nanoparticles for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, percentage yield, release profile and particle morphology, using the suggested analytical techniques.
Results: For TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and AZT-PLGA 50:50, nanoparticles of 160.4±1.7 nm,154.3±3.1 nm,127.0±2.32 nm and 153.2±4.3 nm, respectively, were recovered after washing. The polydispersity index (PDI) values were ≤0.418±0.004 after washing, indicating that the formulations were monodispersed. The zeta potential of the particles was -5.72±1 mV, -19.1 mV, -12.2±0.6 mV and -15.3±0.5 mV for TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and…
Advisors/Committee Members: Samsodien, Halima (advisor), Mbamalu, Oluchi (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate;
Zidovudine;
Nanoparticles;
Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion (W/O/W);
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Tenghe, L. A. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
. (Thesis). University of the Western Cape. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. “Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
.” 2018. Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. “Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
.” 2018. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Tenghe LA. Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Tenghe LA. Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles
. [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Universidad del Rosario
16.
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola.
Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.
Degree: 2015, Universidad del Rosario
URL: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510
► Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la…
(more)
▼ Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), son importantes tanto para el mejoramiento del bienestar de los pacientes, como para el buen funcionamiento de las instituciones de salud. La presente investigación compara la intervención farmacológica de dos líneas de tratamiento, Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz contra Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir que se encuentran en la recomendación de esquema de primera línea según la Guía Práctica Clínica (2014). Se evaluó el efecto costo-efectivo de estos dos tratamientos basado en el aumento de los niveles de CD4 a lo largo de tres tiempos diferentes (inicial, 6 y 12 meses) y los costos de los medicamentos de acuerdo a los precios en Colombia según el SISMED en el año 2014. Se realizó un análisis de varianza factorial con medidas repetidas, un árbol de decisiones y un análisis de costo-efectividad incremental (ACEI). Se obtuvo información de 546 pacientes, tanto hombres como mujeres, de la Institución Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se encontró que el esquema 1 (Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz) fue considerado más efectivo y menos costoso que el tratamiento 2 (Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir), sin embargo no se evidenció una alta frecuencia de efectos adversos que pueda contribuir a la escogencia de un tratamiento u otro. De acuerdo a estos resultados la institución o los médicos tratantes tienen una alternativa farmacoeconómica para la toma de decisión del tratamiento a utilizar y así iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de pacientes que conviven con VHI con carga viral indetectable.
The treatments to increase 4-CD4 differentiation cluster levels in people who are suffering from the disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are important both for the improvement of the wellbeing of the patients, as well as for the proper functioning of the healthcare institutions. The current research compares the pharmacological interventions of two different treatment lines: Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz versus Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil, which are to be found recommended as the first scheme line for treatment in the Clinical Practice Guide (2014).The cost-effectiveness of both treatment lines was evaluated, taking into account their elevation of the CD4 levels throughout three different time periods (initial, 6 and 12 months) and the prices of the medication according to the price lists in Colombia established by the SISMED for 2014. A factorial-variance with repetitive measures analysis was carried out, as well as a decision tree and an incremental cost-effective analysis (ICEA) and information was obtained from 546 patients, men and women, who were attended at the Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S. institution in Bogotá. It was discovered that scheme 1 (Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz) was more effective and less…
Advisors/Committee Members: Conde Martínez, Rafael Enrique.
Subjects/Keywords: Costo-efectividad; Carga viral; Efavirenz; Lamivudina; VIH; Zidovudina; Cost-effectiveness; viral load; Efavirenz; HIV; Lamivudine; Zidovudine
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Record Details
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, C. P. (2015). Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. (Thesis). Universidad del Rosario. Retrieved from http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Thesis, Universidad del Rosario. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes vih positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11510
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Notre Dame
17.
Matthew David Lynx.
An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.
Degree: Biological Sciences, 2007, University of Notre Dame
URL: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736
► 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT) has been a staple of AIDS therapy for over two decades. Long-term use of high dosage AZT, as seen in the late…
(more)
▼ 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT) has been a
staple of AIDS therapy for over two decades. Long-term use of high
dosage AZT, as seen in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, was
associated with tissue toxicities, including hepatotoxicity and
cardiomyopathy. Low dosage AZT therapy used in modern regimens is
associated with lipodystrophy. Mitochondria in the affected tissues
are dysfunctional and have depleted mitochondrial DNA. The toxicity
of AZT is hypothesized to be due to AZT-5’-triphosphate (AZT-TP)
inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, leading to
mitochondrial DNA depletion. In this work with isolated rat liver
mitochondria and previous work with isolated rat heart
mitochondria, AZT was phosphorylated to AZT-5’-monophosphate
(AZT-MP), but no AZT-TP was detectable over two hours of
incubation. However, in these mitochondria, AZT was shown to be a
potent competitive inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylation. From
this work, an alternative mechanism for AZT toxicity was proposed,
wherein AZT’s inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation leads to a
depletion of the TTP pool, which causes mitochondrial DNA
depletion. The 3T3-F442a cell culture model was used to further
investigate this mechanism of toxicity. These cells are mouse
pre-adipocytes that can be differentiated into adipocytes, making
these cells a good model for lipodystrophy. The 3T3-F442a cells
were grown and differentiated in the presence of 1 and 10
Ì
åM AZT for 12 days. Samples were analyzed to
determine mitochondrial DNA content and
deoxynuceloside-triphosphate (dNTP) levels. Both 1 and 10
Ì
åM AZT were toxic to mitochondria but caused
a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA content relative to
untreated cells. This is the opposite of the expected effect and
may reflect a compensatory mechanism to overcome toxicity. Also,
AZT did not cause any trend of variation from the untreated cells
in the dNTP pools during the 12 days of treatment. These results do
not provide any further evidence to advance the proposed mechanism
of AZT toxicity due to AZT inhibition of thymidine
phosphorylation.
Advisors/Committee Members: Edward E. McKee, Committee Chair, Kenneth Olson, Committee Member, Thomas Nowak, Committee Member, Martin Tenniswood, Committee Member.
Subjects/Keywords: mitochondria; 3t3-f442a; zidovudine; inhibition; AZT; thymidine
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APA ·
Chicago ·
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Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
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APA (6th Edition):
Lynx, M. D. (2007). An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. (Thesis). University of Notre Dame. Retrieved from https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lynx, Matthew David. “An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.” 2007. Thesis, University of Notre Dame. Accessed April 18, 2021.
https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lynx, Matthew David. “An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>.” 2007. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Lynx MD. An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Notre Dame; 2007. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Lynx MD. An Investigation into 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine Toxicity:
Inhibtion of Thymidine Phosphorylation</h1>. [Thesis]. University of Notre Dame; 2007. Available from: https://curate.nd.edu/show/sj139022736
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Kentucky
18.
Feola, David James.
EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.
Degree: 2005, University of Kentucky
URL: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411
► The drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was investigated using an in vitro culture system, an in vivo mouse model, and a clinical trial in…
(more)
▼ The drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was investigated using an in vitro culture system, an in vivo mouse model, and a clinical trial in HIV-infected patients. We hypothesized that combination exposure causes immune cell populations in the bone marrow to undergo apoptotic cell death, and that the toxicity would affect the host response to an infectious stimulus. Mice were dosed with zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both drugs, or vehicle only control via oral gavage. Focusing on B-lineage cells in the bone marrow, we determined that cells of the rapidly cycling, early pre-B cell subset are targeted, as well as pro-B cells earlier in development. This toxicity was found to be cell cycle dependent, with an increase in percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cycle. In vitro experiments using the drugs in a bone marrow culture system demonstrated that the effect of cytotoxicity with combination exposure is synergistic and concentration-dependent. The mechanism of apoptosis that is induced appears to be caspase-independent. To measure host response in mice, animals treated with zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were infected with Pneumocystis murina pneumonia, and the group that received the combination of agents had a blunted antigen-specific IgG response, possibly due to a decreased number of B cells and activated B cells in the draining lymph nodes of the lungs. A clinical trial was conducted in HIV-infected patients, dividing subjects into groups receiving zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both, or neither agent. Upon vaccination with the influenza vaccine, the combination treatment group had a blunted humoral response, with reduced antigen-specific serum IgG titers as compared to the control group. We conclude that the drug-drug interaction involving zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is clinically-significant, and clinicians must consider this toxicity when treating patients with these agents concurrently.
Subjects/Keywords: zidovudine; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; apoptosis; B lymphocytes; humoral immunity
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Feola, D. J. (2005). EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Kentucky. Retrieved from https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Feola, David James. “EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.” 2005. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky. Accessed April 18, 2021.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Feola, David James. “EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS.” 2005. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Feola DJ. EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Kentucky; 2005. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411.
Council of Science Editors:
Feola DJ. EFFECT OF COMBINATION EXPOSURE TO ZIDOVUDINE AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE AND HUMANS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Kentucky; 2005. Available from: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/411
University of Georgia
19.
alnouti, yazen mohammed.
The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices.
Degree: 2014, University of Georgia
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21743
► Multidrug therapy has become the standard treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are…
(more)
▼ Multidrug therapy has become the standard treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used in all AIDS combination
therapies. In combination therapies, there is a high potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between the individual drugs. This interaction can alter the transport profile of anti HIV agents to the fetus in pregnant women. In order to study
pharmacokinetic interactions, sensitive and valid analytical methods are required for the quantification of NRTIs in different biological matrices. This dissertation focuses on developing valid analytical methods to quantify NRTIs in different pregnant
rat matrices. Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) were studied as model NRTIs. These matrices include plasma, amniotic fluid, placenta and fetus. Method development includes 3 steps, sample preparation, chromatographic separation and spectroscopic
detection. Due to the complicity of tissue matrices, ultra clean sample extraction is required. Different sample preparation techniques like protein precipitation by acids, organic solvents and salting out, solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid
extraction (LLE) were used. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are the separation techniques that were used. For spectrometric detection, ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors were used. After
developing the optimum sample extraction, chromatographic separation and spectrometric detection conditions, the methods were validated according to FDA criteria. The validated methods were successfully applied in animal studies using the pregnant rat
model. The animal studies have shown that fetal exposure to 3TC was significantly increased when co-administered with AZT. The mechanism of this drug-drug interaction has not been found, but it may be due to AZT competitive inhibition of the 3TC efflux
transporters in the fetal-facing side of the placenta. These results suggest that the underlying mechanism behind the 3TC placental transport in rats is carrier mediated.
Subjects/Keywords: HPLC; CE; MS; SPE; LLE; Sample Preparation; liquid chromatography; Biological matrices; Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; Lamivudine; 3TC; Zidovudine; AZT; placental transport
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APA (6th Edition):
alnouti, y. m. (2014). The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices. (Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21743
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
alnouti, yazen mohammed. “The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices.” 2014. Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21743.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
alnouti, yazen mohammed. “The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
alnouti ym. The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21743.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
alnouti ym. The application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of nucleoside analogues in biological matrices. [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21743
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
University of Georgia
20.
Clark, Teresa Nicole.
Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat.
Degree: 2014, University of Georgia
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21009
► For over two decades there has been a ceaseless search for more effective treatments of HIV/AIDS. Today there are a number of different therapies that…
(more)
▼ For over two decades there has been a ceaseless search for more effective treatments of HIV/AIDS. Today there are a number of different therapies that fall into one of three categories, based on their mechanism of action. All currently
marketed anti-HIV drugs are classified as either 1) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 2) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or 3) protease inhibitors. Each of these compounds has gone through FDA-regulated clinical trials to
prove safety and efficacy. Due to a number of reasons, pregnant women are generally not used during clinical trials, so very little is known about the behavior of drugs during pregnancy. A pregnant rat model has been developed to investigate the
pharmacokinetics and placental transport of drugs during pregnancy. Presented here are validated analytical methods for the extraction and quantitation of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors azidouridine, didanosine and abacavir in the
various matrices needed for maternal-fetal pharmacokinetic studies. Also presented here are the pharmacokinetics of two of these compounds, azidouridine (as compared to zidovudine) and abacavir, using a pregnant rat model.
Subjects/Keywords: Azidouridine; AZDU; Zidovudine; AZT; Abacavir; ABC; Didanosine; DDI; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; HPLC-UV; LC/MS/MS; Pharmacokinetics
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APA ·
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CSE |
Export
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APA (6th Edition):
Clark, T. N. (2014). Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat. (Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21009
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Clark, Teresa Nicole. “Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat.” 2014. Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21009.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Clark, Teresa Nicole. “Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Clark TN. Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21009.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Clark TN. Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the pregnant rat. [Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10724/21009
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
21.
Thayane Grilo Araujo.
Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina.
Degree: 2017, University of São Paulo
URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/
► A zidovudina (AZT), fármaco antirretroviral utilizado no tratamento da AIDS, apresenta biodisponibilidade oral em torno de 60% e seu uso prolongado pode ocasionar efeitos tóxicos…
(more)
▼ A zidovudina (AZT), fármaco antirretroviral utilizado no tratamento da AIDS, apresenta biodisponibilidade oral em torno de 60% e seu uso prolongado pode ocasionar efeitos tóxicos e tolerância ao tratamento. A lamivudina (3TC), apesar de demonstrar menor citotoxicidade e menor resistência viral, é considerada também menos potente. A associação entre os dois fármacos é recomendável em função da boa resposta terapêutica e maior adesão ao tratamento. As nanopartículas são uma alternativa para melhorar a biodisponibilidade e o transporte de fármacos sobretudo através da BHE. Nesse sentido, as nanopartículas poliméricas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) (PBCA) apresentam grande potencial para melhoria das características farmacêuticas, além de possibilitar resultados terapêuticos mais eficazes por meio da modificação de sua superfície, direcionando o fármaco ao sítio alvo. Diante do exposto, foram desenvolvidas nanopartículas de PBCA contendo a associação
lamivudina e zidovudina (3TC/AZT) revestidas com polissorbato 80 (Ps80). As nanopartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas e apresentaram resultados coerentes aos encontrados na literatura. Após a encapsulação dos fármacos e o revestimento com Ps80, notou-se um aumento no diâmetro médio e o potencial Zeta foi próximo de zero. Esses resultados juntamente com a análise de SAXS comprovam o revestimento das nanopartículas de PBCA. Os dados de DSC e TG/DTG mostram que a encapsulação foi eficiente para a estabilização térmica dos fármacos. Foi desenvolvido e validado o método analítico por CLAE, a fim de determinar a eficiência de encapsulação. A validação do método analítico para quantificação simultânea do 3TC e AZT, tanto nas nanopartículas de PBCA quanto nas nanopartículas revestidas, apresentou linearidade, especificidade, precisão e exatidão adequadas de acordo com as normativas. A porcentagem de encapsulação dos fármacos foi igual a 44,45% e 30,44%. As nanopartículas de PBCA e
PBCAPs80, em concentrações abaixo de 100 µg/mL, apresentaram viabilidade celular superior a 70% em células Caco-2, comprovando que o sistema apresenta baixa citotoxicidade, o que representa uma alternativa promissora para a encapsulação de fármacos antirretrovirais e consequente progresso no tratamento da AIDS.
Zidovudine (AZT), which is an anti-retroviral drug used in the treatment of AIDS, has oral bioavailability around 60% and its prolonged use can cause toxic effects and tolerance to the treatment. Lamivudine (3TC), although it has lower cytotoxicity and lower viral resistance, is also considered less potent. The association between these two drugs is recommended based on the good therapeutic response and greater adherence to treatment. Nanoparticles are an alternative to improve the bioavailability and the transport of drugs, particularly through the BBB. Thus, the polymeric nanoparticles of poly (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) have great potential for improving
the pharmaceutical characteristics, besides enabling more effective therapeutic results through the modification of its…
Advisors/Committee Members: Vladi Olga Consigliere de Matta, Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez.
Subjects/Keywords: AIDS; Lamivudina; Nanopartículas; Poli (n-butilcianoacrilato); Polissorbato 80; Zidovudina; AIDS; Lamivudine; Nanoparticles; Poly (n-butyl Cyanoacrylate); Polysorbate 80; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Araujo, T. G. (2017). Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Araujo, Thayane Grilo. “Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Araujo, Thayane Grilo. “Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina.” 2017. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Araujo TG. Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/.
Council of Science Editors:
Araujo TG. Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil cianoacrilato) contendo a associação lamivudina e zidovudina. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2017. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-23022017-103959/
22.
Thaisa Marinho Pereira.
Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.
Degree: 2012, University of São Paulo
URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/
► A biodisponibilidade de um fármaco é o fator determinante da eficácia clínica e depende principalmente das seguintes etapas: liberação da substância ativa a partir da…
(more)
▼ A biodisponibilidade de um fármaco é o fator determinante da eficácia clínica e depende principalmente das seguintes etapas: liberação da substância ativa a partir da forma farmacêutica e absorção. Assim, o controle da extensão e da velocidade de absorção de um fármaco administrado por via oral depende basicamente de dois aspectos: solubilidade nos líquidos fisiológicos e permeabilidade através das membranas biológicas. Fundamentado nestas características, o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB) foi proposto como ferramenta que permite a classificação dos fármacos e tem como finalidade auxiliar nas bioisenções e na predição da biodisponibilidade in vivo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a solubilidade da estavudina e a permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais por meio do modelo de perfusão in situ. Os meios empregados nos estudos de solubilidade e dissolução intrínseca foram: água purificada,
tampão pH 1,2, tampão pH 4,5, tampão pH 6,8 e tampão pH 7,5. Para a determinação da solubilidade pelo método do equilíbrio (técnica shake-flask), quantidades conhecidas do fármaco foram adicionadas em cada meio até atingir a saturação e esta mistura foi submetida à agitação de 150 rpm por 72 horas a 37°C. Para os ensaios de dissolução intrínseca, quantidade conhecida de estavudina foi compactada na matriz do aparato de Wood e submetida à dissolução em cada meio, sob agitação de 50 rpm a 37°C. A determinação da permeabilidade dos antirretrovirais foi realizada empregando o modelo de perfusão in situ em ratos machos Wistar. Uma porção do jejuno foi isolada e a solução de perfusão (pH 6,5) contendo o fármaco foi perfundida a um fluxo de 0,2 mL.min-1 a 37°C por 120 minutos. Os resultados obtidos referentes à solubilidade da estavudina pelo método do equilíbrio foram (em mg.mL-1): 146,49 (água), 149,22 (pH 4,5), 139,43 (pH 6,8) e 130,15 (pH 7,5). A determinação da razão dose:solubilidade
(D:S) em cada meio permitiu a obtenção dos seguintes resultados (em mL): 0,27 (água), 0,27 (pH 4,5), 0,29 (pH 6,8) e 0,31 (pH 7,5). Tais dados indicaram que este fármaco apresenta alta solubilidade nos meios utilizados no estudo, exceto em meio pH 1,2, onde a estavudina apresentou instabilidade demonstrada pela presença de coloração e odor alterados, inviabilizando a determinação da solubilidade nestas condições. Os ensaios de dissolução intrínseca da estavudina permitiram a determinação das taxas de dissolução intrínseca (TDI), as quais foram (em mg/min/cm²): 2,3570 (água), 2,7389 (pH 1,2), 2,7590 (pH 4,5) e 2,5947 (pH 6,8), demonstrando que este fármaco apresenta alta velocidade de dissolução nos meios utilizados. Com relação ao estudo de permeabilidade por meio do modelo de perfusão in situ, nas condições experimentais empregadas, os resultados obtidos foram (em cm.s-1): 3,96 x 10-5 (estavudina), 3,08 x 10-5 (lamivudina) e 4,17 x 10-5 (zidovudina) sugerindo que os fármacos
estavudina e zidovudina apresentam alta permeabilidade. Para a lamivudina não é descartada a possibilidade de ser considerada…
Advisors/Committee Members: Cristina Helena dos Reis Serra, Kênnia Rocha Rezende, Jacqueline de Souza.
Subjects/Keywords: Antirretrovirais; Biofarmácia; Estavudina; Lamivudina; Perfusão in situ; Permeabilidade; Solubilidade; Zidovudina; Antiretrovirals; Biopharmacy; in situ Perfusion; Lamivudine; Permeability; Solubility; Stavudine; Zidovudine
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Pereira, T. M. (2012). Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Pereira, Thaisa Marinho. “Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Pereira, Thaisa Marinho. “Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica.” 2012. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Pereira TM. Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/.
Council of Science Editors:
Pereira TM. Avaliação da solubilidade e da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos antirretrovirais. Aplicações na classificação biofarmacêutica. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2012. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-12092012-113959/
23.
Marcelo Guimarães.
Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico.
Degree: 2015, University of São Paulo
URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/
► A zidovudina (AZT) ainda é o fármaco mais empregado no tratamento da AIDS, isoladamente ou em associação a outros antirretrovirais, porém é um fármaco administrado…
(more)
▼ A zidovudina (AZT) ainda é o fármaco mais empregado no tratamento da AIDS, isoladamente ou em associação a outros antirretrovirais, porém é um fármaco administrado em altas doses e que apresenta efeitos adversos que comprometem a adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Assim, um novo sistema de liberação de zidovudina composto por nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) (PBCA) revestidas por ácido hialurônico (AH) foi desenvolvido e caracterizado com o objetivo de prolongar a liberação do fármaco e diminuir sua toxicidade. As nanopartículas têm sido amplamente estudadas como veículo para fármacos por permanecer na circulação por um tempo maior e, portanto, liberar o fármaco de forma prolongada. Para polimerização e, portanto, obtenção das nanopartículas, n-butil-cianoacrilato e Dextran® foram adicionados a HCl 0,1 M (pH 2,5), sob agitação a 800 rpm, por 1 h. O AZT foi adicionado e o processo foi neutralizado com adição de NaOH 0,1M após mais 3 h
de agitação. Após filtração as partículas foram revestidas pela adição de uma dispersão aquosa de ácido hialurônico (AH) a baixa rotação. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio das nanopartículas não revestidas foi de 152,3 nm, com um índice de polidispersividade médio igual a 0,055. O potencial zeta médio dessas partículas foi -0,678 mV. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio das nanopartículas revestidas com AH obtido foi de 196,9 nm, com um índice de polidispersividade médio igual a 0,440. O potencial zeta médio dessas partículas foi de -25,6 mV. Os valores resultantes dessas análises são indicativos da estabilidade das nanopartículas obtidas e da boa reatividade dos monômeros dos cianoacrilatos. Ainda, pelos resultados é possível confirmar a ocorrência do revestimento. Assim, a eficiência do processo de revestimento das nanopartículas pode ser comprovada por meio dos resultados das análises de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e pelos resultados das análises de espectroscopia de
absorção na região do infravermelho. Para quantificar o fármaco associado às nanopartículas, um método empregando espectrofotometria derivada (ED1) no UV aplicando a técnica do ponto de anulação foi desenvolvido e validado. Tal método possibilitou a eliminação da interferência dos excipientes, o que permitiu a quantificação do AZT na suspensão de nanopartículas com precisão e exatidão adequadas. A porcentagem de fármaco associado às nanoestruturas obtidas pelo método foi de 64%, considerado satisfatório. As nanopartículas foram incorporadas a uma formulação base de gel de Carbopol® 940 que, apresentou estabilidade após ser submetida a diferentes condições de armazenamento, com incidência de luz e variação da temperatura.
Zidovudine (AZT) is still the most widely used drug in the treatment of AIDS, alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, however it is indicated in high doses and has adverse effects that compromise patient compliance to treatment. Thus, a new
zidovudine delivery system made of poly (n-butyl-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) was…
Advisors/Committee Members: Vladi Olga Consiglieri, Nádia Araci Bou Chacra, Eliana Maria Aricó, Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez, Vânia Rodrigues Leite e Silva.
Subjects/Keywords: Análise térmica; Espectrofotometria derivada; Liberação controlada; Nanopartículas poliméricas; Zidovudina; Controlled release; Derivative spectrophotometry; Polymeric nanoparticles; Thermal analysis; Zidovudine
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APA (6th Edition):
Guimarães, M. (2015). Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Guimarães, Marcelo. “Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Guimarães, Marcelo. “Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico.” 2015. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Guimarães M. Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/.
Council of Science Editors:
Guimarães M. Desenvolvimento de nanopartículas de poli (n-butil-cianoacrilato) com zidovudina revestidas por ácido hialurônico para veiculação em gel de uso transdérmico. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2015. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-16032016-101157/
Leiden University
24.
Krekels, E.H.J.
Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children.
Degree: 2012, Leiden University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947
► The maturation of UGT2B7-mediated drug glucuronidation was studied in preterm and term neonates up to infants of three years of age using a population approach.…
(more)
▼ The maturation of UGT2B7-mediated drug glucuronidation was studied in preterm and term neonates up to infants of three years of age using a population approach. A pharmacokinetic model was developed for morphine, which was used as a paradigm compound. In this model, the maturation of morphine glucuronidation is described by a bodyweight-based exponential relationship with an exponent of 1.44. The model-derived dosing algorithm was evaluated prospectively in a clinical trial and it was shown that this dosing algorithm may reduce overdosing of neonates and exposure to ineffective doses in older infants. Additionally, it was found that the bodyweight-based exponential relationship that describes the maturation of morphine glucuronidation can be directly applied to the maturation of
zidovudine, which is also a UGT2B7 substrate. This expedites the development of paediatric pharmacokinetic models and evidence-based paediatric drug dosing algorithms. Based on a study using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling it was concluded that the equation for maturation of morphine glucuronidation could be applicable to all small molecular drugs and to paediatric patient populations with normal hepatic function. Finally, a framework was developed to properly validate paediatric pharmacokinetic population models and the validation of paediatric pharmacokinetic models for morphine in literature were investigated.
Advisors/Committee Members: Knibbe, C.A.J., Tibboel, D., Leiden University.
Subjects/Keywords: Population modeling; Pharmacokinetics; Morphine; Zidovudine; UGT2B7; Paediatrics; Ontogeny; Glucuronidation
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APA (6th Edition):
Krekels, E. H. J. (2012). Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children. (Doctoral Dissertation). Leiden University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Krekels, E H J. “Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Krekels, E H J. “Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children.” 2012. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Krekels EHJ. Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Leiden University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947.
Council of Science Editors:
Krekels EHJ. Size does matter : drug glucuronidation in children. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Leiden University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19947
25.
Oliveira, Leandro Vinicius Soares de.
Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD.
Degree: 2013, Brazil
URL: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591
► Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T12:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 10.pdf: 1850050 bytes, checksum: 804547cb3d127f0a68036007277f1488 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue…
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▼ Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T12:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 10.pdf: 1850050 bytes, checksum: 804547cb3d127f0a68036007277f1488 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), provocada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), é uma das mais importantes doenças infecciosas atualmente no mundo. Embora ainda não haja uma forma cientificamente comprovada de eliminar totalmente o vírus do organismo
humano, a qualidade devida dos portadores melhorou significativamente com a introdução da terapia antiretroviral altamente ativa (HAART). A associação de lamivudina e zidovudina em comprimidos foi a primeira a ser aprovada pelo FDA e ainda é a mais utilizada no início do tratamento em pacientes naive. Por se tratar de um medicamento de importância estratégica para o combate à doença, é importante que os custos agregados à sua produção sejam minimizados, a fim de repassar tal redução ao seu preço final. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia analítica por cromatografia a líquido de ultra eficiência para o doseamento simultâneo de ambos os fármacos, assim como de suas substâncias relacionadas, de forma mais rápida e econômica que os outros métodos cromatográficos descritos pelos documentos oficiais que contemplam tal produto. Tal método mostrou-se mais conveniente para a rotina de controle de qualidade e para estudos de estabilidade em uma indústria farmacêutica. O método foi
desenvolvido e validado com sucesso nos níveis de seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, limite de quantificação e robustez,conforme determina a resolução RE 899 de 2003 publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária para testes de teor e substâncias relacionadas.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), currently is one of the most important infectious disease in the world. Although there is not yet a scientifically proven manner to completely eliminate the virus from the human body, the life quality of patients have significantly improved with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).The first association of drugs approved by the FDA was lamivudine and zidovudine and still is the most applied to begin the treatment of naïve patients. The costs associated with the production of this medicine must be minimized because it has a strategic importance to the treatment. This work presents a
faster and cheaper analytical method by ultra performance liquid chromatography to assay and related…
Advisors/Committee Members: Silva, Leonardo Lucchetti Caetano da, Leandro, Kátia Christina, Mazzei, José Luiz, Rocha, Helvécio Vinicius Antunes, Silva, Leonardo Lucchetti Caetano da.
Subjects/Keywords: Lamivudina; Zidovudina; Substâncias Relacionadas; CLUE; Validação; Lamivudine; Zidovudine; Related Substances; UPLC; Validation; Estudos de Validação como Assunto; Lamivudina; Zidovudina
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APA (6th Edition):
Oliveira, L. V. S. d. (2013). Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD. (Masters Thesis). Brazil. Retrieved from https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Oliveira, Leandro Vinicius Soares de. “Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Brazil. Accessed April 18, 2021.
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Oliveira, Leandro Vinicius Soares de. “Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD.” 2013. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Oliveira LVSd. Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Brazil; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591.
Council of Science Editors:
Oliveira LVSd. Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinação do teor de lamivudina, zidovudina e suas substâncias relacionadas em associação por CLUE-DAD. [Masters Thesis]. Brazil; 2013. Available from: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14591
Universidad del Rosario
26.
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola.
Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.
Degree: 2015, Universidad del Rosario
URL: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509
► Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la…
(more)
▼ Los tratamientos para aumentar los niveles de cúmulo de diferenciación 4 – CD4 en personas que padecen la enfermedad ocasionada por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), son importantes tanto para el mejoramiento del bienestar de los pacientes, como para el buen funcionamiento de las instituciones de salud. La presente investigación compara la intervención farmacológica de dos líneas de tratamiento, Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz contra Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir que se encuentran en la recomendación de esquema de primera línea según la Guía Práctica Clínica (2014). Se evaluó el efecto costo-efectivo de estos dos tratamientos basado en el aumento de los niveles de CD4 a lo largo de tres tiempos diferentes (inicial, 6 y 12 meses) y los costos de los medicamentos de acuerdo a los precios en Colombia según el SISMED en el año 2014. Se realizó un análisis de varianza factorial con medidas repetidas, un árbol de decisiones y un análisis de costo-efectividad incremental (ACEI). Se obtuvo información de 546 pacientes, tanto hombres como mujeres, de la Institución Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se encontró que el esquema 1 (Lamivudina, Zidovudina, Efavirenz) fue considerado más efectivo y menos costoso que el tratamiento 2 (Efavirenz, Emtricitabina, Disoproxilo de Tenofovir), sin embargo no se evidenció una alta frecuencia de efectos adversos que pueda contribuir a la escogencia de un tratamiento u otro. De acuerdo a estos resultados la institución o los médicos tratantes tienen una alternativa farmacoeconómica para la toma de decisión del tratamiento a utilizar y así iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de pacientes que conviven con VHI con carga viral indetectable.
The treatments to increase 4-CD4 differentiation cluster levels in people who are suffering from the disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are important both for the improvement of the wellbeing of the patients, as well as for the proper functioning of the healthcare institutions. The current research compares the pharmacological interventions of two different treatment lines: Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz versus Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil, which are to be found recommended as the first scheme line for treatment in the Clinical Practice Guide (2014).The cost-effectiveness of both treatment lines was evaluated, taking into account their elevation of the CD4 levels throughout three different time periods (initial, 6 and 12 months) and the prices of the medication according to the price lists in Colombia established by the SISMED for 2014. A factorial-variance with repetitive measures analysis was carried out, as well as a decision tree and an incremental cost-effective analysis (ICEA) and information was obtained from 546 patients, men and women, who were attended at the Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S. institution in Bogotá. It was discovered that scheme 1 (Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Efavirenz) was more effective and less…
Advisors/Committee Members: Conde Martínez, Rafael Enrique.
Subjects/Keywords: Costo-efectividad; Carga viral; Efavirenz; Lamivudina; VIH; Zidovudina; 610; Cost-effectiveness; Viral load; Efavirenz; HIV; Lamivudine; Zidovudine; Infecciones por VIH; Antirretrovirales; Antirretrovirales – Aspectos económicos
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
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APA (6th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, C. P. (2015). Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. (Thesis). Universidad del Rosario. Retrieved from http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Thesis, Universidad del Rosario. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González, Cindy Paola. “Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable.” 2015. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Hincapié Aristizabal, María Angélica; Martínez González CP. Análisis fármaco económico de dos tratamientos para pacientes VIH positivos con carga viral indetectable. [Thesis]. Universidad del Rosario; 2015. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/11509
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Freie Universität Berlin
27.
Ziske, Judith.
Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.
Degree: 2015, Freie Universität Berlin
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965
► Introduction WHO-guidelines from 2006 for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings recommend complex antiretroviral prophylaxis comprising antenatal zidovudine (AZT), nevirapine single-dose (NVP-SD)…
(more)
▼ Introduction WHO-guidelines from 2006 for prevention of mother-to-child
transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings recommend complex
antiretroviral prophylaxis comprising antenatal
zidovudine (AZT), nevirapine
single-dose (NVP-SD) at labor onset and AZT/lamivudine (3TC) during labor and
one week postpartum. We assessed drug toxicities as haematological alterations
and depletion and mutation of mtDNA and analysed the emergence of minor drug-
resistant HIV-1 variants in Tanzanian women following complex prophylaxis in a
rural area in Tanzania. Methods A cohort of HIV-positive pregnant women either
with AZT intake (group 1) or without AZT intake (group 2) was established at
Kyela District Hospital, Tanzania. Complete blood counts of mothers and
newborns were evaluated during pregnancy, birth, weeks four to six and twelve
postpartum. Mitochondrial DNA levels in placentas and umbilical cords were
quantified using real-time PCR. We checked for the mitochondrial deletion
mtDNA4977. Allele-specific real-time PCR assays specific for HIV-1 subtypes A,
C and D were developed to quantify key resistance mutations of AZT
(K70R/T215Y/T215F), NVP (K103N/Y181C) and 3TC (M184V) at detection limits of
1%. Results We found statistically significant alterations in blood count
during AZT intake in pregnancy. At delivery, the median red blood cell count
was significantly lower and the median platelet count was significantly higher
in women of group 1 compared to group 2. At birth, infants from group 1 showed
a lower median hemoglobin level and granulocyte count. The median mtDNA levels
in placentas and umbilical cords of women and infants exposed to AZT were
significantly higher than in AZT-unexposed women and infants. The dmtDNA4977
was found in placentas of one woman of each group and in 3 umbilical cords of
AZT-unexposed infants but not in umbilical cords of AZT-exposed infants. HIV-1
resistance mutations were detected in 20/50 women, of which 70% displayed
minority species. Variants of HIV-1 with AZT-resistance mutations were found
in 11/50 (22%), NVP-resistant variants in 9/50 (18%) and 3TC-resistant
variants in 4/50 women (8%). Three women harbored resistant HIV-1 against more
than one drug. 3/7 vertically infected infants exhibited drug-resistant virus.
Conclusion AZT exposure during pregnancy as well as after birth resulted in
significant hematological alterations for women and their newborns, although
these changes were mostly mild and transient in nature. Antenatal AZT intake
did not increase the risk for the common mitochondrial deletion dmtDNA4977.
Complex prophylaxis resulted in lower levels of NVP-selected resistance as
compared to NVP-SD, but AZT-resistant HIV-1 emerged in a substantial
proportion of women.
Advisors/Committee Members: [email protected] (contact), w (gender), N. N. (firstReferee), N. N. (furtherReferee).
Subjects/Keywords: antiretroviral prophylaxis; HIV-1; mother-to-child transmission; Zidovudine; Lamivudine; Nevirapine; drug toxicities; 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Ziske, J. (2015). Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. (Thesis). Freie Universität Berlin. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ziske, Judith. “Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.” 2015. Thesis, Freie Universität Berlin. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ziske, Judith. “Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.” 2015. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Ziske J. Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. [Internet] [Thesis]. Freie Universität Berlin; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Ziske J. Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-
child transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. [Thesis]. Freie Universität Berlin; 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6965
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
28.
Paula Cristina Torres de Souza.
Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.
Degree: 2014, University of São Paulo
URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/
► Métodos in vitro utilizando epitélio intestinal animal são importantes ferramentas para avaliar a permeabilidade de fármacos, propriedade que é um importante parâmetro de biodiosponibilidade. Considerando…
(more)
▼ Métodos in vitro utilizando epitélio intestinal animal são importantes ferramentas para avaliar a permeabilidade de fármacos, propriedade que é um importante parâmetro de biodiosponibilidade. Considerando que o maior objetivo na indústria farmacêutica é desenvolver novos fármacos com boa biodisponibilidade oral, o projeto teve como objetivo padronizar o modelo de permeação com membrana de intestino de rã (Rana catesbeiana) em células de Franz, comparando seus resultados com ensaios de células Caco-2. Os fármacos modelo utilizados foram os antivirais zidovudina e aciclovir. A quantidade de fármaco permeado foi determinada por método de eletroforese capilar para o método com intestino de rã touro e por HPLC-UV para os ensaios com células Caco-2. O parâmetro de permeação foi o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente (Papp) dos fármacos para ambos modelos experimentais. Para estabelecimento do protocolo experimental dos estudos de permeabilidade
intestinal de rã, foi proposto um projeto fracionado 24-1 com 4 ensaios adicionais usando o software Minitab, e as variáveis foram: secção intestinal, pH da solução de Ringer e temperatura. A análise do planejamento experimental feita pela estimativa dos parâmetros da regressão obtidos através dos resultados do modelo fatorial possibilitou a determinação dos coeficientes da equação matemática que definiu a influência das variáveis sobre o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente dos fármacos. Os efeitos das variáveis pH e temperatura interpretados conjuntamente apresentaram interferência leve, porém as variáveis fármaco e secção intestinal interpretados juntos tiveram interferência importante, mostrando maior permeação dos fármacos através da secção inicial do intestino da rã. Os resultados de Papp foram: para o metoprolol, pelo método das células Caco-2 foi de 28 x 10-6 cm/s, valor que está de acordo com demais dados de células Caco-2 na literatura e o valor obtido com células de
Franz que mais se adequada a estes resultados e demais disponíveis provenientes de outras técnicas na literatura, foi de 28,1 x 10-6 cm/s, em uma das condições do planejamento estatístico utilizando segmento final da membrana epitelial da rã. No caso do aciclovir, o resultado de Papp de 0,48 x 10-6 cm/s também obtido em uma das condições envolvendo segmento intestinal final da rã foi exatamente igual a o valor 0,48 x 10 - 6 cm/s, encontrado com células Caco-2 no presente estudo e estão de acordo com outros valores disponíveis na literatura por Trapani e colaboradores, 2004 e também com células Caco-2. Para zidovudina o valor de Papp obtido em uma das condições utilizando segmento intestinal inicial da rã, de 13 x 10-6 cm/s, foi a que mais se assemelhou ao obtido pela técnica de células Caco-2, 13,6 x 10-6 cm/s, e também está de acordo com demais dados da literatura.
There are lots of different in vitro technics in the literature using animal intestinal epithelium to estimate
permeability of drugs, property that is an important parameter of bioavailabity. Considering that the main objective of…
Advisors/Committee Members: Vladi Olga Consiglieri, Telma Mary Kaneko, Maria Elena Santos Taqueda.
Subjects/Keywords: Aciclovir; Antivirais; Células Caco - 2; Epitélio intestinal de rã - touro; Permeabilidade intestinal; Zidovudina; Acyclovir; Antiviral; Caco-2 cells; Frog intestinal epithelium; Intestinal permeability; Zidovudine
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Souza, P. C. T. d. (2014). Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Souza, Paula Cristina Torres de. “Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.” 2014. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Souza, Paula Cristina Torres de. “Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2.” 2014. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Souza PCTd. Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/.
Council of Science Editors:
Souza PCTd. Padronização de novo método ex vivo para avaliação da permeabilidade intestinal de fármacos utilizando epitélio intestinal de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana): comparação com células Caco-2. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2014. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28082014-103309/
29.
Menegotto, Mariana.
Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina.
Degree: 2019, Brazil
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10183/202773
► INTRODUÇÃO: A Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em crianças foi descrita em 1982, 18 meses após os primeiros casos relatados em adultos. A maioria das…
(more)
▼ INTRODUÇÃO: A Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em crianças foi descrita em 1982, 18 meses após os primeiros casos relatados em adultos. A maioria das infecções pediátricas pelo vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é adquirida através da transmissão vertical (TV), que pode ocorrer durante a gravidez, o parto ou a amamentação. A TV tem contribuição significativa para a pandemia do HIV, sendo responsável por 9% das novas infecções. Na ausência de medidas preventivas, suas taxas podem variar de 25 a 40%; quando há intervenção adequada, no entanto, essa taxa pode atingir até menos de 2%. Porto Alegre é a capital brasileira com a maior taxa de detecção de AIDS e em 2013, a transmissão vertical do HIV foi de 4,4% e, em 2015, foi de 2,6%. As medidas preventivas para a redução da TV evoluíram ao longo dos anos e, em setembro de 2012, o Brasil passou a utilizar o protocolo de profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina para o recém-nascido de alto
risco, embasado no ensaio clínico HPTN 040, publicado em junho de 2012, que demonstrou maior eficiência na redução da transmissão vertical do HIV com a profilaxia com dois medicamentos em relação ao uso da zidovudina isolada. OBJETIVOS: Identificar os fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após a instituição do protocolo de profilaxia neonatal com zidovudina e nevirapina em um hospital universitário, medir a taxa de transmissão vertical e o momento da infecção nas crianças (intrauterino ou perinatal). METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo desenvolvido no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) dos recém-nascidos expostos ao HIV no período de fevereiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2016. O Teste T ou Teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as variáveis maternas, obstétricas/perinatais e neonatais/pediátricas entre dois grupos de recém-nascidos: infectados pelo HIV e não infectados. Para verificar a associação, de forma conjunta, destas variáveis preditoras com a
transmissão vertical do HIV foi utilizada Regressão de Poisson com Variâncias Robustas. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do HCPA (protocolo número 14-0292). RESULTADOS: No período estudado, 375 recém-nascidos tiveram exposição vertical ao HIV, dentre os quais 54 (14,4%), foram excluídos por perda de seguimento ambulatorial. O N final do estudo foi de 321 recém-nascidos expostos ao HIV, entre os quais a taxa de transmissão vertical foi de 2,18% (7/321; IC95%: 0,58-3,78%), sendo que quatro dos sete RN foram infectados no período intrauterino. Na análise bivariada, os fatores de risco para a transmissão vertical foram ausência de pré-natal (RR=9,4; IC95%: 2,0–44,3), diagnóstico do HIV materno no período periparto (RR=16,3; IC95%: 3,6–73,0), sífilis na gestação (RR=9,3; IC95%: 2,1–40,3), carga viral maior que 1.000 cópias/mL no terceiro trimestre ou periparto (RR=9,5; IC95%: 1,7–50,5) e ausência ou uso inadequado de terapia antirretroviral na gestação (RR=8,2; IC95%:
1,6–41,4). Em contrapartida, o aumento da idade materna mostrou-se como fator de proteção (RR=0.92; IC95%…
Advisors/Committee Members: Silva, Clecio Homrich da, Friedrich, Luciana.
Subjects/Keywords: Infecções por HIV; Transmissão vertical de doença infecciosa; Nevirapina; Zidovudina; Fatores de risco; Prognóstico; Recém-nascido; Estudos de coortes; Vertical infectious disease transmission; Nevirapine; Zidovudine; Maternal and child health; Brazil
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APA (6th Edition):
Menegotto, M. (2019). Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina. (Masters Thesis). Brazil. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10183/202773
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Menegotto, Mariana. “Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Brazil. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10183/202773.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Menegotto, Mariana. “Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina.” 2019. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Menegotto M. Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Brazil; 2019. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10183/202773.
Council of Science Editors:
Menegotto M. Fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV após implantação da profilaxia com zidovudina e nevirapina. [Masters Thesis]. Brazil; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10183/202773
30.
Anil Kumar, U. R.
Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.
Degree: 2008, University of Mysore
URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457
Subjects/Keywords: Body Fluids; Gatifloxacin Sesquihydrate; HPLC Methods; HPLC-MS-MS Methods; Organic Therapeutic Agents; Raloxifene Hydrochloride; Spectrophotometric Methods; Titrimetric Methods; Zidovudine
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Record Details
Similar Records
Cite
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Anil Kumar, U. R. (2008). Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. (Thesis). University of Mysore. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Anil Kumar, U R. “Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.” 2008. Thesis, University of Mysore. Accessed April 18, 2021.
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Anil Kumar, U R. “Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;.” 2008. Web. 18 Apr 2021.
Vancouver:
Anil Kumar UR. Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2008. [cited 2021 Apr 18].
Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Anil Kumar UR. Development and validation of some physical and chemical
methods for the assay of certain organic therapeutic agents in
pharmaceuticals and body fluids;. [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2008. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/38457
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
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Open Access Theses and Dissertations