subject:( WTO GATT 1994)

University of Nairobi

1. Katasi, Grace N. The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework .

Degree: 2010, University of Nairobi

URL: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16458

► This study seeks to expose the weaknesses in Kenya's domestic legislation against dumping; an unfair international practice that occurs when a country exports a product… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Antidumping law; WTO/ GATT 1994; Kenya

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APA (6^th Edition):

Katasi, G. N. (2010). The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework . (Thesis). University of Nairobi. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16458

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Katasi, Grace N. “The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework .” 2010. Thesis, University of Nairobi. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16458.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Katasi, Grace N. “The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework .” 2010. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Katasi GN. The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Nairobi; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16458.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Katasi GN. The inadequacy of kenya's antidumping law, regulations and administrative procedures under the wto/ gatt 1994 framework . [Thesis]. University of Nairobi; 2010. Available from: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16458

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet

2. Åhman, Joachim. Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law.

Degree: 2011, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/25481

► When a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopts a measure which it considers is necessary to protect against a health risk, but which… (more)

▼ When a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopts a measure which it considers is necessary to protect against a health risk, but which constitutes a barrier to international trade in goods, there is a conflict of interests. If the measure is removed, the health protection interest is affected negatively. If the measure is kept in place, the trade liberalisation interest is affected negatively. Both interests are considered important within the WTO regulatory framework, and must therefore be balanced. One part of this balancing act occurs when panels answer burden of proof questions in WTO disputes concerning health protection measures. The core questions are: What facts must be proved by the parties under the relevant provisions (what are the ‘legal facts’)? What party shall carry the heaviest burden of persuading the panel about these facts (what party shall carry the ‘persuasive burden’)? And to what extent must the party persuade the panel about the facts (what ‘standard of proof’ shall be applied)? In WTO law, there are a number of provisions specifically regulating the adoption of health protection measures. The most important are: Article XX(b) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (the GATT 1994), and Articles 2, 3, and 5 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). The aim of this study is to analyse these provisions from a burden of proof perspective. The analysis is carried out in Chapters 2-5 of the study. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the general burden of proof concept. The main conclusions reached are that a court cannot normally avoid allocating the persuasive burden to one of the parties, and applying a certain standard of proof. When deciding how the burden should be allocated, and what standard to apply, the court should primarily rely on arguments related to the desire to reduce the risk of an erroneous outcome. Chapter 3 contains a general analysis of how the burden of proof has been handled in WTO dispute settlement. The main conclusions from this Chapter are that, even though the adjudicating bodies have often addressed the burden of proof in their reports, they have not discussed why the burden should be allocated to a certain party, or why a certain standard should be applied. General burden of proof principles have been applied with very little discussion. Moreover, they have also relied on the ‘prima facie case’ concept when allocating the burden. This concept seems to have little practical relevance, and it is argued that the adjudicating bodies should not continue to rely on it in future cases. Chapter 4 contains an analysis of how the legal facts in Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 (and the chapeau of Article XX) have been interpreted, and how the burden of proof has been handled under the provision. The main conclusions here are that the adjudicating bodies have not provided much guidance in respect of how the existence of a health risk, and the relationship between the measure and the risk, should be…

Subjects/Keywords: burden of proof; trade liberalisation; health protection; WTO; SPS Agreement; GATT 1994; scientific evidence; risk

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APA (6^th Edition):

Åhman, J. (2011). Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law. (Thesis). University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2077/25481

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Åhman, Joachim. “Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law.” 2011. Thesis, University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/25481.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Åhman, Joachim. “Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law.” 2011. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Åhman J. Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/25481.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Åhman J. Trade Liberalisation, Health Protection, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law. [Thesis]. University of Gothenburg / Göteborgs Universitet; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/25481

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Universiteit Utrecht

3. Gregorowitsch, W.R. De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces.

Degree: 2012, Universiteit Utrecht

URL: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/253187

Het WTO toetredingsproces van China heeft 15 jaar in beslag genomen. In deze scriptie worden de binnenlandse en internationale factoren bestudeerd die hebben gezorgd voor de lengte van dit proces. In zowel geopolitiek als economisch was deze toetreding uniek. Advisors/Committee Members: Raben, Dr. R.

Subjects/Keywords: China; VS; WTO; GATT; Globalisering; Geopolitiek: Economie

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gregorowitsch, W. R. (2012). De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces. (Masters Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht. Retrieved from http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/253187

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gregorowitsch, W R. “De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/253187.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gregorowitsch, W R. “De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces.” 2012. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Gregorowitsch WR. De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/253187.

Council of Science Editors:

Gregorowitsch WR. De lange mars van China richting de WTO: het trage toetredingsproces. [Masters Thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2012. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/253187

University of Manchester

4. Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994.

Degree: 2015, University of Manchester

URL: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:273009

► South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government… (more)

▼ South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government in May 1994. However, the country's role in the history of the multilateral trading system before this was very different. South Africa was a founding member of the GATT in 1947. The apartheid regime positioned itself within the organisation as a developed country and behaved as such. This study examines over 800 GATT documents on the country's participation in the GATT from 1947 to 1994. These documents have not been examined or studied before in any comprehensive manner.Although there is a vast literature on the history of the GATT, much of this is written from an orthodox standpoint, especially on the role of developing countries (Bhagwati, 2002; Srinivasan, 1998; Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995; Martin and Messerlin, 2007). More recently, there has been some revisionist academic literature on the GATT (Wilkinson, 2006, 2014; Wilkinson and Scott, 2008). This empirical study contributes to the work of the revisionists.An examination of the GATT documentation raises three main questions that this study sets out to examine. First, why did Apartheid South Africa project itself as a developed country in the GATT from its formation in 1947? Second, how was South Africa able to implement its domestic protectionist and discriminatory policies and still adhere to the ideas and principles of the GATT? And third, why did the major players in the GATT reflect a tendency to deviate from the main ideas and principles of the GATT in their trade practices vis-a-vis South Africa?John Ruggie's work on ideas and multilateralism and his concept of 'embedded liberalism' to describe the post-war multilateral economic institutions, including the GATT, is utilised to analyse the above questions.This study argues that while Ruggie's work is helpful in setting out the main ideas that drove the creation of the GATT and that became the core principles of the organisation, this analytical work on the multilateral trading system is incomplete and will need to be extended by other theoretical work. The GATT documentation reveals that there was a gap between the ideals of the multilateral trading system and the practice of both South Africa and the developed countries within the organisation. While they both professed their commitment to the GATT ideas of liberalisation, non-discrimination and reciprocity, their practices often tended towards protectionism, discrimination and the exclusion of developing countries. To explain this contradictory behaviour this study has drawn on the revisionist history of the GATT. This extended analytical framework is utilised to analyse the GATT documentation on South Africa. Advisors/Committee Members: WILKINSON, RORDEN RMEC, Hulme, David, Wilkinson, Rorden.

Subjects/Keywords: GATT; Apartheid; South Africa; Multilateral; Trade; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ismail, F. A. (2015). An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:273009

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. “An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:273009.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. “An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994.” 2015. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Ismail FA. An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:273009.

Council of Science Editors:

Ismail FA. An Empirical Analysis of Apartheid South Africa's Ideas and Practices in the GATT: 1947 to 1994. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2015. Available from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:273009

5. Lima, Tatiana de Macedo Nogueira. GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional.

Degree: Mestrado, Economia das Instituições e do Desenvolvimento, 2004, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/ ;

►

A dissertação analisa como, ao longo do tempo, o GATT adquiriu características de instituição (North) e como seu funcionamento tornou possível a criação de uma… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: GATT; GATT; instituições; institutions; OMC; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lima, T. d. M. N. (2004). GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional. (Masters Thesis). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lima, Tatiana de Macedo Nogueira. “GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional.” 2004. Masters Thesis, University of São Paulo. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lima, Tatiana de Macedo Nogueira. “GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional.” 2004. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Lima TdMN. GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2004. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Lima TdMN. GATT/OMC: uma análise institucional. [Masters Thesis]. University of São Paulo; 2004. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-27122004-141602/ ;

Mykolas Romeris University

6. Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai.

Degree: Master, Law, 2013, Mykolas Romeris University

URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_091934-69596 ;

►

Subsidijos yra vienas iš sudėtingiausių ir daugiausia ginčų sukeliančių tarptautinės teisės klausimų. Viena vertus, vyriausybės teikia subsidijas siekdamos visiškai teisėtų nacionalinės ekonominės ir socialinės politikos… (more)

▼

Subsidijos yra vienas iš sudėtingiausių ir daugiausia ginčų sukeliančių tarptautinės teisės klausimų. Viena vertus, vyriausybės teikia subsidijas siekdamos visiškai teisėtų nacionalinės ekonominės ir socialinės politikos tikslų. Tačiau, kita vertus, subsidijos gali sukelti nenumatytus tarptautinės prekybos iškraipymus. Dėl jų neigiamo poveikio subsidijos yra sudėtingo tarptautinės ir viršvalstybinės teisės normų rinkinio, kuriuo siekiama atskirti ir reguliuoti „nesąžiningas“ subsidijas, subjektas. Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama apsaugos nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio prekybos partnerių interesams problematika, ieškant atsakymų į klausimus, kodėl apsauga yra būtent tokia, ir ar subsidijų (ir joms atsverti taikomų kompensacinių muitų) naudojimą reglamentuojančios taisyklės yra pakankamos.

Subsidies are one of the most complicated and contentious questions in international law. On the one hand, subsidies are used by governments to serve fully legitimate objectives of national economic and social policy. On the other hand, however, subsidies may create unintended distortions in international trade. Due to adverse effects subsidies are the subject to an intricate set of legal rules of international and supra-national law, which attempts to distinguish and regulate „unfair“ subsidies. This master‘s thesis examines the issue of protection from adverse effects on the interests of trading partners, attempting to answer the questions, why this is the case and whether the disciplines governing the use of subsidies – and countervailing duties to offset them – is complete.

Advisors/Committee Members: Tamavičiūtė, Vitalija (Master’s thesis supervisor), Ališauskas, Raimondas (Master’s thesis reviewer), Katuoka, Saulius (Master’s degree committee chair), Žilinskas, Justinas (Master’s degree committee member), Marozas, Tomas (Master’s degree committee member), Račkauskaitė, Aistė (Master’s degree committee member), Gailiūtė, Dovilė (Master’s degree committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Subsidija; Valstybės pagalba; PPO; GATT; Kompensaciniai muitai; Subsidy; State aid; WTO; GATT; Countervailing duties

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APA (6^th Edition):

Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. (2013). Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai. (Masters Thesis). Mykolas Romeris University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_091934-69596 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. “Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Mykolas Romeris University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_091934-69596 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. “Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai.” 2013. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Vancouver:

Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Mykolas Romeris University; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_091934-69596 ;.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

Council of Science Editors:

Klinavičiūtė, Eglė. Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai. [Masters Thesis]. Mykolas Romeris University; 2013. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_091934-69596 ;

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Author name may be incomplete

7. Taha, Abdul Moneim Osman M. GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -.

Degree: International studies, 2001, Jawaharlal Nehru University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/21055

None

Bibilography p.235-242, Appendix p.207-234, Abbrevations, iii

Advisors/Committee Members: Chimni, B S.

Subjects/Keywords: International studies; Gatt; settlement; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Taha, A. M. O. M. (2001). GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -. (Thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/21055

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Taha, Abdul Moneim Osman M. “GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -.” 2001. Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/21055.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Taha, Abdul Moneim Osman M. “GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -.” 2001. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Taha AMOM. GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2001. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/21055.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Taha AMOM. GATT WTO dispute settlement system : a third world perspective; -. [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2001. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/21055

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

8. Rewizorski, Marek. Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej .

Degree: 2010, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10593/197

Praca dotyczy interakcji zachodzących na poziomie globalnym pomiędzy Światową Organizacją Handlu (ang. WTO), jako organizacją międzynarodową, a jej państwami członkowskimi, działającymi w ramach wyznaczanych przez proces globalizacji gospodarczej. Rozważania podejmowanie są na płaszczyźnie politycznej, gospodarczej i społecznej. Advisors/Committee Members: Kalka, Piotr. Promotor (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Globalizacja; Globalization; Gospodarka światowa; World Economy; Organizacja; Organization; WTO; GATT

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rewizorski, M. (2010). Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej . (Doctoral Dissertation). Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10593/197

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rewizorski, Marek. “Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej .” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10593/197.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rewizorski, Marek. “Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej .” 2010. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Rewizorski M. Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10593/197.

Council of Science Editors:

Rewizorski M. Światowa Organizacja Handlu w procesie globalizacji gospodarki światowej . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10593/197

University of Manchester

9. Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994.

Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Manchester

URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668559

► South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government… (more)

▼ South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government in May 1994. However, the country's role in the history of the multilateral trading system before this was very different. South Africa was a founding member of the GATT in 1947. The apartheid regime positioned itself within the organisation as a developed country and behaved as such. This study examines over 800 GATT documents on the country's participation in the GATT from 1947 to 1994. These documents have not been examined or studied before in any comprehensive manner. Although there is a vast literature on the history of the GATT, much of this is written from an orthodox standpoint, especially on the role of developing countries (Bhagwati, 2002; Srinivasan, 1998; Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995; Martin and Messerlin, 2007). More recently, there has been some revisionist academic literature on the GATT (Wilkinson, 2006, 2014; Wilkinson and Scott, 2008). This empirical study contributes to the work of the revisionists. An examination of the GATT documentation raises three main questions that this study sets out to examine. First, why did Apartheid South Africa project itself as a developed country in the GATT from its formation in 1947? Second, how was South Africa able to implement its domestic protectionist and discriminatory policies and still adhere to the ideas and principles of the GATT? And third, why did the major players in the GATT reflect a tendency to deviate from the main ideas and principles of the GATT in their trade practices vis-a-vis South Africa?John Ruggie's work on ideas and multilateralism and his concept of 'embedded liberalism' to describe the post-war multilateral economic institutions, including the GATT, is utilised to analyse the above questions. This study argues that while Ruggie's work is helpful in setting out the main ideas that drove the creation of the GATT and that became the core principles of the organisation, this analytical work on the multilateral trading system is incomplete and will need to be extended by other theoretical work. The GATT documentation reveals that there was a gap between the ideals of the multilateral trading system and the practice of both South Africa and the developed countries within the organisation. While they both professed their commitment to the GATT ideas of liberalisation, non-discrimination and reciprocity, their practices often tended towards protectionism, discrimination and the exclusion of developing countries. To explain this contradictory behaviour this study has drawn on the revisionist history of the GATT. This extended analytical framework is utilised to analyse the GATT documentation on South Africa.

Subjects/Keywords: 382; GATT, Apartheid, South Africa, Multilateral, Trade, WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ismail, F. A. (2015). An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Manchester. Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668559

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. “An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Manchester. Accessed December 11, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668559.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. “An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994.” 2015. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Ismail FA. An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668559.

Council of Science Editors:

Ismail FA. An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Manchester; 2015. Available from: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html ; http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668559

University of Debrecen

10. Ioannou, Stelios. A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére .

Degree: DE – Gazdaságtudományi Kar, University of Debrecen

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/217555

► A dolgozat célja az Általános Kereskedelmi és Vámtarifa Egyezmény (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT) és a Kereskedelmi Világszervezet (World Trade Organization, WTO) történelmi… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: GATT; WTO; nemzetközi kereskedelem

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ioannou, S. (n.d.). A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére . (Thesis). University of Debrecen. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2437/217555

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
No year of publication.
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ioannou, Stelios. “A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére .” Thesis, University of Debrecen. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2437/217555.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
No year of publication.
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ioannou, Stelios. “A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére .” Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
No year of publication.

Vancouver:

Ioannou S. A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Debrecen; [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/217555.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
No year of publication.

Council of Science Editors:

Ioannou S. A GATT és a WTO hatása a nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődésére . [Thesis]. University of Debrecen; Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/217555

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
No year of publication.

11. Wei, Changyou. Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?.

Degree: MA, Department of Economics, 2012, Kansas State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15059

► Rose (2004) reports that GATT/WTO membership produces no positive effects on international trade. This is a remarkable determination given the widespread belief in academic and… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: GATT/WTO; Gravity model; Trade effect; Economics (0501)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wei, C. (2012). Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?. (Masters Thesis). Kansas State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15059

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wei, Changyou. “Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Kansas State University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15059.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wei, Changyou. “Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?.” 2012. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Wei C. Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Kansas State University; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15059.

Council of Science Editors:

Wei C. Have economists actually solved the WTO trade effects mystery?. [Masters Thesis]. Kansas State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15059

12. Cepaluni, Gabriel. Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC).

Degree: PhD, Ciência Política, 2010, University of São Paulo

URL: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-05052010-140037/ ;

►

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é entender como coalizões de países em desenvolvimento são bem-sucedidas nas negociações do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)… (more)

▼

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é entender como coalizões de países em desenvolvimento são bem-sucedidas nas negociações do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) e da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Normalmente, sustenta-se que coalizões temáticas são mais bem-sucedidas do que grupos abrangentes (Higgot e Cooper, 1990; Cooper, Higgot e Nossal, 1990); e que coalizões com maiores recursos de poder são mais bem-sucedidas do que grupos fracos (Narlikar, 2003). Como hipótese alternativa, sugerimos que quanto maior for o grau de abertura comercial da coalizão - ((exportações+importações)/PIB) - maior será a chance de elas serem bemsucedidas nas negociações do GATT/OMC. Utilizaremos uma abordagem multimétodos (qualitativa e quantitativa) para realizar nossa pesquisa. Analisaremos um número (N) médio (entre 28 a 39 casos) de coalizões internacionais para descobrir quais as principais causas dos sucessos e fracassos destes grupos de países. Codificaremos a variável dependente (sucesso versus fracasso) conforme as descrições de casos particulares conduzidos por pesquisadores independentes. A variável independente categórica (coalizões temáticas versus abrangentes) será mensurada segundo procedimento semelhante. Por fim, o PIB agregado das coalizões (nossa medida de poder) e a abertura comercial agregada e abertura comercial média das coalizões (nossas medidas de abertura comercial) foram coletadas na base de dados Penn World Table 6.2. Os trabalhos que conhecemos sobre o tema utilizam a abordagem qualitativa de maneira pura, especialmente estudos de casso. Assim, até onde sabemos, este trabalho realizará a primeira análise estatística sobre o tema.

The main goal of this study is to understand how developing country coalitions obtain benefits in the GATT/WTO negotiations. Usually it is argued that issue-based coalitions are more successful than broad-based groups (Higgot and Cooper, 1990; Cooper, Higgot and Nossal, 1990), and that powerful coalitions are more successful than weaker ones (Narlikar, 2003). Alternatively, we suggest that the greater the degree of trade openness - ((exports+imports)/GDP) - the greater the chance that they will succeed in the GATT/WTO negotiations. We use a mix-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) to conduct our research. We will analyze a medium-N (from 28 to 39) cases of international coalitions to find out the main causes of coalitionsśuccesses and failures. We will code our dependent variable (success versus failure) according to cases studies conducted by independent researchers. Our categorical independent variable (issue-based versus broad-based coalitions) will be measured adopting the same procedure. Finally, aggregate GDP - our measure of power -, aggregate trade openness and mean aggregate trade openness of the coalitions - our measures of trade openness - were collected in the Penn World Table 6.2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first statistical analysis on the subject.

Advisors/Committee Members: Oliveira, Amâncio Jorge Silva Nunes de.

Subjects/Keywords: Abertura Comercial; Coalizões Internacionais; GATT / WTO; GATT/OMC; International coalitions; International negotiations; Meta-análise; Meta-analysis; Negociações; Trade openness

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cepaluni, G. (2010). Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). (Doctoral Dissertation). University of São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-05052010-140037/ ;

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cepaluni, Gabriel. “Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC).” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of São Paulo. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-05052010-140037/ ;.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cepaluni, Gabriel. “Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC).” 2010. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Cepaluni G. Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-05052010-140037/ ;.

Council of Science Editors:

Cepaluni G. Determinantes do sucesso e fracasso das coalizões internacionais nas negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of São Paulo; 2010. Available from: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-05052010-140037/ ;

Université de Montréal

13. Duval, Isabelle. L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC .

Degree: 2009, Université de Montréal

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525

► La libéralisation des échanges a fait augmenter les richesses, mais en réalité, elles se sont concentrées dans les pays développés. La question de la distribution… (more)

▼ La libéralisation des échanges a fait augmenter les richesses, mais en réalité, elles se sont concentrées dans les pays développés. La question de la distribution plus équitable des richesses s'est rapidement posée. Le système GATT/OMC a joué un rôle décisif dans la libéralisation des échanges et dans l'articulation des rapports entre les pays développés et les pays en développement (PED). L'émergence et l'incarnation juridique dans le système GATT/OMC d'un principe de justice distributive passe par l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié (TSD). Sous le GATT, le TSD s'est d'abord manifesté par l'article XVIII et la Partie IV du GATT de 1947, la Clause d'habilitation et le Système de préférences de 1971. Le TSD ainsi proposé appartenait essentiellement à la sof law et a échoué dans sa tentative d'intégrer les PED au système SCM. Sous l'OMC, le TSD a changé de paradigme et de mandat. Le TSD est passé d'un outil voué à mettre au développement des PED à un mécanisme employé à aider les PED à mettre en œuvre les nouvelles politiques de libéralisation découlant des accords de l'OMC. Les dispositions TSD seront alors dispersées dans l'ensemble des accords de l'OMC, mais sans jamais transcender la forme «soft law» qui les caractérisait sous le GATT. L'échec de la Conférence de Seattle, en 1999, engendrera le «Programme de Doha pour le développement», en 2001. La Déclaration de Doha était alors perçue comme l'incarnation de la transformation de l'OMC en organisation qui se préoccupe désormais de justice distributive. En observant de près le texte de la Déclaration de Doha et en analysant sa valeur juridique, on ne constate pas de progrès significatifs. Encore une fois, les mesures proposées le sont sous forme de déclarations d'intention et de promesses, voire d'engagement à négocier. Actuellement, le Cycle de Doha tarde à aboutir et tout nous porte à croire que l'avènement de l'OMC n'a pas concrétisé la volonté des PED d'une répartition plus équitable des richesses. Advisors/Committee Members: Duplessis, Isabelle (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Pays en développement; Traitement préférentiel; Doha; GATT; OMC; Justice distributive; Developing countries; Preferential treatment; WTO; GATT; Distributive justice

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Duval, I. (2009). L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC . (Thesis). Université de Montréal. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Duval, Isabelle. “L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC .” 2009. Thesis, Université de Montréal. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Duval, Isabelle. “L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC .” 2009. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Duval I. L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC . [Internet] [Thesis]. Université de Montréal; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Duval I. L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC . [Thesis]. Université de Montréal; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Helsinki

14. Mustonen, Marika. Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?.

Degree: Juridiska fakulteten, 2016, University of Helsinki

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/164902

► The national security exception under Article XXI of GATT is a major exception to Members’ obligations under the WTO. However, it has been claimed to… (more)

▼ The national security exception under Article XXI of GATT is a major exception to Members’ obligations under the WTO. However, it has been claimed to be a loophole to the WTO system, and it goes beyond the principles of general international law on lawful suspension of treaty obligations. Throughout the GATT 1947 and WTO practice, from early cases to the case US – Helms-Burton regarding the U.S. embargo against Cuba, it has not yet been resolved whether Article XXI could be subject to the WTO dispute settlement system. The subject matter of this thesis has significant importance today. Russia imposed counter sanctions on the EU, Norway, the United States, Australia and Canada, and banned the importation of listed agricultural products, raw materials and food from the targeted countries. By doing so, Russia violated its obligations under the WTO. However, Russia justified its measures stating that it is a matter of its ‘national security interests’. Economic sanctions have played a role in the trade arena as a tool for states’ foreign policy. The relationship between the WTO and national security remains still unresolved after nearly 70 years. The Russian unilateral justification for its counter sanctions, could make a potential case to the WTO panels or the Appellate Body on Article XXI of GATT. This thesis will discuss, whether the WTO panels and the Appellate Body should have a competence to investigate the national security exception Article XXI of GATT in a dispute, and second, whether they can assess the justification of economic sanctions taken under Article XXI(b)(iii) of GATT, and third, if so, how such assessment and interpretation of justification could be conducted. Forth, it will be reviewed whether the WTO should tolerate the unlimited invocation of Article XXI by Members. This thesis is faithful to legal dogmatic method. To understand the subject matter, the first part will shortly explain the main provisions of GATT and economic sanctions in the context relevant to this study, and then provide an overview of the WTO jurisdiction and its dispute settlement system in the light of state sovereignty, which is vital to bear in mind in the discussion of national security. In the second part, this thesis will study thoroughly Article XXI of the GATT, focusing on its most controversial subsection (b)(iii). To understand well the key issues, it is necessary to discuss in this part the historical background and the preliminary works of the security exception clause. This will be examined and assessed through the relevant cases on the invocation of the Article XXI, in the light of the presented varying interpretations and factual grounds. The third part will look at the WTO panels’ and the Appellate Body’s possible methods for interpreting ‘justification’ of economic sanctions taken under Article XXI(b)(iii) of GATT, both in the light of case history and principles of general international law, and will propose an alternative approach which could be applied arising national security related disputes. Last,…

Subjects/Keywords: International Law; International Trade Law; National Security; WTO; GATT; Economic Sanctions; International Law; International Trade Law; National Security; WTO; GATT; Economic Sanctions

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mustonen, M. (2016). Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?. (Masters Thesis). University of Helsinki. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10138/164902

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mustonen, Marika. “Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Helsinki. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/164902.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mustonen, Marika. “Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?.” 2016. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Mustonen M. Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Helsinki; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/164902.

Council of Science Editors:

Mustonen M. Invoking the Security Exceptions under GATT: Are Economic Sanctions Eroding the Foundation of the WTO?. [Masters Thesis]. University of Helsinki; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/164902

University of Helsinki

15. Fagernäs, Sonja. GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen.

Degree: Department of Political Science; Helsingfors universitet, Allmän statslära, Institutionen för, 2001, University of Helsinki

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/10348

►

WTO:n jäsenmaiden välisten kauppaliittojen muodostamisesta säädetään GATT-sopimuksen artiklassa 24. Artiklan 24 mukaan kauppaliiton maiden ulkoinen tullitaso ei saa nousta kauppaliittoa edeltävän tason yläpuolelle. Eräs kauppaliittoteorian… (more)

▼

WTO:n jäsenmaiden välisten kauppaliittojen muodostamisesta säädetään GATT-sopimuksen artiklassa 24. Artiklan 24 mukaan kauppaliiton maiden ulkoinen tullitaso ei saa nousta kauppaliittoa edeltävän tason yläpuolelle. Eräs kauppaliittoteorian perusoletuksia on, että hyvinvointiaan maksimoivilla kauppaliitoilla on taipumus korottaa tullejaan ja näin heikentää ulkopuolisten maiden hyvinvointia. Tullitasoa rajoittamalla on pyritty turvaamaan ulkopuolisten maiden asema ja varmistamaan, että kauppaliitot eivät muodostu monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamisen esteiksi. Tutkielmassa selvitetään kahden mallin (Syropoulos 1999; Zissimos - Vines 1999) avulla miten artiklaan 24 sitoutuvat kauppaliitot vaikuttavat pyrkimyksiin edistää monenkeskistä vapaakauppaa. Lisäksi arvioidaan artiklalle 24 vaihtoehtoisten käytäntöjen vaikutuksia vapaakaupan saavuttamiseen. Tutkielmassa osoitetaan, että vaikka kauppaliitto ei korottaisikaan tullejaan, sisäisten tullien alentaminen heikentää ulkopuolisten maiden asemaa. Sisäisen tullitason alentaminen lisää liiton sisäistä kaupankäyntiä ja parantaa liiton vaihtosuhdetta ja hyvinvointia suhteessa liittoa edeltävään tilanteeseen. Muun maailman vaihtosuhde laskee, mikä alentaa maan monopolivoimaa maailmanmarkkinoilla ja tätä kautta maan hyvinvointia. Artiklaan 24 sitoutuva liitto tarjoaa jäsenilleen useimmiten myös vapaakauppaa korkeamman hyvinvointitason. Vaikka näin ei aina ole, antavat tulokset aihetta epäillä, että liitolla ei usein ole kannustinta pyrkiä vapaakauppaan. Tämä saattaa selittää ainakin osittain sen miksi monenkeskisen vapaakaupan edistäminen on WTO:n puitteissa viime aikoina ollut vaikeaa. Tulokset osoittavat, että jos vapaakauppaa halutaan pitää pitkän aikavälin tavoitteena, artiklaa 24 olisi perusteltua uudistaa. Tutkielmassa käsitellään kolmea vaihtoehtoa artiklalle 24. Näitä ovat (i) ns. avoimen integraation periaate, (ii) liiton muodostaminen niin, että maiden vaihtosuhde säilyy vakiona sekä (iii) hyvinvointitappion korvaaminen. Toisen mallin puitteissa tarkastellaan myös tilannetta, jossa liitto voi asettaa tullinsa täysin vapaasti. Kolmesta vaihtoehdosta kaksi ensimmäistä saattaisivat edistää vapaakauppaa, jos ne olisivat ainoat mahdolliset tavat muodostaa kauppaliitto. Tilanne, jossa tulliliiton tullitasoa ei ole rajoitettu on vapaakaupan saavuttamisen ja muun maailman kannalta huonoin ratkaisu.

Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.

Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai…

Subjects/Keywords: kansainvälinen kauppa; vapaakauppa; tulliliitto; WTO; GATT; kansainvälinen kauppa; vapaakauppa; tulliliitto; WTO; GATT

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Fagernäs, S. (2001). GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen. (Masters Thesis). University of Helsinki. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10138/10348

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fagernäs, Sonja. “GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen.” 2001. Masters Thesis, University of Helsinki. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/10348.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fagernäs, Sonja. “GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen.” 2001. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Fagernäs S. GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Helsinki; 2001. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/10348.

Council of Science Editors:

Fagernäs S. GATT-sopimuksen mukaisten kauppaliittojen vaikutus monenkeskisen kaupan vapauttamiseen. [Masters Thesis]. University of Helsinki; 2001. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/10348

University of Vienna

16. Trangkathumkul, Theeraphat. Economic analysis of public international law.

Degree: 2010, University of Vienna

URL: http://othes.univie.ac.at/9313/

► In heutugen internationalen Handelsbeziehungen, die zunehmend durch internationale Arbeitsteilung charakterisiert sind, nehmen die Handelsvolumen maßgeblich durch fortschreitende internationale Handelsliberalisierung überproportional zur Produktion zu. Dieser Prozess… (more)

▼ In heutugen internationalen Handelsbeziehungen, die zunehmend durch internationale Arbeitsteilung charakterisiert sind, nehmen die Handelsvolumen maßgeblich durch fortschreitende internationale Handelsliberalisierung überproportional zur Produktion zu. Dieser Prozess von Handelsliberalisierung bedeutet die Reduzierung oder gar Beseitigung von sowohl tariffären als auch nicht-tariffären Handelshemnissen, die in Form von international rechtlich verbindlichen Verträgen (im rechtsökonomischen Sinne ‚Institution’ sind) vereinbart ist. Die einzige universell anerkannte internationale Institution für Handelsregulierung und Handelsliberalisierung ist die Welthandelsorganisation (World Trade Organisation – WTO), deren Kern ihre Vorgängerinstitution, die General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), bildet. Neben der WTO existieren zahlreichen plurilaterale oder bilaterale Handelsabkommen zwischen fast allen WTO-Mitgliedstaaten (die sogenannten Regionale Handelsabkommen), die, betrachtet man die Handelsvolumen innerhalb ihrer Geltungsgebiet, Welthandel zunehmend dominieren. Die Koexistenz von der WTO als universelle Handelsregulierende Organisation und regionalen Handelsabkommen wirft eine Rechtsökonomische Frage bezüglich der Notwendigkeit und Sinnhaftigkeit von der Regulierung von regionalen Handelsabkommen durch die WTO. Denn die Mitglieder der regionalen Abkommen sind auch Mitglieder der WTO, und das Etablieren eines regionalen Handelsabkommens verletzt eines der zentralen Prinzipien der WTO, die Meisbegünstigungsklausel (Most Favoured Nation – MFN), da regionale Handelsabkommen bevorzugt einige Mitglieder der WTO Handelsgemeinschaft, nämlich diejenigen, die Mitglied der Abkommen sind, und schließen die anderen aus, deren Wohlfahrt laut internationaler Handelstheorien im Vergleich zur Situation vor der Etablierung abnehmen kann. Daraus resultiert, dass regionale Handelsabkommen die Gesamtwohlfahrt der WTO Handelsgemeinschaft reduziert. Als WTO Regulierungsmaßnahme von regionalen Handelsabkommen wurde das GATT Artikel XXIV etabliert mit dem Ziel, die regionalen Handelabkommen so zu gestalten, dass sie die Wohlfahrt ihrer Mitglieder steigern und zugleich sowohl die Gesamtwohlfahrt der WTO Handelsgemeinschaft als auch die Wohlfahrt einzelner WTO Mitglieder, die nicht Mitglieder der Abkommen sind, nicht beeinträchtig wird. In anderen Worten versucht das Artikel regionale Handelsabkommen zu konfigurieren, dass sie für die WTO Handelsgemeinschaft eine Wohlfahrtverbesserung im Sinne von Kaldor-Hicks oder wenn möglich eine Pareto-Verbesserung bedeutet. Die Beantwortung der Frage, ob das Artikel dieses erwünsche Ziel erreicht, kann mithilfe Rechtsökonomischer Ansätze ermöglicht werden. Doch Rechtsökonomie wird nur im relativ begrenzten Ausmaß bei der Analyse von Rechtssystem bzw. Rechtsnormen im internationalen Kontext angewandt, vor allem im Bereich des Völkerrechts (public international law), bei dem Staaten nach wie vor die Hauptakteuren sind. Dennoch gibt es Anwendungspotenzial für Rechtsökonomie im Bereich des…

Subjects/Keywords: 83.48 Internationale Wirtschaftsorganisationen; Oekonomie des Rechts / WTO / GATT / internationaler Handel / internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen / internationales Wirtschaftsrecht / Regionalismus; law and economics / WTO / GATT / international trade, international economic relations / international economic law / regionalism

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Trangkathumkul, T. (2010). Economic analysis of public international law. (Thesis). University of Vienna. Retrieved from http://othes.univie.ac.at/9313/

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Trangkathumkul, Theeraphat. “Economic analysis of public international law.” 2010. Thesis, University of Vienna. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://othes.univie.ac.at/9313/.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Trangkathumkul, Theeraphat. “Economic analysis of public international law.” 2010. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Trangkathumkul T. Economic analysis of public international law. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Vienna; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://othes.univie.ac.at/9313/.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Trangkathumkul T. Economic analysis of public international law. [Thesis]. University of Vienna; 2010. Available from: http://othes.univie.ac.at/9313/

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

17. Popović Aleksandar. Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини.

Degree: 2014, University of Novi Sad

URL: http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija140179017603399.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)87757&fileName=140179017603399.pdf&id=2128&source=OATD&language=en ; http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87757&source=OATD&language=en

►

Трговина спада у најстарије привредне активности на основу којих се врши размјена добара са циљем остварења профита. Она није само у функцији међународне размјене… (more)

▼

Трговина спада у најстарије привредне активности на основу којих се врши размјена добара са циљем остварења профита. Она није само у функцији међународне размјене роба, него представља један од најзначајнијих фактора развоја друштва. Она је истовремено и творац норми које се баштине у најстарије изворе људске цивилизације. На овај начин она је директно учествовала на настанак права и правне науке. Велику улогу у развоју трговине, нарочито у периоду глобализације међународних економских односа и међународног тржишта су имале међународне организације од којих посебно мјесто припада Свјетској трговинској организацији. Националне привреде различитих држава се међусобно повезују кроз међународне трговинске односе, а правна регулатива представља незаобилазну претпоставку њихове реализације. Руководна идеја СТО је оличена у читавом правном систему норми које прије свега почивају на слободи трговине и прокламацији система недискриминације и једнакости свих учесника на тржишту. У функцији остварења ове идеје постоји читав низ начела од којих централно мјесто заузимају слобода међународне трговине, системи најповлашћеније нације и националног третмана, монопол, принцип преференцијалног третмана, начело недискриминације, начело заштите националног тржишта, начело пропорционалности и многа друга, а без њиховог постојања би било немогуће замислити организовану слободну трговину. Стандард једнаког третмана представља средство реализације једнаке конкурентске шансе свим субјектима на свјетском тржишту, а забрана дискриминације оличена у систему најповлашћеније нације и националног третмана представља камен темељац за реализацију система изједначења субјеката спољнотрговинског пословања, успостављања и даљег развоја међународних трговинских односа. Особине стандарда једнаког третмана у праву СТО, данас, ваља посматрати у контексту заштите интереса очекивања као општег правног постулата реализације односа и сарадње њених чланица. Овакав „интерес очекивања“ – „expectation interest“, заслужује правну заштиту, а њу обезбјеђује право СТО, активирањем механизма рјешавања спорова. Ови механизми истовремено представљају и кључни камен темељац очувања СТО, без које не би било могуће замислити одвијање међународне трговине.

Trgovina spada u najstarije privredne aktivnosti na osnovu kojih se vrši razmjena dobara sa ciljem ostvarenja profita. Ona nije samo u funkciji međunarodne razmjene roba, nego predstavlja jedan od najznačajnijih faktora razvoja društva. Ona je istovremeno i tvorac normi koje se baštine u najstarije izvore ljudske civilizacije. Na ovaj način ona je direktno učestvovala na nastanak prava i pravne nauke. Veliku ulogu u razvoju trgovine, naročito u periodu globalizacije međunarodnih ekonomskih odnosa i međunarodnog tržišta su imale međunarodne organizacije od kojih posebno mjesto pripada Svjetskoj trgovinskoj organizaciji. Nacionalne privrede različitih država se međusobno povezuju kroz međunarodne trgovinske odnose, a pravna…

Advisors/Committee Members: Đurđev Dušanka, Ćirić Aleksandar, Divljak Drago.

Subjects/Keywords: Међународна трговина, GATT, СТО, Једнаки третман, Правна заштита, Рјешавање спорова; Međunarodna trgovina, GATT, STO, Jednaki tretman, Pravna zaštita, Rješavanje sporova; International Trade, GATT, WTO, Equal Treatment, Legal Protection, Dispute Resolution

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Aleksandar, P. (2014). Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини. (Thesis). University of Novi Sad. Retrieved from http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija140179017603399.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)87757&fileName=140179017603399.pdf&id=2128&source=OATD&language=en ; http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87757&source=OATD&language=en

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Aleksandar, Popović. “Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини.” 2014. Thesis, University of Novi Sad. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija140179017603399.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)87757&fileName=140179017603399.pdf&id=2128&source=OATD&language=en ; http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87757&source=OATD&language=en.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Aleksandar, Popović. “Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини.” 2014. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Aleksandar P. Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Novi Sad; 2014. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija140179017603399.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)87757&fileName=140179017603399.pdf&id=2128&source=OATD&language=en ; http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87757&source=OATD&language=en.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Aleksandar P. Правни стандард једнаког третмана у међународној трговини. [Thesis]. University of Novi Sad; 2014. Available from: http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija140179017603399.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)87757&fileName=140179017603399.pdf&id=2128&source=OATD&language=en ; http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87757&source=OATD&language=en

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Debrecen

18. Uhl, Gabriella. A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata .

Degree: DE – TEK – Közgazdaságtudományi Kar, 2007, University of Debrecen

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/491

► Dolgozatomat a globalizáció és a világkereskedelem fejlődősével indítottam. A GATT, mint a WTO elődje, ill. a GATT-fordulók bemutatását feltétlenül szükségesnek találtam ahhoz, hogy átfogó képet… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Globalizáció; GATT; WTO; Fejlődő országok; Szegénység

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Uhl, G. (2007). A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata . (Thesis). University of Debrecen. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2437/491

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Uhl, Gabriella. “A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata .” 2007. Thesis, University of Debrecen. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2437/491.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Uhl, Gabriella. “A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata .” 2007. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Uhl G. A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Debrecen; 2007. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/491.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Uhl G. A WTO és a fejlődő országok kapcsolata . [Thesis]. University of Debrecen; 2007. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/491

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

19. Vallon, Virginie. Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory.

Degree: Docteur es, Droit public, 2011, Université Montpellier I

URL: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017

►

Démontrer la possible émergence d'une nouvelle régulation économique mondiale est l'objectif de ce travail. Notre étude a envisagé les législations internationales et nationales relatives aux… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Obtention végétale; Right to food; Intellectual property law; Patent law; Wto-gatt

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Vallon, V. (2011). Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université Montpellier I. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vallon, Virginie. “Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Université Montpellier I. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vallon, Virginie. “Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory.” 2011. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Vallon V. Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Montpellier I; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017.

Council of Science Editors:

Vallon V. Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique : What food for the twenty-first century ? Or respect for the right to food and the emergence of an economic regulatory. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Université Montpellier I; 2011. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017

University of New Orleans

20. Kessing, Christopher. Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004.

Degree: MA, Political Science, 2011, University of New Orleans

URL: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322

► In this paper I explore the causal relationship between the strategic economic interdependence advanced by Western democracies after WWII and the "puzzle of participation" in… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Keynesian economics; public isolation; working class; voter participation; Bretton Woods; economic interdependence; GATT/WTO

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kessing, C. (2011). Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004. (Thesis). University of New Orleans. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kessing, Christopher. “Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004.” 2011. Thesis, University of New Orleans. Accessed December 11, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kessing, Christopher. “Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004.” 2011. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Kessing C. Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of New Orleans; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kessing C. Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004. [Thesis]. University of New Orleans; 2011. Available from: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Universidade de Brasília

21. Carlos Henrique Canesin. A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha.

Degree: 2009, Universidade de Brasília

URL: http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6188

►

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar como opera a influência das diretrizes da Política Agrícola Comum (PAC) da Comunidade Econômica Européia (CEE) / União… (more)

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar como opera a influência das diretrizes da Política Agrícola Comum (PAC) da Comunidade Econômica Européia (CEE) / União Européia (UE), com especial atenção para seus processos de reforma, sobre o processo de formação da posição negociadora da comunidade para as negociações multilaterais de comércio no âmbito do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Para a compreensão deste processo, estudaremos também como o sistema multilateral influencia a dinâmica da PAC, retroalimentando o processo. Os casos selecionados são os da formação e alterações da posição negociadora da CEE/UE durante as negociações da Rodada Uruguai do GATT e da Rodada Doha (das Ministeriais de Seattle até Hong Kong) da OMC. Nos ocupamos aqui apenas brevemente dos demais condicionantes para o comportamento da UE na mesa de negociações do GATT/OMC e atenção minoritária será dispensada aos demais atores participantes, não nos detendo sob problemas de formação de alianças nem nas dinâmicas alheias à CEE/UE nas negociações multilaterais. O foco desta pesquisa é explicar como a agenda de uma política intra-comunitária setorial como a PAC tem efeitos sobre a posição da UE no sistema internacional. A hipótese levantada é fruto de implicações teóricas e parcialmente derivada de uma análise contrafactual de que substanciais movimentações políticas, lato senso, da União Européia, encontram constrangimentos e restrições institucionais às suas conformações de agenda e implementação política, cujo último bastião tem sido historicamente a estrutura da Política Agrícola Comum. Esta é uma constatação concernente tanto às movimentações da União Européia com desdobramentos sobre suas próprias políticas comunitárias, quanto em seu relacionamento com terceiros. Analisou-se o processo pelo qual se transmite a restrição institucional da PAC desenvolvendo-se um modelo intergovernamentalista derivado da obra de Moravcsik (1997, 1999), um modelo híbrido que leva em conta premissas básicas do institucionalismo e aceita a existência de restrições à ação dos estados que estão fora do jogo inter-estatal. O modelo toma como dado as instituições por meio das quais os estados interagem entre si, as normas e regras deste processo, e as agrega de forma conciliada à dinâmica da barganha intergovernamental clássica observando como será produzido o equilíbrio nestas condições e se haverá alteração destas regras por força desta mesma dinâmica. Conclui-se que a PAC é uma importante restrição à formação da agenda da UE no sistema multilateral de comércio e que seus efeitos, medidos a partir da variação do poder de barganha da comunidade, variam de acordo com a concentração das preferências dos estados-membros e com o timing das suas reformas em relação às negociações no GATT/OMC.

The objective of this study is to determine how the reform process of the guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Economic Community (ECC) / European Union (EU) influence the formation of…

Advisors/Committee Members: Ana Flávia Barros Platiau, Maria Izabel Valladão de Carvalho, Miriam Gomes Saraiva.

Subjects/Keywords: Comércio Agrícola; OMC; RELACOES INTERNACIONAIS; European Union; Agricultural Trade; GATT; WTO; Negociações Internacionais; GATT; International Negotiations; União Européia; Política Agrícola Comum; Common Agricultural Policy

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Canesin, C. H. (2009). A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha. (Thesis). Universidade de Brasília. Retrieved from http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6188

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Canesin, Carlos Henrique. “A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha.” 2009. Thesis, Universidade de Brasília. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6188.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Canesin, Carlos Henrique. “A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha.” 2009. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Canesin CH. A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha. [Internet] [Thesis]. Universidade de Brasília; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6188.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Canesin CH. A influência da política agrícola comum na posição da União Européia nas negociações agrícolas do sistema multilateral de comércio GATT/OMC : análise comparada das rodadas Uruguai e Doha. [Thesis]. Universidade de Brasília; 2009. Available from: http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6188

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Université Catholique de Louvain

22. Gusenburger, Ben. Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz.

Degree: 2018, Université Catholique de Louvain

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:13690

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L'Organisation mondiale du commerce connaît depuis des années un énorme litige qui oppose les États-Unis à l'Union européenne au sujet des subventions sur le marché… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Airbus; Boeing; Subventions; OMC; WTO; GATT; Large civil aircraft; Aircraft subsidies; Accès aux marchés de hautes technologies

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Gusenburger, B. (2018). Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz. (Thesis). Université Catholique de Louvain. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:13690

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gusenburger, Ben. “Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz.” 2018. Thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:13690.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gusenburger, Ben. “Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz.” 2018. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Gusenburger B. Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz. [Internet] [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2018. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:13690.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gusenburger B. Les subventions sur le marché de l'aéronautique : Boeing et Airbus: une nouvelle remise de gaz. [Thesis]. Université Catholique de Louvain; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/thesis:13690

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

23. Ahmad Momeni Rad. The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -.

Degree: Law, 2005, University of Mysore

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/10682

None

Bibliography p.285 - 305, Appendices p. 306- 333

Advisors/Committee Members: Ishwara Bhat, P.

Subjects/Keywords: Law; WTO; GATT; General Agreement on Trade in Services

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rad, A. M. (2005). The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -. (Thesis). University of Mysore. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/10682

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rad, Ahmad Momeni. “The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -.” 2005. Thesis, University of Mysore. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/10682.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rad, Ahmad Momeni. “The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -.” 2005. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Rad AM. The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2005. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/10682.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rad AM. The dispute settlement system under world trade organization: a critical study; -. [Thesis]. University of Mysore; 2005. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/10682

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Jawaharlal Nehru University

24. Bose, Arundhati. An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -.

Degree: Economics, 2008, Jawaharlal Nehru University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18175

None

Bibliography p. i-xii

Advisors/Committee Members: Jain, Satish, K.

Subjects/Keywords: Economics; trade agreements; legal analysis; GATT; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bose, A. (2008). An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -. (Thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18175

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bose, Arundhati. “An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -.” 2008. Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18175.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bose, Arundhati. “An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -.” 2008. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Bose A. An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2008. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18175.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Bose A. An economic and legal analysis of trade agreements : with special reference to gatt and wto; -. [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2008. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18175

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Jawaharlal Nehru University

25. Negi, Archna. The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -.

Degree: Law, 2002, Jawaharlal Nehru University

URL: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18825

None

Bibliography P.410-435

Advisors/Committee Members: Chimni, B S.

Subjects/Keywords: international Trade; Environmental Protection; Trade Environment; GATT; WTO

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Negi, A. (2002). The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -. (Thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18825

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Negi, Archna. “The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -.” 2002. Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18825.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Negi, Archna. “The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -.” 2002. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Negi A. The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -. [Internet] [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2002. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18825.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Negi A. The interface between international trade and environmental protection: a legal study; -. [Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University; 2002. Available from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/18825

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Pretoria

26. [No author]. The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ .

Degree: 2010, University of Pretoria

URL: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052010-154349/

► The Non-Agricultural Market Access Negotiations (NAMA) are being undertaken as part of the Doha Round of negotiations. NAMA negotiations are aimed at the trade liberalisation… (more)

▼ The Non-Agricultural Market Access Negotiations (NAMA) are being undertaken as part of the Doha Round of negotiations. NAMA negotiations are aimed at the trade liberalisation of industrial goods. Pursuant to the ‘development agenda’ adopted for the Doha Round, the NAMA negotiations also emphasise the development component. Particular emphasis is be made on tariff reductions in products of export interest to developing countries and the negotiations are to take special account of the needs and interests of developing countries, including through less than full reciprocity in accordance with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provisions on special and differential treatment (SDT). This research attempts to determine this ‘development agenda’ through the prism of special and differential treatment as provided for in the NAMA mandate. An analysis of the SDT provisions in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and their application within the multilateral trading system reveals that SDT is a very controversial concept. Developing countries have used SDT to escape the strictures of multilateral trading rules and developed countries have used it as a ‘carrot and stick’ tool, to gain concessions from developing countries in other areas. SDT has further been revealed as a concept whose meaning and content is not very precise. While the provisions in the GATT as well as the Enabling Clause make good political and economic sense, they are not really actionable. This is because the concept is characterised by best-endeavour provisions that lack any legal force and cannot be adjudicated in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. Developed countries have thus not been called and cannot be called, legally, to account for lack of delivery on their commitments and obligations with regard to SDT. This has effectively constrained the use of SDT as a development tool within the WTO, and, being the only tool being utilised, there needs to be found an alternative way to address development needs in the WTO. The WTO has sought to address this through efforts to amend SDT to make it more precise, effective and operational. The content and meaning of the ‘development agenda’ itself in the Doha Round is very elusive and an effort is made in this paper to determine the appropriate meaning of development in relation to the multilateral trading system. Development as an objective in the WTO is not novel to the Doha Round. The WTO is littered with references to development and the betterment of the human condition in its preamble to agreements and other provisions. Development has to be considered in al its three dimensions: social, political and economical. While this paper does not advocate that the WTO become a fully fledged development institution, it can shape its development agenda in such a way that benefits on the economic front are designed to stimulate socio-economic development as well. An analysis of the NAMA modalities reveals that mercantilist objectives have triumphed in the negotiations and SDT has been lost by the wayside.… Advisors/Committee Members: Prof D Bradlow (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: General agreement on tariffs and trade; World trade organisation; Wto; The non-agricultural market access negotiations; Nama; Gatt; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

author], [. (2010). The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ . (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052010-154349/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

author], [No. “The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ .” 2010. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052010-154349/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

author], [No. “The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ .” 2010. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

author] [. The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052010-154349/.

Council of Science Editors:

author] [. The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’ . [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2010. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052010-154349/

Humboldt State University

27. Beatty, Amanda. The globalization of agriculture and social resistance.

Degree: MA, Sociology, 2008, Humboldt State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2148/352

► Today, within our current global economy, food has become a target for neo-liberal policies, which has transformed how farmers practice agriculture and the types of… (more)

▼ Today, within our current global economy, food has become a target for neo-liberal policies, which has transformed how farmers practice agriculture and the types of food they grow. In the pursuit for free-trade, the world???s food supply has been placed in the hands of transnational corporations, who have pushed for an industrial practice of agriculture in place of traditional knowledge. Today small family farmers and subsistence farmers are being threatened by an industrial practice of agriculture, which has transformed much of the traditional farmlands of the world into large corporate farms for the mass production of cash crops. Neo-liberal policies have allowed corporations to seize the world???s food supplies and place it on the global market to be sold for profit. The result of this has been the displacement of rural peoples to urban centers, increased poverty, starvation and the degradation of our ecosystems. In opposition to current global food policies, people around the world are rising up in resistance. This resistance comes in all different forms across the globe, but all unify in the injustices of global food policies. One such movement found in the United States, is Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). I have been a part of this movement for the past four years at Redwood Roots Farm, a local CSA, located in Arcata California. While working with Janet Czarnecki, the owner and head farmer of Redwood Roots Farm, we both recognized the importance of educating our shareholders, interns and community on the topics of globalization, agriculture and social resistance. This is when we came up with the idea for an educational guide on these topics. The goal of this project is to educate our community by providing a history of globalization, the institutes that govern global trade, global food policy and those around the world who are in resistance to these policies. From this we hope that our community will have a better equipped to make informed decisions about the food they buy, where it comes from, and the types of food they eat. We hope that this guide can be utilized as a resource as well as an educational tool for workshops on and off of the farm. This project is geared towards adult shareholders, interns and all visitors of Redwood Roots Farm. The greater goal is to make this guide accessible to the general public on how the global economy has transformed food systems around the world Advisors/Committee Members: Little, Judith K..

Subjects/Keywords: Redwood Roots Farm; Community-supported agriculture; Globalization; Industrial agriculture; Social resistance; IMF; Transnational corporations; WB; GATT; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Beatty, A. (2008). The globalization of agriculture and social resistance. (Masters Thesis). Humboldt State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2148/352

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Beatty, Amanda. “The globalization of agriculture and social resistance.” 2008. Masters Thesis, Humboldt State University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2148/352.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Beatty, Amanda. “The globalization of agriculture and social resistance.” 2008. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Beatty A. The globalization of agriculture and social resistance. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Humboldt State University; 2008. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2148/352.

Council of Science Editors:

Beatty A. The globalization of agriculture and social resistance. [Masters Thesis]. Humboldt State University; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2148/352

Miami University

28. Emens, J. D. A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS.

Degree: PhD, Political Science, 2006, Miami University

URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808

► The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the nature of the Panel processes of the World Trade Organization. Examining the W.T.O. as an extension… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Political Science, General; World Trade; GATT; WTO

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APA (6^th Edition):

Emens, J. D. (2006). A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS. (Doctoral Dissertation). Miami University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Emens, J D. “A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS.” 2006. Doctoral Dissertation, Miami University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Emens, J D. “A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS.” 2006. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Emens JD. A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Miami University; 2006. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808.

Council of Science Editors:

Emens JD. A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Miami University; 2006. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808

29. Adamczuk, D.E. The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011.

Degree: 2012, Leiden University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19284

Subjects/Keywords: WTO; GATT; Developing States; Dispute Settlement

…x29; these are the developing countries which suffer from the GATT and the WTO bias and that… …developed states under the GATT and WTO dispute settlement. More specifically, this chapter will… …the dispute settlement processes, a brief introduction to the GATT and WTO dispute… …countries’ performance in GATT and WTO dispute settlement. It is argued in the literature that… …1995 by the WTO, a power- and diplomacy-oriented GATT, “the veritable nightmare for…

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Adamczuk, D. E. (2012). The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011. (Masters Thesis). Leiden University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19284

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Adamczuk, D E. “The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Leiden University. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19284.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Adamczuk, D E. “The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011.” 2012. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Adamczuk DE. The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Leiden University; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19284.

Council of Science Editors:

Adamczuk DE. The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement: Performance of Developing and Developed States in Initiated Disputes, 1948 – 2011. [Masters Thesis]. Leiden University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19284

University of the Western Cape

30. Paradza, Taapano. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects .

Degree: 2011, University of the Western Cape

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2939

► Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: GATS; GATT; Regional Trade; WTO; SADC; Doha Negotiations; Energy Services; Liberalisation; Services Trade; Southern African Power Pool

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APA (6^th Edition):

Paradza, T. (2011). The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects . (Thesis). University of the Western Cape. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2939

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Paradza, Taapano. “The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects .” 2011. Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2939.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Paradza, Taapano. “The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects .” 2011. Web. 11 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Paradza T. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 11]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2939.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Paradza T. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects . [Thesis]. University of the Western Cape; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2939

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Open Access Theses and Dissertations