subject:( Lead poisoning in children)

University of Wisconsin – La Cross

1. Thill, Nicole. Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program.

Degree: 2013, University of Wisconsin – La Cross

URL: http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/68800

► Childhood lead poisoning is a serious public health issue. Just last year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lowered the blood lead level… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lead based paint - Government policy - Wisconsin; Lead poisoning in children - Wisconsin.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Thill, N. (2013). Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program. (Thesis). University of Wisconsin – La Cross. Retrieved from http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/68800

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Thill, Nicole. “Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program.” 2013. Thesis, University of Wisconsin – La Cross. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/68800.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Thill, Nicole. “Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program.” 2013. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Thill N. Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Wisconsin – La Cross; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/68800.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Thill N. Utilizing the health belief model to examine and promote blood lead screening for clients enrolled in the Trempealeau county women, infant and children (WIC) program. [Thesis]. University of Wisconsin – La Cross; 2013. Available from: http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/68800

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Oregon State University

2. Maxwell, Elisabeth D. Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon.

Degree: MS, Environmental Health and Occupational Safety Management, 2006, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/22043

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children – Oregon

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APA (6^th Edition):

Maxwell, E. D. (2006). Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/22043

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Maxwell, Elisabeth D. “Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon.” 2006. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/22043.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Maxwell, Elisabeth D. “Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon.” 2006. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Maxwell ED. Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 2006. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/22043.

Council of Science Editors:

Maxwell ED. Lead in imported candy from Mexico in four counties in Oregon. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 2006. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/22043

3. Zhao, Yunzhong. Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana.

Degree: Thesis (M.S.), 2009, Ball State University

URL: http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193513

► Although much progress has been made in the United States, childhood lead poisoning remains a critical environmental health problem. Lead causes many problems such as… (more)

▼ Although much progress has been made in the United States, childhood lead poisoning remains a critical environmental health problem. Lead causes many problems such as learning disabilities, coma, and even death. Many studies have focused on these problems in the last three decades, but Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has only been employed since the 1990s. In addition, no research has examined the differences among the models based on the different geographic locations and size of cities. In this study, screening results of childhood lead levels in Indiana are evaluated based on a census tract geography. The relationship between the number of children less than six years old with elevated Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) and social-economic factors such as percentage of children in poverty and age of housing stock are examined for selected urban areas in Indiana. Stepwise and backward elimination are used to choose the independent variables and least squares regression methods are used to build evaluation models according to the location and size of urban areas in Indiana. Finally, a comparison is made among these models to examine whether there is any difference according to city size and location, and whether a state level model would be suitable for the selected urban areas. The results show that backward elimination is a better way to select the independent variables in most of the models. The census tracts with high value of residuals are located in the outer periphery of most urban areas. For some models, the residuals are lower in the census tracts with a high ratio of children screened. The results also manifest that some of the same parameters exist in the models of the same urban size or location in Indiana and geographic factors could be potential elements in building model for children’s EBLLs. None of the models have exactly the same parameters. In addition, the comparison shows that the state model is not as accurate as the urban area models. How to balance the weakness of both state model and urban area model could be an extension for further study. Advisors/Committee Members: Turcotte, Kevin M. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Blood Analysis Mathematical models; Lead poisoning in children – Indiana – Mathematical models

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhao, Y. (2009). Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana. (Masters Thesis). Ball State University. Retrieved from http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193513

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhao, Yunzhong. “Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana.” 2009. Masters Thesis, Ball State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193513.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhao, Yunzhong. “Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana.” 2009. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Zhao Y. Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Ball State University; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193513.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhao Y. Analysis and comparison of blood lead risk area models for selected urban areas in Indiana. [Masters Thesis]. Ball State University; 2009. Available from: http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193513

4. Shrestha, Sofy. Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Biology, 2015, Colorado State University – Pueblo

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170168

► Decades of industrial activities involving mining, smelting and refining of lead have caused major increases in lead levels in the environment, resulting in soil as… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Soils – Lead content – Colorado; Lead poisoning in children – Colorado; Genetic polymorphisms; Disease susceptibility – Genetic aspects

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shrestha, S. (2015). Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University – Pueblo. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170168

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shrestha, Sofy. “Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University – Pueblo. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170168.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shrestha, Sofy. “Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children.” 2015. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Shrestha S. Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University – Pueblo; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170168.

Council of Science Editors:

Shrestha S. Lead (Pb) exposure and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphisms in Pueblo, Colorado children. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University – Pueblo; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170168

University of Minnesota

5. Lugo, Andres M. Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico.

Degree: MS, Toxicology, 2013, University of Minnesota

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11299/162369

► Chronic exposure to environmental lead may cause persistent high blood lead levels with high risk to develop long-term impairments in intellectual function and abnormal behavior… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Children; Environmental lead; Lead poisoning; Lead reduction; Lead smelter

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lugo, A. M. (2013). Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico. (Masters Thesis). University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11299/162369

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lugo, Andres M. “Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Minnesota. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/162369.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lugo, Andres M. “Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico.” 2013. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Lugo AM. Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11299/162369.

Council of Science Editors:

Lugo AM. Longitudinal study to monitor blood lead level reduction in 0 to 15 year old children residing at a large community near a lead smelter in Mexico. [Masters Thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11299/162369

Michigan State University

6. Frost, Sean William. Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach.

Degree: MA, Department of Sociology, 2004, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:33128

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children; Lead poisoning in children – Prevention; Lead poisoning in children – Environmental aspects

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APA (6^th Edition):

Frost, S. W. (2004). Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:33128

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Frost, Sean William. “Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach.” 2004. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:33128.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Frost, Sean William. “Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach.” 2004. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Frost SW. Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 2004. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:33128.

Council of Science Editors:

Frost SW. Lead poisoning in young children : determining risk factors and exposure sources - an environmental justice approach. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2004. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:33128

7. Grunklee, Julie. Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children.

Degree: 2017, University of Northern Iowa

URL: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/438

1 PDF file (xii, 105 pages) Advisors/Committee Members: Catherine Zeman.

Subjects/Keywords: Cosmetics – Lead content; Lead poisoning in children

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APA (6^th Edition):

Grunklee, J. (2017). Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children. (Thesis). University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/438

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Grunklee, Julie. “Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children.” 2017. Thesis, University of Northern Iowa. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/438.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Grunklee, Julie. “Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children.” 2017. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Grunklee J. Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Northern Iowa; 2017. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/438.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Grunklee J. Lead content of lip balms: A cross sectional convenience sample with exposure assessment estimating an average daily intake for young children. [Thesis]. University of Northern Iowa; 2017. Available from: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/438

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Columbia University

8. Landes, Franziska Christine. Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York.

Degree: 2019, Columbia University

URL: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-2fve-sg74

► Lead is a global health hazard and reducing environmental exposures to lead is becoming increasingly important as negative health impacts are documented at lower levels… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Environmental sciences; Environmental health; Soil science; Environmental monitoring – Citizen participation; Lead – Testing; Lead poisoning in children – Prevention

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APA (6^th Edition):

Landes, F. C. (2019). Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York. (Doctoral Dissertation). Columbia University. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-2fve-sg74

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Landes, Franziska Christine. “Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-2fve-sg74.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Landes, Franziska Christine. “Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York.” 2019. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Landes FC. Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University; 2019. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-2fve-sg74.

Council of Science Editors:

Landes FC. Engaging communities to reduce toxic exposures with a field kit for mapping soil lead in Peru and New York. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Columbia University; 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-2fve-sg74

University of Pretoria

9. John, Juanette. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study.

Degree: School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), 2005, University of Pretoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28025

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document Advisors/Committee Members: Ijsselmuiden, C.B. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children; Air pollution research; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

John, J. (2005). Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study. (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28025

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

John, Juanette. “Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study.” 2005. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28025.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

John, Juanette. “Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study.” 2005. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

John J. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2005. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28025.

Council of Science Editors:

John J. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study. [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2005. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28025

University of Pretoria

10. [No author]. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study .

Degree: 2005, University of Pretoria

URL: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-121510/

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document Advisors/Committee Members: Ijsselmuiden, C.B (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children; Air pollution research; UCTD

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APA (6^th Edition):

author], [. (2005). Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study . (Masters Thesis). University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-121510/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

author], [No. “Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study .” 2005. Masters Thesis, University of Pretoria. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-121510/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

author], [No. “Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study .” 2005. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

author] [. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2005. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-121510/.

Council of Science Editors:

author] [. Lead exposure of children attending pre-school facilities in certain geographical areas of Pretoria, in relation to their activity patterns : a cross-sectional study . [Masters Thesis]. University of Pretoria; 2005. Available from: http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-121510/

IUPUI

11. Morrison-Ibrahim, Deborah E. Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels.

Degree: 2011, IUPUI

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2598

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Advisors/Committee Members: Filippelli, Gabriel M., Steele, Gregory, Babbar-Sebens, Meghna, Li, Lin.

Subjects/Keywords: Lead Contamination, Blood Lead, Children; Lead poisoning in children; Lead in the body; Soil pollution

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APA (6^th Edition):

Morrison-Ibrahim, D. E. (2011). Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels. (Thesis). IUPUI. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2598

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Morrison-Ibrahim, Deborah E. “Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels.” 2011. Thesis, IUPUI. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2598.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Morrison-Ibrahim, Deborah E. “Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels.” 2011. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Morrison-Ibrahim DE. Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels. [Internet] [Thesis]. IUPUI; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2598.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Morrison-Ibrahim DE. Lead Distribution in Urban Soils: Relationship Between Lead Sources and Children's Blood Lead Levels. [Thesis]. IUPUI; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2598

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Macquarie University

12. Laidlaw, Mark Andrew Scott. Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America.

Degree: 2014, Macquarie University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/295131

►

"This thesis is presented for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Science)"

"1 April, 2014"

Bibliography: pages 163-180

Chapter 1. Introduction, aims and approach… (more)

▼

"This thesis is presented for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Science)"

"1 April, 2014"

Bibliography: pages 163-180

Chapter 1. Introduction, aims and approach to the study – Chapter 2. Petrol derived PB in urban surface soils is a major source of PB in house dust and has the potential to poison children in the inner cities of Australia – Chapter 3. Estimation of historical vehicle traffic PB emission in US and California urbanized areas and their legacy in urban soils and continued effects on children's health – Chapter 4. Soil PB and children's blood PB levels are associated spatially and temporally in urban areas: a new paradigm pointing towards a cost-effective solution – Chapter 5. Discussion – Chapter 6. Conclusions.

Urban surface soils have been contaminated with lead (Pb) primarily from the former use of Pb additives in petrol and Pb paint, and in some instances from Pb smelters. These exposures continue to pose an ongoing risk to human health globally. Lead is a neurotoxin. When it is absorbed, inhaled or ingested, it can affect the development of the child’s nervous system causing lower intelligence quotient measures, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and delinquent behaviors

In a series of 8 published peer-reviewed papers (and one response to comments paper), this thesis assesses soil Pb contributions to blood Pb (PbB) in Australia and the USA. In addition, the study assesses the role of Pb additives in petrol (gasoline) as a potential source of blood PbB in children. In evaluating the potential role of petrol Pb additives for elevating children’s PbB levels and urban soil Pb levels, the spatial and temporal variation of Pb in atmospheric and household dusts were evaluated.

The results from the thesis studies demonstrate that the historical use of leaded gasoline and Pb in exterior paints has contaminated urban soils to levels that pose a potential risk of harm to children. Leaded gasoline is a major source of Pb urban soils and house dust. Children’s PbB levels are associated spatially with soil Pb concentrations and temporally with atmospheric soil and Pb concentrations. Roadside soils contaminated with Pb are subject to re-suspension by vehicle movement, which causes dispersal into the urban environment.

This thesis indicates that the paradigm that Pb paint is the sole primary source of Pb exposure in urban children is incorrect. Ongoing exposure from legacy deposition of Pb from petrol is also a major source of exposure in children and still poses a significant risk of harm.

1 online resources (xvii, 187 pages) illustrations (some colored), maps, charts

Advisors/Committee Members: Macquarie University. Department of Environment and Geography.

Subjects/Keywords: Lead-poisoning; Lead in the body; Lead – Physiological effect; Children – Diseases; Petroleum chemicals industry – Health aspects; Petroleum chemicals – Toxicology; Petroleum as fuel; Petroleum – Australia; Petroleum – California; blood; children; exposure; lead; Pb; soil; resuspension; seasonality

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APA (6^th Edition):

Laidlaw, M. A. S. (2014). Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America. (Doctoral Dissertation). Macquarie University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/295131

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Laidlaw, Mark Andrew Scott. “Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Macquarie University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/295131.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Laidlaw, Mark Andrew Scott. “Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America.” 2014. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Laidlaw MAS. Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Macquarie University; 2014. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/295131.

Council of Science Editors:

Laidlaw MAS. Soil lead and human health exposure risks: studies from Australia and the United States of America. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Macquarie University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/295131

Michigan State University

13. Natarus, Gina L. Lead poisoning in urban children.

Degree: 1977, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:9189

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children – United States; City children – Health and hygiene – United States

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APA (6^th Edition):

Natarus, G. L. (1977). Lead poisoning in urban children. (Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:9189

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Natarus, Gina L. “Lead poisoning in urban children.” 1977. Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:9189.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Natarus, Gina L. “Lead poisoning in urban children.” 1977. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Natarus GL. Lead poisoning in urban children. [Internet] [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1977. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:9189.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Natarus GL. Lead poisoning in urban children. [Thesis]. Michigan State University; 1977. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:9189

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Zambia

14. Mpokota, Stabbes. Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District .

Degree: 2015, University of Zambia

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3620

► Lead poisoning contributes 0.9 per cent of developing countries’ disease burden. Lead poisoning is due to excessive lead exposure to the human body. In Zambia,… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lead Poisoning-Prevention; Lead Poisoning-Kabwe, Zambia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mpokota, S. (2015). Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3620

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mpokota, Stabbes. “Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District .” 2015. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3620.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mpokota, Stabbes. “Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District .” 2015. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Mpokota S. Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3620.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mpokota S. Knowledge assessment of lead poisoning precautionary measures among women of child-bearing age in high lead exposure residential areas in Kabwe District . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3620

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Rutgers University

15. Shah, Manthan, 1985-. Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India.

Degree: PhD, Animal Sciences, 2016, Rutgers University

URL: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51459/

►

Sindoor, an orange, maroon or red powder used for Hindu cultural and religious purposes, has been found to be adulterated with lead tetroxide, (Pb3O4, red… (more)

▼

Sindoor, an orange, maroon or red powder used for Hindu cultural and religious purposes, has been found to be adulterated with lead tetroxide, (Pb3O4, red lead). Red lead is often added to give the sindoor powder a deep red color. The adverse health effects caused by lead exposure have been widely documented and in children can include abdominal pain, learning disabilities reduced attention span, slowed growth and antisocial and delinquent behavior. Currently, there is no known safe level of lead exposure in children. We believe this is the first study to comprehensively assess lead (Pb) concentrations in sindoor and related powders from not only a wide geographical area in an entire state but also in those sindoor powders purchased directly from India. A total of 170 religious powders were purchased in different regions of the state (Northern, Central and Southern Jersey). Out of those 170 powders, 118 were sindoor and 52 were miscellaneous religious powders. Of the 118 powders, 95 were purchased from 66 South Asian stores in New Jersey while 23 were purchased in India. The miscellaneous powders were purchased in New Jersey. Laboratory analysis revealed how, among, U.S. sindoor powders, 79 (83.2%) of tested powders contained >1 ug/g Pb. The median lead concentration for tested U.S. sindoor powders was 3.0 ug/g Pb with a maximum Pb level of >300,000 ug/g Pb. For sindoor powders purchased in India, 18 (78.3%) samples contained >1 ug/g Pb. The median Pb concentrations for these sindoor powders was 12.7 ug/g Pb with a maximum Pb level of >300,000 ïug/g Pb. Two samples, purchased from Mumbai, contained >1% Pb. A third sample, also purchased from Mumbai, contained 0.5% ug/g Pb. For miscellaneous religious powders, 29 (55.8%) powders contained >1 ug/g Pb. The median Pb concentration for these powders was 1.1 ug/g Pb with a maximum Pb level of 61.0 ug/g Pb. Semi-quantitative x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and colormetric tests successfully identified lead in samples with higher Pb levels (i.e., >300,000 ug/g), but were not effective for samples with lower Pb levels. In summary, these results underscore the need for hazard surveillance of sindoor.

Advisors/Committee Members: Shendell, Derek (chair), Halperin, William (co-chair), Ohman-Strickland, Pamela (internal member), Meng, Qingyu (internal member), Lumia, Margaret (outside member).

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning – New Jersey; Lead poisoning – India

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shah, Manthan, 1. (2016). Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India. (Doctoral Dissertation). Rutgers University. Retrieved from https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51459/

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shah, Manthan, 1985-. “Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers University. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51459/.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shah, Manthan, 1985-. “Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India.” 2016. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Shah, Manthan 1. Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51459/.

Council of Science Editors:

Shah, Manthan 1. Analysis of lead in sindoor and related religious powders purchased in New Jersey and India. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Rutgers University; 2016. Available from: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/51459/

University of Georgia

16. Hanks, Katherine E. Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?.

Degree: MS, Environmental Economics, 2007, University of Georgia

URL: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/hanks_katherine_e_200705_ms

► An economic analysis is presented on the factors that affect current causes of childhood lead poisoning. The analysis is based on surveillance data from the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Childhood Lead Poisoning

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hanks, K. E. (2007). Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?. (Masters Thesis). University of Georgia. Retrieved from http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/hanks_katherine_e_200705_ms

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hanks, Katherine E. “Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?.” 2007. Masters Thesis, University of Georgia. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/hanks_katherine_e_200705_ms.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hanks, Katherine E. “Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?.” 2007. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Hanks KE. Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Georgia; 2007. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/hanks_katherine_e_200705_ms.

Council of Science Editors:

Hanks KE. Does the 1978 ban on lead-based paint reduce childhood lead poisoning?. [Masters Thesis]. University of Georgia; 2007. Available from: http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/hanks_katherine_e_200705_ms

University of Zambia

17. Sakala, Doreen. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .

Degree: 2017, University of Zambia

URL: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5826

► Lead poisoning has been a constant public health concern because children absorb more lead compared to adults. The resulting health effects are irreversible and include… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in childern – Toys – Zambia; Toys – Safety regulations – Zambia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sakala, D. (2017). Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5826

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sakala, Doreen. “Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .” 2017. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5826.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sakala, Doreen. “Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .” 2017. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Sakala D. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2017. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5826.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sakala D. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2017. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5826

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Zambia

18. Sakala, Doreen. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .

Degree: 2017, University of Zambia

URL: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5614

► Lead poisoning has been a constant public health concern because children absorb more lead compared to adults. The resulting health effects are irreversible and include… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in childern – Toys – Zambia; Toys – Safety regulations – Zambia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sakala, D. (2017). Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5614

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sakala, Doreen. “Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .” 2017. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5614.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sakala, Doreen. “Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia .” 2017. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Sakala D. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2017. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5614.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Sakala D. Concentration of lead in imported plastic toys, safety to children and associated factors in Lusaka city, Zambia . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2017. Available from: http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5614

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Michigan State University

19. Sandberg, Eric Allen. Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels.

Degree: MS, Geography, 2008, Michigan State University

URL: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16671

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning in children – Michigan – Statistics; Public health – Michigan – Statistics; Spatial analysis (Statistics)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sandberg, E. A. (2008). Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels. (Masters Thesis). Michigan State University. Retrieved from http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16671

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sandberg, Eric Allen. “Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels.” 2008. Masters Thesis, Michigan State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16671.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sandberg, Eric Allen. “Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels.” 2008. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Sandberg EA. Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Michigan State University; 2008. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16671.

Council of Science Editors:

Sandberg EA. Childhood lead poisoning in Michigan : spatial analyses of the distribution of and factors relating to community elevated blood lead levels. [Masters Thesis]. Michigan State University; 2008. Available from: http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd:16671

University of Adelaide

20. Mudge, Jane. Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge.

Degree: 1996, University of Adelaide

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18867

► This thesis examines the relationship between environmental lead exposure and later emotional and behavioural problems experienced by 11-13 year old children enrolled in the Port… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Lead Physiological effect.; Lead poisoning in children South Australia Port Pirie.; Behavior disorders in children South Australia Port Pirie.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mudge, J. (1996). Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge. (Thesis). University of Adelaide. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18867

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mudge, Jane. “Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge.” 1996. Thesis, University of Adelaide. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18867.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mudge, Jane. “Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge.” 1996. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Mudge J. Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1996. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18867.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mudge J. Lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems experienced by children in the Port Pirie cohort study / Jane Mudge. [Thesis]. University of Adelaide; 1996. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18867

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Canterbury

21. Lim, Elena Lynn Pei. A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants.

Degree: Health Sciences Centre, 2009, University of Canterbury

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3701

► Lead (Pb) is a known toxicant that affects young children. It is believed that old water reticulation systems are prone to lead leaching from the… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: environmental health risk assessment; chronic lead poisoning; children; drinking water; reticulation system; Christchurch; New Zealand

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lim, E. L. P. (2009). A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants. (Thesis). University of Canterbury. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3701

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lim, Elena Lynn Pei. “A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants.” 2009. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3701.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lim, Elena Lynn Pei. “A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants.” 2009. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Lim ELP. A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Canterbury; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3701.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Lim ELP. A Risk Assessment of Northwest Christchurch Water Supply: Systematic Review of Lead Contaminants. [Thesis]. University of Canterbury; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3701

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Victoria

22. Valencia, Areli. Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú.

Degree: Faculty of Law, 2012, University of Victoria

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3928

► Over the last few years, the town of La Oroya, in Perú’s central Andes has received significant international attention due to the alarming number of… (more)

▼ Over the last few years, the town of La Oroya, in Perú’s central Andes has received significant international attention due to the alarming number of children suffering from high levels of lead poisoning as a result of pollution from the town’s smelter. Paradoxically, instead of collectively unifying voices to claim the protection of their health and environment, a significant portion of members of this community opted to minimize the problem with the purpose of defending job opportunities at the smelter.This dissertation examines the deep structural causes that have placed residents of this community in the difficult position of having to sacrifice their human right to health in order to preserve their right to work at the smelter. I argue that the La Oroya community acquiesced in forfeiting their own rights because they have been historically trapped in a “context of systemic unfreedom.” This is a historically formed and politically and economically reproduced context of human rights abuses, a context that affects the overall well-being of individuals and communities, and diminishes their ability to challenge such abuses and transform their realities. To assess the exact contours and components of the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya, and respond to the question of how this context has encouraged the trade-offs of health for work, I have designed a “capability-oriented model of human rights.” Conceptually, this model builds upon structural approaches to human rights proposed by authors such as Paul Farmer, Tony Evans and Mark Goodale. It also adopts Séverine Deneuline’s relational-political interpretation of the capability approach pioneered by Amartya Sen. Methodologically, a salient feature of my model is its incorporation of voices of affected community members as an important source of knowledge. Results of this study show the extent to which the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya has been sustained by the interconnection of a constellation of factors: environmental (historical pollution); institutional (economic dependency, the state’s leniency in enforcing the smelter company’s environmental obligations, the extraction-based model of economic development in Perú, the institutional fragility of the human rights discourse); social (migration, loss of collective identity, socio-economic and gender inequalities, uncertainty about pollution, limited access to information, assignment of responsibility for pollution-based illness to individuals, stigma against the poor); and personal (individual values and needs, characteristics of individual identity). These factors have converged over time and intersected at the macro, meso and micro levels, trapping residents from La Oroya in a vicious cycle of disadvantage. I conclude by suggesting that, in order to effectively address “systemic unfreedom” in this smelter town, both short-term and long-term solutions are required. That is, in addition to promoting the completion of proposed environmental mitigation and soil remediation plans in La Oroya, I… Advisors/Committee Members: Lessard, Hester (supervisor).

Subjects/Keywords: human rights; capability approach; extractive industry; environmental justice; children lead poisoning; Peru

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APA (6^th Edition):

Valencia, A. (2012). Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú. (Thesis). University of Victoria. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3928

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Valencia, Areli. “Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú.” 2012. Thesis, University of Victoria. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3928.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Valencia, Areli. “Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú.” 2012. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Valencia A. Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3928.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Valencia A. Human rights trade-offs in a context of systemic unfreedom: work vs. health in the case of the smelter town of La Oroya, Perú. [Thesis]. University of Victoria; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3928

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Oregon State University

23. Cress, Charles Raymond, 1942-. The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity.

Degree: PhD, Pharmacology, 1969, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46240

► The entire human population is chronically exposed to various contaminants, including lead and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Studies were undertaken to assess the effects of chronic… (more)

▼ The entire human population is chronically exposed to various contaminants, including lead and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Studies were undertaken to assess the effects of chronic exposure to lead on the toxicities of two such pesticides, lindane and dieldrin. Mice were given lead as the acetate in drinking water, at levels of 75, 150 or 300 ppm lead for eight weeks. The acute LD50 of lindane (98 mg/kg) given in corn oil by oral intubation was not altered significantly (P > .05) by administration of 150 ppm lead. Similarly, the acute LD50 of dieldrin (45 mg/kg), given in corn oil by oral intubation, was not changed significantly (P > .05) by the same lead exposure. In subacute studies, lindane was given daily by oral intubatiop in corn oil at a level of 40 mg/kg for the final two weeks of lead exposure. The excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine was increased in a dose-related fashion by lead but was unaffected by lindane. There was no evidence of significant interaction between the two agents. Urinary coproporphyrin excretion was increased slightly by both agents, and when lindane was given to mice receiving 300 ppm lead, levels rose from a control urinary concentration of 0.21 microgram per ml to 0.37 microgram per ml (P < .05). Urinary excretion of uroporphyrin was not altered by either agent. Thus, lead and lindane apparently interacted in an additive fashion at at least one step in the heme synthesis pathway, and failed to interact at at least two steps. Lead depressed blood hemoglobin concentration (from a control value of 13.5 grams per 100 ml to 12.8 grams per 100 ml), an effect predictable from the blockade of heme biosynthesis by the metal. Lindane did not affect hemoglobin concentration when given by itself but prevented the fall in concentration elicited by lead. Hematocrit was decreased in a dose-related fashion (from 43.7% to 41.1%) by lead, and lindane appeared to accentuate the decrease (40.0% when both were given). The agents were thus seen to interact at two or more sites, one of which was probably the heme biosynthetic pathway. Levels of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 were depressed in a dose-related fashion upon administration of lead. In mice receiving 300 ppm lead, levels were depressed to about 50% of the control level. This effect suggested the possibility that individuals exposed to lead may suffer impairment of oxidative metabolic pathways dependent upon cytochrome P-450. This could have the effect of increasing the toxicity of a compound taken into the body, or of increasing the duration of the action of the compound. Lindane increased levels of cytochrome P-450 an average of 83% over respective counterparts not receiving lindane. This effect was probably related to an induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme systems. Lindane, at the level given, overcame the effects of lead on cytochrome P-450 levels. Despite the effect of lead on cytochrome P-450, lead administration did not affect the length of time mice slept (P >… Advisors/Committee Members: Larson, Robert E. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cress, Charles Raymond, 1. (1969). The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity. (Doctoral Dissertation). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46240

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cress, Charles Raymond, 1942-. “The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity.” 1969. Doctoral Dissertation, Oregon State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46240.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cress, Charles Raymond, 1942-. “The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity.” 1969. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Cress, Charles Raymond 1. The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Oregon State University; 1969. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46240.

Council of Science Editors:

Cress, Charles Raymond 1. The effects of increased body burdens of lead on lindane and dieldrin toxicity. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Oregon State University; 1969. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/46240

Columbia University

24. Camaj, Pashko R. Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood.

Degree: 2013, Columbia University

URL: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BC47NV

► Between May 1985 and December 1986, a cohort of 1,502 pregnant women was recruited at two government clinics in Kosovo (formerly a province of Yugoslavia)… (more)

▼ Between May 1985 and December 1986, a cohort of 1,502 pregnant women was recruited at two government clinics in Kosovo (formerly a province of Yugoslavia) for a study of the relationship between environmental lead (Pb) exposure and birth outcomes. Subsequently, a representative group of 541 of their children were selected for long-term follow up. The children were followed longitudinally at six-month intervals for 12 years to examine the effects of environmental Pb exposure on a variety of health outcomes including cognitive and motor function, anemia, endocrine function and growth. This work produced numerous landmark publications (Popovac et al, 1982; Graziano et al., 1990, 1991, 2004; Murphy et al., 1990; Factor-Litvak et al, 1993, 1996, 1998, 1999; Wasserman et al,. 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000) that contributed to the modification of environmental policies to reduce Pb exposure worldwide. The long-term study ultimately linked environmental Pb exposure from the Trepca mining and smelting operations in Mitrovica to adverse effects on intelligence, motor function, blood pressure, renal, endocrine and hematological functioning. Follow up rates over time were excellent in that 70% of the total cohort was evaluated at 6 years of age, and 65% were evaluated at 12 years of age, at which point the study was - until now - concluded. For the present study, we located 101 members of the original study cohort and requested their participation in a follow-up study in which participants were evaluated to assess their current blood lead (BPb) levels and health outcomes as follows: a) blood pressure; b) biomarkers of endothelial cell function that are associated with cardiovascular disease; c) and measurements of erythropoietin, a glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney that regulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. The participants, whose environmental exposure history is very well documented from 12 weeks of gestation through 12 years of age, were between 25-26 years of age during the follow-up study. We found a statistically significant association between BPb and systolic blood pressure (sBP), and a marginally significant association between BPb and diastolic blood pressure (dBP), which is consistent with a multitude of studies and meta-analyses referenced in this dissertation. These results provide further evidence that recent circulating dose, as estimated by BPb, or as estimated by lifetime cumulative exposure, is associated with slight increase in sBP. Furthermore, we detected a suggestive relationship between BPb and levels of circulating serum intercellular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1) and serum intravascular adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1), possibly a mechanism by which Pb may lead to increased BP. These findings support the hypothesis that the exposure to Pb either prenatally or in early adulthood, may lead to increased BP and increased circulating levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 later in life. Lastly, the results regarding the serum erythropoietin (EPO) production presented here…

Subjects/Keywords: Lead – Environmental aspects; Lead – Health aspects; Lead poisoning; Blood pressure; Erythropoietin

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APA (6^th Edition):

Camaj, P. R. (2013). Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood. (Doctoral Dissertation). Columbia University. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BC47NV

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Camaj, Pashko R. “Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BC47NV.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Camaj, Pashko R. “Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood.” 2013. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Camaj PR. Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BC47NV.

Council of Science Editors:

Camaj PR. Long-term consequences of environmental lead exposure in Kosovo: effects of pre and postnatal lead exposure in early adulthood. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Columbia University; 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BC47NV

Massey University

25. Sriram, Aditi. Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis).

Degree: Master of Veterinary Science, Wildlife Health, 2017, Massey University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12212

► Anthropogenic lead use has resulted in widespread environmental lead contamination known to affect wildlife populations worldwide. Lead is a highly toxic, non-essential heavy metal recognised… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Kaka (Bird); Diseases; Lead poisoning in animals; Wellington; New Zealand; Research Subject Categories::VETERINARY MEDICINE::Other veterinary medicine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Sriram, A. (2017). Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis). (Masters Thesis). Massey University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12212

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Sriram, Aditi. “Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis).” 2017. Masters Thesis, Massey University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12212.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Sriram, Aditi. “Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis).” 2017. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Sriram A. Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Massey University; 2017. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12212.

Council of Science Editors:

Sriram A. Lead exposure in an urban population of free-ranging kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis). [Masters Thesis]. Massey University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12212

University of Zambia

26. Mwelwa, Kitondo. Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka .

Degree: 2011, University of Zambia

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/281

► The content of cadmium and lead in raw food crops consisting of cabbage, rape, tomato and maize collected from selected retail markets, and in daily… (more)

▼ The content of cadmium and lead in raw food crops consisting of cabbage, rape, tomato and maize collected from selected retail markets, and in daily diets collected from selected school dining halls in Kabwe and Lusaka was determined. Separate analyte solutions were obtained after wet digestion of samples followed by extraction and precipitation for cadmium and lead respectively . Measurements were done using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. The range of concentrations in p.g/kg d.w. of raw food crops from Kabwe and Lusaka (and food crop with lowest and highest mean) were respectively for cadmium N.D.- 125 (Cabbage - rape) and N.D.- 264 (maize - tomato), and for lead N.D.- 1 974 (tomato - rape) and N.D.- 1 948 (maize - rape) with N.D. meaning "not detected" concentration. Calculations based on quantities assumed to be portions of total food consumed daily yielded W.I., in (ig/kg b.w. for a person weighing 60 kg, ranging from 0.01 to 0.196 for cadmium and from 0.11 to 0.351 for lead. These values represent 1.4 to 2.8% and 0.44 to 14% P.T.W.I.(Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) for cadmium and lead respectively. The mean concentration in jag/kg d.w. of food composites corresponding to the numbers of daily diets collected in a week from each selected institution was, for cadmium, between 6 and 12 with the exception of Saint Paul's Secondary School which showed N.D. as mean; and for lead, N.D. in all institutions except Saint Paul's Secondary School which had 462 as mean. The weekly dietary intake of food actually consumed, in }J.g/kg b.w. for a 60 kg man, was estimated to range between N.D.and 0.77 with most of the values on the higher limit for cadmium, and between N.D. and 29.6 with all the values on the lower limit except one for lead. These values represent N.D. to 11% and N.D. to 118.6% P.T.W.I, for cadmium and lead respectively. Sample recoveries, with values bracketed between 80% and 110%, demonstrated the accuracy of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. A comparison of the levels and W.I. of cadmium and lead reported hi this study for raw food crops and diets with legal limits were found to be within the normal range.

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning – Zambia; Food – Toxicology – Zambia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mwelwa, K. (2011). Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka . (Thesis). University of Zambia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mwelwa, Kitondo. “Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka .” 2011. Thesis, University of Zambia. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mwelwa, Kitondo. “Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka .” 2011. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Mwelwa K. Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka . [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2011. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/281.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mwelwa K. Levels of Lead and Cadmium in some food crops and dietary intakes from dining hall diets in areas of Kabwe and Lusaka . [Thesis]. University of Zambia; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/281

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Oregon State University

27. Exon, Jerry Hugh. Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium.

Degree: MS, Veterinary Medicine, 1978, Oregon State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/43248

► Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are naturally occurring heavy metals which have been redistributed to a large extent by man in the environment. These metals… (more)

▼ Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are naturally occurring heavy metals which have been redistributed to a large extent by man in the environment. These metals have certain common toxic sites of action on biological systems of mammals. Simultaneous exposure to Pb and Cd is highly probable due to common sources of exposure in the environment. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of simultaneous, chronic exposure to Pb and Cd on pathology, tissue residues and susceptibility to viral challenge in mice. Mice were exposed, via the drinking water, to either Pb or Cd or both metals simultaneously at various doses for ten weeks and then challenged with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Mortality was enhanced in all groups of mice exposed to Pb and suppressed in groups of mice treated with Cd. Mice simultaneously coexposed to Pb and Cd had mortality rates intermediate to those observed after exposure to the individual metals. It is proposed that Pb suppresses immunity in mice by inhibition of basic metabolic functions deoendent on sulfhydrylcontaining enzymes. The effect of this action results in a decreased ability of cells to produce antibodies, interferon and anti-viral proteins. It is postulated that Cd enhances the immune response in mice by inhibition of zinc-dependent enzymes such as peptidases and RNA polymerase. This results in increased stability and persistance of antibodies, interferon and anti-viral proteins in addition to decreased ability of the virus to replicate. Coexposure to Pb and Cd did not appear to alter histopathologic lesions observed by light microscopy that were produced by exposure to Pb or Cd only. Pb and Cd residues in tissues of mice exposed to these metals, as compared to residues in tissues of mice which received Pb or Cd only, indicate that interaction occurs in regard to metabolism, storage and excretion of these elements. Coexposure to Pb caused increased Cd accumulation at low doses. The effectwasreversed at high doses and Cd tissue residues are reduced. Pb tissue residues, except in kidneys, were generally lower in mice coexposed to Cd. Kidney Pb levels increased in these mice. It is significant that chronic coexposure to Pb and Cd at subclinical doses alters certain effects produced by exposure to only one of the metals. Simultaneous exposure to low levels of Pb and Cd better simulate natural conditions of exposure in the environment. Advisors/Committee Members: Koller, Loren D. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Lead poisoning – Toxicology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Exon, J. H. (1978). Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium. (Masters Thesis). Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1957/43248

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Exon, Jerry Hugh. “Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium.” 1978. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/43248.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Exon, Jerry Hugh. “Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium.” 1978. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Exon JH. Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 1978. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/43248.

Council of Science Editors:

Exon JH. Pathology, tissue residues and viral-induced mortality in mice exposed to lead and cadmium. [Masters Thesis]. Oregon State University; 1978. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/43248

University of Rochester

28. Eisenberg, Katherine W. Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States.

Degree: PhD, 2009, University of Rochester

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/8412

► Introduction: Young children who are resettled in the United States as refugees arrive with higher blood lead levels than children in the general U.S. population.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Child; Immigrant; Refugee; Lead poisoning; Prevention

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APA (6^th Edition):

Eisenberg, K. W. (2009). Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Rochester. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1802/8412

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Eisenberg, Katherine W. “Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States.” 2009. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Rochester. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1802/8412.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Eisenberg, Katherine W. “Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States.” 2009. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Eisenberg KW. Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Rochester; 2009. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/8412.

Council of Science Editors:

Eisenberg KW. Lead exposure in refugee children in the United States. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Rochester; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/8412

Macquarie University

29. Kristensen, Louise Jane. Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia.

Degree: 2016, Macquarie University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1110849

►

Thesis by publication.

Bibliography: pages 175-184.

Chapter 1. Introduction – Chapter 2. Quantification and identification of sources of lead emissions – Chap[ter 3. Measurement of… (more)

▼

Thesis by publication.

Bibliography: pages 175-184.

Chapter 1. Introduction – Chapter 2. Quantification and identification of sources of lead emissions – Chap[ter 3. Measurement of lead emissions and exposures – Chapter 4. Impacts and consequences of lead emissions – Chapter 5. Synthesis of research.

Lead emissions in Australia have been occurring for almost two centuries. In that time, environmental quality and human health have been greatly affected. As a result, lead contaminated soils are widespread in Australian urban and industrial locations and lead emissions are ongoing in lead industrial locations. The removal of primary sources, leaded petrol and paint, as well as the decline in blood lead levels in mining and smelting communities has led to complacency that much of the problem has been resolved. However, elevated childhood blood lead levels are still being measured in lead towns.

Despite the global abundance of studies on environmental lead sources, emissions and human health consequences, relatively little research has been undertaken in Australia following the removal of lead from petrol in 2002. In light of this knowledge gap, this thesis includes twelve papers that present research into the current state of lead emissions in Australia. The papers address multiple and interconnecting aspects of lead emissions: identification of major sources emitting large volumes; measurement of lead in the environment and ongoing exposures; the impacts on the environment and consequences to human health. Additionally, this thesis examines the role of regulations and guidelines in protecting children from the harmful effects relating to the toxicity of lead.

The outcome of the studies in this thesis demonstrate that environmental lead emissions, depositions and exposures remain a cause for serious public health concern in Australia. Current lead emissions from mining and smelting operations continue to expose children to dangerous levels of toxic metals that result in blood lead levels above current guideline values. Quantification of lead emitted from petrol, at a quarter million tonnes, has revealed the enormity of this legacy source, even in relation to mining and smelting emissions. Although petrol emissions form an historical source, the findings in this thesis reveal its impact prevails in the environment. By providing a contemporary analysis on the issue of lead emissions, this thesis demonstrates that reliance on outdated regulations and guidelines are ineffective at reducing exposure to both historic and ongoing lead emissions in Australia. Therefore, in light of the globally accepted paradigm that there is no safe level of lead exposure, this thesis highlights the urgent need to revise existing strategies and regulations to limit preventable exposures.

1 online resource (xii, 185, [68] pages) illustrations (some colour), maps (some colour)

Advisors/Committee Members: Macquarie University. Department of Environmental Sciences.

Subjects/Keywords: Lead – Environmental aspects – Australia; Lead poisoning – Australia; lead isotopes; mining; smelting; lead petrol; Pb

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kristensen, L. J. (2016). Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia. (Doctoral Dissertation). Macquarie University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1110849

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kristensen, Louise Jane. “Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Macquarie University. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1110849.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kristensen, Louise Jane. “Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia.” 2016. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Kristensen LJ. Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Macquarie University; 2016. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1110849.

Council of Science Editors:

Kristensen LJ. Identification and measurement of contemporary sources and exposure risks from lead emissions and depositions in Australia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Macquarie University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1110849

University of Edinburgh

30. Raab, Gillian M. The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability.

Degree: PhD, 1990, University of Edinburgh

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26863

► This thesis arose from a problem in the analysis of data from the Edinburgh Lead Study. The data were to be used to estimate the… (more)

▼ This thesis arose from a problem in the analysis of data from the Edinburgh Lead Study. The data were to be used to estimate the influence of children's blood lead levels on their mental abilities, controlling for other factors which might confound this relationship. The other factors were summarised as a set of covariate scores, and the question arose as to which of these scores should be included in a multiple regression whose purpose was to estimate the coefficient of blood-lead. This problem has arisen in other studies of the influence of lead on ability, and a variety of solutions have been implemented. The statistical and epidemiological literature offers little guidance. The problem is formalised by proposing regression models with various assumptions. Expressions are derived for the mean-square-error of the parameter of special interest (here the blood-lead coefficient) in terms of quantities which can be calculated from the data. Various stepwise procedures are proposed for selecting a sub-set of covariates to include in the regression equation. These include the usual stepwise procedures, as well as new ones based on the various meansquare-error criteria and on changes in the coefficient of interest. These procedures are studied for the data from the Edinburgh Lead Study and evaluated by simulation in different ways. The potential for variance reduction from sub-models, compared to including all covariates, is a function of the multiple correlation between the variable of special interest and the variables which could be omitted from the model. The results suggest that, unless this correlation exceeds 0.2, inferences should be based on a regression with the full set of covariates. The greatest benefit is obtained from sub-set selection procedures when the multiple correlation is increased as a result of a decrease in the residual degrees of freedom. In these circumstances the multiple correlation will be high, but its value will fall when the usual adjustment for degrees of freedom is applied. The simulation results suggest that sub-set selection will be beneficial when the residual degrees of freedom for the full model are less than three time the number of covariates. The method which performed best was to select, at each step, the variable which made the largest change in the coefficient of interest. Stopping rules for this criterion are propped. This method was less prone than the other methods to underestimate the variance of the coefficient of interest, when this is evaluated in the usual way for the final model. But it performed badly and underestimated this variance, for artificial data where the population multiple correlation between the variable of special interest and the covariates was high. This suggests that sub-set selection should not be used when the estimated multiple correlation adjusted for degrees of freedom is high. These criteria applied to the Lead Study data would suggest that the effect of lead on ability should be assessed by adjusting for all the covariate scores.

Subjects/Keywords: 615.9; Lead exposure in children

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APA (6^th Edition):

Raab, G. M. (1990). The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Edinburgh. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26863

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Raab, Gillian M. “The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability.” 1990. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Edinburgh. Accessed December 15, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26863.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Raab, Gillian M. “The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability.” 1990. Web. 15 Dec 2019.

Vancouver:

Raab GM. The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Edinburgh; 1990. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26863.

Council of Science Editors:

Raab GM. The selection of covariates for the relationship between blood-lead and ability. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Edinburgh; 1990. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26863

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Open Access Theses and Dissertations