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University of Otago
1.
Johnstone, Alice Christine.
Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
.
Degree: 2011, University of Otago
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1682 
► Methamphetamine is an illicit psychoactive stimulant with a high abuse liability. Addiction to methamphetamine creates a significant burden on public services and a considerable cost…
(more)
▼ Methamphetamine is an illicit psychoactive stimulant with a high abuse liability. Addiction to methamphetamine creates a significant burden on public services and a considerable cost to society. It is a complex disorder that has serious physiological and psychological consequences. There are several processes that have been theorised to lead to addiction; however, no one theory provides a comprehensive explanation for methamphetamine addiction development and its persistence. A better understanding of the molecular consequences of exposure to methamphetamine could help elucidate the changes associated with the progression to addiction.
In addition, the recreational drug benzylpiperazine is of concern as it mimics the subjective effects of methamphetamine, yet little information exists on its mechanism of action, the long term effects or its propensity to create an addiction. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to investigate the molecular consequences of exposure to methamphetamine to elucidate the changes associated with this addictive drug, and determine whether the same molecular consequences were observed with benzylpiperazine.
This study utilised a rodent exposure model to monitor the behavioural and neurological effects of drug exposure in previously drug naïve subjects. Two separate acute exposure experiments were performed where the two drugs showed a similar effect on rodent locomotor behaviour (10 mg.kg-1 and 20 mg.kg-1 benzylpiperazine, 1 mg.kg-1 and 2 mg.kg-1 methamphetamine and saline controls). A chronic exposure over ten days was also used where subjects showed behavioural sensitization (20 mg.kg-1 benzylpiperazine, 2 mg.kg-1 methamphetamine and saline controls). To examine the effect that this drug exposure had on neuronal expression, the striatum was removed from each animal after the exposure period to isolate mRNA and protein. The mRNA expression profiles were comprehensively analysed with Affymetrix® Rat Genome 230 2.0 or Illumina® RatRef-12 cDNA microarrays. Subsequently, twenty-six genes were selected for expressional validation with Quantitative PCR. From these results, five proteins were selected for preliminary investigations of their change in abundance, due to drug exposure, using Western blotting.
The results showed that exposure to methamphetamine or benzylpiperazine had a significant effect on expression in the striatum. Acute methamphetamine significantly decreased Vip and Tph2, while acute benzylpiperazine showed a significant increase in the abundance of Oprm1, Vamp1 and Oxt. Chronic exposure to methamphetamine increased CamkIIa and Htr3a while decreasing the abundance of Vip. Chronic benzylpiperazine increased Calcr, Ceacam10 and Oprm1. Pathway analyses of the microarray results showed methamphetamine decreased expression of genes associated with neuronal development.
The protein abundance of CALCR and DRD2 was decreased by acute methamphetamine, whereas chronic methamphetamine increased OPRM1. Acute benzylpiperazine increased DRD2 and both acute and chronic…
Advisors/Committee Members: Kennedy, Martin (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Methamphetamine;
Benzylpiperazine;
Party pills;
BZP;
Microarray;
Expression;
Rat;
Brain;
addiction
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APA (6th Edition):
Johnstone, A. C. (2011). Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Otago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1682
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Johnstone, Alice Christine. “Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Otago. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1682.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Johnstone, Alice Christine. “Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
.” 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Johnstone AC. Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Otago; 2011. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1682.
Council of Science Editors:
Johnstone AC. Expressional Analyses of Rattus norvegicus Striatal Tissue Following Methamphetamine and Benzylpiperazine Exposure
. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Otago; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1682
University of Otago
2.
Kerr, John.
Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
.
Degree: 2011, University of Otago
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1860
► In the first decade of the new millennium, New Zealand played host to an unusual phenomenon. Benzylpiperazine (BZP), a legal and potent stimulant, was freely…
(more)
▼ In the first decade of the new millennium, New Zealand played host to an unusual phenomenon. Benzylpiperazine (
BZP), a legal and potent stimulant, was freely sold in shops throughout the country. Benzylpiperazine containing ‘party pills’ became very popular; by 2006 one in five New Zeeland adults aged 18-45 had tried the drug. However, health concerns and public pressure led to the sale and possession of
BZP becoming illegal in 2008.
The situation that arose in New Zealand was unique for two reasons, a) the government permitted the sale of party pills and created legislation to control, but not prohibit, such products, and b) the sale of such products was backed by a large well organized industry body as opposed to isolated individuals.
This thesis examines, in full, the story of
BZP in New Zealand. A comprehensive academic review of the scientific and medical literature is accompanied by a quantitative analysis and discussion of the media coverage of the topic from 2000-2008 (this comprises the academic component of the thesis). In addition to this, an informally styled book relates the historical, commercial and political background of the
BZP story - with specific reference to individuals who played key roles in the unfolding of events (this book comprises the creative component, and draws on some poetic licence).
In total this thesis combines a wide range of sources to provide an in-depth examination of
subject that has previously only been examined superficially and usually in a narrow context (e.g. medical toxicology or legal process).
Advisors/Committee Members: Davis, Lloyd (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Benzylpiperazine;
Drugs;
Drug legislation;
Uncontrolled substances;
BZP;
Drugs - media coverage
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APA (6th Edition):
Kerr, J. (2011). Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
. (Masters Thesis). University of Otago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1860
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kerr, John. “Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
.” 2011. Masters Thesis, University of Otago. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1860.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kerr, John. “Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
.” 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Kerr J. Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1860.
Council of Science Editors:
Kerr J. Benzylpiperazine in New Zealand
. [Masters Thesis]. University of Otago; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1860
University of Newcastle
3.
Wright, Kathleen.
Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer.
Degree: PhD, 2010, University of Newcastle
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/805174
► Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Molecular imprinting has proved to be an effective technique for the creation of artificial recognition sites within a…
(more)
▼ Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Molecular imprinting has proved to be an effective technique for the creation of artificial recognition sites within a polymer matrix. These synthetic receptors known as MIPs, are cheap, are relatively simple to prepare and can be tailor made for potentially any target including large molecular-weight molecules. Two approaches, non-covalent (self assembly) and semi-covalent, have been employed to prepare MIPs for benzylpiperazine (BZP), a dominant bioactive compound in a new class of piperazine-base designer drugs. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of BZP MIPs via either approach. Non-covalent MIPs were prepared in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 template:monomer ratios employing itaconic acid (IA), methacrylic acid (MAA) and acrylic acid (AA), identified through molecular modelling and NMR spectroscopy studies as favourable functional monomers, with two cross-linkers, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), shown to exhibit the lowest affinity to BZP, and using acetonitrile (AN) and chloroform (CHCl₃) as porogens. Of the 30 polymer formulations assessed, only MIPs prepared with MAA in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios in CHCl3 exhibited moderate to impressive imprinting (I > 2). The novel synthesis of benzylpiperazine (4-vinylphenyl) carbamate was required for the preparation of the semi-covalent MIPs. This was obtained through the multi-step synthesis of 4-vinylphenol with thiophosgene, the product of which was reacted with BZP, neat. Two polymers were prepared in CHCl₃ using EGDMA and TRIM as cross-linker. The semi-covalent MIPs exhibited higher imprinting effect than the non-covalent MIPs. The highest imprinting factor obtained for the non-covalent polymers was 7.7 for the BZP:MAA 1:2 TRIM polymer bound in CHCl₃ while the semi-covalent polymer prepared with TRIM gave an imprinting factor of 28. For both non- and semi-covalent systems, BZP binding equilibrium was established with two hours or less. Rapid BZP up-take was observed for all polymers, with more than 80% of the equilibrium up-take occurring prior to 10 minutes. Quantitative analysis of the binding isotherm, Scatchard and Langmuir plots, showed the semi-covalent polymers to exhibit a stronger affinity to BZP and more homogeneous binding sites than the non-covalent polymers. Cross-reactivity and selectivity experiments were carried out in non-competitive and binary competitive environments with morphine (MO), cocaine (CO), ephedrine (EHP) and phenylpiperazine (PHP). Low affinity was observed for MO and CO analytes, with high selectivity for BZP in these systems. For PHP an equivalent affinity was observed, while the polymers had a greater affinity for EPH. No selectivity was observed for EPH in the competitive system. Both non-covalent and semi-covalent MIPs exhibited high selectivity towards BZP in the presence of MO and CO analytes but equivalent affinity towards PHP and EPH.
Advisors/Committee Members: University of Newcastle. Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences.
Subjects/Keywords: benzylpiperazine; molecular imprinted polymers; NMR titration; BZP; semi-covalent; selectivity; molecular modelling; synthesis
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APA (6th Edition):
Wright, K. (2010). Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Newcastle. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/805174
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Wright, Kathleen. “Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Newcastle. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/805174.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Wright, Kathleen. “Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer.” 2010. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Wright K. Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2010. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/805174.
Council of Science Editors:
Wright K. Towards the development of a benzylpiperazine specific molecular imprinted polymer. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Newcastle; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/805174
4.
LeBlanc, Raquel Alecia.
Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS).
Degree: MS, Biomedical Forensic Sciences, 2016, Boston University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19186
► Synthetic piperazines are chemically-produced compounds that contain a six-member ring with two opposing nitrogen atoms. Several piperazine derivatives, namely 1- benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP), and…
(more)
▼ Synthetic piperazines are chemically-produced compounds that contain a six-member ring with two opposing nitrogen atoms. Several piperazine derivatives, namely 1- benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP), and 1-(3- chlorophenyl)-piperazine (mCPP), have fallen into the “designer drugs” category due to their increasing recreational use as a “legal” alternative to ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). These compounds share similar stimulant and physiological effects with amphetamines which make them desirable to young adults in party-type atmospheres. BZP, a Schedule I drug for its high abuse potential and no accepted medical use, is the only recreationally-abused synthetic piperazine currently federally controlled in the United States.
The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a reliable method to identify and quantify eight forensically significant synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS). The method was validated according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicologists (SWGTOX) guidelines for quantitative analysis for both matrices and includes the following analytes: 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-piperazine (FBZP), 4-methyl-1-benzylpiperazine (MBZP), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine (MeOPP), 1-(para-fluorophenyl)-piperazine (pFPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine (mCPP), 2,3-dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP), and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP).
All samples were prepared by fortifying 100 µL of certified drug-free whole blood and urine (UTAK Laboratories, Inc., Valencia, CA, U.S.A.) with certified reference standards (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.) of each analyte at desired concentrations and standard additions of 1-benzylpiperazine-d7, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine-d8, and 1(-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine-d4 internal standards (Cerilliant, Round Rock, TX, U.S.A). After pretreatment with 1 mL phosphate buffer, samples underwent solid phase extraction (SPE) on mixed-mode copolymeric columns (Clean Screen®, UCT Inc., Levittown, PA, U.S.A.). Eluents were evaporated to dryness with low heat (65°C) and nitrogen gas. Samples were reconstituted with a 50:50 mixture of methanol and 2mM ammonium formate buffer with 0.2% formic acid before being analyzed by a UFLC (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) and 4000 QTRAP ESIMS/MS (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, U.S.A.) system. Analyses were performed with multiple reaction monitoring scans in positive ionization mode using ions and voltages obtained from a manual compound optimization. Analytes were separated on a reversed phase column (Kinetex® F5, Phenomenex®, Torrance, CA, U.S.A.) with a binary gradient consisting of a 2mM ammonium formate buffer with 0.2% formic acid and methanol with 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate was 0.400 mL/min. Analyst™ (SCIEX) software was used for data collection and MultiQuant™ (SCIEX) software was used for quantitation.
The total run time was 11.5…
Subjects/Keywords: Toxicology; BZP; LC-MS/MS; Designer drug; Method development; Piperazine
…Synthetic Piperazines
1.3.1 Pharmacodynamics
7
8
1.3.1.1 BZP
8
1.3.1.2 TFMPP
9
1.3.1.3 BZP… …TFMPP in Combination
9
viii
1.3.1.4 mCPP
10
1.3.2 Pharmacokinetics
10
1.3.2.1 BZP
10… …Figure 3. Calibration curve of BZP, FBZP, MBZP, MeOPP, pFPP, mCPP,
41
TFMPP and DCPP when… …prepared and analyzed in blood.
Figure 4. Calibration curve of BZP, FBZP, MBZP, MeOPP, pFPP, mCPP… …spectrum during an enhanced MS scan of method.
xiii
64
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Å
Angstrom
BZP…
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
LeBlanc, R. A. (2016). Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS). (Masters Thesis). Boston University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19186
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
LeBlanc, Raquel Alecia. “Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS).” 2016. Masters Thesis, Boston University. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19186.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
LeBlanc, Raquel Alecia. “Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS).” 2016. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
LeBlanc RA. Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS). [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Boston University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19186.
Council of Science Editors:
LeBlanc RA. Method development and validation for the quantification of eight synthetic piperazines in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS). [Masters Thesis]. Boston University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/19186
University of Waikato
5.
Lucas, Natasha.
The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
.
Degree: 2008, University of Waikato
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471
► In the last few years, the prevalence of legal party pills in New Zealand has risen dramatically. These pills contain new piperazine designer drugs, two…
(more)
▼ In the last few years, the prevalence of legal party pills in New Zealand has risen dramatically. These pills contain new piperazine designer drugs, two of the more common being 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP). This thesis describes an optimised LC-MS/MS method for the detection of BZP and TFMPP in whole blood, using an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample clean-up. The method was validated on three different days using five replicate samples each day. The standard curve was linear from 7 - 7000 ng/mL for BZP and 10 - 10,000 ng/mL for TFMPP, with coefficients of variation (CV) below 10%, and accuracy greater than 90% for both drugs. The method was used to quantitate samples provided by the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand. Blood levels were used to show concentrations in the blood over time, and relate these to performance of subjects on a driving simulator. The study was stopped after 41% of the participants who received BZP and TFMPP had adverse reactions to the pills, including vomiting and migraines.
The LC-MS/MS method was also used to detect and quantitate methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, morphine, codeine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in hair. The drugs were extracted from 20 mg of hair using hydrochloric acid in a water bath overnight, then purified using SPE. Validation on three days with five replicate samples gave coefficients of variation (CV) below 12% and acceptable accuracy for all drugs. The method was tested on three samples, previously reported by Environmental Science and Research (ESR) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) giving results in good agreement.
This thesis describes a sensitive, accurate, reproducible LC-MS/MS method easily adapted to analyse drugs of abuse in different biological matrices. It demonstrates the versatility of LC-MS/MS and its applications in forensic work.
Subjects/Keywords: Benzylpiperazine;
BZP;
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine;
TFMPP;
Party Pills;
Recreational Drugs;
LC-MS/MS;
SPE;
Amphetamines;
Opiates;
Blood;
Hair
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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CSE |
Export
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Lucas, N. (2008). The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
. (Masters Thesis). University of Waikato. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lucas, Natasha. “The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
.” 2008. Masters Thesis, University of Waikato. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lucas, Natasha. “The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
.” 2008. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Lucas N. The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Waikato; 2008. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471.
Council of Science Editors:
Lucas N. The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
. [Masters Thesis]. University of Waikato; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471
Ohio University
6.
Bishop, Sandra Charlotte.
Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting.
Degree: PhD, Chemistry (Arts and Sciences), 2004, Ohio University
URL: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107528810
► Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a versatile tool for the isolation, separation, and detection of date-rape and club drugs. Advanced applications of electrophoretic techniques allow…
(more)
▼ Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a versatile
tool for the isolation, separation, and detection of date-rape and
club drugs. Advanced applications of electrophoretic techniques
allow for the separation of small, similarly charged compounds by
the utilization of mobile phase additives and chromatographic
stationary phases. Two novel screening
procedures were developed using mobile phase additives. The first
used sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to detect gamma-hydroxybutyric
acid (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone, as well as eight classical and
low-dose benzodiazepines. Although SDS previously had been used for
the separation of drugs, this was the first simultaneous separation
of benzodiazepines and GHB. The second method used the additive
hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin to detect 1-benzylpiperazine (
BZP),
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP), and three
piperazine analogs. An additional aspect of this
project was to develop new systems for the analysis of the above
drugs using capillary electrochromatography (CEC). A stationary
phase in the capillary permitted the analysis of neutral drugs
without resorting to pseudostationary phases. The buffers used in
CEC were comparable to those used in high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), yet were more compatible with mass
spectrometric detection. While LC-like stationary phases are still
among the most popular utilized for CEC, monolithic polymer
materials have the potential to provide an environment more suited
to the generation of electroosmotic flow, in combination with
partitioning, necessary for optimal analysis. Pore size and
chromatographic evaluations of various poly(butyl
methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) stationary phases were
examined for their utility in small molecule separations.
Miniaturization of the techniques described above can
result in devices that are small, portable, and disposable. The
microfluidic analysis of four nitrated benzodiazepines was
accomplished on a commercial device using SDS and a cyanine
monofunctional hydrazide dye in indirect fluorescence mode. In
addition, cyanine monoreactive N- hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester
was used for direct derivatization of amine-containing compounds.
Protocols for the fabrication of glass and poly(dimethylsiloxane)
devices were provided as an alternative to the commercial devices,
providing a cheaper and more flexible separation
technique. These chapters provide innovative
ways to extract, separate, and detect drug-facilitated sexual
assault drugs. Along with several new methods, novel technologies
for CE drug analysis were explored such as polymeric stationary
phases and microfluidic devices.
Advisors/Committee Members: McCord, Bruce (Advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE); Forensic Science; Microfluidics; Gamma-hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB); Benzylpiperazine (BZP); Monolithic Polymer
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Bishop, S. C. (2004). Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting. (Doctoral Dissertation). Ohio University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107528810
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bishop, Sandra Charlotte. “Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting.” 2004. Doctoral Dissertation, Ohio University. Accessed February 25, 2021.
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107528810.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bishop, Sandra Charlotte. “Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting.” 2004. Web. 25 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Bishop SC. Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Ohio University; 2004. [cited 2021 Feb 25].
Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107528810.
Council of Science Editors:
Bishop SC. Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the
Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic
Setting. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ohio University; 2004. Available from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107528810
. 
Open Access Theses and Dissertations
