+publisher:"Virginia Tech" +contributor:("Wahlberg, Mark L.")

Virginia Tech

1. Echols, Allison Clare. Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2011, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35076

► The beef cattle industry has placed increased focus on mature cow size as a result of its influence on production efficiency and profitability. The objectives… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: frame score; mature size; beef cow; body weight

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APA (6^th Edition):

Echols, A. C. (2011). Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35076

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Echols, Allison Clare. “Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35076.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Echols, Allison Clare. “Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States.” 2011. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Echols AC. Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35076.

Council of Science Editors:

Echols AC. Relationships among lifetime measures of growth and frame size for commercial beef females in a pasture-based production system in the Appalachian region of the United States. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35076

Virginia Tech

2. Landa, Chelsea E. Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves.

Degree: MS, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, 2011, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34009

► Conventional techniques within the beef cattle industry involve weaning the calf from the dam when the calf is about 205 days of age. Weaning induces… (more)

▼ Conventional techniques within the beef cattle industry involve weaning the calf from the dam when the calf is about 205 days of age. Weaning induces a stress-response that is implicated in reducing the health and productivity of newly weaned calves. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of weaning on the stress immune responses of beef calves. To that end, we 1) evaluated novel methods to quantify physiological markers of stress, 2) compared immune function and growth of calves grazing legume versus grass forages, and 3) compared the effects of abrupt versus two-stage weaning on calves. In study 1, calf, yearling, and adult beef cattle were used to assess the accuracy and precision of handheld glucometers in quantifying bovine blood glucose concentration. Precision XtraÂ® and ReliOnÂ® glucometers were used chute side to quantify blood glucose concentrations in cattle and were compared to an accepted plasma glucose analysis on the same samples for validation. The Precision XtraÂ® glucometer was more accurate and precise than the ReliOnÂ® glucometer. In study 2, weaned heifers were used to compare the immunomodulatory effects of grazing alfalfa versus fescue over a 30 day grazing period. No differences were detected in the interferon gamma (IFNÎ³) production and weight gain between the heifers on alfalfa and fescue. In study 3, effects of two-stage (fenceline) and abrupt weaning were compared. Calf weights, immune cell function, antibody production, blood glucose concentrations, fecal cortisol concentrations, and gene expression (FAS, IL-4,IL-10, and IFNÎ³) were measured pre- and post-weaning. On the day after weaning, the abruptly weaned calves had higher blood glucose concentrations than fenceline weaned calves. Fecal cortisol concentration and gene expression of FAS and IL-4 increased in both groups after weaning, but no differences were detected between the weaning treatments. Gene expression of IL-10 and IFNÎ³ did not change over time. No date, treatment or treatment*date effect was detected for total weight gain or IFNÎ³ production within the non-stimulated and the mitogen-stimulated whole blood samples. Advisors/Committee Members: Swecker, William S. Jr. (committeechair), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Tracy, Benjamin F. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: IgG2; IgG1; IFNÎ³; blood glucose; qPCR; forage-finished beef; calves; weaning; fenceline; cattle

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APA (6^th Edition):

Landa, C. E. (2011). Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34009

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Landa, Chelsea E. “Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34009.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Landa, Chelsea E. “Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves.” 2011. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Landa CE. Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34009.

Council of Science Editors:

Landa CE. Evaluation of Weaning Stress in Beef Calves. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34009

Virginia Tech

3. Fannon-Osborne, Amy Gail. Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures.

Degree: MS, Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, 2012, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76825

► Silvopastoral management has potential to diversify and increase the output from livestock production systems. Silvopasture production offers solutions to many management issues associated with grazing… (more)

▼ Silvopastoral management has potential to diversify and increase the output from livestock production systems. Silvopasture production offers solutions to many management issues associated with grazing systems in the Appalachian region. Several tree species have been proposed for silvopastures in humid temperate regions, but little data comparing animal performance from systems with different deciduous tree species are available. Forage and animal performance was compared from open systems (i.e., no trees) with that from silvopastures containing 13-yr-old honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) or black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees. Cool-season grass-legume pastures were rotationally stocked with hair sheep crosses from mid-June through September. The objective of this project was to determine carcass characteristics and meat quality of hair sheep crosses grazing honey locust or black walnut silvopastures in comparison with traditional pasture systems. Forage production varied by year with black walnut having lower production, especially in the 2009 season with black walnut producing less forage compared to open pastures and honeylocust silvopastures (P=0.0008). Only small differences in forage nutritive value were observed. Total gains and average daily gains (ADG) did not differ by treatment in 2008, but during the 2009 season black walnut silvopastures produced half the total gains (P=0.0427) and ADG (P=0.0513) of open pastures and honeylocust silvopastures. Carcass characteristics evaluated did not vary among treatments except hot carcass weight with black walnut having lower weights (P=.0045). Meat quality characteristics did not vary among treatments (P>0.1). Shear force and fat content showed great differences and varied by year (P<0.05). Overall, carcass and meat quality was similar for all treatments showing great promise for silvopastures. Advisors/Committee Members: Fike, John Herschel (committeechair), Feldhake, Charles M. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), McKenna, James R. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Honeylocust; Hair Sheep; Silvopasture; Agroforestry; Black Walnut

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fannon-Osborne, A. G. (2012). Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76825

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fannon-Osborne, Amy Gail. “Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76825.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fannon-Osborne, Amy Gail. “Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures.” 2012. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Fannon-Osborne AG. Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76825.

Council of Science Editors:

Fannon-Osborne AG. Hair Sheep Production in Temperate, Deciduous Appalachian Silvopastures. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76825

Virginia Tech

4. Horsley, Donald Shane. Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2002, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31211

► Improved prediction of forage quality and cow performance may enhance the nutritional management of beef cows. In two 12 mo trials, mature beef cows (n=136)… (more)

▼ Improved prediction of forage quality and cow performance may enhance the nutritional management of beef cows. In two 12 mo trials, mature beef cows (n=136) grazing tall fescue pastures were used to compare estimates of forage quality and animal performance. Forage quality was estimated by proximate analysis of forage samples (FOR) or by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of fecal samples (FNIR). Nutritional Balance Analyzer (NutBal), NutBalPro and 1996 NRC Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NRC) programs were used to predict animal performance. The objectives were to compare FOR and FNIR estimates of CP and TDN and to evaluate the accuracy of cow performance predicted by FNIR-NutBal, FNIR-NutBalPro and FOR-NRC systems. Initial BW, body condition score (BCS), hip height and breed were used to establish cow biotypes for prediction programs. Every 28 d, cow BW and BCS were measured and forage and fecal samples collected. Weather data, cow status and FOR or FNIR results were entered into NutBal, NutBalPro and NRC programs. Forage CP estimated by FNIR (CPFNIR) or FOR (CPFOR) were similar. In trials 1 and 2, correlation coefficients between CPFNIR and CPFOR were r = .24 and r = .43, respectively. Forage TDN estimated by FNIR was greater (P <.05) and lowly or moderately correlated to FOR estimates. Actual BW change between weigh periods (BWCHG) and ADG were similar to NRC predictions, but less (P<.0001) than predicted by NutBal or NutBalPro. The NutBal or NutBalPro mean BCS change between weigh periods (BCSCHG) were greater (P<.001) than NRC or Actual BCSCHG. Actual and NRC BCSCHG were similar (P>.2, trial 1) or tended (P<.1, trial 2) to be similar. Cow performance estimated by NRC was highly correlated to Actual. Absolute differences in animal performance were also investigated for each prediction program. In trials 1 and 2, NutBal and NutBalPro over-predicted BWCHG, ADG and BCSCHG by 40 kg, 1.25 kg/d and .75 BCS, respectively, compared to actual cow performance. It appears that FNIR is a promising predictor of forage CP but not TDN. Also, the FOR-NRC is a satisfactory predictor of cow performance. Advisors/Committee Members: Hall, John B. (committeechair), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Eversole, Dan E. (committee member), Fontenot, Joseph P. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Forage; Performance; Cow; Nutrition

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APA (6^th Edition):

Horsley, D. S. (2002). Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31211

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Horsley, Donald Shane. “Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows.” 2002. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31211.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Horsley, Donald Shane. “Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows.” 2002. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Horsley DS. Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2002. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31211.

Council of Science Editors:

Horsley DS. Determining the Nutritional Status of Mature Beef Cows. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2002. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31211

Virginia Tech

5. Giustra, Clinton V. Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls.

Degree: MS, Animal Science (Animal Nutrition), 1995, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41758

► Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sustained -release copper (Cu) boluses on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls. Two groups… (more)

▼ Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sustained -release copper (Cu) boluses on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls. Two groups of bulls were used in consecutive years (n=26 in experiment 1; n=20in experiment 2). Bulls in each experiment were allotted by weight and breed into two equally numbered treatment groups (control (C); treated (T)). Bulls were housed together and offered a balanced diet containing 9 ppm Cu for an ADG of 1.4 kg. Treated bulls in each experiment were given 1 Cu bolus (Cupra,Â® Pitman-Moore, Mundelein, IL in experiment 1; Copasture â ¢ Copasture- 25 bolus Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ in experiment 2). All bulls were bled, had blood samples taken and had scrotal circumferences (SC) measured on d 0,28,56,84,112, and 140. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture to determine serum Cu and plasma ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations. Breeding soundness examinations (B S E) were conducted on all bulls on d 140 and 185 in experiment 1 and d 168 in experiment 2. Body weight and SC were not affected by treatment in either experiment (P > .05). Serum Cu and plasma Cp concentrations were not affected by treatment in experiment 2 (P > .05). Serum Cu was higher for the T bulls on d 56, 84, and 112 in experiment 1 (P < .05). All serum Cu concentrations for both experiments were within the normal range for cattle. Plasma Cp concentrations were recorded only for d 1, 112, and 140 in experiment 1 and were significantly higher for the C group on d 112 (P < .05). There were no significant effects of treatment on the results of the BSE (SC, percentage of normal sperm, progressive motility, and primary or secondary abnormalities) in either experiment. These data suggest that the Cu bolus in experiment 2 had no effect on body weight gains, SC, serum Cu and plasma Cp concentrations, sperm normality, progressive motility, and primary and secondary abnormalities. These data also suggest that the Cu bolus in experiment 1 had no effect on body weight gains, SC, and sperm normality, progressive motility, and primary and secondary abnormalities; however, treatment in experiment 1 did increase serum Cu concentrations on some but not all days and did not increase concentrations above the normal range for beef cattle. The conclusion made from these experiments is that the sustained Cu boluses used in these studies do not significantly affect growth and reproductive traits in beef bulls with adequate Cu status. Advisors/Committee Members: Eversole, Dan E. (committeechair), Fontenot, Joseph P. (committee member), Swecker, William S. Jr. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: bulls; copper; reproduction; bolus; LD5655.V855 1995.G587

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APA (6^th Edition):

Giustra, C. V. (1995). Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41758

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Giustra, Clinton V. “Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls.” 1995. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41758.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Giustra, Clinton V. “Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls.” 1995. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Giustra CV. Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1995. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41758.

Council of Science Editors:

Giustra CV. Effects of a sustained-release copper bolus on growth and reproductive traits of beef bulls. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1995. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41758

Virginia Tech

6. Simpson, Sarah Jordan. Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2000, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393

► Nitrogen excreted by ruminants may negatively impact the environment, and N not retained is not utilized for growth and production. Experiments were conducted to examine… (more)

▼ Nitrogen excreted by ruminants may negatively impact the environment, and N not retained is not utilized for growth and production. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of 48 h oscillation of two levels of low ruminally degradable dietary CP on N metabolism in lambs and performance of steers. In Exp. 1, a metabolism trial was conducted with 28 lambs (31 kg), allotted to four different diets: 8% CP, 10% CP, 12% CP, and 8% and 12% CP diets oscillated every 48 h. After adaptation, transition, and preliminary periods, feces and urine were collected for 10 d. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were taken at the end of collection and again 2 d later. In Exp. 2, 24 crossbred steers (228 kg) were allotted to four diets: 1) 7.5% CP, 2) 9% CP, 3) 10.5% CP, and 4) 7.5% and 10.5% CP diets oscillated every 48 h. Feed intake was measured during the 112 d study, and ADG and gain to feed ratio were calculated. Cattle were weighed every 14 d and blood samples were taken every 28 d. In Exp. 1, N retention was lowest (P < 0.05) for the lambs fed the 8% CP diet, with no differences among lambs fed the other diets. Differences in urinary N excretion accounted for most of the differences in total N excretion. Ruminal NH3-N and BUN levels were greater in animals fed higher amounts of CP. Ruminal pH and VFA concentrations were not affected by diet. In Exp. 2, feed intake did not differ among steers fed different diets. Average daily gain was lowest for cattle fed the 7.5% CP diet. No significant difference was evident for ADG between steers fed the 7.5/10.5% CP oscillating diet and those fed the 9% or the 10.5% CP diet. Gain to feed ratio was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed the 7.5% CP diet compared to steers fed all other diets. Blood urea N level was higher for cattle fed the 10.5% CP diet than those fed the two lower CP levels, and differences were usually significant (P < 0.05). No consistent significant difference in BUN levels existed between steers fed the 7.5/10.5% CP oscillating diet and those fed the 9% and 10.5% CP diets continuously. Oscillating two levels of low ruminally degradable dietary CP every 48 h had no significant effect on N retention in lambs nor on the performance of steers compared to animals fed the same level of CP daily in these experiments. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Polan, Carl E. (committee member), Eversole, Dan E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: environment; protein; ruminants; daily gain; nitrogen retention

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APA (6^th Edition):

Simpson, S. J. (2000). Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Simpson, Sarah Jordan. “Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels.” 2000. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Simpson, Sarah Jordan. “Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels.” 2000. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Simpson SJ. Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2000. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393.

Council of Science Editors:

Simpson SJ. Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2000. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393

Virginia Tech

7. Kearnan, Jeffrey Mark. Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows.

Degree: MS, Animal Science (Reproductive Physiology), 1991, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41535

► The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum and postpartum nutrition on milk production of commercial beef cows. Forty-three Angus… (more)

▼ The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum and postpartum nutrition on milk production of commercial beef cows. Forty-three Angus or Angus X Holstein females, ranging in age from 2 to 6 yr, were randomly assigned by age and percentage Holstein within age to one of two prepartum grazing treatments (PRE). All females, regardless of PRE, were assigned at calving to receive the same post-calving nutritional energy. Females were assigned at calving by age, percentage Holstein within age, prepartum nutritional treatment and calving date to one of two milking groups. Milk weight (grams), milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, somatic cell count), dam body condition score (1 to 9), dam body weight, dam backfat thickness, loineye area, calf weaning weight and postpartum interval to estrus were all evaluated. Milk removal occurred biweekly by vacuum milking machine after intravenous injection of 20 IU of oxytocin. Samples were weighed and taken for milk analysis and determination of milk components. At 76Â± 10 d post-calving, females were assigned by age, percentage Holstein within age, prepartum nutritional treatment, and calving date to receive one of two postpartum nutritional treatments (POST). Females continued to be milked by machine biweekly until calves were weaned 199 Â± 10 d. Differences in grazing level prior to calving significantly effected calf birth weights, with dams on the prepartum restricted grazing being lighter in weight at birth, 36.69 Â± .68 and 38.95 Â± .81 kg for PRE-L and PRE-H groups, respectively, however grazing differences did not effect calf weaning weight, calf gain or calf average daily gain. POST nutritional treatments significantly effected all calf performance traits with 37.10Â±.70, 38.54Â±.88; 196.89Â±4.9, 213.33Â±6.2; 159.79Â±4.8, 174.78Â±6.0; .809Â±.024, .888Â±.030; for birth weight, weaning weight, calf gain and calf average daily gain from cows on the POST -M or POST -H nutritional treatments, respectively. Pre-partum nutrition effected milk production (P < .001) with dams from the PRE-L grazing group producing less milk, 5622 Â± 75 vs 6888 Â±80 g. Postpartum energy also effected milk production with dams on the POST-H energy level producing more milk than dams from the POST-M group. Percentages of fat, protein, lactose and solids-not-fat were not different between the prepartum or postpartum diets (P>. 10). Somatic cell count was negatively correlated with dam milk production (P< .03). Postpartum interval to estrus was shorter for the PRE-L group than for the PRE-H, 43 Â± 4 vs 53 Â± 4 d. Advisors/Committee Members: Beal, Wilfred E. (committeechair), Eller, A. L. Jr. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Frahm, Richard R. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Puerperium; beef cattle; milk production; weaning weight; LD5655.V855 1991.K429

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kearnan, J. M. (1991). Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41535

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kearnan, Jeffrey Mark. “Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows.” 1991. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41535.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kearnan, Jeffrey Mark. “Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows.” 1991. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Kearnan JM. Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1991. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41535.

Council of Science Editors:

Kearnan JM. Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1991. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41535

Virginia Tech

8. Gilbertie, Jessica. Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves.

Degree: MS, Veterinary Medical Sciences, 2010, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76827

► Weaning is defined as the physical separation of the cow-calf pair and the end of milk feeding. Natural weaning occurs between 7 and 14 months… (more)

▼ Weaning is defined as the physical separation of the cow-calf pair and the end of milk feeding. Natural weaning occurs between 7 and 14 months and is a gradual process. However, domestic weaning occurs between 6 and 8 months and occurs rapidly. Calves that are abruptly separated from their dam respond with increased vocalization and walking, and decreased eating and resting. The psychological stress the calf undergoes during weaning causes elevated glucocorticoid and catecholamine hormone concentrations that may predispose to increased morbidity and/or mortality from infectious diseases such as Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex. As an attempt to counter these changes, alternative weaning methods have been implemented and normally occur in two stages. Two-stage weaning begins with the cessation of milk feeding for approximately one week with the calf maintaining some contact with their dam and then permanent separation occurs. One of these methods uses a single fence to separate the cow-calf pair; this process allows the calf to see, hear and smell their dam, but does not allow the calf to suckle from its dam. Increases in cortisol, a glucocorticoid, have been linked to immunological alterations. Most notably, elevated cortisol concentrations decrease neutrophil function by down regulating the gene expression of CD62L and Fas. Cortisol also alters lymphocyte phenotype by decreasing ?δ T cells and increasing°? T cells in the circulation. Lastly, increases in cortisol can modify T cell cytokine production. The cytokines IL-12 and IFN? are secreted from T helper 1 cells while T helper 2 cells secrete IL-4 and IL-10; these T cells subsets also inhibit one another. During higher cortisol concentrations, these T cells are biased toward T helper 2 cytokine production. All these changes in immune function can lead to increased susceptibility to disease around the time of weaning. Therefore, two trials were conducted to test the hypotheses that abrupt weaning results in elevated concentrations of cortisol and subsequently alters immunological functions, and that fenceline weaning alleviates the increase in cortisol and alterations to immune function associated with weaning. In the fall of 2008, 12 Angus and Angus-X heifers (186°21 kgs; 174°16 days of age) were blocked by age and weight and randomly allotted into two groups, fenceline and abrupt. Blood samples were taken on day -7, 0, 7, 14, 21, and 42; fecal samples were taken on day -7, 0, and 3. All calves were weighed on day -7, 0, 7, 14, and 42. On day -1 all calves were separated from their dam and transported for 2 hours to another facility. On day 0 all calves were vaccinated with Brucella abortus (strain RB51). Serum was analyzed for IFN? and IL-4 as well as IgG1 and IgG2 specific antibodies to RB51. Fecal samples were analyzed for cortisol metabolites. Both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to RB51 increased from day 0 to day 14 (P<0.05), however no differences were detected between treatment groups. Fecal cortisol metabolites were higher on day 0… Advisors/Committee Members: Swecker, William S. Jr. (committeechair), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), LeRoith, Tanya (committee member), Witonsky, Sharon G. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: vaccination; antibodies; cortisol; stress; calves; cattle; fenceline; weaning; IFN?; qPCR; flow cytometry; ELISA; cytokines; T lymphocytes

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Gilbertie, J. (2010). Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76827

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gilbertie, Jessica. “Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76827.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gilbertie, Jessica. “Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves.” 2010. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Gilbertie J. Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76827.

Council of Science Editors:

Gilbertie J. Increases in Cortisol due to Weaning Stress and the Subsequent Alterations to Immune Function in Beef Calves. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76827

Virginia Tech

9. Shanklin, Rachel Kristina. Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2001, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34316

► The use of animal manures to replace commercial fertilizer has increased the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, this practice has resulted in excess… (more)

▼ The use of animal manures to replace commercial fertilizer has increased the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, this practice has resulted in excess P being applied to the soil in some areas. Excess P may run-off into surface water and leach in the ground, causing eutrophication. Decreasing the amount of P fed and improving the utilization of P are two possible nutritional solutions to this problem. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of levels of dietary P, chemical form of P, and phytase supplementation in ruminants. For Exp. 1, 24 steers (average BW = 229 kg) were allotted to two diets containing 0.12 and 0.19% dietary P for a 112-d growth trial. The steers were individually full-fed, weighed every 14 d, and blood samples were collected every 28 d. The steers fed the 0.12% P diet had increased (P<0.02) ADG during the first 28 d, after which there were no differences. They also had higher (P<0.05) feed intake. By d 56 serum P for the 0.12% P group was lower (P<0.01), and this difference continued for the remainder of the trial. For Exp. 2, 18 wether lambs (average BW = 23 kg) were allotted to the following six diets for each of two metabolism trials: 1) a negative control diet deficient in P, 2) control diet supplemented with inorganic P, 3) control diet supplemented with phytic acid, 4) control diet supplemented with phytic acid and phytase, 5) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal, and 6) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal and phytase. Each metabolism trial was preceded by a 5 wk depletion phase in which the lambs were fed a low-P diet. The metabolism trials consisted of a 10 d preliminary period followed by a 10-d collection of feces and urine. On the final day ruminal fluid, blood, and saliva were collected. At the end of the second metabolism trial 10th rib bones were collected from each lamb. Absorption of P was lowest (P<0.0001) for the low-P treatment, compared to the other treatments. There was no treatment effect on saliva P. Ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs receiving P supplementation. Within supplementation treatments, ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs fed organic P than for those fed inorganic P. Feeding CSM resulted in higher (P<0.001) ruminal fluid P than phytic acid. The addition of phytase to the diets with organic P resulted in more (P<0.04) P in the ruminal fluid. There was a decrease (P<0.003) in serum P associated with the low-P treatment. There was no difference in bone ash or breaking strength. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Radcliffe, J. S. (committee member), Swecker, William S. Jr. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Phosphorus; Inorganic Phosphorus; Organic Phosphorus; Phytase; Ruminants

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shanklin, R. K. (2001). Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34316

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shanklin, Rachel Kristina. “Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants.” 2001. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34316.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shanklin, Rachel Kristina. “Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants.” 2001. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Shanklin RK. Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2001. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34316.

Council of Science Editors:

Shanklin RK. Effect of Form and Amount of Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Phosphorus Utilization by Ruminants. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2001. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34316

Virginia Tech

10. Dorsey, Benjamin Reese. Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2005, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42873

► Objectives were to evaluate time of insemination relative to estrus and synchronization with melengestrol acetate (MGA) plus prostaglandin (PG) or progesterone insert (CIDR) plus PG… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Synchronization of Estrus; Heifers; CIDR; AI

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APA (6^th Edition):

Dorsey, B. R. (2005). Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42873

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Dorsey, Benjamin Reese. “Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers.” 2005. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42873.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Dorsey, Benjamin Reese. “Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers.” 2005. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Dorsey BR. Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2005. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42873.

Council of Science Editors:

Dorsey BR. Effect of Timing of Insemination and Synchronization of Estrus Method on Artificial Insemination (AI) Pregnancy Rates in Beef Heifers. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2005. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42873

Virginia Tech

11. Pickworth, Carrie Lynn. The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2005, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44031

► The beef cattle marketing structure imposes stress on calves due to weaning, transport, commingling, and adaptation to new diets, resulting in a weakened immune systems… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: calves; stress; tall fescue; supplementation; weaning; backgrounding

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pickworth, C. L. (2005). The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44031

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pickworth, Carrie Lynn. “The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves.” 2005. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44031.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pickworth, Carrie Lynn. “The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves.” 2005. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Pickworth CL. The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2005. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44031.

Council of Science Editors:

Pickworth CL. The effect of supplementation strategy, stress level, and tall fescue type on performance of fall-weaned beef calves. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2005. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44031

Virginia Tech

12. Skaggs, James H. Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 1999, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44456

► Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a microbial phytase (Novo SP938) in weanling and grower pigs, and starter turkeys fed… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: P Digestibility; Phosphorus; Phytase; Growth; Turkeys; Pigs

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APA (6^th Edition):

Skaggs, J. H. (1999). Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44456

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Skaggs, James H. “Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry.” 1999. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44456.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Skaggs, James H. “Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry.” 1999. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Skaggs JH. Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1999. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44456.

Council of Science Editors:

Skaggs JH. Efficacy and safety of a new genetically modified phytase for improving dietary phosphorus utilization of swine and poultry. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1999. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44456

Virginia Tech

13. Hutchinson, Karen Hallie. Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2003, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33105

► Weaning stress in young calves is often compounded with stress from transport, marketing, and commingling. The result is a weakened immune system, which can lead… (more)

▼ Weaning stress in young calves is often compounded with stress from transport, marketing, and commingling. The result is a weakened immune system, which can lead to increased incidence of diseases, especially bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Backgrounding cattle post-weaning and prior to feedlot entry may alleviate some of the more common stresses and typically diminished feed intake. Five trials were conducted with a total of 228 weaned calves to evaluate different backgrounding systems. Drylot diets with 70:30 and 40:60 forage to concentrate total mixed rations with Se and vitamin E injections were studied. No differences were observed in daily gains or feed efficiency among treatments. Steers receiving Se injections had higher (P < 0.05) blood Se concentrations on d 7, 14, 28, and 42. Steers grazed four types of stockpiled pastures with previous pasture treatments: control, poultry litter fed to previous grazing cattle, poultry litter applied, and inorganic fertilizer. Supplements (16% CP) for each pasture treatment were none, soy hulls + SBM (0.5% BW), and corn + SBM (0.5% BW). On d 7, unsupplemented steers had higher (P < 0.05) daily gains than steers supplemented with corn + SBM. No differences were detected on any other day. Heifers grazed stockpiled fescue and were fed three 16% CP supplements: corn gluten feed + soy hulls (0.5% BW), corn gluten feed + soy hulls (1.0% BW), and soy hulls + SBM (0.5% BW). On d 14, heifers supplemented with soy hulls + SBM had higher (P < 0.05) cumulative daily gains. No other differences were detected in gains among treatments. Steers were allotted to four injection treatments: none, Se, vitamin E, and combination of Se and vitamin E. There were no differences in daily gain or blood Se concentrations on any day among all treatments. Steers grazed two pasture types: fescue and fescue + alfalfa, with the following injections: none, vitamin E, and Se. There were no differences in daily gains among all treatments. On d 7, 14, 28, and 42, steers receiving Se injections had higher (P < 0.05) blood Se concentrations. On d 7 and 14, steers grazing fescue pastures had higher serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations than steers grazing fescue + alfalfa pastures. There were no differences in serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations due to injection treatment on any day. No consistent differences were detected in forage and blood serum mineral concentrations in all trials. There were no differences in gains from by-product supplementation versus â traditionalâ corn-based supplementation, suggesting that by-product feedstuffs may be of value for backgrounding rations. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation did not have any significant effect on calf morbidity. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Fike, John Herschel (committee member), Swecker, William S. Jr. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Cattle; Health; Backgrounding; Selenium; Supplements; Vitamin E

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hutchinson, K. H. (2003). Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33105

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hutchinson, Karen Hallie. “Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems.” 2003. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33105.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hutchinson, Karen Hallie. “Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems.” 2003. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hutchinson KH. Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2003. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33105.

Council of Science Editors:

Hutchinson KH. Evaluation of By-product Feedstuffs, Level of Concentrate, and Selenium and Vitamin E Injections on Performance and Health of Beef Calves in Backgrounding Systems. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2003. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33105

Virginia Tech

14. Jordan, Katherine Mead. Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes.

Degree: PhD, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2008, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28663

► This dissertation research contained three studies. The first two studies were conducted to investigate the ability of ewes to rebreed while lactating during seasonal anestrus.… (more)

▼ This dissertation research contained three studies. The first two studies were conducted to investigate the ability of ewes to rebreed while lactating during seasonal anestrus. Breeds studied included the Virginia Tech Out-of-season (OOS) Line, which is a wool line genetically selected to lamb in the fall, and the St. Croix, a hair breed of tropical origin thought to be lowly seasonal. When January-lambing ewes were exposed to rams while lactating in April, significantly more OOS than St. Croix ewes were marked by rams in the first 21 d and total 39 d of ram exposure (58.3 vs. 8.7%, P = 0.0003 and 95.8 vs. 43.5%, P < 0.0001). Percentages of ewes diagnosed pregnant (53.2%) and percentages of ewes lambing (41.3%) were not different between breeds. When March-lambing OOS ewes were exposed to rams while lactating in May, 52.9% of ewes were marked though only 20% of ewes exposed to rams gave birth to viable lambs. Both OOS and St. Croix ewes appear to be well suited to accelerated production systems involving 7 to 8 mo lambing intervals. However, reduction of lambing intervals to 6 to 7 mo appeared to have detrimental effects on fetal survival in OOS ewes. In a third study, alterations in endocrine profiles associated with differing degrees of hypothalamic sensitivity to estradiol-negative feedback and changing daylength in OOS, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes in the absence of rams were investigated for 1 yr. The results show for the first time that based on progesterone profiles from intact ewes, St. Croix ewes do not have shorter anestrous periods than ewes of wool breeds, as previously thought. Based on luteinizing hormone profiles from ovariectomized ewes treated with estradiol implants, the duration of luteinizing hormone inhibition was shorter in OOS than Suffolk ewes (68 vs. 170.2 d, P = 0.02), but was not different from that found in St. Croix ewes (124.8 d). Specific roles for thyroxine and prolactin in timing the breeding season could not be assigned. This study was the first known use of the ovariectomized, estradiol-implanted ewe model to compare degree of reproductive seasonality in different breeds. Advisors/Committee Members: Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Pelzer, Kevin D. (committee member), Gwazdauskas, Francis C. (committee member), Jiang, Honglin (committee member), Knight, James W. (committeecochair), Notter, David R. (committeecochair).

Subjects/Keywords: sheep; season; lactation; fertility; endocrinology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jordan, K. M. (2008). Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28663

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jordan, Katherine Mead. “Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes.” 2008. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28663.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jordan, Katherine Mead. “Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes.” 2008. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Jordan KM. Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2008. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28663.

Council of Science Editors:

Jordan KM. Characterization of seasonal reproduction in Virginia Tech Selection Line, St. Croix, and Suffolk ewes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28663

Virginia Tech

15. Forster, Lance Allen. Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels.

Degree: MS, Animal Science, 1988, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855

► Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine the nutritional value of 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay. In experiment 1, a finishing trial was… (more)

▼ Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine the nutritional value of 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay. In experiment 1, a finishing trial was conducted with 50 group fed crossbred lambs (25 ewes and 25 wethers) fed diets consisting of 70% chopped forage and 30% ground corn grain for 70 d. Five pens of five wethers and five pens of five ewes were selffed diets in which the forage consisted of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 proportions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and flatpea hay. Feed efficiencies decreased linearly (P<.05) as flatpea increased in the diet. Linear decreases (P<.05) were obtained in kidney and pelvic fat, backfat, leg conformation, and yield grade with increased flatpea in the diet. Blood urea-N (BUN), ruminal pH and NH3-N increased (P<.005) as proportion of flatpea increased. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate concentration decreased linearly (P<.005) and propionate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.01) with increased proportions of flatpea hay. In experiment 2, 30 wether lambs were fed diets consisting of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 proportions of chopped alfalfa and flatpea hays in a digestion trial. Neutral detergent fiber (NOE), acid detergent fiber (ADE), cellulose, hemicellulose and energy digestibilities decreased linearly (P<.Ol) with increased levels of flatpea hay. Nitrogen retention was not different between sheep fed the different diets. Apparent absorbtion and retention of Ca decreased linearly (P<.05) with increased level of flatpea hay Ruminal pH and NHa-N, and BUN increased linearly (P<.OOl) as flatpea was increased in the diet. Ruminal total VEA, acetate and acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (P<.001) and propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.001) as level of flatpea increased. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Perry, H. D. (committee member), Allen, Vivien G. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Foster, Joyce G. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: performance; Medicago sativa L.; Lathyrus sylvestris; digestibility; lambs; LD5655.V855 1988.F678

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APA (6^th Edition):

Forster, L. A. (1988). Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Forster, Lance Allen. “Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels.” 1988. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Forster, Lance Allen. “Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels.” 1988. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Forster LA. Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1988. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855.

Council of Science Editors:

Forster LA. Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1988. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855

Virginia Tech

16. Austin, Robert Jesse. Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period.

Degree: MS, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2001, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34545

► Newly received or weaned calves are highly susceptible to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease. In addition to high levels of stress, decreased feed intake… (more)

▼ Newly received or weaned calves are highly susceptible to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease. In addition to high levels of stress, decreased feed intake and exposure to foreign antigens result in increased morbidity and possibly death losses. Four backgrounding trials were conducted to examine the effects of protein and energy supplements to stressed calves consuming different forages. Body weights, rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42. Supplements consisted of corn or mixtures of corn and soybean meal. In trial 1, 48 heifers (average BW = 219 kg) fed fescue hay in drylot, were allotted to four treatments: no supplement, 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW) and 30% CP supplement (0.5% BW). Supplemented heifers had higher (P<0.05) ADG than unsupplemented heifers by 42 d. Heifers fed the 30% CP supplement had higher (P<0.05) plasma urea-N by d 42. In trial 2 (pasture study 1), 36 steers (average BW = 217 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW), and a 15% CP supplement (1.0% BW). After wk 1, ADG was lower (P<0.05) for supplemented calves. At the end of the trial, steers supplemented at 0.5% BW had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented at 1.0% BW. Glutathione peroxidase levels were lower (P<0.05) for supplemented steers on d 28. For trial 3 (pasture study 2), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue and were allotted to three treatments: no supplement, corn (1% BW), and 15% CP supplement (1% BW). After wk 1, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for steers supplemented with corn. Steers supplemented with 15% CP supplement had the lowest (P<0.05) ADG after 7 d. At d 42, supplemented steers gained faster (P<0.05) than unsupplemented steers. For trial 4 (pasture study 3), 48 steers (average BW = 202 kg) grazed stockpiled tall fescue or fescue-alfalfa and were allotted to two treatments: no supplement and a 15% CP supplement (0.5% BW). During wk 1, steers grazing fescue had higher (P<0.05) ADG than steers grazing fescue-alfalfa. During wk 1, supplemented steers had a higher (P<0.05) morbidity scores. At d 42, ADG was higher (P<0.05) for supplemented steers. No consistent differences were detected in forage and blood serum mineral concentrations in all trials. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased (P<0.05) for all trials on d 14, regardless of supplementation. Supplementation improved ADG by d 42 but did not affect overall health status of calves in all trials. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Swecker, William S. Jr. (committee member), McKinnon, B. R. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Fike, John Herschel (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: cattle; protein; backgrounding; supplement; energy

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Austin, R. J. (2001). Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34545

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Austin, Robert Jesse. “Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period.” 2001. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34545.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Austin, Robert Jesse. “Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period.” 2001. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Austin RJ. Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2001. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34545.

Council of Science Editors:

Austin RJ. Effect of Feeding Different Protein and Energy Supplements on Performance and Health of Beef Calves During the Backgrounding Period. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 2001. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34545

Virginia Tech

17. Guay, Jennifer Fincham. Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle.

Degree: PhD, Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2005, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872

► An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pasture finishing versus high-concentrate finishing, over time, on fatty acid metabolism in Angus crossbred (n =… (more)

▼ An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pasture finishing versus high-concentrate finishing, over time, on fatty acid metabolism in Angus crossbred (n = 24) beef steers. Ruminal fluid, serum, and adipose tissue biposies were obtained on d 0, 28, 84, and 140. Pasture forages and diet ingredient samples were obtained at 14 d intervals to determine nutritive value and fatty acid composition. The high-concentrate diet consisted of corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, and a vitamin and mineral supplement. The pasture-finished steers grazed sequentially on triticale (Triticale hexaploide)/annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and a cool-season grass/legume mixture. The high-concentrate diet consisted of 57 % linoleic acid and 7 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids). The pasture forages contained an average 9 % linoleic acid and 66 % linolenic acid (of total fatty acids). Adipose tissue concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA were higher (P < 0.05) in the pasture-finished steers than high-concentrate finished steers. Concentrations of 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA declined in the high-concentrate finished steers (P < 0.05) from d 0 to 28 and d 28 to 84. In the pasture-finished steers concentrations peaked (P < 0.10) on d 28, and remained high throughout the duration of the study. Concentrations of linolenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue, ruminal fluid, and serum of the pasture-finished steers, compared to the high-concentrate finished steers. In the pasture-finished steers linolenic acid concentrations peaked (P < 0.05) on d 28, and remained high throughout the study. Concentrations of linolenic acid gradually decreased (P < 0.05) over time within the high-concentrate finished steers. Thus, it appears that only a short time is needed to alter the omega-3 and CLA composition of adipose tissue in cattle finished on pasture. Advisors/Committee Members: Fontenot, Joseph P. (committeechair), Neel, James P. S. (committee member), Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member), Clapham, William M. (committee member), Herbein, Joseph H. Jr. (committee member), Swecker, William S. Jr. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Fatty Acids; Conjugated Linoleic Acid; Pasture-finished beef; Time on Feed

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APA (6^th Edition):

Guay, J. F. (2005). Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle. (Doctoral Dissertation). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Guay, Jennifer Fincham. “Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle.” 2005. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Guay, Jennifer Fincham. “Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle.” 2005. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Guay JF. Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2005. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872.

Council of Science Editors:

Guay JF. Fatty Acid Composition of Diets, Metabolism, and Deposition in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Pasture and Feedlot Finished Cattle. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Virginia Tech; 2005. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26872

Virginia Tech

18. Ireland-Perry, Rebecca L. Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows.

Degree: MS, Dairy Science, 1991, Virginia Tech

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922

► Two trials were designed to study the relationships of dietary fiber (ADF) and protein level and source to fecal consistency in lactating cattle. In Experiment… (more)

▼ Two trials were designed to study the relationships of dietary fiber (ADF) and protein level and source to fecal consistency in lactating cattle. In Experiment 1, 30 cows (12 multiparous, 18 primiparous) were randomly assigned to one of six total mixed diet treatments through four 21 d periods. For Experiment 2, six primiparous cows were used in two 6 x 6 Latin squares to evaluate water consumption, apparent digestibilities of DM, AOF, NOF, and starch, and to quantitate whole corn kernel passage. Total mixed diets for both trials were formulated to contain 17% (LF) or 25% AOF (HF) with CP levels of: 15% (S15) and 22% (S22) with soybean meal (SBM) supplementation, or 22% (G22) with combination of 50% corn gluten meal (eGM) and 50% SBM. Two forage sources were evaluated: corn silage (e) and alfalfa/corn silage (Ae) (50:50 on OM basis). Fecal consistency was evaluated using a 4 point scale (l-most fluid to 4-least fluid). Experiment 1 demonstrated that lower dietary fiber reduced fecal pH (LF=6.65, HF=7.11) and fecal score (LF=2.18, HF=2.41), but increased fecal DM (LF=16.1%, HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score. HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score. Results of Experiment 2 support major conclusions of Experiment 1. High supplementation of SBM increased daily water consumption (S22=80.2 kg, G22=74.5 kg), and reduced fecal score (S22=1.9, G22=2.4). Forage source affected apparent corn kernel (C=21.1% ,AC=33.9%) and starch (C=96%, AC=93%) digestibilities. High protein diets resulted in greater apparent DM digestibility (S15=68.2%, S22=71.8%, G22=71%). In prediction of fecal score from dietary components and animal parameters, dietary DM percent and 4% fat corrected milk (r²=.09, Experiment 1), and DM intake (r²=.12, Experiment 2) were variables most related to fecal score. Dietary effects on fecal consistency were primarily due to ADF level and type of protein supplement. Accurate prediction of fecal consistency score from the dietary and animal parameters identified was not possible. Further study is suggested to evaluate different protein sources, the contribution of water consumption, and to clarify interactions of protein, forage source and fiber level in relation to fecal consistency. Advisors/Committee Members: Stallings, Charles C. (committeechair), Vinson, William E. (committee member), Polan, Carl E. (committee member), McGilliard, Michael L. (committee member), James, Robert E. (committee member), Wahlberg, Mark L. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Dairy cattle; LD5655.V855 1991.I734

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Ireland-Perry, R. L. (1991). Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows. (Masters Thesis). Virginia Tech. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ireland-Perry, Rebecca L. “Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows.” 1991. Masters Thesis, Virginia Tech. Accessed March 05, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ireland-Perry, Rebecca L. “Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows.” 1991. Web. 05 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ireland-Perry RL. Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1991. [cited 2021 Mar 05]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922.

Council of Science Editors:

Ireland-Perry RL. Fecal consistency as related to dietary composition in lactating Holstein cows. [Masters Thesis]. Virginia Tech; 1991. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41922

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