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Vanderbilt University
1.
Arita, Jason Tadashi.
Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features.
Degree: MS, Psychology, 2012, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/10926 
► Theories of attention are compatible with the idea that we can bias attention to avoid selecting objects that have known nontarget features. Although this may…
(more)
▼ Theories of attention are compatible with the idea that we can bias attention to avoid selecting objects that have known nontarget features. Although this may underlie several existing phenomena, the explicit guidance of attention away from known nontargets has yet to be demonstrated. Here we show that observers can use feature cues (i.e., color) to bias attention away from nontarget items during visual search. These negative cues were used to quickly instantiate a template for rejection that reliably facilitated search across the cue-to-search stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), although negative cues were not as potent as cues that guide attention toward target features. Furthermore, by varying the search set size we show a template for rejection is increasingly effective in facilitating search as scene complexity increases. Our findings demonstrate that knowing what not to look for can be used to configure attention to avoid certain features, complimenting what is known about setting attention to select certain target features.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sean M. Polyn (committee member), Geoffrey F. Woodman (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: visual attention; working memory; memory template; visual search; attention
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APA (6th Edition):
Arita, J. T. (2012). Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. (Thesis). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/10926
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Arita, Jason Tadashi. “Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features.” 2012. Thesis, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/10926.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Arita, Jason Tadashi. “Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features.” 2012. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Arita JT. Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. [Internet] [Thesis]. Vanderbilt University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/10926.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Arita JT. Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. [Thesis]. Vanderbilt University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/10926
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Vanderbilt University
2.
McCluey, Joshua Daniel.
Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts.
Degree: MS, Psychology, 2016, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/13045
► The human memory system interacts with an ever-changing perceptual environment, and the perceptual properties of new information can shape that information’s mnemonic fate. Experimentally, shifts…
(more)
▼ The human memory system interacts with an ever-changing perceptual environment, and the perceptual properties of new information can shape that information’s mnemonic fate. Experimentally, shifts in perception to a salient stimulus have been shown to enhance memorability of post-shift items (Murdock and Walker, 1969). Despite this work, the neural signals that reflect this enhanced memorability at perceptual boundaries remain to be characterized. Sederberg et al. (2006) described global shifts in the oscillatory topography elicited by studied items at early vs. late serial positions, and showed distinct subsequent memory responses for items of each type. In a scalp EEG experiment, we expanded on these findings by manipulating the presentation modality (auditory vs. visual) of studied material to elicit a mid-list perceptual shift that enhances the memorability of the post-shift item. These post-shift items elicited an oscillatory response which showed enhanced delta activity (2-4 Hz) and diminished alpha activity (10-14 Hz) relative to non-shift items from the same modality. We contrast these effects with the list position effects described by Sederberg et al. (2006), with an aim to further inform our understanding of the processes underlying the effects of contextual shifts on episodic memory.
Advisors/Committee Members: Geoffrey F. Woodman, Ph.D. (committee member), Sean M. Polyn, Ph.D. (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: episodic memory; primacy; scalp EEG; oscillations
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APA (6th Edition):
McCluey, J. D. (2016). Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts. (Thesis). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/13045
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
McCluey, Joshua Daniel. “Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts.” 2016. Thesis, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/13045.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
McCluey, Joshua Daniel. “Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts.” 2016. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
McCluey JD. Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts. [Internet] [Thesis]. Vanderbilt University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/13045.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
McCluey JD. Oscillatory correlates of free-recall dynamics due to perceptual shifts. [Thesis]. Vanderbilt University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/13045
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Vanderbilt University
3.
Kragel, James Edward.
The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory.
Degree: PhD, Neuroscience, 2015, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12347
► The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is essential to episodic memory through its role in the reactivation of past experience. Cortical networks provide top-down influence on…
(more)
▼ The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is essential to episodic memory
through its role in the reactivation of past experience.
Cortical networks provide top-down influence on the
MTL, influencing the manner in which information can be
retrieved. While neuroimaging investigations of human memory
have characterized the functional correlates of episodic
retrieval, the coordination of MTL systems during
self-guided memory search is poorly understood. Using
functional neuroimaging to estimate neural activation during
variants of the free-recall paradigm, this dissertation
demonstrates that the posterior MTL is critically involved in
internally-directed memory search, through its interactions with
distributed cortical systems. First, I characterize the
engagement of a cortico-hippocampal network during memory
search. I then demonstrate increased functional connectivity
between this network and multiple frontoparietal systems,
identifying neural mechanisms that may potentially reflect
top-down control of memory search. Next, I relate activation of
the posterior MTL to the process of episodic recollection
through comparison of activity during free recall and source
recognition tasks. I additionally demonstrate common activation
in dorsal frontoparietal networks during free recall and
processing of item familiarity. To characterize the computations
mediated by the MTL, I develop a neuro-cognitive model of free
recall. Retrieved-context theories propose that temporal
context, a slowly integrating representation of the recent past,
cues the hippocampus during retrieval. I link activation of the
MTL to the process of temporal reinstatement, predicting the
temporal organization of recall. Next, I use a variant of the
free-recall paradigm in which memory is disrupted prior to
retrieval, to test the capacity of large-scale cortical networks
to control episodic memory. I show that a frontoparietal control
network (FPCN) functionally couples with the MTL when memory is
disrupted. Using a neurally informed computational model of
recall, I demonstrate that activation of the FPCN and posterior
MTL predict when individuals will overcome distraction by
reinstating contextual information to guide memory search. Taken
together, these findings demonstrate how the MTL supports memory
search through the reinstatement of contextual information, a
process that is coordinated through top-down signals from
frontoparietal networks.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sean M. Polyn (committee member), René Marois (committee member), Thomas J. Palmeri (committee member), Frank Tong (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: computational modeling; fMRI; free recall; episodic memory
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APA (6th Edition):
Kragel, J. E. (2015). The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory. (Doctoral Dissertation). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12347
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kragel, James Edward. “The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12347.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kragel, James Edward. “The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory.” 2015. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Kragel JE. The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12347.
Council of Science Editors:
Kragel JE. The functional neuroanatomy of episodic retrieval: using neuroimaging to understand the computational processes underlying human memory. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12347
Vanderbilt University
4.
Morton, Neal W.
Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2014, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/14212
► Decades of research have established that prior semantic knowledge exerts a strong influence on how new experiences are remembered, causing strengthening, reorganization, or even distortion…
(more)
▼ Decades of research have established that prior semantic knowledge exerts a strong influence on how new experiences are remembered, causing strengthening, reorganization, or even distortion of episodic memories. However, many questions remain about the cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates involved in these interactions between episodic and semantic memory. Retrieved-context theory proposes that a critical component of episodic memory for an event is the temporal context in which that event occurred. This temporal context is assumed to accumulate information about the content of recently experienced events. Consistent with this prediction, recent scalp electroencephalography (EEG) findings suggest that oscillatory brain activity contains information about the recent history of presented stimuli. We developed a computational model of temporal context evolution that successfully accounts for individual differences in this oscillatory activity during study, as well as individual differences in the degree to which recall is organized by stimulus category. Based on prior work, we predicted that distracting activity between studied items would disrupt the accumulation of semantic information over multiple items, and that this decrease in contextual integration would result in decreased semantic organization. Consistent with these predictions, we found that category-specific oscillatory activity increased as multiple items from the same category were presented; this integrative signal was attenuated by inter-item distraction. Furthermore, category clustering was decreased in the distraction condition, while temporal organization, the tendency to successively recall items studied nearby in time, was unaffected. Finally, we developed a model of temporal and semantic organization that can make predictions about memory search on a recall-by-recall basis. We demonstrated that this modeling framework can be used to test hypotheses about how concepts are associated in semantic memory and how these associations affect memory search.
Advisors/Committee Members: Brandon A. Ally (committee member), Geoffrey F. Woodman (committee member), Gordon Logan (committee member), Sean M. Polyn (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: semantic memory; episodic memory; scalp EEG; computational modeling; free recall; temporal context
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APA (6th Edition):
Morton, N. W. (2014). Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search. (Doctoral Dissertation). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/14212
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Morton, Neal W. “Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/14212.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Morton, Neal W. “Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search.” 2014. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Morton NW. Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/14212.
Council of Science Editors:
Morton NW. Developing a Neurocognitive Model of Temporal and Semantic Organization of Memory Search. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/14212
Vanderbilt University
5.
Bilge, Mustafa Taha.
Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2016, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12323
► Participants respond to the target stimulus faster in a visual search task when the target item “pops out” among distractor stimuli. Priming of pop-out refers…
(more)
▼ Participants respond to the target stimulus faster in a visual search task when the target item “pops out” among distractor stimuli. Priming of pop-out refers to cases in which repetition of the pop-out feature (e.g., color) from the previous trials further speeds up visual search. Previous attempts at characterizing the memory representations underlying priming of pop-out put forward a specialized memory system evolved to benefit from the repetition of pop-out feature and location of stimuli in the environment (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994, 1996). In this dissertation, I primarily used behavioral measures (e.g., reaction time, RT) and event-related potentials (ERPs) (e.g., P3b) associated with working and long-term memory to demonstrate that priming of pop-out could be explained by these canonical memory systems. The results suggest that working memory representations guide attention and this guidance is modulated by the number of distractors. However, sequential repetitions of the pop-out feature modulate both long-term memory and working memory representations and these representations are strategically employed in guidance of attention. Further, repetition of target locations does not modulate either working or long-term memory representations; therefore different memory systems are employed for priming of the pop-out feature and location. Taken together, these results suggest that canonical memory systems, such as working memory and long-term memory, could explain priming of pop-out in particular and memory effects from previous trials that could permeate through the current trial in other visual search tasks in general.
Advisors/Committee Members: Sean M. Polyn (committee member), Daniel T. Levin (committee member), Gordon D. Logan (committee member), Geoffrey F. Woodman (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: memory related ERPs; memory guided attention; p3b; intertrial priming
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Bilge, M. T. (2016). Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search. (Doctoral Dissertation). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12323
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Bilge, Mustafa Taha. “Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12323.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Bilge, Mustafa Taha. “Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search.” 2016. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Bilge MT. Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12323.
Council of Science Editors:
Bilge MT. Exploring the Nature of Memory Representations Underlying Priming of Pop-out in Visual Search. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12323
Vanderbilt University
6.
Lindsey, Dakota Roy Bailey.
Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order.
Degree: PhD, Psychology, 2019, Vanderbilt University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12704
► Since Ebbinghaus’ (1885) work more than a century ago, there has been substantial interest in understanding how people store and retrieve information in order. The…
(more)
▼ Since Ebbinghaus’ (1885) work more than a century ago, there has been substantial interest in understanding how people store and retrieve information in order. The field has largely relied on the serial recall procedure to examine how serial order is accomplished in memory. The research using this procedure has emphasized that associations are formed between items in the sequence and their serial positions (position-to-item associations) and that a sequence is reproduced by stepping through the positions and retrieving the item most strongly associated with each. It is generally assumed that the associations that form between items (item-to-item associations) are not used to remember a sequence. I present a series of experiments that test this assumption, using a serial learning procedure inspired by Ebenholtz (1963). In this procedure, participants practiced recalling ordered lists of letters, and the order of the letters was manipulated. Half of the lists were scrambled such that the serial positions and relative positions of the letters were inconsistent over practice. The other half of the lists were instead spun, making the serial positions inconsistent but preserving the relative positions of the letters over practice. When the relative positions are consistent, the item-to-item associations between letters are given the opportunity to strengthen. If the generally held assumption about item-to-item associations is correct, then the consistency in relative positioning should not matter – the rate of learning spun and scrambled lists should not differ. If the assumption is incorrect, learning should be faster for the spun lists. The results of my experiments indicate that the commonly held assumption is incorrect; spun lists were learned more quickly, so item-to-item associations were used to remember a sequence. Memory for serial order is more complex than contemporary theories describe; both position-to-item associations and item-to-item associations contribute to retrieval. The information used to remember ordered lists is also used to remember unordered lists (i.e., free recall), so the memory system does not seem to have a specialized solution for the problem of serial order.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lisa K. Fazio (committee member), Sean M. Polyn (committee member), Duane G. Watson (committee member), Geoffrey F. Woodman (committee member), Gordon D. Logan (Committee Chair).
Subjects/Keywords: serial learning; serial memory; serial order
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Lindsey, D. R. B. (2019). Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order. (Doctoral Dissertation). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12704
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lindsey, Dakota Roy Bailey. “Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. Accessed January 24, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12704.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lindsey, Dakota Roy Bailey. “Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order.” 2019. Web. 24 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Lindsey DRB. Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 24].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12704.
Council of Science Editors:
Lindsey DRB. Item-to-Item Associations Contribute to Memory for Serial Order. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Vanderbilt University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/12704
. 
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