
University of Oulu
1.
Aatsinki, S.-M. (Sanna-Mari).
Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α.
Degree: 2015, University of Oulu
URL: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053
► Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biology in high-energy cell types and tissues. The…
(more)
▼ Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biology in high-energy cell types and tissues. The regulation of PGC-1α is versatile, and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms play major roles. External stimuli affect PGC-1α-regulation which in turn adapts cellular signals to meet them. For example, conditions like fasting and diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to activate PGC-1α expression in the liver, resulting in enhanced de novo glucose production, gluconeogenesis.
In the present study, the mechanisms of hepatic PGC-1α regulation and PGC-1α-regulated functions were elucidated. We found that PGC-1α was induced by oral type 2 diabetes therapeutic metformin, via AMPK and SIRT1, regulating the mitochondrial gene response, against previous assumptions. Simultaneously, gluconeogenesis was repressed by other means. Furthermore, PGC-1α upregulated the anti-inflammatory interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Rn). PGC-1α also diminished interleukin 1β-mediated inflammatory response in hepatocytes.
Novel, xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolizing Cytochrome P450 enzymes regulated by PGC-1α were also identified in this thesis. CYP2A5 was induced by PGC-1α through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) coactivation. Also, vitamin D metabolizing CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 were identified as novel genes regulated by PGC-1α, suggesting a role for PGC-1α in the regulation of active vitamin D levels.
The findings presented in this thesis provide insight into the pathology of glucose perturbations such as type 2 diabetes, and stimulate discovery of therapeutic agents to treat this disease. Furthermore, the findings suggest that vitamin D metabolism and energy metabolism are tightly linked, with PGC-1α emerging as a novel mediator.
Tiivistelmä
Peroksisomiproliferaattori-aktivoituvan reseptori γ:n koaktivaattori 1α (PGC-1α) on merkittävä glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan ja mitokondrioiden toiminnan säätelijä korkeaenergisissä soluissa ja kudoksissa. PGC-1α:a säädellään monin tavoin: sekä transkriptionaalisella säätelyllä että transkription jälkeisellä muokkauksella on merkittävä rooli. Monet ulkoiset tekijät säätelevät PGC-1α:n aktiivisuutta, joka puolestaan säätelee solunsisäisiä signaalireittejä vastaamaan tähän signaaliin. Esimerkiksi paasto ja diabetes mellitus (DM) ovat fysiologisia tiloja, jotka lisäävät voimakkaasti PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, jolloin glukoosin uudistuotanto eli glukoneogeneesi kiihtyy.
Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin PGC-1α:n säätelyä sekä PGC-1α -säädeltyjä signaalireittejä maksassa. Osoitimme, että tyypin 2 diabeteslääke metformiini indusoi PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, vastoin aikaisempia käsityksiä. PGC-1α indusoitui AMPK:n ja SIRT1:n välityksellä, säädelleen edelleen mitokondriaalisten geenien aktiivisuutta. Samalla glukoneogeneesi kuitenkin repressoitui muilla mekanismeilla. Lisäksi osoitimme, että PGC-1α indusoi tulehdusreaktiota vaimentavaa interleukiini 1 reseptorin antagonistia (IL1Rn). PGC-1α esti…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hakkola, J. (Jukka).
Subjects/Keywords: fasting; vitamin D; D-vitamiini; paasto; AMPK; CYP24A1; CYP2A5; CYP2R1; IL1Rn; PGC-1α; SIRT1; diabetes
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APA (6th Edition):
Aatsinki, S. -. (. (2015). Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oulu. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Aatsinki, S -M (Sanna-Mari). “Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oulu. Accessed January 26, 2021.
http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Aatsinki, S -M (Sanna-Mari). “Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α.” 2015. Web. 26 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Aatsinki S-(. Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 26].
Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053.
Council of Science Editors:
Aatsinki S-(. Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2015. Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053

University of Oulu
2.
Lämsä, V. (Virpi).
Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.
Degree: 2012, University of Oulu
URL: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299278
► Abstract The hepatic inducible Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) generally prime xenobiotics for elimination. Murine CYP2A5 and human CYP2A6 share similar xenobiotic substrates and some regulatory features.…
(more)
▼ Abstract
The hepatic inducible Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) generally prime xenobiotics for elimination. Murine CYP2A5 and human CYP2A6 share similar xenobiotic substrates and some regulatory features. Recently, they were shown to oxidize bilirubin, a byproduct of heme catabolism and a dose-dependent anti- or pro-oxidant, to biliverdin.
In this study, the putative role of the redox-sensitive, cytoprotective transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) in the regulation of hepatic Cyp2a5 expression and induction under diverse hepatotoxic conditions and altered heme homeostasis was characterized. The coordination of Cyp2a5 and the Nrf2 target gene Heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), which determines bilirubin formation from heme, responses to heavy metals and modulators of heme homeostasis, was studied in cultured wildtype and Nrf2(-/-) mouse primary hepatocytes.
Nrf2 was essential for the basal hepatic expression of CYP2A5 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, as well as for its induction by cadmium, lead, methyl mercury and phenethyl isothiocyanate. A functional Nrf2 binding antioxidant response element (ARE) about -2.4 kilobases upstream of the Cyp2a5 transcriptional start site was identified. In contrast to Hmox1, a target of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach)-mediated repression via AREs, the regulation of Cyp2a5 did not clearly involve Bach1.
Excessive heme induced mainly ER-localized CYP2A5 via Nrf2, which was limited by the Nrf2-independent HMOX1 induction. In heme synthesis blockades, CYP2A5 was enhanced via Nrf2 and additional factors, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The typical CYP2A5 inducers phenobarbital, dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP) and PGC-1α enhance heme synthesis; CYP2A5 was induced via Nrf2 in acute but not chronic phenobarbital exposure without a clear connection to heme, while the responses to db-cAMP and PGC-1α were sensitized in the absence of Nrf2. This suggests novel crosstalk between Nrf2 and PGC-1α.
In this study, Cyp2a5 was identified as a sensitive indicator of hepatic Nrf2 pathway activation that could be used, e.g. for in vitro screening of drug candidate hepatotoxicity. The similar subcellular localization and coordination of CYP2A5 and HMOX1 expression in altered heme metabolism support the postulated role for CYP2A5 in bilirubin homeostasis.
Tiivistelmä
Vierasaineet stimuloivat maksan Sytokromi P450 (CYP)-entsyymejä, mikä yleensä lisää niiden eliminaatiota. Hiiren CYP2A5 ja ihmisen CYP2A6 ovat lähisukua katalyyttisten ja osin säätelyllisten yhteneväisyyksiensä puolesta. Vastikään niiden osoitettiin katalysoivan hemin hajoamistuotteen, bilirubiinin hapettumista biliverdiiniksi, mikä saattaisi säädellä sen annosriippuvaisia vaikutuksia antioksidanttina ja oksidanttina.
Työssä tutkittiin solustressiä aistivan, suojaavan transkriptiotekijän Nrf2 osuutta Cyp2a5-geenin aktivaatiossa maksatoksisissa olosuhteissa ja hemimetabolian muutoksissa. Cyp2a5:n ja…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hakkola, J. (Jukka).
Subjects/Keywords: Bach1; CYP2A5; HMOX1; Nrf2; PGC-1α; heavy metals; heme homeostasis; hepatotoxicity; liver; redox homeostasis; transcriptional regulation; xenobiotic metabolism; aineenvaihdunta; antioksidantit; entsyymit; geeniekspressio; geenitutkimus; hapettuminen; maksa; markkerit; mitokondriot; oksidantit; raskasmetallit; sytokromit; toksikologia; transkriptio; vierasaineet
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Lämsä, V. (. (2012). Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oulu. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299278
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lämsä, V (Virpi). “Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oulu. Accessed January 26, 2021.
http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299278.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lämsä, V (Virpi). “Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.” 2012. Web. 26 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Lämsä V(. Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 26].
Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299278.
Council of Science Editors:
Lämsä V(. Regulation of murine hepatic Cytochrome P450 2a5 expression by transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2012. Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299278

University of Oulu
3.
Elkhwanky, M. S. (Mahmoud Sobhy).
Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes.
Degree: 2020, University of Oulu
URL: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526226422
► Abstract Vitamin D deficiency, i.e., low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level, has been consistently associated with the prevalence of metabolic diseases, including types 1 and…
(more)
▼ Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency, i.e., low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level, has been consistently associated with the prevalence of metabolic diseases, including types 1 and 2 diabetes. However, the causal link between low vitamin D and metabolic disturbances remains uncertain.
In the present thesis, I report novel findings indicating that vitamin D metabolism is under strict control by the metabolic state. Specifically, obesity represses the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2R1, the major vitamin D 25-hydroxylase responsible for the first bioactivation step in both mice and humans. Interestingly, in humans, weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery increased CYP2R1 expression in the white adipose tissue.
In mouse liver, Cyp2r1 and vitamin D bioactivation was suppressed by fasting, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This may consequently cause low plasma 25(OH)D levels. On the other hand, fasting induced expression of the vitamin D catabolic enzyme CYP24A1 in the kidney.
Mechanistically, we discovered that Cyp2r1 and vitamin D bioactivation are repressed by molecular pathways activated physiologically by fasting or pathologically in diabetes, namely, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-α and estrogen-related receptor α (PGC-1α-ERRα), and the glucocorticoid receptor pathways. Moreover, the PGC-1α-ERRα pathway is crucial for mediating the Cyp24a1 induction by fasting in the kidney.
In the current thesis, we uncover a molecular mechanism for the vitamin D deficiency observed in diabetic patients and reveal a novel negative feedback mechanism controlling the crosstalk between energy homeostasis and the vitamin D pathway. Importantly, our data propose that vitamin D deficiency is a consequence, and not the cause of diabetes.
Tiivistelmä
D-vitamiinin puutteen eli veren matalan 25-hydroksi-D-vitamiinin (25(OH)D) pitoisuuden on havaittu toistuvasti assosioituvan metabolisten sairauksien, kuten tyypin 1 ja 2 diabeteksen, ilmenemiseen. Tästä huolimatta D-vitamiinin puutteen ja metabolisten häiriöiden välinen kausaalinen yhteys on epävarma.
Tässä väitöskirjatyössä raportoimme uusia löydöksiä, jotka osoittavat elimistön metabolisen tilan tehokkaasti säätelevän D-vitamiinin aineenvaihduntaa. Tarkemmin ottaen lihavuus repressoi sytokromi P450 (CYP) 2R1:ta, D-vitamiinin tärkeintä 25-hydroksylaasia ja ensimmäistä bioaktivaatiovaihetta sekä hiirissä että ihmisissä. Mielenkiintoinen havainto oli, että ihmisillä mahalaukun ohitusleikkaukseen liittyvä painonlasku sai aikaan CYP2R1:n ilmenemisen nousun valkeassa rasvakudoksessa. Hiiren maksassa sekä tyypin 1 ja 2 diabetes että paastoaminen vähensivät Cyp2r1:n ilmentymistä ja D-vitamiinin bioaktivaatiota. Tämä voi johtaa plasman 25(OH)D pitoisuuden alentumiseen. Toisaalta paastoaminen indusoi D-vitamiinin kataboliaentsyymiä, CYP24A1, munuaisessa.
Mekanistisella tasolla havaitsimme, että Cyp2r1 ilmentymistä ja D-vitamiinin bioaktivaatiota estävät sellaiset molekylaariset säätelytiet, jotka aktivoituvat…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hakkola, J. (Jukka).
Subjects/Keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; adipose tissue; diabetes; human; liver; mice; obesity; vitamin D; 25-hydroksi-D-vitamiini; D-vitamiini; diabetes; lihavuus; maksa; CYP24A1; CYP2R1; GR; PGC-1α
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Elkhwanky, M. S. (. S. (2020). Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oulu. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526226422
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Elkhwanky, M S (Mahmoud Sobhy). “Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes.” 2020. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oulu. Accessed January 26, 2021.
http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526226422.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Elkhwanky, M S (Mahmoud Sobhy). “Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes.” 2020. Web. 26 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Elkhwanky MS(S. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2020. [cited 2021 Jan 26].
Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526226422.
Council of Science Editors:
Elkhwanky MS(S. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism by metabolic state in mice and humans:discovery of molecular factors repressing vitamin D bioactivation and inducing deficiency in diabetes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2020. Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526226422

University of Oulu
4.
Buler, M. (Marcin).
Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver.
Degree: 2012, University of Oulu
URL: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298684
► Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are major factors regulating energy homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to…
(more)
▼ Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are major factors regulating energy homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate how energy flux affects several hepatic functions mediated by these factors. We define a novel role of PGC-1α and AMPK as modulators of the immune system in the liver. We show that PGC-1α is involved in the regulation of a cluster of genes related to the immune system, most importantly Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Rn). Since PGC-1α is responsive to energetic stress associated with fasting or physical exercise, the same stimuli promote IL1Rn in hepatocytes. We identify AMPK as an independent inducer of IL1Rn and hypothesise that it could account for the anti-inflammatory effect of the antidiabetic drug metformin. We also demonstrate that metformin reduces expression of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in hepatocytes and promotes acetylation of mitochondrial protein. We suggest that this mechanism, in spite of increased mitochondrial biogenesis, contributes to reduced ATP synthesis in metformin-treated samples. In addition, we demonstrate that Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is induced in the liver during fasting and by PGC-1α in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we describe a negative regulatory mechanism involving SIRT1, activated by pyruvate and interfering with PXR signaling. We show that SIRT1 attenuates PGC-1α-mediated co-activation of PXR and its target genes, i.e. Cyp3a11, with possible implications for drug and xenobiotic metabolism. In conclusion, we demonstrate how energetic stress affects various hepatic functions mediated by PGC-1α and AMPK. Moreover, we describe SIRT1 and metformin as factors capable of modulating this response.
Tiivistelmä
Peroksisomiproliferaattori-aktivoituvan reseptori gamman koaktivaattori 1α (PGC-1α) ja AMP:n aktivoima proteiinikinaasi (AMPK) ovat keskeisiä energiametabolian säätelijöitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa oli tavoitteena selvittää kuinka energiataso vaikuttaa useisiin, näiden tekijöiden säätelemiin maksan toimintoihin. Osoitamme että PGC-1α ja AMPK tekijöillä on ennestään tuntematon merkitys immuunijärjestelmän säätelyssä maksassa. Näytämme myös, että PGC-1α säätelee joukkoa geenejä, joiden tehtävä liittyy immuunijärjestelmään, tärkeimpänä Interleukiini 1 reseptori antagonistia (IL1Rn). Paastoon ja fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen liittyvä energiastressi aktivoi PGC-1α:aa ja näiden samojen stimuluksien havaittiin lisäävän myös IL1Rn tasoa hepatosyyteissä. Havaitsimme AMPK:n olevan itsenäinen IL1Rn indusori ja hypoteesimme mukaan tämä voi välittää diabeteslääkkeenä käytettävän metformiinin anti-inflammatorisia vaikutuksia. Osoitamme myös, että metformiini alentaa Sirtuiini (SIRT) 3:n ekspressiota maksasoluissa ja lisää mitokondriaalisten proteiinien asetylaatiota. Uskomme tämän mekanismin, huolimatta lisääntyneestä mitokondrioiden biogeneesistä, myötävaikuttavan vähentyneeseen ATP synteesiin metformiinikäsitellyissä näytteissä. Lisäksi osoitamme, että paasto ja PGC-1α indusoivat Pregnaani X…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hakkola, J. (Jukka), Pelkonen, O. (Olavi).
Subjects/Keywords: fasting; immune system; liver; mitochondrial function and biogenesis; xenobiotic metabolism; immuunijärjestelmä; maksa; mitokondrioiden toiminta ja biogeneesi; paasto; vierasainemetabolia; PGC-1α; PXR; SIRT1; SIRT3
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Buler, M. (. (2012). Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Oulu. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298684
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Buler, M (Marcin). “Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oulu. Accessed January 26, 2021.
http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298684.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Buler, M (Marcin). “Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver.” 2012. Web. 26 Jan 2021.
Vancouver:
Buler M(. Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 26].
Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298684.
Council of Science Editors:
Buler M(. Energy sensing factors modulate expression of inflammatory mediators, mitochondria acetylation and drug metabolism in the liver. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Oulu; 2012. Available from: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298684