+publisher:"University of North Carolina" +contributor:("Emch, Michael")

University of North Carolina

1. Wu, Jianyong. Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection.

Degree: Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 2011, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:e8a3bd58-544a-408c-a130-bfedfdf684c7

► Diarrheal diseases are still a leading cause of child mortality in less developed countries. In the past three decades, in an effort to reduce the… (more)

▼ Diarrheal diseases are still a leading cause of child mortality in less developed countries. In the past three decades, in an effort to reduce the transmission of diarrheal diseases, millions of tubewells have been installed as a way to provide safe drinking water in Bangladesh. However, this effort may have been counterproductive since widespread arsenic contamination has been found in groundwater. Thus, there is a reason to rethink the use of tubewells and to assess risk factors related to diarrheal disease in Bangladesh. This study primarily focused on 142 villages of Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, using datasets collected through a local health surveillance system to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of diarrheal disease and its relevant risk factors. First, a geographic information system (GIS) and spatial statistics were used to illustrate the occurrence and spatial-temporal clusters of diarrhea (including community childhood diarrhea data and hospital data on diarrhea caused by rotavirus and Shigella). Second, the study determined the relationship between diarrheal disease among children under five and identified several important risk factors, such as tubewell access, depth and arsenic levels. Additionally, simple and rapid concentration methods were developed and evaluated to detect adenovirus, a common etiologic pathogen of diarrhea in water. The study attempted to answer the following questions: What are the trends and spatial patterns of diarrheal diseases? Are tubewells protective against diarrheal diseases? Does arsenic mitigation by well switching raise the risk of diarrheal disease among children? The results obtained from this study provide some useful information to help policy-makers implement relevant scientific measures for diarrhea reduction and arsenic mitigation. The concentration methods developed in this study are applicable to monitor pathogens in water in Bangladesh and worldwide. Advisors/Committee Members: Wu, Jianyong, Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Wu, J. (2011). Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:e8a3bd58-544a-408c-a130-bfedfdf684c7

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wu, Jianyong. “Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection.” 2011. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:e8a3bd58-544a-408c-a130-bfedfdf684c7.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wu, Jianyong. “Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection.” 2011. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Wu J. Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:e8a3bd58-544a-408c-a130-bfedfdf684c7.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wu J. Diarrheal Diseases in Rural Bangladesh: Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Risk Factors and Pathogen Detection. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:e8a3bd58-544a-408c-a130-bfedfdf684c7

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

2. Giebultowicz, Sophia H. Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods.

Degree: Geography, 2010, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:37af2880-40e5-4890-ad6a-c73522cb0c16

► Transmission of infectious pathogens across networks is well-documented, yet remains primarily focused on diseases spread by sexual contact. Such analytical tools, however, may also facilitate… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Giebultowicz, S. H. (2010). Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:37af2880-40e5-4890-ad6a-c73522cb0c16

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Giebultowicz, Sophia H. “Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods.” 2010. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:37af2880-40e5-4890-ad6a-c73522cb0c16.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Giebultowicz, Sophia H. “Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods.” 2010. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Giebultowicz SH. Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:37af2880-40e5-4890-ad6a-c73522cb0c16.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Giebultowicz SH. Cholera Transmission in Bangladesh: Social Networks and Neighborhoods. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2010. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:37af2880-40e5-4890-ad6a-c73522cb0c16

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

3. Messina, Jane P. Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance.

Degree: Geography, 2011, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:01eedf79-6a13-4de2-8001-7d20e65b9392

► In countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that have limited public health infrastructures, only educated guesses have been made about the spatial… (more)

▼ In countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that have limited public health infrastructures, only educated guesses have been made about the spatial distribution of important diseases. This research estimates the spatial distribution of HIV, malaria and anemia prevalence in the DRC, and determines the population, environmental and behavioral drivers underlying these distributions. Using molecular diagnostics from dried blood spots from a 2007 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and demographic data available from this survey, the primary research aims are addressed via spatial analysis and multilevel modeling. The creation of an extensive Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database and selection of individual questionnaire responses is informed by disease ecology theory. In addition to discerning patterns and drivers of disease prevalence in the DRC, this research demonstrates how well population-representative surveillance data can be used to improve understanding of disease transmission in other developing countries. While older people were at greater risk for HIV and anemia, younger people were at greater risk for malaria. Individual wealth increased HIV risk, while it protected against malaria. Increased risk for anemia was found in certain cultural groups. Living near urban areas increased risk for HIV and decreased risk for malaria. Certain types of agriculture were protective against anemia. Greater density of nearby conflict since 1994 decreased malaria risk and proximity to a refugee camp was protective against anemia in women. Certain population characteristics and behaviors were equally or more important at the community level as at the individual level. Greater individual wealth was protective against malaria along with the average wealth of the community in which one lived. This research extends beyond the scope of what would have been possible with the DHS dataset alone. The molecular results for malaria parasitaemia as well as habitat data from a variety of sources contributed to the creation of a complex database which enabled all aspects of disease ecology to be explored. Advisors/Committee Members: Messina, Jane P., Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Messina, J. P. (2011). Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:01eedf79-6a13-4de2-8001-7d20e65b9392

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Messina, Jane P. “Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance.” 2011. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:01eedf79-6a13-4de2-8001-7d20e65b9392.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Messina, Jane P. “Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance.” 2011. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Messina JP. Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:01eedf79-6a13-4de2-8001-7d20e65b9392.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Messina JP. Disease Ecology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Integration of Spatial Analysis and Population Surveillance. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:01eedf79-6a13-4de2-8001-7d20e65b9392

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

4. Escamilla, Veronica. The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh.

Degree: Geography, 2011, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:82a3f841-e092-4dc7-8edd-04d7f4b605dc

► Childhood diarrhea persists in Bangladesh despite efforts to shift from surface water to groundwater for drinking. It is unknown whether shallow aquifer groundwater extracted through… (more)

▼ Childhood diarrhea persists in Bangladesh despite efforts to shift from surface water to groundwater for drinking. It is unknown whether shallow aquifer groundwater extracted through tubewells is a significant source of disease or if other sources such as surface water and local sanitation are driving transmission. Using the disease ecology framework, this study explores the influence of poor sanitation on diarrheal disease transmission. Specific questions addressed in this study include: 1) Does poor sanitation influence shallow tubewell water quality? 2) Does fecal contamination of tubewells influence diarrheal disease? 3) Does the neighborhood water and sanitation infrastructure affect childhood diarrheal disease incidence above and beyond household factors? 4) Does poor sanitation influence diarrheal disease via bathing ponds? 5) Does obtaining drinking water from deep tubewells have a protective effect against childhood diarrhea incidence? This study integrates groundwater microbial data, health and demographic surveillance data, and detailed spatial data of the water and sanitation infrastructure in six villages in Matlab, Bangladesh. The relationship between groundwater quality and poor sanitation is measured at multiple scales using geographic analysis tools. Direct and indirect sanitation influences on childhood diarrheal disease (2002-2006) are explored using neighborhood latrine metrics, and bathing pond latrine metrics. A deep tubewell arsenic mitigation intervention is also examined to determine whether children drinking from deep tubewells experience less diarrhea than children drinking from shallow wells. Results suggest that poor sanitation is predictive of both groundwater contamination and diarrheal disease. Children living in neighborhoods with insufficient access to septic latrines experience higher diarrhea incidence. Additionally, children living near bathing ponds surrounded by latrines leaking effluent also have a higher incidence. While deep tubewells were installed for arsenic mitigation, they are also protective against diarrheal disease. These results shed light on the importance of integrating population and environment data to identify particular circumstances in which groundwater is compromised and children are at risk of contracting diarrheal diseases. These results suggest that poor sanitation diminishes the effect of improved drinking water sources and improvements to the built sanitation infrastructure are needed to reduce diarrheal disease incidence. Advisors/Committee Members: Escamilla, Veronica, Emch, Michael, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Escamilla, V. (2011). The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:82a3f841-e092-4dc7-8edd-04d7f4b605dc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Escamilla, Veronica. “The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh.” 2011. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:82a3f841-e092-4dc7-8edd-04d7f4b605dc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Escamilla, Veronica. “The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh.” 2011. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Escamilla V. The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:82a3f841-e092-4dc7-8edd-04d7f4b605dc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Escamilla V. The Geography of Groundwater Quality and Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:82a3f841-e092-4dc7-8edd-04d7f4b605dc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

5. Carrel, Margaret A. Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam.

Degree: Geography, 2011, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c4748ada-544d-4a91-bba7-df05b12034a1

► The emergence and re-emergence of human pathogens resistant to traditional medical treatment will present a challenge to the international public health community in the coming… (more)

▼ The emergence and re-emergence of human pathogens resistant to traditional medical treatment will present a challenge to the international public health community in the coming decades. Geography is uniquely positioned to examine the progressive evolution of pathogens across space and through time, and to link molecular change to interactions between population and environmental drivers. The widespread outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza across Asia in 2003, and its continued circulation within both poultry and human populations, presents an opportunity for the integration of traditional disease ecology with the emergent field of landscape genetics. Combining spatial statistical methods with genetic analytic techniques, geographic space is used to explore genetic evolution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) at the sub-national scale in Vietnam. This dissertation investigates the following topics: differences in genetic characteristics by species of isolation, location and timing of barriers to gene flow, and population-environment characteristics associated with increased viral evolution in Vietnam from 2003 to 2007. A variety of methods are used, including cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance, and linear regression. Results indicate that genetic differentiation of these viruses varies significantly according to both their host species and the isolation time, but has a complex relationship with the geographic location of virus isolation. The effect of geographic space, and underlying landscape differentiation, does not appear to create boundaries to gene exchange across Vietnam. Taking these indicators of the influence of species, temporal characteristics and geographic space into account, the drivers of molecular evolution of H5N1 HPAIV in Vietnam are as predicted by a disease ecology framework, a combination of both population and environmental characteristics. These findings indicate that there are significant spatial and temporal effects on the evolution of H5N1 HPAIVs, and that local-level conditions can affect viral genetic evolution. Given that areas of rapid genetic evolution are more likely to produce a highly pathogenic virus capable of sustained human-to-human transmission, further exploration of spatial variation in molecular change is needed. Advisors/Committee Members: Carrel, Margaret A., Emch, Michael, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Carrel, M. A. (2011). Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c4748ada-544d-4a91-bba7-df05b12034a1

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Carrel, Margaret A. “Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam.” 2011. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c4748ada-544d-4a91-bba7-df05b12034a1.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Carrel, Margaret A. “Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam.” 2011. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Carrel MA. Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c4748ada-544d-4a91-bba7-df05b12034a1.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Carrel MA. Space-time differentiation of drivers of and barriers to H5N1 avian influenza evolution in Vietnam. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2011. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c4748ada-544d-4a91-bba7-df05b12034a1

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

6. Rigdon, Joseph. Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference.

Degree: Biostatistics, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:318f1ea1-cc08-443f-ba82-eb6990c19337

► Developing methods to quantify the effects of interventions to prevent infectious diseases in the presence of interference is the overall objective of this research. Interference… (more)

▼ Developing methods to quantify the effects of interventions to prevent infectious diseases in the presence of interference is the overall objective of this research. Interference is present when an individual's outcome is affected by the treatment of any other individuals under study. First, two methods are developed for constructing randomization based confidence intervals for the average effect of a treatment on a binary outcome without interference. The methods are nonparametric and require no assumptions about random sampling from a larger population. Both of the resulting 1 - α confidence intervals are exact and guaranteed to have width no greater than one. In contrast, previously proposed asymptotic confidence intervals are not exact and may have width greater than one. The first approach combines Bonferroni adjusted prediction intervals for the attributable effects in the treated and untreated. The second method entails inverting a permutation test. While simulations show that the permutation based confidence intervals have smaller average width, the attributable effects based confidence intervals are more computationally feasible as sample size increases. Extensions that allow for stratifying on categorical baseline covariates are also discussed. Secondly, for a two-stage randomized experiment assuming stratified interference, methods are developed for constructing exact confidence intervals for the direct, indirect, total, and overall effect of a treatment on a binary outcome. The methods are nonparametric and require no assumptions about random sampling from a larger population. The new exact confidence intervals are compared via simulation with previously proposed exact and asymptotic confidence intervals. While the asymptotic intervals do not maintain nominal coverage for certain simulation setups, the new exact confidence intervals maintain nominal coverage for all setups and have narrower width than the previously proposed exact confidence interval. Thirdly, we consider a Bayesian approach to causal inference with interference in an observational study under the assumption that the treatment assignment mechanism is ignorable. We compare the methods via a simulation study to previously proposed IPW estimators. The methods are applied to data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, examining the impact of individual and community bed net use on malaria. Advisors/Committee Members: Rigdon, Joseph, Hudgens, Michael, Emch, Michael, Herring, Amy, Koch, Gary, Weaver, Mark.

Subjects/Keywords: Biometry; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Biostatistics

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rigdon, J. (2015). Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:318f1ea1-cc08-443f-ba82-eb6990c19337

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rigdon, Joseph. “Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:318f1ea1-cc08-443f-ba82-eb6990c19337.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rigdon, Joseph. “Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rigdon J. Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:318f1ea1-cc08-443f-ba82-eb6990c19337.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rigdon J. Causal Inference for Binary Data with Interference. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:318f1ea1-cc08-443f-ba82-eb6990c19337

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

7. Wang, Alice. Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water.

Degree: Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:19800256-36f6-481d-aadf-5a852586fe3b

► Nearly 748 million people worldwide lack access to improved drinking water sources, putting them at risk for waterborne illnesses. Fecal contamination of drinking water is… (more)

▼ Nearly 748 million people worldwide lack access to improved drinking water sources, putting them at risk for waterborne illnesses. Fecal contamination of drinking water is one of the largest contributors to the 1.8 million deaths per year from diarrheal disease. Because many countries lack active monitoring of drinking water quality, it is often unknown if consumed waters are safe. Current microbial monitoring methods typically require the use of specialized equipment, electricity, and trained personnel. However, in low-resource settings, these capacities are often unavailable. Therefore, there is a need for a low-cost, portable, and simple method for determining the microbial quality of drinking water in low-resource settings. The drawbacks of current water tests based on fecal indicator bacteria may be overcome using the Compartment Bag Test (CBT), a novel microbial water quality test innovated at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The CBT uses a simple design of a clear, chambered plastic bag with various compartment volumes totaling 100 mL to determine a Most Probable Number (MPN) estimate of Escherichia coli bacteria concentration using a chromogenic liquid medium. This semi-quantitative method could provide actionable results to identify microbially unsafe water and decrease microbial water quality health risks, if its performance is further documented against standard tests under a variety of use conditions. The goal of this research is to evaluate and document the performance of the CBT. A laboratory evaluation was conducted to explore the use of CBT to detect E. coli compared to a standard test using the Colilert medium in Quanti-Trays at various incubation temperatures. The CBT was also evaluated in field settings by incorporating the CBT in Demographic Health Surveys in Peru and Liberia. Household surveys were conducted in Tanzania to evaluate the CBT as a health behavior and education tool. Overall these studies demonstrate that 1) the CBT detects and quantifies E. coli comparable to standard methods, 2) incubation temperature between 27°C to 44°C provide comparable E. coli MPN results, 3) the CBT can be utilized in low resource settings and incorporated within national health surveys, and 4) the use of the CBT as a health behavior and education tool can influence perception and knowledge of microbial water quality of household users. Advisors/Committee Members: Wang, Alice, Sobsey, Mark, Stewart, Jill, Coronell, Orlando, Emch, Michael, Horney, Jennifer.

Subjects/Keywords: Microbiology; Environmental health; Public health; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Wang, A. (2015). Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:19800256-36f6-481d-aadf-5a852586fe3b

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wang, Alice. “Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:19800256-36f6-481d-aadf-5a852586fe3b.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wang, Alice. “Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Wang A. Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:19800256-36f6-481d-aadf-5a852586fe3b.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wang A. Performance Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for E. coli in Drinking Water. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:19800256-36f6-481d-aadf-5a852586fe3b

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

8. Cowman, Gretchen. Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya.

Degree: Health Policy and Management, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ec570afe-a337-42ef-9b9d-7e1cdebd2c6a

► Kenya experienced widespread cholera outbreaks in 1997-1999 and 2007-2010. The reemergence of cholera in Kenya in the first months of 2015 suggests that cholera remains… (more)

▼ Kenya experienced widespread cholera outbreaks in 1997-1999 and 2007-2010. The reemergence of cholera in Kenya in the first months of 2015 suggests that cholera remains a public health threat. This study employed a mixed methods approach to investigate the successes and challenges of cholera prevention and control in Kenya through analysis of cholera surveillance data and key informant interviews. The goal of this study was to produce information that will be useful to the Government of Kenya in establishing or strengthening policies and programs that effectively prevent and control cholera. Key findings from analysis of cholera surveillance data indicate: (1) cholera has been recurrent in various geographic regions with differing climatic conditions, (2) cholera has affected some of the least densely populated rural areas as well as Kenya's largest cities, and (3) cholera occurrence appears to be associated with open defecation, access to improved sanitation, access to improved water sources, poverty, and level of education. Interventions, policies, and strategies that are perceived to be effective in cholera prevention and control include: (1) Community Led Total Sanitation, which aims to eliminate open defecation, (2) provision of clean water, and (3) the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response strategy, which is Kenya's platform for implementation of the International Health Regulations. Key challenges include: (1) lack of access to improved water and sanitation for a large proportion of the population, (2) limited laboratory capacity to diagnose cholera, and (3) poor availability of intravenous fluids and oral rehydration solution. The findings of this study suggest that there is need to intensify efforts to expand access to improved sanitation and safe drinking water, to strengthen laboratory capacity and disease surveillance, to improve availability of basic medical supplies for rehydration, and to expand poverty reduction programs. Community Led Total Sanitation and the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response strategy have created programs that should continue to be supported, strengthened and expanded. Devolution of government services from national to county level presents both opportunities and challenges for cholera prevention and control. Both levels of government have key roles to play, and effective collaboration is necessary for success. Advisors/Committee Members: Cowman, Gretchen, Thirumurthy, Harsha, Babich, Suzanne, Bartram, Jamie, Emch, Michael, Greene, Sandra.

Subjects/Keywords: Public health; Epidemiology; Political planning; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Health Policy and Management

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cowman, G. (2015). Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ec570afe-a337-42ef-9b9d-7e1cdebd2c6a

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cowman, Gretchen. “Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ec570afe-a337-42ef-9b9d-7e1cdebd2c6a.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cowman, Gretchen. “Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cowman G. Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ec570afe-a337-42ef-9b9d-7e1cdebd2c6a.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cowman G. Cholera Prevention and Control in Kenya. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ec570afe-a337-42ef-9b9d-7e1cdebd2c6a

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

9. Wallace, John. Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7ca5f3aa-9726-4b74-b80d-84b6a60c898d

► La Crosse encephalitis (LACE) is the most commonly reported mosquito-borne illness in North Carolina, and the annual incidence of LACE in NC is among the… (more)

▼ La Crosse encephalitis (LACE) is the most commonly reported mosquito-borne illness in North Carolina, and the annual incidence of LACE in NC is among the highest in the nation – North Carolina accounts for 25% of all LACE cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2008-2012. Within North Carolina, LACE is reported from western NC, with 7 mountain counties in the southwestern portion of the state accounting for over 90% of all cases in NC since 2000. LACE is commonly found in rural, wooded areas, where peridomestic environments are conducive to mosquito exposure, but few epidemiologic studies have quantified the association between peridomestic habitat and LACE. Using a cohort of 501 patients tested for arboviral disease at MHS, the risk of LACE was compared based on demographic and peridomestic risk factors including age, gender, rural residence, peridomestic land cover, type of home, and number of objects around the home. Of the 69 cases, the majority were white, non-Hispanic, and under the age of 16 with clinically measured fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Upon adjustment for age, the risk of LACE among those living in forested rural areas was 2.55 times the risk among those living in non-forested or urban areas (95% confidence interval: 1.59, 4.09). Confirmed and probable cases of LACE in NC, identified from historical reportable disease surveillance data from 2000-2012, were aggregated at the county and census tract-level to determine the extent and location of spatial clusters of LACE cases. Spatial scan statistics generated from unadjusted and covariate-adjusted models detected 4 clusters of high LACE incidence throughout western NC. The clusters identified in this study occur at the sub-county level, and may not have been identified using traditional county-level analyses. The results of this research identify peridomestic risk factors for LACE at the individual level and identify locations of high LACE incidence throughout western NC. These investigations contribute to the general knowledge of LACE and allow for targeted public health interventions to reduce the future occurrence of LACE in western NC. Advisors/Committee Members: Wallace, John, Meshnick, Steven R., Emch, Michael, Horney, Jennifer, Serre, Marc, Weber, David, Williams, Carl.

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Wallace, J. (2015). Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7ca5f3aa-9726-4b74-b80d-84b6a60c898d

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wallace, John. “Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7ca5f3aa-9726-4b74-b80d-84b6a60c898d.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wallace, John. “Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Wallace J. Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7ca5f3aa-9726-4b74-b80d-84b6a60c898d.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Wallace J. Characterization of Arboviral Disease in North Carolina. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7ca5f3aa-9726-4b74-b80d-84b6a60c898d

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

10. Kovach, Margaret. Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA.

Degree: Geography, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b9fcaeed-7f53-43b7-ab03-d799fa6cdbc3

► Heat kills more people than any other weather-related event in the United States, resulting in hundreds of fatalities each year. In North Carolina, heat-related illness… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Geography; Public health; Environmental sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Kovach, M. (2015). Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b9fcaeed-7f53-43b7-ab03-d799fa6cdbc3

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kovach, Margaret. “Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b9fcaeed-7f53-43b7-ab03-d799fa6cdbc3.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kovach, Margaret. “Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Kovach M. Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b9fcaeed-7f53-43b7-ab03-d799fa6cdbc3.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Kovach M. Climate-Human Health Vulnerability: Identifying Relationships between Maximum Temperature and Heat-Related Illness across North Carolina, USA. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b9fcaeed-7f53-43b7-ab03-d799fa6cdbc3

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

11. Ncayiyana, Jabulani. LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:56459e4a-def7-4a7c-bc76-4efd16ef05fd

► This dissertation investigated the burden spatial clustering and risk factors of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), in a South African urban informal settlement. Using data from… (more)

▼ This dissertation investigated the burden spatial clustering and risk factors of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), in a South African urban informal settlement. Using data from a large community-based household survey with random sampling and from the 2011 South African census as disseminated by Statistics South Africa (STATSSA), we estimated the prevalence of LTBI in the general population, the annual risk of infection (ARI) in children, and investigated individual-, household- and neighborhood-level factors associated with LTBI (paper 1). We assessed spatial heterogeneity of LTBI prevalence and the association between community-level factors and LTBI clusters (paper 2). In paper 1, we observed that the overall prevalence of LTBI was 34.3% (95% CI, 30% – 39%), the annual risk of infection among children age 0-14 years was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.1 - 5.2). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, LTBI was associated with age, male gender, marital status, and higher socio-economic status. In paper 2, we investigated the spatial clustering and spatial heterogeneity of LTBI prevalence and predictive community-level factors. One statistically significant cluster of high LTBI prevalence was found using the spatial scan statistic. Higher socio-economic status (SES) was associated with higher LTBI prevalence in both a non-spatial regression model and a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. However, only a small part of the spatial heterogeneity in LTBI prevalence was explained by variation in community-level SES, suggesting that further research is needed to better understand the determinants of LTBI in such settings. Overall, this dissertation suggests that spatial analysis of LTBI can identify clusters within a single community and that LTBI prevalence is not associated with HIV status but may be associated with higher SES, in contrast to the well-established association between TB disease, HIV, and poverty. Advisors/Committee Members: Ncayiyana, Jabulani, van Rie, Annelies, Westreich, Daniel, Pettifor, Audrey, Emch, Michael, Musenge, Eustasius.

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; Public health; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Ncayiyana, J. (2015). LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:56459e4a-def7-4a7c-bc76-4efd16ef05fd

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ncayiyana, Jabulani. “LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:56459e4a-def7-4a7c-bc76-4efd16ef05fd.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ncayiyana, Jabulani. “LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ncayiyana J. LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:56459e4a-def7-4a7c-bc76-4efd16ef05fd.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Ncayiyana J. LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION PREVALENCE, SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND RISK FACTORS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:56459e4a-def7-4a7c-bc76-4efd16ef05fd

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

12. Holliday, Katelyn. UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2016, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ef702a82-c8d7-4815-b0e7-32a286587edc

► Physical activity (PA) is linked to prevention of a spectrum of chronic diseases, compression of morbidity, and improved quality of life. Yet, most adults do… (more)

▼ Physical activity (PA) is linked to prevention of a spectrum of chronic diseases, compression of morbidity, and improved quality of life. Yet, most adults do not engage in the recommended amount of PA. Thus, identifying factors that increase PA is an important research focus. Researchers advocate use of theoretical frameworks, which propose that a variety of factors (e.g., environmental, social, and policy) work together to influence health behavior. The built environment is a factor suggested by theoretical frameworks that is of particular interest for PA given its potential as an intervention target at the population level. Due to the complex mechanisms by which built environment factors influence PA, their study has incorporated input from a range of disciplines which, while beneficial, has resulted in inconsistent exposure and outcome definitions, measurement practices, and analytic methods. These differences may contribute to the discrepancies observed in many exposure-outcome relationships and complicate comparison of results across disciplines. The focus of this research was therefore on informing three distinct methodological issues that involve identifying and appropriately measuring attributes of the built environment locations in which PA occurs. First, a PA location coding protocol was developed to increase the quality of published studies on the PA locations of adults and then implemented within a sociodemographically and geographically diverse participant population. Second, examination of the spatial overlap between residential buffers and newly proposed PA spaces was completed to inform interpretation of PA-built environment studies with exposures derived from commonly used residential buffers. Finally, a recommendation for the number of GPS monitoring days needed to reliably estimate minutes of PA in various locations was developed. The substantive and methodological contributions of these three inter-related aims improves the PA locational context literature by facilitating current PA intervention development and urban planning through delineating the locational contexts in which diverse adults choose to be physically active. Further, these results guide future research to improve the methodological soundness of studies examining the locational context of PA. Taken together, these results provide useful information for researchers, health promotion specialists, and urban planners attempting to study and plan environments that support PA. Advisors/Committee Members: Holliday, Katelyn, Evenson, Kelly, Emch, Michael, Howard, Annie Green, Rodriguez, Daniel, Rosamond, Wayne D..

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Holliday, K. (2016). UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ef702a82-c8d7-4815-b0e7-32a286587edc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Holliday, Katelyn. “UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH.” 2016. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ef702a82-c8d7-4815-b0e7-32a286587edc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Holliday, Katelyn. “UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH.” 2016. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Holliday K. UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ef702a82-c8d7-4815-b0e7-32a286587edc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Holliday K. UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: MEASUREMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ef702a82-c8d7-4815-b0e7-32a286587edc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

13. Miller, William Meihack. Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2016, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c0451f76-55ba-4526-a4ad-d706a972aa4c

► Globally, male-to-female transgender women and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV infection compared to the general population. Despite… (more)

▼ Globally, male-to-female transgender women and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV infection compared to the general population. Despite effective interventions to prevent HIV infection, the incidence among these populations continues to rise. The purpose of this dissertation was to 1) describe the MSM and transgender women missed through venue-based sampling and illustrate how data on venues frequented by MSM and transgender women can be used to prioritize delivery of HIV prevention services; 2) identify contextual factors that contribute to HIV risk among transgender sex workers in Guatemala City. We recruited 1077 unique MSM and transgender women into two cross-sectional behavioral surveys using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and time-location sampling (TLS) in Guatemala City. To compare the populations reached through RDS vs. venues, the outcomes included the number of partners, sex work, concurrent partners and sex with women. Additionally, access to HIV testing, free condoms, lubricant and IEC activities was analyzed. Contextual outcomes included discrimination, physical abuse, forced sex, rejection by family, drug and alcohol use and were measured through the behavioral questionnaire. Gender identity and sex work were combined to form the exposure. RDS participants who did not frequent venues were older, had lower level of education, were more likely to identify as bisexual or heterosexual, have concurrent partners and sex with women compared to participants from venues. The overwhelming majority of transgender women had received money for sex in the past year. Transgender sex workers were three times as likely to be discriminated against, seven times as likely to be physically abused and eight times as likely to be forced to have sex compared to MSM who did not sell sex. Binge drinking and illicit drug use were more common among transgender sex workers than among non-sex workers. Transgender women in Guatemala and many other countries are affected by adverse life events that act as underlying determinants of HIV infection. Venues where transgender women and MSM can be reached are low-hanging fruit for HIV prevention programs and services should be offered following global guidance for key populations at increased risk. Advisors/Committee Members: Miller, William Meihack, Miller, William, Weir, Sharon, Barrington, Clare, Emch, Michael, Pettifor, Audrey.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Miller, W. M. (2016). Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c0451f76-55ba-4526-a4ad-d706a972aa4c

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Miller, William Meihack. “Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery.” 2016. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c0451f76-55ba-4526-a4ad-d706a972aa4c.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Miller, William Meihack. “Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery.” 2016. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Miller WM. Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c0451f76-55ba-4526-a4ad-d706a972aa4c.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Miller WM. Contextual Factors that Contribute to Increased Risk of HIV Among Transgender and MSM Sex Workers and Recommendations for Service Delivery. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c0451f76-55ba-4526-a4ad-d706a972aa4c

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

14. Doung-ngern, Pawinee. Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2016, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:0b638226-8dc4-4d8d-a1bb-1905735a8fab

► Q fever is a zoonosis, caused by the gram negative bacteria Coxiella burnetii. Knowledge of the epidemiology of Q fever in Thailand is limited. This… (more)

▼ Q fever is a zoonosis, caused by the gram negative bacteria Coxiella burnetii. Knowledge of the epidemiology of Q fever in Thailand is limited. This study was conducted to determine the burden and the risk factors of C.burnetii infection in dairy cattle farms and farmers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A prospective cohort study was conducted in five dairy cooperatives where evidence of C.burnetii was reported. The project included three components 1) a cohort study among farmers, 2) bulk tank milk (BTM) screening, and 3) farm investigation and specimen collection from cows and their environments in milk positive farms. Samples and data collection were obtained at baseline, 6, and 12 month intervals. Human sera were tested using Indirect Immunofluorescense Assay; cow sera and BTM were tested using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; and vaginal swab and environmental samples were tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Baseline data were analyzed using logistic regression and Generalized Estimating Equation models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Among 306 randomly selected farms, 282 farms (92.2%) and 532 from 637 randomly selected farmers (83.5%) participated. The prevalence of C.burnetii antibodies in BTM was 40.8% (115/282) and the C.burnetii seroprevalence among farmers was 16.9% (90/532). Investigation in BTM positive farms showed C.burnetii seroprevalence was 28.4% (224/790) at the individual cow level and 91.9% (91/99) at the farm level. Multivariate analysis showed that having more than 80% of cows ≥ 2 years of age (OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.09 - 5.06) and having an infected farms within 1 km (OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.17 – 7.06) were positively associated with the odds of C.burnetii antibodies in BTM. Cleaning the birthing area (OR 0.27, 95%CI 0.08 - 0.86) and quarantining newly purchased animals (OR 0.54, 95%CI 0.30 - 0.97) provided protection. Working in a milk positive farm and exposure to birth products during calving were associated with seropositivity among farmers. This study provides useful information for Q fever prevention and control. Health education regarding Q fever prevention should be provided to farmers and public health and animal health officers in high risk areas in Thailand. Advisors/Committee Members: Doung-ngern, Pawinee, Meshnick, Steven R., Emch, Michael, Kersh, Gilbert, Koch, Gary, Weber, David.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Doung-ngern, P. (2016). Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:0b638226-8dc4-4d8d-a1bb-1905735a8fab

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Doung-ngern, Pawinee. “Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015.” 2016. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:0b638226-8dc4-4d8d-a1bb-1905735a8fab.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Doung-ngern, Pawinee. “Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015.” 2016. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Doung-ngern P. Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:0b638226-8dc4-4d8d-a1bb-1905735a8fab.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Doung-ngern P. Epidemiology of Q fever among dairy cattle and dairy farmers, Chiang Mai, Thailand 2015. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2016. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:0b638226-8dc4-4d8d-a1bb-1905735a8fab

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

15. Huber, Amy. Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2017, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7d6ca43d-10ac-4169-9413-9fe0731dd49f

► INTRODUCTION The prevalence of chronic disease and HIV comorbidity is increasing in South Africa and prevention strategies for this context are needed. In order to… (more)

▼ INTRODUCTION The prevalence of chronic disease and HIV comorbidity is increasing in South Africa and prevention strategies for this context are needed. In order to maintain the health of people living with HIV, it is necessary to move beyond the individual level and consider the characteristics of the neighborhoods and contexts to which the individual belongs. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from a randomized community survey conducted in Diepsloot, South Africa, we examined the distribution of HIV, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, four highly prevalent chronic diseases at the neighborhood level. We mapped the distribution of each level of the HIV care cascade and each chronic disease using the Spatial Scan Statistic to identify hotspot areas. We then conducted a log binomial regression analysis to assess factors associated with 1) living in an area of higher than expected HIV infectiousness; and 2) prevalent chronic disease among those with and without HIV. RESULTS Sixteen percent of the study population were living with HIV, 3% (n=42) were diabetic, 29% (n=359) were hypertensive, and nearly 50% (n= 576) of the population was either overweight or obese, with women having a higher prevalence than men (66% vs. 26%). Overall, 9% of the sample was living with HIV and at least one other chronic disease. Overlapping hotspots of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity prevalence were present and differed from the areas of high HIV prevalence. Individuals residing in a HIV infectiousness hotspot were more likely to be of higher education level (at least secondary school) (Prevalence Ratio=1.43, 95%CI: 1.14-1.78) and unemployed without government grant assistance (PR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.00-1.46). Controlling for other factors, HIV positive participants with a chronic condition were more likely to live less than 300 meters from the nearest supermarket (PR=1.21, 95% Confidence Interval(CI): 0.97-1.51). CONCLUSIONS Within a poor urban informal settlement in South Africa, we observed variation between neighborhoods in engagement in the HIV care cascade, level of HIV infectiousness, and chronic disease prevalence suggesting that these conditions have different drivers. Our findings support targeted interventions at the neighborhood level such as HIV testing programs and chronic disease screening as an efficient way to reach those in need of health outreach. Advisors/Committee Members: Huber, Amy, Aiello, Allison, Emch, Michael, Miller, William, Pettifor, Audrey, Van Rie, Annelies.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Huber, A. (2017). Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7d6ca43d-10ac-4169-9413-9fe0731dd49f

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Huber, Amy. “Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement.” 2017. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7d6ca43d-10ac-4169-9413-9fe0731dd49f.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Huber, Amy. “Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement.” 2017. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Huber A. Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7d6ca43d-10ac-4169-9413-9fe0731dd49f.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Huber A. Neighborhood-level determinants of HIV and chronic disease comorbidity in a South African urban informal settlement. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7d6ca43d-10ac-4169-9413-9fe0731dd49f

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

16. Arandia, Gabriela. Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes.

Degree: Health Behavior, 2017, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:2da80c41-9fdd-4631-8ebb-170162c9920a

► Research examining spatial access to food outlets in non-residential settings is rare, especially among at-risk populations. This dissertation examined associations between child care workers’ eating… (more)

▼ Research examining spatial access to food outlets in non-residential settings is rare, especially among at-risk populations. This dissertation examined associations between child care workers’ eating habits and spatial access to supermarkets/grocery stores, convenience stores, and fast food restaurants around home, work, and along commutes; and, explored moderation of these associations by self-efficacy for healthy eating and home and workplace census tract-level poverty. Baseline data were analyzed from 638 child care workers enrolled in the CARE study, a cluster-randomized trial promoting healthy behaviors among child care workers in North Carolina. An Eating Habits Score (0-20) was derived from food intake frequency of 10 items, with higher scores reflecting healthier eating habits. Food outlet data from ReferenceUSA were analyzed within ArcGIS to create density measures of food outlets within 5 road network miles of home and work and along commutes (shortest network distance between home and work). Generalized Estimating Equations were used to analyze associations. Food outlet densities were greater around workplaces (vs. homes), with longer commutes, and in urban areas (vs. rural). Eating Habits scores averaged 9.3 (SD=3.4). Greater access to small grocery stores around homes was associated with healthier eating habits for the sample (β=0.037, p=0.046), and among urban residents (β=0.040, p=0.035), and greater access to supermarkets around work was associated with healthier eating habits among rural workers (β=0.323, p=0.017). Surprisingly, greater access to convenience stores (β=0.129, p=0.017), and fast food restaurants (β=0.078, p=0.012) around work were also associated with better eating habits among rural workers. Food outlet density along commutes and eating habits were unrelated. More convenience stores (β=0.274, p=0.006) and fast food restaurants (β=0.100, p=0.010) along commutes were associated with healthier eating habits among participants who were ‘moderately/very/extremely confident’ in eating healthy. Moreover, more small grocery stores around home was associated with poorer eating habits for participants living in medium poverty home census tracts (β=-0.167, p=0.016) (vs. low poverty). Understanding child care workers’ food access is vital to helping them make healthier food choices and to reduce obesity and chronic disease risks. Future research should consider healthy/unhealthy food availability within locations, and shopping behaviors to further elucidate findings. Advisors/Committee Members: Arandia, Gabriela, Linnan, Laura, Ward, Dianne, Lytle, Leslie, Ennett, Susan, Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Health Behavior

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Arandia, G. (2017). Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:2da80c41-9fdd-4631-8ebb-170162c9920a

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Arandia, Gabriela. “Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes.” 2017. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:2da80c41-9fdd-4631-8ebb-170162c9920a.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Arandia, Gabriela. “Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes.” 2017. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Arandia G. Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:2da80c41-9fdd-4631-8ebb-170162c9920a.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Arandia G. Understanding Relationships between Child Care Workers’ Eating Habits and Spatial Access to Food Outlets around Workers’ Homes, Workplaces, and along Commutes. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:2da80c41-9fdd-4631-8ebb-170162c9920a

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

17. Houck, Kelly. Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador.

Degree: Anthropology, 2017, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:8bfdd2e3-61dc-44c8-a78a-7be54cc1eb80

► Early life pathogenic and nutritional environments impact health over the life course by training the immune system to adapt to local microbial conditions and developing… (more)

▼ Early life pathogenic and nutritional environments impact health over the life course by training the immune system to adapt to local microbial conditions and developing metabolic trajectories based on resource availability. Exposure to environmental microbes during childhood, common throughout evolutionary history, can provide immunoregulatory properties that strengthen the immune system’s ability to resolve inflammation. In populations with childhood undernutrition, pathogenic exposures due to unsanitary living conditions can cause chronic intestinal inflammation. This condition, known as environmental enteric dysfunction, allows for microbes to enter the blood causing endotoxemia and systemic infection. Chronic immunostimulation during childhood is energetically demanding and often results in growth deficits. This dissertation uses the emerging field of the gut microbiome as pathway to investigate the early life effects of overnutrition and poor water quality on childhood intestinal health and immune function in Galápagos, Ecuador. Residents of San Cristóbal are unfortunately experiencing a dual burden of both increasing rates of obesity, coupled with persistent rates of infectious disease. Data was collected from 169 children aged two to ten and their 119 mothers. Interviews obtained information concerning household water use and sanitation practices, and children’s hygiene behaviors, illness histories and diets. Household water samples were collected to quantify fecal pathogens. Anthropometric assessments provided indicators of nutritional status. Blood spots were measured for immune biomarkers and fecal samples were collected to examine gut microbial compositions. Novel hypotheses are tested for the dual burden environment that examine the relationship between pathogenic and obesogenic factors on inflammation, endotoxemia and gut microbial composition, and provide insight into the early life health impacts of the dual burden environment on childhood intestinal health and immune function. The significant of this research is that even in the context of a pro-inflammatory state, driven by overweight and obesity, early life exposure to Escherichia coli contaminated water, which does not result in diarrhea, can provide an immunoregulatory effect among children in Galápagos. Identifying gut microbial symbiosis as a possible mechanism underlying this protective effect is an original contribution to the evolutionary “old friends” hypothesis and is of particular importance to public health research on environmental enteric dysfunction. Advisors/Committee Members: Houck, Kelly, Thompson, Amanda, Sorensen, Mark, Leslie, Paul, Bentley, Margaret, Stewart, Jill, Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Anthropology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Houck, K. (2017). Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:8bfdd2e3-61dc-44c8-a78a-7be54cc1eb80

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Houck, Kelly. “Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador.” 2017. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:8bfdd2e3-61dc-44c8-a78a-7be54cc1eb80.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Houck, Kelly. “Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador.” 2017. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Houck K. Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:8bfdd2e3-61dc-44c8-a78a-7be54cc1eb80.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Houck K. Early Life Effects of a Dual Burden Environment: Childhood Intestinal Health and Immune Function in Galápagos, Ecuador. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:8bfdd2e3-61dc-44c8-a78a-7be54cc1eb80

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

18. Werder, Emily. Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2018, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:cff72875-c6e3-405f-977d-b09152aa742c

► Styrene is an established neurotoxicant at occupational levels, but epidemiologic studies to date have focused on highly exposed workers. We examine whether neurologic effects are… (more)

▼ Styrene is an established neurotoxicant at occupational levels, but epidemiologic studies to date have focused on highly exposed workers. We examine whether neurologic effects are associated with styrene at environmental levels, and attempt to identify underlying sources of uniquely elevated exposure levels among Gulf coast residents. In Aims 1 and 2, we utilized data from the Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study and the nested Chemical Biomonitoring Study (CBS) to assess predictors of blood styrene levels (N = 667). In Aim 3, we estimated cross-sectional associations between ambient styrene exposure and neurologic symptoms (N = 21,962), as well as peripheral neurologic function (N = 2,956). Among CBS participants, we assessed blood styrene in relation to neurologic symptoms (N = 874) and peripheral neurologic function (N = 310). Ambient exposures were modeled as quartiles, and blood exposures were divided at the median or 90th percentile. We estimated prevalence ratios using log-binomial regression, and differences in continuous outcomes using linear regression. Blood styrene levels are 2-3 times higher in CBS compared to the U.S. general population. Smoking, housing characteristics, and recent behaviors were predictors of blood styrene levels. Neither ambient styrene concentrations nor industrial styrene emissions were determinants of blood styrene levels. The highest quartile of ambient styrene was associated with increased central (PR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.32) and peripheral (PR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.23) nervous system symptoms, as well as impairments in vision (mean difference = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04), vestibular (β = -4.65 mm/s, 95% CI: -8.20, -1.10), and sensory function (β = -0.12 log microns, 95% CI: -0.22, -0.01). We observed statistically significant monotonic exposure-response relationships between ambient styrene concentration and many neurologic endpoints. The relationship was less clear for blood styrene exposure, with some suggestive effects. Personal predictors of increasing blood styrene levels were largely consistent with previous literature. Our measures of increased regional exposure opportunity do not fully explain these elevated blood styrene levels. Increasing ambient styrene exposures elicited consistent neurotoxic effects, as well as some notable associations with measured blood styrene. Environmental styrene exposure levels may be sufficient to elicit subclinical neurotoxic effects. Advisors/Committee Members: Werder, Emily, Engel, Lawrence, Sandler, Dale, Gerr, Fredric, Richardson, David, Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Werder, E. (2018). Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:cff72875-c6e3-405f-977d-b09152aa742c

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Werder, Emily. “Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States.” 2018. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:cff72875-c6e3-405f-977d-b09152aa742c.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Werder, Emily. “Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States.” 2018. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Werder E. Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:cff72875-c6e3-405f-977d-b09152aa742c.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Werder E. Styrene exposure and neurologic effects in residents of the US Gulf States. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2018. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:cff72875-c6e3-405f-977d-b09152aa742c

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

19. Furgurson, Jill M. Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras.

Degree: Geography, 2013, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:1ae27e22-5e19-4c6d-b263-8c968d8aba77

► Gastric cancer, etiologically linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, is the leading infectious-related cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Previous… (more)

▼ Gastric cancer, etiologically linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, is the leading infectious-related cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Previous research has shown that gastric cancer rates are higher at high altitudes; however causal factors remain poorly understood. This research examines the relationship between altitude and gastric cancer risk, and explores potential explanatory covariates related to human behavior that may help explain the spatial patterns of gastric cancer incidence. Using a case control study of gastric cancer cases in western Honduras from 2002-2012, clusters of high-incidence areas are identified. Binomial multilevel likelihood models are constructed to better understand how altitude affects gastric cancer risk and to explore how individual-level behaviors drive disease incidence patterns. While simple models often assume all individuals are identical, multilevel models incorporate individual and group-level heterogeneity in characteristics that may be related to disease dynamics. Results indicate that age-standardized rates (n=594) are twice as high for males than females (15.07 for males and 6.59 for females), and that high rates are significantly clustered at the municipio (local administrative unit) level. Altitude was an insignificant predictor of gastric cancer when measured both as a continuous (p=0.197) and categorical variable (high/low; p=0.192). The results of the multilevel modeling of individual-level behaviors reveal that use of refrigeration as an adult is associated with a decrease in gastric cancer risk (β = -0.9883, p=6.51e-08). The finding that altitude does not affect gastric cancer risk within the study area suggests the possibility that the study area does not contain enough altitudinal heterogeneity to accurately characterize the relationship between altitude and gastric cancer rates. The finding that use of refrigeration as an adult is protective against gastric cancer suggests that access to refrigeration may decrease dependency on salted and preserved meats and increase access to fruits and vegetables, two established factors related to gastric cancer risk. During the past two decades it has been well-established that infection with H. pylori is linked to increased gastric cancer risk. However, the finding that individual-level behavior impacts disease risk supports the theory that to understand disease dynamics, host-pathogen interactions must be considered within the context of their disease ecology. Advisors/Committee Members: Furgurson, Jill M., Emch, Michael, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Furgurson, J. M. (2013). Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:1ae27e22-5e19-4c6d-b263-8c968d8aba77

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Furgurson, Jill M. “Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras.” 2013. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:1ae27e22-5e19-4c6d-b263-8c968d8aba77.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Furgurson, Jill M. “Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras.” 2013. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Furgurson JM. Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:1ae27e22-5e19-4c6d-b263-8c968d8aba77.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Furgurson JM. Spatial distribution and disease ecology of gastric cancer in western Honduras. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2013. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:1ae27e22-5e19-4c6d-b263-8c968d8aba77

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

20. Winston, Jennifer. Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis.

Degree: Geography, 2014, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:174978a6-a923-4040-845e-ebc58fde5e02

► This dissertation uses a disease ecology framework to investigate the etiology of hypospadias, a relatively common birth defect affecting the male genitourinary tract. It begins… (more)

▼ This dissertation uses a disease ecology framework to investigate the etiology of hypospadias, a relatively common birth defect affecting the male genitourinary tract. It begins by considering the spatial distribution of hypospadias in North Carolina and whether that spatial distribution can be explained by either compositional or contextual risk factors. It then focuses on a potential contextual risk factor of interest: atrazine, one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States. An endocrine disruptor, atrazine breaks down slowly in soils and water, suggesting that mothers could be exposed to atrazine via contaminated drinking water. This research uses data from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Three different methods are used to estimate maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: total atrazine applied to maternal county of residence; sampling data maintained by the United States Environmental Protection for compliance monitoring; and outputs from surface water and groundwater models from the United States Geological Service. After concluding that the surface and groundwater modeling metric is most appropriate for our dataset, this research concludes by incorporating maternal population and behavioral characteristics into analyses of hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water. Results indicate statistically significant spatial autocorrelation of hypospadias in eastern central North Carolina, which persists when controlling for compositional risk factors, and which suggests that contextual factors may influence the spatial distribution of hypospadias. Results further suggest possible role played by atrazine in a multi-factorial etiology of hypospadias. When controlling for maternal demographic and behavioral characteristics, hypospadias is found to be marginally significantly associated with daily maternal atrazine consumption during the critical window of genitourinary development (odds ratio = 1.03; p = 0.054). This reinforces the utility of a disease ecology framework in research of diseases of unknown or multifactorial etiology. It also suggests that further research is needed to evaluate the potential teratogenic properties of atrazine. Advisors/Committee Members: Winston, Jennifer, Emch, Michael, Band, Lawrence, Florin, John William, Luben, Thomas, Meyer, Robert.

Subjects/Keywords: Geography; College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Winston, J. (2014). Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:174978a6-a923-4040-845e-ebc58fde5e02

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Winston, Jennifer. “Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis.” 2014. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:174978a6-a923-4040-845e-ebc58fde5e02.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Winston, Jennifer. “Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis.” 2014. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Winston J. Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:174978a6-a923-4040-845e-ebc58fde5e02.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Winston J. Hypospadias and prenatal exposure to atrazine via drinking water: A geographic analysis. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2014. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:174978a6-a923-4040-845e-ebc58fde5e02

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

21. Rosenberg, Molly. The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2014, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ad1c6a14-332a-445b-a5b6-9d7f0649e8e2

► Young women in South Africa are at extremely high risk for sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy. The identification of new intervention targets is critical… (more)

▼ Young women in South Africa are at extremely high risk for sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy. The identification of new intervention targets is critical to reduce the burden of these outcomes, yet place-based structural determinants of sexual risk have not been previously explored in this population. In Aim 1, we estimated the effect of school enrollment on teen pregnancy using longitudinal census data for 15,457 South African young women aged 12-18 years. A Cox proportional hazard model was constructed to compare the hazard of pregnancy between school enrollees and dropouts. Our findings suggested that young women who remained in school were at lower risk for teen pregnancy [aHR (95% CI): 0.57 (0.50, 0.65)]. In Aim 2, we estimated the association between visits to alcohol outlets and sexual risk using cross-sectional data from a sample of 2,533 South African young women. We also tested for interaction by alcohol consumption. Visiting alcohol outlets was associated with having more sex partners [aOR, one versus zero partners (95% CI): 1.51 (1.21, 1.88)], more unprotected sex acts [aOR, one versus zero acts (95% CI): 2.28 (1.52, 3.42)], higher levels of transactional sex [aOR (95% CI): 1.63 (1.03, 2.59)], and HSV-2 infection [aOR (95% CI): 1.30 (0.88, 1.91)]. Generally, the dual combination of exposure to alcohol outlets and alcohol consumption yielded stronger associations with the sexual risk outcomes than anticipated given the associations observed with each risk factor alone. In Aim 3, we estimated the association between number of alcohol outlets per village and prevalent HSV-2 infection using cross-sectional data from a sample of 2,174 young women living across 24 villages in rural South Africa. We used generalized estimating equations with log links to account for the clustered nature of the data. Young women who lived in villages with more alcohol outlets were more likely to be infected with HSV-2 [PR (95% CI): 1.08 (1.01, 1.15)]. Overall, the findings from all three aims suggest that place-based exposures may be important determinants of sexual risk among young women in South Africa. Advisors/Committee Members: Rosenberg, Molly, Pettifor, Audrey, Van Rie, Annelies, Thirumurthy, Harsha, Emch, Michael, Miller, William.

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rosenberg, M. (2014). The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ad1c6a14-332a-445b-a5b6-9d7f0649e8e2

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rosenberg, Molly. “The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women.” 2014. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ad1c6a14-332a-445b-a5b6-9d7f0649e8e2.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rosenberg, Molly. “The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women.” 2014. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rosenberg M. The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ad1c6a14-332a-445b-a5b6-9d7f0649e8e2.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Rosenberg M. The influence of school enrollment and alcohol outlets on sexual risk among rural South African young women. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2014. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:ad1c6a14-332a-445b-a5b6-9d7f0649e8e2

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

22. Cope, Anna. Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina.

Degree: Epidemiology, 2015, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:63ba2047-79d8-4fb0-8f26-edf07267625e

► Diagnosis, presentation to care, and initiation of antiretroviral therapy during the early stages of HIV have substantial individual and public health benefits. However, current estimates… (more)

▼ Diagnosis, presentation to care, and initiation of antiretroviral therapy during the early stages of HIV have substantial individual and public health benefits. However, current estimates of the HIV care continuum, or care cascade, indicate that most HIV-infected persons in the US are diagnosed late in the course of their disease and even more do not achieve viral suppression. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the cascade-related behaviors of persons participating in active transmission networks and examine the geographic barriers to early diagnosis. Using data collected as part of the North Carolina (NC) Screening and Tracing of Active Transmission Program, we assessed the HIV status and if HIV-infected, the diagnosis, care, treatment and viral suppression status of named partners of persons acutely-infected with HIV (index AHI case) between 2002 and 2013. More than one-third of all traceable partners were HIV-infected. Most observed transmission events appeared attributable to previously-diagnosed partners (77.4%, 95% confidence interval 69.4-85.3%), of whom only 23.2% (14.0-32.3%) were in care and on treatment near the index AHI case diagnosis. Among phylogenetically-linked cases and partners, 60.6% of partners were previously diagnosed (43.9-77.3%). Using HIV surveillance data from a 52-county region in central NC, we mapped new diagnosis rates by stage of disease (early, chronic, and AIDS) and testing period (2005-2007, 2008-2010, 2011-2013). Maps were standardized and the percent overlap of high rate diagnoses (top 10th, 25th and 50th percentile) by disease stage and testing period were assessed. We identified a definite, underlying core area of HIV as represented by disproportionately high overlap in the top 25th and 50th percentiles by disease stage and testing period. The identification of early infection varied geographically over time, suggesting changes in testing behaviors or the epidemic itself. Relatively high rates of AIDS diagnoses persisted over time in the southeastern part of the study area. Finally, we assessed the association of distance to a publicly-funded testing site with stage of disease at diagnosis. Traveling longer distances to the testing site of diagnosis, particularly when a closer testing site was available, increased the prevalence of post-early stage diagnoses (prevalence ratio=1.09, 1.03-1.16). Advisors/Committee Members: Cope, Anna, Miller, William, Powers, Kimberly, Leone, Peter, Serre, Marc, Emch, Michael.

Subjects/Keywords: Epidemiology; Gillings School of Global Public Health; Department of Epidemiology

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cope, A. (2015). Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:63ba2047-79d8-4fb0-8f26-edf07267625e

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cope, Anna. “Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina.” 2015. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:63ba2047-79d8-4fb0-8f26-edf07267625e.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cope, Anna. “Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina.” 2015. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cope A. Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:63ba2047-79d8-4fb0-8f26-edf07267625e.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Cope A. Assessment of HIV Transmission and Diagnosis Patterns in North Carolina. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2015. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:63ba2047-79d8-4fb0-8f26-edf07267625e

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

23. Janko, Mark. Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond.

Degree: Geography, 2017, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c310027b-af98-49d3-ad0e-f313f653e0fc

► Roughly 40% of the world's population lives in areas where they are at risk of malaria infection. In the last 15 years, the global health… (more)

▼ Roughly 40% of the world's population lives in areas where they are at risk of malaria infection. In the last 15 years, the global health community has made considerable progress in reducing transmission. Despite this progress, a number of challenges to further reductions remain. This dissertation addresses three such challenges. First, I focus on the ecology that serves as a backdrop to transmission, and focus on the role agriculture may play. In doing so, I attempt to understand how agriculture affects both mosquito behavior, as well as malaria risk in under-5 children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a country with one of the world's highest malaria burdens. My findings from this work suggest that increasing exposure to agriculture is associated with increased indoor biting among Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which may be the mechanism driving the observed association between agriculture and increased malaria risk. Second, I turn to address insecticide resistance, which may undermine the contributions that bed nets have in reducing transmission. One challenge in monitoring insecticide resistance is the difficulty in obtaining representative samples of mosquitoes. I make some progress in overcoming this limitation using population-based survey data collected from 2009-2016 in 21 countries across sub-Saharan Africa, and find that the effects of bed nets treated with different insecticides vary considerably, and that certain countries need to transition away from using certain insecticides. Finally, I attempt to understand how malaria spreads. To do so, I leverage genetic data on the Plasmodium falciaprum malaria parasite from 28 neutral microsatellite markers drawn from malaria-infected children living in the DRC. I consider different population genetics tools to identify whether or not the malaria parasite population can be classied into smaller subpopulations, whether or not there is evidence of isoloation-by-distance, and if there appears to be gene flow between geographically and economically proximate regions. My results indicate that the malaria parasite population in DRC is best characterized as single population with weak evidence of isolation-by-distance, with no strong evidence of gene flow or barriers to it. However, outliers were observed along DRC's border. Advisors/Committee Members: Janko, Mark, Emch, Michael, Song, Conghe, Moody, Aaron, Reich, Brian, Meshnick, Steven R., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Janko, M. (2017). Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c310027b-af98-49d3-ad0e-f313f653e0fc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Janko, Mark. “Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond.” 2017. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c310027b-af98-49d3-ad0e-f313f653e0fc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Janko, Mark. “Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond.” 2017. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Janko M. Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c310027b-af98-49d3-ad0e-f313f653e0fc.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Janko M. Challenges to Malaria Control in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Beyond. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c310027b-af98-49d3-ad0e-f313f653e0fc

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

24. Call, Maia. Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda.

Degree: Geography, 2017, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:76905c51-6216-4a9a-a427-7e69a1ffb93f

► Environmental changes, which include soil degradation, deforestation, and climate change, have long been posited as potential drivers of rural livelihood decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa. However,… (more)

▼ Environmental changes, which include soil degradation, deforestation, and climate change, have long been posited as potential drivers of rural livelihood decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, providing empirical evidence for these socio-environmental patterns has proven difficult due to a lack of spatially explicit longitudinal livelihoods data as well as appropriately fine-scale environmental data. To address this gap in the literature, this dissertation spatially links two waves of longitudinal household and plot survey data (collected in Uganda in 2003 and 2013) with a remotely sensed forest cover product and modeled climate data. These data provide a unique opportunity to quantitatively address three questions central to the topic of environmental change and rural livelihoods: 1) What is the relationship between perceived and measured soil fertility and soil degradation?; 2) How do environmental factors inform temporary and permanent migration decisions?; and 3) How do climate anomalies shape on-farm and non-farm smallholder livelihood strategies? Responding to the first question, the research suggests that both farmers’ perceptions and laboratory measures can contribute to a holistic portrait of soil fertility. Addressing the second question, it appears that climate factors, and in particular heat, eventually drive permanent migrations. Similarly, findings from the third analysis indicate that while smallholders are able to successfully cope with short term climate stress, long periods of heat are likely to result in declining agricultural productivity and reduced opportunities for income through livelihood diversification, despite increased on-farm labor. Overall, this dissertation illustrates that Ugandan smallholders have good awareness of their current soil fertility and have successful strategies to cope with typical short periods climate stress. However, many of the current shifts resulting from soil degradation and rapid climate change may be beyond the scope of past experience, and smallholders may lack the analytic tools to perceive and cope with these changes. Likewise, extended periods of heat stress, which were previously atypical, cannot be managed through conventionally employed on-farm agricultural strategies and off-farm livelihood diversification approaches, and will eventually press some smallholders to migrate. These findings can inform rural development policy and have important implications for rural smallholders during an era of global environmental change. Advisors/Committee Members: Call, Maia, Gray, Clark, Emch, Michael, Jagger, Pamela, Richter, Daniel, Song, Conghe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Call, M. (2017). Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:76905c51-6216-4a9a-a427-7e69a1ffb93f

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Call, Maia. “Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda.” 2017. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:76905c51-6216-4a9a-a427-7e69a1ffb93f.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Call, Maia. “Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda.” 2017. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Call M. Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:76905c51-6216-4a9a-a427-7e69a1ffb93f.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Call M. Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Change in Uganda. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2017. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:76905c51-6216-4a9a-a427-7e69a1ffb93f

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

25. Root, Elisabeth Dowling. The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina.

Degree: Geography, 2009, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7f6d81a6-6988-4c89-820a-4316681a66fe

► Gastroschisis is a serious birth defect that has increased in prevalence in North Carolina over the past decade. The causes of the defect, and the… (more)

▼ Gastroschisis is a serious birth defect that has increased in prevalence in North Carolina over the past decade. The causes of the defect, and the reasons for this increase, are largely unknown. This study uses the disease ecology framework and spatial methodologies - spatial statistics, Geographic Information Systems, and hydrological modeling - to explore the geographic distribution of gastroschisis in North Carolina and suggest possible socioeconomic and environmental factors that may contribute to the disease. Specific questions addressed in this study include: 1) Do significant geographic clusters of gastroschisis exist in North Carolina? 2) Do clusters suggest the presence of point-source environmental pollutants? 3) What area-level socioeconomic characteristics are related to gastroschisis outcomes? 4) What can this tell us about possible causes of the disease? Using data from a population-based birth defects registry, this study uses Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic to identify the location and extent of clusters of gastroschisis births in North Carolina between 1999 and 2004. Spatial clusters are controlled for four major risk factors (maternal age, race, prior births and Medicaid status) to ensure that the clusters are not an artifact of the population composition of the State. The relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., race, poverty, education and unemployment) and gastroschisis outcomes are examined using logistic regression models, which combine individual-level and neighborhood-level variables. Finally, simple hydrological models are used to determine if exposure to upstream textile mill effluent increases the risk for a gastroschisis affected pregnancy. Results indicate the presence of a localized cluster of gastroschisis in the rural southern Piedmont of North Carolina. In addition, both individual-level (Medicaid status) and neighborhood-level (poverty and unemployment) socioeconomic factors appear to contribute to the risk of a gastroschisis affected pregnancy, suggesting that neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors exert an independent causal effect on gastroschisis. Despite the localized nature of the cluster, which often suggests the presence of an environmental contaminant, there is no evidence to support this hypothesis. These results may help understanding the myriad social, economic and environmental factors that combine and interact to influence gastroschisis outcomes. Advisors/Committee Members: Root, Elisabeth Dowling, Emch, Michael, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Root, E. D. (2009). The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7f6d81a6-6988-4c89-820a-4316681a66fe

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Root, Elisabeth Dowling. “The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina.” 2009. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7f6d81a6-6988-4c89-820a-4316681a66fe.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Root, Elisabeth Dowling. “The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina.” 2009. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Root ED. The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2009. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7f6d81a6-6988-4c89-820a-4316681a66fe.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Root ED. The ecology of birth defects: socio-economic and environmental determinants of gastroschisis in North Carolina. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2009. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:7f6d81a6-6988-4c89-820a-4316681a66fe

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of North Carolina

26. Carrel, Margaret A. Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh.

Degree: Geography, 2007, University of North Carolina

URL: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:87607c88-a23b-46f0-aac5-420f78a89535

► Implementation of flood control strategies has been empirically associated with rises in disease rates in the developing world. This research examines the impact of flood… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Geography

Record Details Similar Records Cite « Share

❌

APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Carrel, M. A. (2007). Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. (Thesis). University of North Carolina. Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:87607c88-a23b-46f0-aac5-420f78a89535

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Carrel, Margaret A. “Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh.” 2007. Thesis, University of North Carolina. Accessed March 03, 2021. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:87607c88-a23b-46f0-aac5-420f78a89535.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Carrel, Margaret A. “Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh.” 2007. Web. 03 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Carrel MA. Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2007. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:87607c88-a23b-46f0-aac5-420f78a89535.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Carrel MA. Relationships between flood control and cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. [Thesis]. University of North Carolina; 2007. Available from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:87607c88-a23b-46f0-aac5-420f78a89535

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

		in
And / Or
		in
And / Or
		in
And / Or
		in

Open Access Theses and Dissertations