+publisher:"University of KwaZulu-Natal" +contributor:("Jones, Trevor Brian.")

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University of KwaZulu-Natal

1. Mswephu, Khayakazi. The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy.

Degree: 2020, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18528

The dissertation seeks to address the contribution of seaborne commerce in the South African economy. Basically the research is trying to look at the development of the carriage of goods by sea to and from South Africa, and the related development of the maritime transport industry, and how these contribute to the economic growth of the country. South Africa is regarded as a maritime country, which is substantiated by its commercial ports and the very substantial cargo flows that pass through those ports. The research interrogates the gaps which have been highlighted such as the question of how to develop a maritime industry when cargo owners are not involved in the transport arrangements. There is not much available literature about the contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy. South Africa has a large trade volume; however this large volume does not necessarily mean that it has a competitive advantage in transporting those commodities. South Africa it is not a significant ship operating nation. Cargo movements are not controlled by South African cargo owners, but rather by our foreign buyers and suppliers. South Africa exports the majority of bulk cargoes and that is a vital part of the South African economy and generates a substantial amount of the country’s foreign exchange. This dissertation interrogates those terms of shipment, which are dominated by FOB exports sales, notably in bulk exports. The ruling commercial terms of shipment have considerable influence over the benefits the country receives from the maritime industry. This represents a substantial loss of potential revenue in invisible earnings for the country's service account of the balance of payments. This dissertation recommends that a feasibility study be undertaken for the contribution of seaborne commerce to the economic growth of the country. Advisors/Committee Members: Jones, Trevor Brian. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Seaborne commerce.; Carriage of goods.; Cargo transport.; Maritime transport-South Africa.

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mswephu, K. (2020). The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18528

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mswephu, Khayakazi. “The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy.” 2020. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18528.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mswephu, Khayakazi. “The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy.” 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mswephu K. The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2020. [cited 2021 Jan 23]. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18528.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mswephu K. The contribution of seaborne commerce to the South African economy. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2020. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18528

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of KwaZulu-Natal

2. Gounder, Mary Mitchelle. Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs.

Degree: 2019, University of KwaZulu-Natal

URL: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18530

The United Nations has increased its focus on environment issues that have been contributing to climate change. After the formation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) was tasked with emission reduction in ships. The Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), which is a committee within the IMO, commenced with its focus on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions at its 39th session. The MEPC commissioned studies on greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The MEPC also prepared the draft Annex VI which contained regulations for control of air pollution from ships. MARPOL Annex VI entered into force in 2005. The regulations provided specifications for the reduction of Sulphur emissions and Nitrogen emissions with deadlines for Emission Control Areas (ECAs) as well as globally. The ECA regulations for sulphur reduction have been in place since 1 January 2016.These regulations have put ship owners under immense pressure to comply. If there is non-compliance, the ship owners either receive a fine or their ships are detained. Considerable costs are involved in reducing sulphur emissions, as ship owners either build new ships or retrofit old ships with new exhaust cleaning systems or with modifications to their propulsion machinery. As this study will show the costs have not, so far, been passed on to the end user, as freight rates have not increased based on the compliance costs. The freight rates within the shipping industry are purely based on demand/supply factors. If costs are passed on to customers, then these additional costs are likely to impact on the spectrum of freight rates faced by transport users in both bulk and general cargo markets. This would be similar to the Carrier Security charge that shipping lines implemented after the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code came into force in 2004. Advisors/Committee Members: Jones, Trevor Brian. (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Carbon emissions.; Compliance.; Transportation costs.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Gounder, M. M. (2019). Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs. (Thesis). University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18530

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gounder, Mary Mitchelle. “Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs.” 2019. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18530.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gounder, Mary Mitchelle. “Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs.” 2019. Web. 23 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Gounder MM. Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 23]. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18530.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Gounder MM. Carbon emissions compliance and its impact on transport costs. [Thesis]. University of KwaZulu-Natal; 2019. Available from: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18530

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

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