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University of Colorado
1.
Matsumura, Kristen.
Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects.
Degree: MS, 2012, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/243 
► Poor performance affects one in three water and sanitation projects financed by the World Bank. The causes of poor performance in terms of cost, schedule,…
(more)
▼ Poor performance affects one in three water and sanitation projects financed by the World Bank. The causes of poor performance in terms of cost, schedule, achievement of objectives, institutional development impact, and sustainability are not well understood. This research evaluates these five measure of performance separately and identifies factors of poor performance, rather than success factors, in order to find common weaknesses in the design and implementation of water and sanitation development projects. This research identifies the causes of poor performance and their frequencies using a multi-method analysis that includes a content analysis of post implementation project reports from the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group and interviews with a panel of World Bank task managers. This research finds that most projects in the study population were over schedule and under cost, and a small portion of projects performed poorly in terms of objectives, institutional development, and sustainability. Multiple root causes of poor performance were identified for each measure. Insufficient institutional development is found to be one of the major determinants of project performance. Inadequate revenue, poor organization, and overly optimistic goals are other major causes of poor performance in efficacy and sustainability. The findings from this research provide a list of challenges that practitioners can plan for and mitigate in order to improve project efficacy.
Advisors/Committee Members: Keith R. Molenaar, Amy N. Javernick-Will, Rita Klees.
Subjects/Keywords: critical success factors; fail factors; international development projects; project performance; water and sanitation; world bank; Civil Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Matsumura, K. (2012). Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/243
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Matsumura, Kristen. “Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/243.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Matsumura, Kristen. “Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects.” 2012. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Matsumura K. Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/243.
Council of Science Editors:
Matsumura K. Causes of Poor Performance in World Bank Water and Sanitation Projects. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2012. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/243
University of Colorado
2.
Hassan, Marc.
External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects.
Degree: MS, 2012, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/247
► Over the past few decades, the proportion of international development projects that have been successful has remained low across development agencies. In recent years, researchers…
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▼ Over the past few decades, the proportion of international development projects that have been successful has remained low across development agencies. In recent years, researchers have explored Critical Success Factors for international development projects in an attempt to explain and fix this disappointing project performance. Most of the research has been concerned with project-level factors, such as quality of monitoring, coordination and design, and many of these factors have been shown to be positively related
to success. However, projects do not take place in a bubble; they are part of a complex system made up of people, governments and nature. Therefore, this study considers factors of the larger external environment, such as governance and economy. Using project data
from the World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group and country-level indicators from various sources, Principal Component Analysis identifies five components that describe World Bank projects: Governance, Industrialization, Economical, Technical, and
Environmental. Regression shows that good governance and a high level of industrialization are strongly related to better project performance. This study explores these relationships for various project sectors and regions. Finally, this research concludes that unfavorable external conditions can be offset by improved World Bank supervision, which is associated with substantially higher project success rates.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bernard Amadei, Rajagopalan Balaji, Rita Klees.
Subjects/Keywords: critical success factors; international development; project performance; world bank; Applied Statistics; Civil Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Hassan, M. (2012). External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/247
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Hassan, Marc. “External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects.” 2012. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/247.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Hassan, Marc. “External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects.” 2012. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Hassan M. External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2012. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/247.
Council of Science Editors:
Hassan M. External Environment as a Critical Success Factor in World Bank Projects. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2012. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/247
University of Colorado
3.
Schweikert, Amy E.
The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making.
Degree: MS, 2013, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/277
► Rural roads and transport infrastructure play a crucial role in the larger development picture. These physical assets have non-economic impacts including reaching goals such…
(more)
▼ Rural roads and transport infrastructure play a crucial role in the larger development picture. These physical assets have non-economic impacts including reaching goals such as reducing poverty, increasing access to health centers and schools, expansion of agricultural and non-farm economic activities, increasing political participation, access to information, and can play a role in reducing the traditional taboos that engender discrimination of women and minority groups.
However, there remains a disconnect between these potential benefits and their implementation in policy decisions. The inclusion of social benefits in rural road investment prioritization has not become a routine part of the decision making process of policy makers and infrastructure planners. Several reasons contribute to this, including a focus on economic justification and return on investment, as well as the difficult and often impossible task of fully isolating the impact of indirect and induced impact of road infrastructure on the larger development picture.
However, simply ignoring the larger impact of rural road infrastructure because of difficulty in quantifying the impacts fails to fully seize the opportunity to contribute to larger development goals in transport planning. The purpose of this thesis is to create a metric called the
Social Impact Score (SIS). Building on three main pillars of research, the SIS seeks to fill the gap between well-established case study literature highlighting the importance of rural roads and the inclusion of these considerations at the national infrastructure policy level.
The metric was designed in conjunction with other analysis tools, including a life-cycle analysis on road maintenance and construction under current and future climate scenarios.
The information provided by the SIS will serve national level policy makers as an important step in expanding the criteria and justification used to allocate investments in rural road infrastructure, based upon a sustainable life-cycle perspective and more holistic development impact. The `further research' section discusses the use of the SIS as a tool that can highlight areas where further research may be needed or desired at a sub-national level.
Advisors/Committee Members: Paul Chinowsky, Bernard Amadei, Rita Klees.
Subjects/Keywords: infrastructure planning; infrastructure policy; rural roads; social impact; South Africa; Civil Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Schweikert, A. E. (2013). The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/277
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Schweikert, Amy E. “The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/277.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Schweikert, Amy E. “The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making.” 2013. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Schweikert AE. The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/277.
Council of Science Editors:
Schweikert AE. The Social Impact Score: a Framework for Including Social Benefits in Rural Road Prioritization Investments and Decision Making. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2013. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/277
University of Colorado
4.
Neethling, Jeanette Erika.
Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery.
Degree: MS, 2015, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/145
► Urine-diverting toilets are a common method to collect human waste and recover valuable nutrients. While researchers have investigated methods to recover nutrients from urine,…
(more)
▼ Urine-diverting toilets are a common method to collect human waste and recover valuable nutrients. While researchers have investigated methods to recover nutrients from urine, most of these methods utilize stored urine that is held in large storage tanks and has undergone the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia (ureolysis), causing spontaneous precipitation of some phosphate and release of odorous NH3. Continuous-flow applications with fresh and stored urine can decrease the need for urine storage and supplement nutrient recovery technologies. Two experimental designs were used to analyze continuous-flow applications for urine management: (1) an engineered ureolysis biological filter and (2) solid media phosphate recovery filter. Two biological filters were fed fresh urine, and bacteria producing urease encouraged ureolysis. Maximum ureolysis rates were 66.9 kg N/m3/day for the column filled with biofilm carriers sampled from a wastewater treatment plant (“activated”) and 7.52 kg N/m3/day for the column filled with fresh carriers (“urine-only”). Urea decay demonstrated a first-order rate constant of 0.036 min-1 in the activated column. While increasing urine concentration had little effect on overall ureolysis rate in the columns, it increased solids build-up in the columns. Based on these data, biological filters can be designed for flow rate, cross-sectional area, and total volume to control the amount of ammonia entering nutrient recovery schemes for various process requirements. Additionally, DNA sequencing of microbial communities over time displayed a decrease incommunity diversity in the activated column, with Proteobacteria dominating in themature column, specifically Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, and Pseudomadales. Solid phosphate recovery experiments packed columns with various magnesiumcontaining media and pumped ureolyzed urine through them. In a test with 1 liter of urine, magnesium sulfate and compost mixture captured 0.17 moles phosphorus per mole of magnesium initially present in the media; magnesium-rich soil captured 0.12 moles P per mole Mg; and dolomite stone captured 0.027 moles P per mole Mg. Due to leaching of magnesium from the solid phase into the liquid effluent, a sharp decrease in phosphorus recovery occurred after ~3 hours for magnesium sulfate and 5 minutes for soil.
Advisors/Committee Members: Karl G. Linden, Rita Klees, Jason Ren.
Subjects/Keywords: nutrient recovery; sanitation; struvite; ureolysis; urine; urine-diversion
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APA (6th Edition):
Neethling, J. E. (2015). Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/145
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Neethling, Jeanette Erika. “Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/145.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Neethling, Jeanette Erika. “Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery.” 2015. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Neethling JE. Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/145.
Council of Science Editors:
Neethling JE. Continuous Flow Applications for Managing Source-Separated Urine Nutrient Recovery. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2015. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/145
University of Colorado
5.
Walters, Jeffrey Paul.
A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries.
Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/142
► Failure of rural water infrastructure in developing countries is often caused by the systemic interaction of technical, social, financial, institutional, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, current…
(more)
▼ Failure of rural water infrastructure in developing countries is often caused by the systemic interaction of technical, social, financial, institutional, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, current approaches for the planning and evaluation of sustainable rural water services in developing countries are unable to adequately interpret and adapt to the complex interactions of these factors. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate a systems approach to better consider these inherent complexities through modeling the systemic interaction of influential factors. The overarching research question asks how do factors interact as a system to influence rural water system sustainability in developing countries? To answer this question, this research began with a systematic review of water sector literature to identify factors that influence the long-term functionality of rural water infrastructure in developing countries. Through this systematic literature review, it was possible to identify a list of important factors the author called “sustainability factors”. Using a panel of water sector experts involved in Delphi survey and cross impact questionnaire study, it was then possible to model the interaction of these sustainability factors as a system. The culmination of this work (Chapter 2) presented a causal loop diagram that described the critical areas of factor interaction by identifying dominant feedback mechanisms. The dominant feedback mechanism was found to influence water system functionality through the community involvement with system maintenance, proper finances for operation and maintenance, and effective water system management. However, the study also found a multitude of feedback mechanisms that could be equally influential within a particular regional context. Thus, the next step of this research entailed the use of focus groups to gather opinion-based data on factor interaction from water project stakeholders in Terrabona, Nicaragua. This work (Chapter 3) allowed for context-based evaluation of factor influences in the form of stakeholder value networks. Specifically, this study presented a compelling use of systems diagramming to gain insight into stakeholder alignment. This study ended with a petition for future research that would verify whether these stakeholder value networks truly provide accurate representations of stakeholder alignment compared with the true interaction of factors that influence rural water system functionality in the field. As such, the last step of this research was to identify field-based factor interaction using field-based evidence from water systems in Darío and Terrabona, Nicaracua (Chapter 4). Using graphical modeling, this last study used interview data gathered from water committee members to build factor networks based on conditional dependence between factors. The study showed a dramatic difference in factor interaction between Darío and Terrabona, and demonstrated the impact of regional context on factor influence. In summary, this doctoral research…
Advisors/Committee Members: Bernard Amadei, Amy Javernick-Will, Paul Chinowsky, Rita Klees, Susan Bolton.
Subjects/Keywords: developing countries; rural water services; sustainability; systems; Management and Operations; Sustainability; Water Resource Management
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APA (6th Edition):
Walters, J. P. (2015). A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/142
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Walters, Jeffrey Paul. “A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/142.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Walters, Jeffrey Paul. “A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries.” 2015. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Walters JP. A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/142.
Council of Science Editors:
Walters JP. A Systems Approach to Sustainable Rural Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2015. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/142
University of Colorado
6.
Teipel, Elisa.
From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites.
Degree: PhD, 2014, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/149
► Rural communities in developing countries are most vulnerable to the plight of requiring repeated infusions of charitable aid over time. Micro-business opportunities that effectively…
(more)
▼ Rural communities in developing countries are most vulnerable to the plight of requiring repeated infusions of charitable aid over time. Micro-business opportunities that effectively break the cycle of poverty in resource-rich countries in the developing world are limited. However, a strong model for global commerce can break the cycle of donor-based economic supplements and limited local economic growth. Sustainable economic development can materialize when a robust framework combines engineering with the generous investment of profits back into the community. This research presents a novel, systems-based approach to sustainable community development in which a waste-to-resource methodology catalyzes the disruption of rural poverty. The framework developed in this thesis was applied to the rural communities of Cagmanaba and Badian, Philippines. An initial assessment of these communities showed that community members are extremely poor, but they possess an abundant natural resource: coconuts. The various parts of the coconut offer excellent potential value in global commerce. Today the sale of coconut water is on the rise, and coconut oil is an established $3 billion market annually that is also growing rapidly. Since these current industries harvest only two parts of the coconut (meat and water), the 50 billion coconuts that grow annually leave behind approximately 100 billion pounds of coconut shell and husk as agricultural waste. Coconuts thus provide an opportunity to create and test a waste-to-resource model. Intensive materials analysis, research, development, and optimization proved that coconut shell, currently burned as a fuel or discarded as agricultural waste, can be manufactured into high-grade coconut shell powder (CSP), which can be a viable filler in polymeric composites. This framework was modeled and tested as a case study in a manufacturing facility known as a Community Transformation Plant (CTP) in Cagmanaba, Philippines. The CTP enables local creation of globally viable products from agricultural waste. This researcher seeks to encourage the propagation of CTPs throughout developing communities worldwide, each profiting from its own waste-to-resource value.
Advisors/Committee Members: Bernard Amadei, Walter Bradley, Don Byker, Paul Chinowsky, Rita Klees.
Subjects/Keywords: coconuts; polymeric composites; sustainable community development; sustainable development; systems thinking; waste to resource; Civil Engineering; Materials Science and Engineering; Systems and Integrative Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Teipel, E. (2014). From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/149
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Teipel, Elisa. “From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/149.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Teipel, Elisa. “From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites.” 2014. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Teipel E. From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2014. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/149.
Council of Science Editors:
Teipel E. From Waste to Resource: A Systems-based Approach to Sustainable Community Development through Equitable Enterprise and Agriculturally Derived Polymeric Composites. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2014. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/149
University of Colorado
7.
Kohler, Laura Elizabeth.
Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk.
Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/440
► By 2050, it has been estimated that 70 percent of the world’s population will live in cities, concentrating waste as well as local environmental…
(more)
▼ By 2050, it has been estimated that 70 percent of the world’s population will live in cities, concentrating waste as well as local environmental stresses. At the same time, decentralized approaches to sanitation are projected to grow due to the capital cost of sewers and centralized treatment facilities. Yet the common belief that technology will assure the performance of on-site systems over their life cycle may lead to significant underestimation of the actual risks to public and environmental health from owner-operated residential sanitation systems. Safe on-site storage, transformation and disposal of human waste require knowledge of how factors such as individual ownership, operations and management, and scale impact wastewater treatment reliability, risk and resilience under both normal and extreme conditions. This dissertation research is developed to fill a gap in performance-based knowledge of OWTS function, especially the likelihood of system failure over lifetime operation. As such, a data-based investigation of highly decentralized and privatized wastewater management represented by on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) was conducted using data from OWTS located in Boulder County,
Colorado. Data were acquired from County maintained repair permit application records, inspection documentation, and property attributes. Methods are developed to quantitatively diagnose components that determine OWTS life cycle performance such as reliability, risk, fragility, and resilience by applying commonly used statistical modeling approaches based on the Generalized Linear Model regression method. Statistical modeling is then applied to analyze two conditions not controlled by current OWTS design and siting regulations: owner behavior and weather-related hazards. Statistical model results confirm that owner-operations significantly affect life cycle OWTS functionality. Specifically, the results indicate the significant benefit of regulated inspections and maintenance as means to ensure that once installed, these systems continue to perform reliably and cost-effectively over their lifetime. Although a significant public information campaign (SepticSmart) has been maintained by the Boulder County Public Health Department, it is evident from the regression analysis that relying solely on public education about the importance of practices such as regular inspection and maintenance is insufficient to positively influence private owners’ decisions and prevent generation of externalities such as contaminant release from failed OWTS. A resilience framework is developed to demonstrate the degree to which decentralization influences systematic OWTS vulnerability to weather – both wetter-than-average conditions and extreme storm events, independent of individual OWTS operations. Widespread natural hazards such as flooding are found to affect the frequency and degree to which OWTS function is lost, and more importantly delay their recovery, attributable in part, to a demand surge for both materials…
Advisors/Committee Members: JoAnn Silverstein, Balaji Rajagopalan, Rita Klees, Jessica Kaminsky, Paul Chinowsky.
Subjects/Keywords: life cycle performance; on-site wastewater treatment systems; resilience; risk; septic systems; statistical modeling; Applied Statistics; Civil Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Kohler, L. E. (2017). Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/440
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kohler, Laura Elizabeth. “Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/440.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kohler, Laura Elizabeth. “Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk.” 2017. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Kohler LE. Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/440.
Council of Science Editors:
Kohler LE. Statistical Modeling of On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Life Cycle Performance and Risk. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/440
University of Colorado
8.
Mostafa, Simón.
Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems.
Degree: PhD, 2015, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/158
► Photochemical processes initiated by sunlight irradiation in surface waters are known to influence a variety of environmentally-relevant processes by interacting with organic matter (OM),…
(more)
▼ Photochemical processes initiated by sunlight irradiation in surface waters are known to influence a variety of environmentally-relevant processes by interacting with organic matter (OM), microorganisms, and other water constituents. An important role of OM in water bodies is that of a photosensitizer in the formation of reactive intermediates (RI), including excited states, hydroxyl radicals (HȮ) and singlet oxygen (
1O
2). Such RI are known to react at relatively high rates with various organic contaminants and microbes, thus affecting their fate in the environment as well as natural treatment systems (NTS). This work contributes to the understanding of these relevant photochemical processes by looking at both the underlying mechanisms affecting the formation of RI and the effects of such processes upon microbial populations.
Concentrations of
1O
2 ([
1O
2]ss) and quantum yields (Φso) were determined for OM present in or derived from wastewater (WWOM). Both size fractionation of WWOM and its chemical oxidation resulted in increases in Φso. The correlations between the photosensitizing properties of WWOM and optical characteristics (e.g., absorbance, E2:E3 ratio) are evaluated and a model for the prediction of [
1O
2]ss is proposed.
Photophysical and photochemical processes of OM of distinct origins and molecular sizes were further evaluated through the analysis of absorbance, fluorescence, and the formation of various RI of interest. Larger size fractions displayed higher absorptivity that extends further into the visible region while smaller components displayed higher quantum yields for fluorescence and all RI measured. Possible explanations for the observed results are proposed based on the increased prevalence of non-radiative energy decay processes in larger OM molecules.
The influence of OM on the photoinactivation of
Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated under simulated sunlight due to their relevance for disinfection in NTS. The presence of OM resulted in increased inactivation rates compared to sensitizer-free experiments, suggesting that its role as a photosensitizer is greater than its impact in shielding microorganisms from light. Estimations of the endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates of
E. faecalis as a function of depth in the presence of OM are presented and the implications of these results in the design of NTS are discussed.
Advisors/Committee Members: Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, Karl G. Linden, Diane M. McKnight, Rita Klees, Kara L. Nelson.
Subjects/Keywords: natural treatment systems; photochemistry; photoinactivation; wastewater; Environmental Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Mostafa, S. (2015). Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/158
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Mostafa, Simón. “Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/158.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Mostafa, Simón. “Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems.” 2015. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Mostafa S. Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2015. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/158.
Council of Science Editors:
Mostafa S. Sunlight-induced Photochemical Processes in Natural and Wastewater Treatment Systems. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2015. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/158
University of Colorado
9.
Leite Lobo, Fernanda.
Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation.
Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/372
► In order to develop communities in a sustainable manner it is necessary to think about how to provide basic and affordable services including sanitation…
(more)
▼ In order to develop communities in a sustainable manner it is necessary to think about how to provide basic and affordable services including sanitation and electricity. Wastewater has energy embedded in the form biodegradable organic matter, but most of the conventional systems use external energy to treat the wastewater instead of harvest its energy. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are unique systems that are capable of converting chemical energy of biodegradable substrates embedded in the waste materials into renewable electricity. Even though the technology showed great progress, the direct electrical energy output from MFC reactors is still very low and the electrical interface with microbial activities is not well understood. In this work, I investigated the development and deployment of energy management systems to improve energy harvesting of microbial fuel cells during wastewater treatment. The specific studies presented in this dissertation consist of the first AC power generation from microbial fuel cells, the development of harvesting strategies to maximize microbial fuel cell performance in different conditions, and the understanding of microbial community and activities under different harvesting conditions. To enable the application of MFC technology for treating actual wastewaters and providing net electricity output, I also investigated the integration of AC-powered electrocoagulation with granular biochar to treat hydraulic fracturing water, and I used the electricity generated by MFCs to directly power electrocoagulation for oily wastewater treatment, achieving energy positive wastewater treatment for distributed applications. System scale up and integration will be next steps for technology development.
Advisors/Committee Members: Zhiyong "Jason" Ren, Mark Hernandez, JoAnn Silverstein, Rita Klees, Jae-Do Park.
Subjects/Keywords: electroactive bacteria; electrocoagulation; energy harvesting; microbial community; microbial fuel cell; wastewater treatment; Environmental Engineering; Power and Energy; Sustainability
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APA (6th Edition):
Leite Lobo, F. (2018). Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/372
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Leite Lobo, Fernanda. “Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/372.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Leite Lobo, Fernanda. “Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation.” 2018. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Leite Lobo F. Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/372.
Council of Science Editors:
Leite Lobo F. Energy Management of Microbial Fuel Cells for High Efficiency Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/372
University of Colorado
10.
Chatterley, Christie.
Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries.
Degree: PhD, 2013, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/336
► The continued maintenance of sanitation services post-implementation is a persistent challenge in less-developed countries that can often negate the anticipated health and economic impacts…
(more)
▼ The continued maintenance of sanitation services post-implementation is a persistent challenge in less-developed countries that can often negate the anticipated health and economic impacts of sanitation investments. The school setting, in particular, may present an even greater test of service longevity due to the greater number and rapid turnover of stakeholders. In response, a number of drivers of well-maintained services have been posited in white and grey literature. However, there is a surfeit of factors and we lack evidence of which conditions are
necessary and
sufficient for continued service provision over time. This dissertation analyzes case schools in Peru, Belize, and Bangladesh to identify causal pathways to continued (and discontinued) maintenance of school sanitation services post-intervention. A novel method, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, facilitates the evaluation of collective influences and offers multiple models or a "roadmap" of conditions that provide high likelihood for continued maintenance of school sanitation.
Barriers and pathways to well-managed school sanitation are discussed for each study location specifically, followed by a multi-country cross-case fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to provide more generalizable results. Based on case data from Peru, Belize and Bangladesh, two sufficient pathways to well-maintained school sanitation are identified as well as three pathways to poorly maintained services. Both pathways to well-maintained sanitation include high quality construction and local involvement in planning and construction, in combination with a local champion in one pathway and with financial support from the government and community in the second. All sufficient pathways to poorly maintained services include the absence of financial support from either the government, community or both, indicating the significance of reliable financial access to on-going maintenance and the negative impact that the absence of support for recurrent costs can have on capital investment.
This dissertation provides empirical evidence for multiple sufficient pathways to well-managed (and poorly managed) school sanitation in Peru, Belize and Bangladesh. The research methods and findings may have widespread implications for improving the reliability of sanitation and hygiene service provision in low-income schools, increasing potential for positive health and education impacts, as well as more effective resource utilization.
Advisors/Committee Members: Karl G. Linden, Amy Javernick-Will, JoAnn Silverstein, Rita Klees, Ned Breslin.
Subjects/Keywords: handwashing; hygiene; qualitative comparative analysis; school sanitation; sustainability; water; Civil Engineering; Environmental Engineering
Record Details
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Cite
Share »
Record Details
Similar Records
Cite
« Share
❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Chatterley, C. (2013). Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/336
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Chatterley, Christie. “Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed December 08, 2019.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/336.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Chatterley, Christie. “Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries.” 2013. Web. 08 Dec 2019.
Vancouver:
Chatterley C. Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2013. [cited 2019 Dec 08].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/336.
Council of Science Editors:
Chatterley C. Identifying Pathways to Well-Managed School Sanitation Services in Low-Income Countries. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2013. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/336
. 
Open Access Theses and Dissertations