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University of Colorado
1.
Hyncicova, Petra.
The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing.
Degree: MS, 2018, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/70 
► The optimal length, mass, and stiffness of poles are still a matter of debate in modern cross-country ski racing. Therefore, this study examined the effect…
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▼ The optimal length, mass, and stiffness of poles are still a matter of debate in modern cross-country ski racing. Therefore, this study examined the effect of adding pole mass on the metabolic cost and poling frequency during cross-country skiing with the double poling technique. Twelve sub-elite cross-country skiers performed 5-minute roller skiing trials on a motorized treadmill with three different added masses (50g, 100g, 150g) at the center of mass of the pole and with 100g at pole grip. We calculated metabolic rate from the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. We measured poling frequency by counting the number of cycles in 30 seconds twice in each trial and averaged them. Subjects also rated their perceived exertion (RPE) of five different muscle groups (forearm, biceps, triceps, upper back, and lower back). Added mass at the pole shaft significantly increased the oxygen uptake by 1.8% per 100g added and metabolic power by 2.2% per 100g added, while poling frequency significantly decreased by 2.6% per 100g added (<i>p</i> < .05). In terms of metabolic cost and frequency, there were no significant differences between added mass at the pole shaft vs. at the pole grip. Participants reported greater RPE (for all muscle groups) when double poling with +100g or +150g on their poles compared to baseline. Further, RPE was significantly greater in all muscle groups (except upper back) when double poling with +100g on each pole shaft vs. 100g at each pole grip. In conclusion, during roller skiing adding mass to the center of mass of the pole shaft increases oxygen uptake, metabolic power, and RPE and decreases poling frequency.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rodger Kram, Alena Grabowski, Teresa Foley.
Subjects/Keywords: cross-country skiing; double poling; mass; metabolic cost; pole; Biomechanics; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Hyncicova, P. (2018). The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/70
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Hyncicova, Petra. “The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/70.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Hyncicova, Petra. “The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Hyncicova P. The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/70.
Council of Science Editors:
Hyncicova P. The Effect of Added Pole Mass on the Metabolic Cost of Cross-Country Skiing. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/70
University of Colorado
2.
Allen, Stephen.
Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs.
Degree: MS, 2018, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/72
► A previous study found that when humans hop on both legs with exoskeletal springs in parallel with the legs, net metabolic power decreases compared to…
(more)
▼ A previous study found that when humans hop on both legs with exoskeletal springs in parallel with the legs, net metabolic power decreases compared to normal hopping. Further, they retained near constant overall vertical stiffness. Here, I quantified the biomechanics and metabolic costs of 10 subjects (3F) who hopped on both legs normally and using a passive-elastic exoskeleton with three different spring stiffness profiles in parallel to the legs at 2.4-3.0 Hz. The springs had degressive (<i>DG</i> – stiff then compliant), linear (<i>LN</i>), or progressive (<i>PG</i> – compliant then stiff) stiffness. Compared to normal hopping (<i>NH</i>) at 2.4 – 3.0 Hz, use of the exoskeleton with <i>DG</i> stiffness reduced net metabolic power (<i>P
met</i>) by 13-24%, <i>LN</i> stiffness reduced <i>P
met</i> by 4-12%, and <i>PG</i> stiffness increased <i>P
met</i> by 0-8%. <i>P
met</i> was significantly reduced when using the exoskeleton with <i>DG</i> stiffness compared to <i>NH</i> at 2.4-2.6 Hz (p≤0.0135). Dimensionless vertical stiffness remained invariant while hopping with an exoskeleton compared to <i>NH</i>, except when using the exoskeleton with <i>DG</i> and <i>LN</i> spring stiffness at 2.8 Hz (p<0.005). Peak vertical ground reaction force was 9-24% lower (p≤0.0008) and center of mass displacement was 6-12% lower (p≤0.0013) at 2.4-3.0 Hz when using the exoskeleton with <i>DG</i> stiffness compared to <i>NH</i>. Hopping with an exoskeleton with <i>DG</i> stiffness provided the greatest elastic energy return (<i>EE</i>), followed by <i>LN</i> and <i>PG</i> (p<0.001). Future designs of passive-elastic exoskeletons used for bouncing gaits should consider using <i>DG</i> or <i>LN</i> stiffness profiles rather than <i>PG</i> stiffness to minimize metabolic costs.
Advisors/Committee Members: Alena Grabowski, Rodger Kram, Kota Takahashi.
Subjects/Keywords: assistive devices; bouncing gaits; energetics; exoskeleton; spring mass model; spring type; Biomechanics; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Allen, S. (2018). Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/72
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Allen, Stephen. “Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/72.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Allen, Stephen. “Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Allen S. Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/72.
Council of Science Editors:
Allen S. Leg Stiffness and the Metabolic Cost of Hopping with Different Exoskeleton Spring Stiffness Profiles in Parallel to the Legs. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/72
University of Colorado
3.
Batliner, Matthew Emmanuel.
A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2013, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/18
► We measured the gross rates of oxygen consumption (VO2, mlO2.kg-1.min-1) and energy expenditure (E, kcals.kg-1.min-1), and determined the oxygen (O2COT, mlO2.kg-1.km-1) and energetic (ECOT,…
(more)
▼ We measured the gross rates of oxygen consumption (VO2, mlO2.kg-1.min-1) and energy expenditure (E, kcals.kg-1.min-1), and determined the oxygen (O2COT, mlO2.kg-1.km-1) and energetic (ECOT, kcals.kg-1.km-1) costs of transport in Average and Elite runners over a wide range of submaximal speeds. Stride frequency (SF) and length (SL) were measured at each running speed. Ten Average (10 km run time=40-60 min) and 10 Elite (10 km run time
Advisors/Committee Members: William Byrnes, Rodger Kram, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Batliner, M. E. (2013). A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/18
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Batliner, Matthew Emmanuel. “A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners.” 2013. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/18.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Batliner, Matthew Emmanuel. “A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners.” 2013. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Batliner ME. A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/18.
Council of Science Editors:
Batliner ME. A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2013. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/18
University of Colorado
4.
Pham, Bryant.
The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2016, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/46
► I investigated the ground reaction forces (GRF), stride kinematics and metabolic cost of skateboarding on an instrumented treadmill. Superficially, skateboarding appears to be a…
(more)
▼ I investigated the ground reaction forces (GRF), stride kinematics and metabolic cost of skateboarding on an instrumented treadmill. Superficially, skateboarding appears to be a hybrid of walking, running, and cross-country skiing. I hypothesized that the push-foot in skateboarding would exhibit a vertical GRF peak similar in shape to running but with a lower magnitude. Further I hypothesized that the push-foot would exhibit greater propulsive GRF than braking GRF. Regarding stride kinematics, I hypothesized that skateboarders would increase their stride length (sL) at faster speeds. Finally, I hypothesized that skateboarding would have a smaller metabolic cost compared to walking and running at comparable speeds. Subjects (9 males/2 females) skateboarded on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00 m*sec
-1, walked at 1.25m*sec
-1, and ran at 3.0m*sec
-1. Upon GRF analysis, I discovered two distinctly different groups of skateboarders: subjects who demonstrated a braking force (“brakers”) and subjects that did not (“non-brakers”). The peak vertical and horizontal GRF for brakers resembled running with half of the magnitude. Both groups showed decreased SF at faster speeds, but brakers used slower SF than non-brakers. Walking and skateboarding 1.25m*sec
-1 had the same metabolic cost at but at 3.0m*sec
-1, skateboarding required approximately half the metabolic cost of running. Skateboarding is a unique mode of locomotion, with two distinctly different forms, that allows a person to move at a running velocity with the GRF and metabolic cost of walking.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rodger Kram, Alena Grabowski, William Byrnes.
Subjects/Keywords: Biomechanics; Energetics; Skateboarding; Exercise Physiology; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Pham, B. (2016). The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/46
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Pham, Bryant. “The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/46.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Pham, Bryant. “The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Pham B. The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/46.
Council of Science Editors:
Pham B. The Biomechanics and Energetics of Skateboarding. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/46
University of Colorado
5.
Angiolillo, Albert L.
Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2016, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/47
► The metabolic power required to walk over level ground is determined by two primary mechanical tasks: body weight (BW) support and work done on…
(more)
▼ The metabolic power required to walk over level ground is determined by two primary mechanical tasks: body weight (BW) support and work done on the center of mass. However, it is not yet known how weight and mass contribute to metabolic power with varying uphill and downhill slopes. We hypothesized that BW and mass would each require significant, but opposing metabolic contributions to walk on uphill versus downhill slopes. We tested our hypotheses by measuring metabolic rates in 10 healthy subjects as they walked for 5 minutes under four general conditions: unaltered (UA), with reduced weight using simulated reduced gravity, added weight, and added mass alone. Participants walked under each of these conditions on level ground (0°), uphill (+3° and +6°), and downhill (-3° and -6°) slopes. We found that the percentage of net metabolic power (NMP) due to BW increased significantly from 19 ± 18.4% on level ground up to 77 ± 7.5% at +6°. Whereas the percentage of NMP due to BW, albeit not significantly different from level ground, was -5.0 ± 22.6% and 2.9 ± 37.6% at -3° and -6°, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of NMP due to mass was 29 ± 14.3% on level ground, 18 ± 12.2% at +6°, and 44 ± 17.0% at -6°. In summary, we found that at steeper uphill slopes only, the percentage of NMP due to BW significantly increased. However, the percentage of NMP due to mass was not significantly different at any slopes compared to level ground.
Advisors/Committee Members: Alena Grabowski, Rodger Kram, William Byrnes.
Subjects/Keywords: center of mass; energy; Biomechanics
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APA (6th Edition):
Angiolillo, A. L. (2016). Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/47
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Angiolillo, Albert L. “Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/47.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Angiolillo, Albert L. “Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Angiolillo AL. Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/47.
Council of Science Editors:
Angiolillo AL. Metabolic Cost Contributions of Weight and Mass in Sloped Walking. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/47
University of Colorado
6.
Kearns, John, III.
A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton.
Degree: MS, Mechanical Engineering, 2016, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/122
► Several research groups have pursued the development of a device capable of improving a human’s running ability. In 2009, Grabowski and Herr developed a…
(more)
▼ Several research groups have pursued the development of a device capable of improving a human’s running ability. In 2009,
Grabowski and Herr developed a passive-elastic leg exoskeleton that reduced the metabolic demand of hopping (an analogue to running) by 19 to 28% across a range of hopping frequencies. They implemented bow springs that had a nonlinear, decreasing stiffness. No study has addressed if other spring behaviors could be more effective. In the present study, three exoskeleton spring types were developed with linear, progressively increasing, and progressively decreasing stiffness profiles. The effort of hopping in place was studied for each profile and compared to hopping with no exoskeleton in three subjects. It was hypothesized that a linear profile that matches the stiffness of the leg would result in the lowest metabolic power. Instead, the gradually decreasing stiffness was most effective, reducing metabolic power for one subject by up to 32%.
Advisors/Committee Members: Mark Rentschler, Alena Grabowski, Daria Kotys-Schwartz.
Subjects/Keywords: Biomechanics; Exoskeleton; Leg; running; stiffness; spring; Biomechanical Engineering
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APA (6th Edition):
Kearns, John, I. (2016). A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/122
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kearns, John, III. “A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton.” 2016. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/122.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kearns, John, III. “A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton.” 2016. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Kearns, John I. A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/122.
Council of Science Editors:
Kearns, John I. A Comparison of Spring Stiffness Profiles for Use in a Passive-Elastic Leg Exoskeleton. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2016. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/mcen_gradetds/122
University of Colorado
7.
Kipp, Shalaya.
Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2017, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/55
► The ‘cost of generating force’ model proposes that a major determinant of metabolic rate during running is the rate of muscular force production. However, the…
(more)
▼ The ‘cost of generating force’ model proposes that a major determinant of metabolic rate during running is the rate of muscular force production. However, the amount of muscle force needed during running is affected by the effective mechanical advantage (EMA), the ratio of the ground reaction force moment arm (R) to the muscle moment arm (r), R/r. The ‘cost of generating force’ model assumed that EMA and active muscle volume remain constant across velocity. With this assumption, the cost of generating force hypothesis explains 80% of the linear increase in metabolic rate in human runners across a moderate velocity range. Additionally, many studies have demonstrated a linear relationship between metabolic rate and running velocity for a diverse assortment of species. However, in humans there is less of a consensus of how to mathematically characterize the relationship. Using 7 sub-elite male runners, I performed a more systematic analysis of EMA over 6 different velocities (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18km/hr) to explain both the remaining 20% and the curvilinear increase in metabolic rate. I hypothesized that the curvilinear metabolic rate pattern observed in elite runners at fast sub-maximal velocities can be explained by a decrease in EMA at the hip, knee and ankle joints, which necessitates a greater volume of active muscle recruitment. Over the velocity range, all subjects demonstrated a curvilinear increase in metabolic rate. Ankle EMA decreased by 14.5 ± 4.1%, while hip EMA showed the largest magnitude decrease of 51.2 ± 30.2%. Accordingly, the active volume of hip extensor muscles increased 50.1% from 448 ± 245 cm
3 to 898 ± 250cm
3 across the velocity range. The ankle extensor active muscle volume increased by 32.8% from 713 ±145cm
3 to 1061 ± 159cm
3. I extended the cost of generating force model and found that in human runners, metabolic rate is proportional to the rate of force generation multiplied by the volume of muscle activated.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rodger Kram, William Byrnes, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: Energetic Cost; Ground Reaction Forces; Joint Moments; Running Economy; Biomechanics; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Kipp, S. (2017). Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/55
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kipp, Shalaya. “Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/55.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kipp, Shalaya. “Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Kipp S. Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/55.
Council of Science Editors:
Kipp S. Why Does Metabolic Rate Increase Curvilinearly with Running Velocity?. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/55
University of Colorado
8.
Roseman, Alyssa.
The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2017, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58
► Focusing externally (outside the body) leads to better motor learning and performance than focusing internally (within the body), yet many coaches and other instructors still…
(more)
▼ Focusing externally (outside the body) leads to better motor learning and performance than focusing internally (within the body), yet many coaches and other instructors still use internal cues to teach. This is the first study to use electromyography (EMG) to assess the distance effect, to examine the benefit of a focus of attention (FOA) beyond a target, and to test the constrained action hypothesis in a stationary, dynamic task. Novice and expert martial artists kicked a force bag while acceleration (for the experts only) and EMG was recorded using different verbally cued foci of attention. Force-accuracy (F-A) and cocontraction were significantly higher in the distal external focus condition than in the other conditions. There was a negative correlation between F-A and cocontraction and a positive correlation between peak X acceleration and F-A in the distal external focus condition, suggesting that cocontraction may be beneficial in some circumstances, but not others.
Advisors/Committee Members: David Sherwood, Alaa Ahmed, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: attentional focus; expert; external; internal; martial arts; novice; Exercise Physiology; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Roseman, A. (2017). The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Roseman, Alyssa. “The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Roseman, Alyssa. “The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Roseman A. The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58.
Council of Science Editors:
Roseman A. The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58
University of Colorado
9.
Straw, Asher Hamilton.
The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces.
Degree: MS, 2017, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/67
► Bicycle suspension elements smooth the vibrations generated by irregularities in the road or trail surface. However, it is unknown whether the energy put into…
(more)
▼ Bicycle suspension elements smooth the vibrations generated by irregularities in the road or trail surface. However, it is unknown whether the energy put into the suspension system exacts a metabolic or mechanical cost. Here, I investigated the effects of suspension systems on the energetics and mechanics of riding bicycles on smooth uphill surfaces in both the sitting and standing positions. Chapter 1: Twelve male cyclists rode at 3.35m/s up a motorized treadmill inclined to 7% grade. All subjects used the same road bike equipped with a steering tube front suspension system. Each subject completed six 5 minute trials separated by 5-minute rest periods, with the suspension system in rigid (locked) and compliant settings. I measured their metabolic rates from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. I also measured their mechanical power outputs. In the sitting position, metabolic power averaged 13.10±0.54 (rigid) and 13.21±0.54 W/kg (compliant). Mechanical power averaged 2.83±0.06 W/kg in both conditions. During standing, metabolic power averaged 14.22±0.73 (rigid) and 14.17±0.81 W/kg (compliant). Mechanical power averaged 2.86±0.03 and 2.87±0.05 W/kg respectively. None of these differences were statistically significant. Chapter 2: Eight male and four female mountain bikers rode at 2.77m/s up a motorized treadmill inclined to 7% grade. Subjects rode a dual-suspension mountain bike. Each subject completed six 5 minute trials separated by 5-minute rest periods, with the suspension set to firm and soft conditions. I measured their metabolic rates from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. I also measured their mechanical power outputs. In the sitting position, metabolic power averaged 11.38±0.48 (firm) and 11.44±0.49 W/kg (soft). Mechanical power averaged 2.54±0.20 W/kg in both conditions. During standing, metabolic power averaged 12.46±0.62 (firm) and 12.63±0.90 W/kg (soft). Mechanical power averaged 2.57±0.21W/kg in both conditions. None of these differences were statistically significant. In conclusion, suspension systems in both road and mountain bikes had no effect (p>0.10) on the metabolic or mechanical power required for bicycle riding on smooth uphill surfaces in either seated or standing positions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rodger Kram, Thomas LaRocca, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: suspension; bicycles; metabolic rates; Biomechanics
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APA (6th Edition):
Straw, A. H. (2017). The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/67
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Straw, Asher Hamilton. “The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/67.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Straw, Asher Hamilton. “The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces.” 2017. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Straw AH. The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/67.
Council of Science Editors:
Straw AH. The Effects of Suspension on the Energetics and Mechanics of Riding Bicycles on Smooth Uphill Surfaces. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/67
University of Colorado
10.
Carahalios, Adam James.
An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling.
Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2015, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/43
► Two distinct studies were undertaken in order to examine the effects that both external weight distribution, and internal, bike-rider interface forces had on cyclists.…
(more)
▼ Two distinct studies were undertaken in order to examine the effects that both external weight distribution, and internal, bike-rider interface forces had on cyclists. The first section of the study looked at the bike-rider interface forces, and how they fluctuate during normal cycling; as well as how they vary with changes in rider power output, hand position, and cadence. In order to analyze these changes in isolation, three different studies were undertaken. The studies each examined 10 USAC Category 3 or better riders who were tested for 6 minute trials. Riders were tested with their hands on the tops, drops and hoods, with cadences of 60-90 RPM, and power outputs of 1-4 watts per kg. It was found that for each 1 W/kg power output increase, saddle forces decreased by 5.2 percentage points and bottom bracket forces increased by 3.3 percentage points. Cadence did not affect bike-rider interface forces. Shifting a rider's hands from the hoods to the tops and the drops increased the stem force by approximately 2 and 4 percentage points, respectively. The weight distribution study examined the effect of different bike fitting procedures on the bike-rider system, front/rear wheel, weight distribution. The study compared 13 amateur and 14 professional riders with four different fitting techniques. It was found that the Retül Fit weight distribution was 44.7%/55.3% front/rear and the Body Geometry Fit was 32.5%/61.5% front/rear. It was also found that the professional fit and the self-fit 40.4%/59.6%, and 38.5%/61.5% respectively, are similar (p=.9239).
Advisors/Committee Members: Rodger Kram, William C. Byrnes, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: BRIF; Cadence; Cycling; Force; Power; Weight Distribution; Physiology
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APA (6th Edition):
Carahalios, A. J. (2015). An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/43
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Carahalios, Adam James. “An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling.” 2015. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/43.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Carahalios, Adam James. “An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling.” 2015. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Carahalios AJ. An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/43.
Council of Science Editors:
Carahalios AJ. An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2015. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/43
University of Colorado
11.
Feeney, Daniel Francis.
The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.
Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80
► This dissertation comprises computational and experimental studies that examined the neuromuscular factors underlying differences in manual dexterity and mobility in health and disease. The…
(more)
▼ This dissertation comprises computational and experimental studies that examined the neuromuscular factors underlying differences in manual dexterity and mobility in health and disease. The first two studies developed models of motor unit force production. The first model used a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm to activate a pool of motor units to simulate the force trajectory during force-matching tasks. The second model comprised a probabilistic state-space model to estimate the common synaptic input to motor neurons based on the discharge times of action potentials by activated motor units. The state-space model demonstrated superior sensitivity compared with previous models. The next three studies examined manual dexterity and begin with the use of the state-space model to quantify variability in common synaptic input for young and older adults during isometric contractions, and how this variability related to performance on a pegboard test of manual dexterity. Variability in common synaptic input was significantly associated with the coefficient of variation for force during steady contractions (force steadiness) and with pegboard times in older adults. The source of the force fluctuations was evaluated by comparing force steadiness during voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. Force steadiness was worse for old adults than young adults during voluntary contractions, but there was no difference between age groups during the electrically evoked contractions. Thus, differences in force steadiness must arise from signal transduction in the central nervous system and not the periphery. The plasticity of pegboard performance was examined by comparing peg-manipulation characteristics of persons with multiple sclerosis to healthy controls. Grooved pegboard time for individuals with MS was most associated with the time to select a peg, whereas times for healthy controls were most related to peg transportation and selection. The last two studies examine the influence of an orthopedic problem (sacroiliac joint dysfunction) on movement patterns. These individuals exhibited a compromised muscle synergy when walking and greater movement asymmetries during a sit-to-stand task. This dissertation explored how common synaptic input influences force steadiness and manual dexterity, how multiple sclerosis alters manual dexterity, and how individuals with sacroiliac joint dysfunction differ from healthy controls during walking and sit-to-stand tasks.
Advisors/Committee Members: Roger M. Enoka, Francois Meyer, Alaa Ahmed, Rodger Kram, Alena Grabowski.
Subjects/Keywords: computational model; motor unit; pid controller; synergies; muscle synergy; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Neurosciences; Physiology
Record Details
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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CSE |
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Feeney, D. F. (2018). The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Feeney, Daniel Francis. “The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Feeney, Daniel Francis. “The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Feeney DF. The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80.
Council of Science Editors:
Feeney DF. The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80
University of Colorado
12.
Capobianco, Robyn Ann.
Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.
Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Colorado
URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81
► Human movement is controlled by the dynamic interplay between sensory input and motor output. Varying sensory input, either deliberately through manipulation, or unintentionally via…
(more)
▼ Human movement is controlled by the dynamic interplay between sensory input and motor output. Varying sensory input, either deliberately through manipulation, or unintentionally via pain or injury, will alter the outgoing motor command and subsequent movement patterns. My dissertation examined these interactions by evaluating sensory-mediated changes in flexibility and assessing movement in the presence of musculoskeletal disorders with associated joint-related pain. In our first two studies, we explored changes in flexibility with sensory stimulation. First, we assessed the influence of adding transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or self-massage using therapy balls to a stretching intervention of the plantar flexor muscles on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, muscle activity, and muscle force. Although there was no influence of TENS, the addition of self-massage doubled the increase in range of motion achieved relative to stretching alone. Gains were more pronounced in less flexible individuals. Surprisingly, self-massage also increased plantar flexor maximal voluntary torque. To further explore the underlying mechanisms, we conducted a follow-up study that evaluated stretching with and without the addition of self-massage. Due to the decline in flexibility across the lifespan, we also included middle-aged adults in the study. The results were similar to our first study. The addition of self-massage increased flexibility gains achieved with stretching alone in both young and middle-aged adults. With the addition of self-massage, middle-aged adults exhibited greater torque increases, which were associated with augmented muscle activity. In the second two studies, we explored movement patterns as a result of joint-related pain in persons with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) and compared them with healthy age-matched individuals. During a sit-to-stand task, individuals with SIJD had greater movement asymmetries including force loading rate when standing up, lower peak hip angle, and delayed onset of muscles key to stabilizing the joint. Furthermore, individuals with SIJD exhibited a significant reduction in the pattern of muscle activity from the painful side gluteus maximus and contralateral latissimus dorsi. The results of this dissertation underscore the importance of afferent input in modulating range of motion and coordinating movement during activities of daily living.
Advisors/Committee Members: Roger M. Enoka, Alaa Ahmed, Robert Mazzeo, Alena Grabowski, Erika Nelson-Wong.
Subjects/Keywords: gait; sacroiliac joint pain; self-massage; stretching; flexibility; Biomechanics; Neurosciences; Physiology
Record Details
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Record Details
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Capobianco, R. A. (2018). Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Capobianco, Robyn Ann. “Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 05, 2021.
https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Capobianco, Robyn Ann. “Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.” 2018. Web. 05 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Capobianco RA. Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 05].
Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81.
Council of Science Editors:
Capobianco RA. Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81
. 
Open Access Theses and Dissertations