+publisher:"University of Colorado" +contributor:("Alaa Ahmed")

University of Colorado

1. Pascoe, Michael Andrew. Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units.

Degree: PhD, Integrative Physiology, 2010, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/2

► The nervous system controls muscle force by modulating motor unit activity, which depends on the integration of synaptic input by the motor neurons. Due… (more)

▼ The nervous system controls muscle force by modulating motor unit activity, which depends on the integration of synaptic input by the motor neurons. Due to significant remodeling of synaptic inputs and intrinsic properties of motor neurons with advancing age, synaptic integration presumably differs between young and old adults and thereby influences the modulation of discharge rate. The purpose of this dissertation research was to examine the consequences of aging on motor unit discharge characteristics. The first project examined age-related differences in the amount of discharge variability in a hand muscle during index finger abduction tasks. The purpose was to examine the influence of motor unit discharge variability on the force fluctuations in a hand muscle of old adults. The results provided evidence that discharge variability, which was similar for young and old adults, had a significant influence on force fluctuations and that the extent of discharge rate modulation was reduced in old adults. The purpose of the second study was to determine how long motor unit activity could be sustained during a voluntary contraction in humans. The study examined changes in mean motor unit discharge rate and discharge variability for the duration that young and old adults were able to keep a motor unit discharging action potentials. Despite the absence of change in discharge rate for young adults, discharge variability exhibited a marked increase. The duration of motor unit activity in old adults was briefer, yet discharge variability increased to a similar extent as for young adults. The purpose of the third project was to compare the discharge characteristics of motor units recruited during an isometric contraction that was sustained with the elbow flexor muscles by old adults at target forces that were less than the recruitment threshold force of each isolated motor unit. In contrast to motor units in young adults that discharged action potentials either repetitively or intermittently depending on the magnitude of the target-force difference, the motor units of old adults discharged action potentials repetitively regardless of the target-force difference. These results indicate that the rate modulation capabilities of the motor unit pool for biceps brachii are reduced in old adults. The purpose of the fourth study was to compare the discharge characteristics of motor units when recruited during contractions that required young and old adults to maintain a constant elbow angle while supporting a compliant load that was less than the recruitment threshold force of each isolated motor unit. The results indicated that the discharge of motor units in old adults was not modulated by an increase in load compliance, whereas it was in young adults. These findings demonstrate that old adults have a reduced ability to modulate motor unit discharge rate, which must contribute to the decline in motor system performance with advancing age. Advisors/Committee Members: Roger M. Enoka, Katrina S. Maluf, Alaa Ahmed.

Subjects/Keywords: aging; discharge rate; discharge variability; motor unit; recruitment; voluntary contraction; Neurosciences; Physiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pascoe, M. A. (2010). Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/2

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pascoe, Michael Andrew. “Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units.” 2010. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/2.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pascoe, Michael Andrew. “Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units.” 2010. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Pascoe MA. Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/2.

Council of Science Editors:

Pascoe MA. Age-associated Differences in Discharge Rate Modulation of Human Motor Units. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2010. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/2

University of Colorado

2. Roseman, Alyssa. The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.

Degree: MS, Integrative Physiology, 2017, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58

► Focusing externally (outside the body) leads to better motor learning and performance than focusing internally (within the body), yet many coaches and other instructors still… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: attentional focus; expert; external; internal; martial arts; novice; Exercise Physiology; Physiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Roseman, A. (2017). The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. (Masters Thesis). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Roseman, Alyssa. “The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.” 2017. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Roseman, Alyssa. “The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists.” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Roseman A. The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58.

Council of Science Editors:

Roseman A. The Effect of Focus of Attention on Novice and Expert Martial Artists. [Masters Thesis]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/58

University of Colorado

3. Feeney, Daniel Francis. The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.

Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80

► This dissertation comprises computational and experimental studies that examined the neuromuscular factors underlying differences in manual dexterity and mobility in health and disease. The… (more)

▼ This dissertation comprises computational and experimental studies that examined the neuromuscular factors underlying differences in manual dexterity and mobility in health and disease. The first two studies developed models of motor unit force production. The first model used a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm to activate a pool of motor units to simulate the force trajectory during force-matching tasks. The second model comprised a probabilistic state-space model to estimate the common synaptic input to motor neurons based on the discharge times of action potentials by activated motor units. The state-space model demonstrated superior sensitivity compared with previous models. The next three studies examined manual dexterity and begin with the use of the state-space model to quantify variability in common synaptic input for young and older adults during isometric contractions, and how this variability related to performance on a pegboard test of manual dexterity. Variability in common synaptic input was significantly associated with the coefficient of variation for force during steady contractions (force steadiness) and with pegboard times in older adults. The source of the force fluctuations was evaluated by comparing force steadiness during voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. Force steadiness was worse for old adults than young adults during voluntary contractions, but there was no difference between age groups during the electrically evoked contractions. Thus, differences in force steadiness must arise from signal transduction in the central nervous system and not the periphery. The plasticity of pegboard performance was examined by comparing peg-manipulation characteristics of persons with multiple sclerosis to healthy controls. Grooved pegboard time for individuals with MS was most associated with the time to select a peg, whereas times for healthy controls were most related to peg transportation and selection. The last two studies examine the influence of an orthopedic problem (sacroiliac joint dysfunction) on movement patterns. These individuals exhibited a compromised muscle synergy when walking and greater movement asymmetries during a sit-to-stand task. This dissertation explored how common synaptic input influences force steadiness and manual dexterity, how multiple sclerosis alters manual dexterity, and how individuals with sacroiliac joint dysfunction differ from healthy controls during walking and sit-to-stand tasks. Advisors/Committee Members: Roger M. Enoka, Francois Meyer, Alaa Ahmed, Rodger Kram, Alena Grabowski.

Subjects/Keywords: computational model; motor unit; pid controller; synergies; muscle synergy; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Neurosciences; Physiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Feeney, D. F. (2018). The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Feeney, Daniel Francis. “The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Feeney, Daniel Francis. “The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies.” 2018. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Feeney DF. The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80.

Council of Science Editors:

Feeney DF. The Coordination of Movement from Motor Units to Muscle Synergies. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/80

University of Colorado

4. Mollick, Jessica. Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion.

Degree: PhD, 2017, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/125

► While many fMRI studies have focused on understanding which brain areas encode reward prediction errors, interpretation of these signals is difficult given that dopamine… (more)

▼ While many fMRI studies have focused on understanding which brain areas encode reward prediction errors, interpretation of these signals is difficult given that dopamine neurons also encode reward prediction errors, and send widespread modulatory signals throughout the brain. Using conditioned inhibition, where participants learn about a conditioned inhibitor that always cancels the expected reward, reduces these effects of dopamine, as dopamine neurons respond with an inhibition, or dopamine dip, to a conditioned inhibitor. These dip signals are driven by a brain region called the lateral habenula. In the conditioned inhibition fMRI study, we found evidence that the habenula responds to a conditioned inhibitor, and replicated prior studies showing activity for reward predictors in midbrain dopamine regions (SN/VTA). Next, using a biological model of the dopamine system, the PVLV model, with different pathways for dopamine for a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, and positive and negative valence learning, we test hypotheses about the sources of the BOLD signal. An analysis on the fMRI task found that the predicted absolute value of the dopamine from the model, meaning that an expected inhibition of dopamine neurons was converted to an increase in BOLD, was a good fit for the BOLD signals in midbrain dopamine regions, as well as downstream regions like the nucleus accumbens that receive dopamine. The absolute value of predicted dopamine in a pain learning task was also correlated with BOLD signals in the substantia nigra (SN), amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Another region involved in aversive learning is the PAG (periaqueductal gray), and we suggest that it reduces responses to an aversive US based on the level of expectation, rather than encoding a full prediction error signal. In the pain task, we found evidence for the PAG encoding a modulatory signal, and an expectation signal in the amygdala. This approach can help clarify some of the mixed findings on the reward prediction error encoding properties of the dopamine system and its role in reward and punishment learning. It can be applied to cases where risky decisions to pursue positive outcomes continue to be made in the face of potential aversive consequences. Advisors/Committee Members: Randall O'Reilly, Tor D. Wager, Michael Saddoris, McKell Carter, Alaa Ahmed.

Subjects/Keywords: aversive; computational modeling; dopamine; fMRI; neuroscience; reward; Neurosciences; Psychology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Mollick, J. (2017). Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/125

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mollick, Jessica. “Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/125.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mollick, Jessica. “Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion.” 2017. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Mollick J. Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/125.

Council of Science Editors:

Mollick J. Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Reward and Aversion. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2017. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/125

University of Colorado

5. Capobianco, Robyn Ann. Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.

Degree: PhD, 2018, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81

► Human movement is controlled by the dynamic interplay between sensory input and motor output. Varying sensory input, either deliberately through manipulation, or unintentionally via… (more)

▼ Human movement is controlled by the dynamic interplay between sensory input and motor output. Varying sensory input, either deliberately through manipulation, or unintentionally via pain or injury, will alter the outgoing motor command and subsequent movement patterns. My dissertation examined these interactions by evaluating sensory-mediated changes in flexibility and assessing movement in the presence of musculoskeletal disorders with associated joint-related pain. In our first two studies, we explored changes in flexibility with sensory stimulation. First, we assessed the influence of adding transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or self-massage using therapy balls to a stretching intervention of the plantar flexor muscles on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, muscle activity, and muscle force. Although there was no influence of TENS, the addition of self-massage doubled the increase in range of motion achieved relative to stretching alone. Gains were more pronounced in less flexible individuals. Surprisingly, self-massage also increased plantar flexor maximal voluntary torque. To further explore the underlying mechanisms, we conducted a follow-up study that evaluated stretching with and without the addition of self-massage. Due to the decline in flexibility across the lifespan, we also included middle-aged adults in the study. The results were similar to our first study. The addition of self-massage increased flexibility gains achieved with stretching alone in both young and middle-aged adults. With the addition of self-massage, middle-aged adults exhibited greater torque increases, which were associated with augmented muscle activity. In the second two studies, we explored movement patterns as a result of joint-related pain in persons with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) and compared them with healthy age-matched individuals. During a sit-to-stand task, individuals with SIJD had greater movement asymmetries including force loading rate when standing up, lower peak hip angle, and delayed onset of muscles key to stabilizing the joint. Furthermore, individuals with SIJD exhibited a significant reduction in the pattern of muscle activity from the painful side gluteus maximus and contralateral latissimus dorsi. The results of this dissertation underscore the importance of afferent input in modulating range of motion and coordinating movement during activities of daily living. Advisors/Committee Members: Roger M. Enoka, Alaa Ahmed, Robert Mazzeo, Alena Grabowski, Erika Nelson-Wong.

Subjects/Keywords: gait; sacroiliac joint pain; self-massage; stretching; flexibility; Biomechanics; Neurosciences; Physiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Capobianco, R. A. (2018). Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Capobianco, Robyn Ann. “Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Capobianco, Robyn Ann. “Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain.” 2018. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Capobianco RA. Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81.

Council of Science Editors:

Capobianco RA. Characterizing Sensory-Mediated Changes in Human Movement: Studies on Flexibility and Joint-Related Pain. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2018. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/81

University of Colorado

6. Yardley, Helena C. The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception.

Degree: PhD, Integrative Physiology, 2016, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/52

► Thoughts, feelings and complex behavioral patterns are represented through neural patterns. These neural patterns have molecular and genetic underpinnings, but the connection between the… (more)

▼ Thoughts, feelings and complex behavioral patterns are represented through neural patterns. These neural patterns have molecular and genetic underpinnings, but the connection between the two isn’t always clear. In this manuscript, we evaluate a possible neuroendophenotype for behavioral disinhibition in a sample collected from the Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence, who were selected based upon their degree of behavioral disinhibition. We obtained genome-wide data on the 1,901 participants, and generated a composite polygenic risk score for each of the 80 subjects from 1,876 single nucleotide polymorphisms shown to be associated with the behavioral disinhibition phenotype. We then use this PGRS to determine how genetic contributors drive activation in the brain during a risky and cautious decision making paradigm through functional MRI (fMRI). To expand on this work, we focus on the full behavioral disinhibition GWAS. In this study, we collect data on behavioral measures encompassing novelty seeking, conduct disorder symptoms and substance dependence vulnerability. These measures collectively define the “BD” phenotype, and we inquire into whether adolescent BD is a predictor for later life outcomes regarding BMI, drug vulnerability, continuing to higher education after high school, engagement in risky sexual behaviors and experience of depressive symptoms. The average time between the first assessment and subsequent follow-up was on average 9.2 years after initial BD measurements were obtained. We then discuss the utility of using a meta-analytic approach to combine neuroimaging data across 256 studies on pain and touch perception. This database includes 4,665 subjects’ functional neuroimaging data from studies published from 1993 to 2015. Here, we use a Multi-Level Kernel Density Analysis inquiry into the most commonly activated brain regions during the presentation of pain, non-painful touch, and the relative differences between the two. We make additional comparisons on smaller sections of this database. Lastly, we will compare the MKDA maps of pain and touch to 7 resting-state default networks and then briefly discuss possibilities for the future with regards to complex neurophysiological and behavioral data and the importance of data sharing initiatives. Advisors/Committee Members: Matthew B. McQueen, Tor D. Wager, Soo Rhee, Alaa Ahmed, Robert S. Mazzeo.

Subjects/Keywords: FMRI; genetics; neuroimaging; Genetics; Neurosciences; Physiology

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Yardley, H. C. (2016). The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/52

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yardley, Helena C. “The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/52.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yardley, Helena C. “The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Yardley HC. The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/52.

Council of Science Editors:

Yardley HC. The Intersection of Neuroimaging and Genomics on Complex Traits and Perception. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2016. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/iphy_gradetds/52

University of Colorado

7. Woo, Choong-Wan. Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach.

Degree: PhD, Psychology & Neuroscience, 2016, University of Colorado

URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/106

► For the last two decades, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) revolutionized how we study human cognition and emotion. However, as evidence accumulates, many of… (more)

▼ For the last two decades, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) revolutionized how we study human cognition and emotion. However, as evidence accumulates, many of the human brain-function mappings that fMRI studies have produced appear to be flawed due to their poor sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. A new emerging paradigm, which we termed predictive modeling, has a potential to resolve these issues. This new approach is based on specific uses of machine learning techniques combined with experimental designs optimized for prediction, yielding well-defined neuroimaging signatures of brain-outcome relationships that can be prospectively tested in new individuals, studies, and translational applications. In this dissertation, I first reviewed the state of translational neuroimaging and discussed how we can move the field forward using the predictive modeling approach (Chapter I). Then, I examined neural representations of pain and related emotions using pattern recognition techniques. More specifically, in Chapter II, I identified fMRI multivariate patterns that are sensitive and specific to physical pain and social rejection and assessed the relationship between two patterns. 60 participants who recently experienced an unwanted romantic break-up were scanned with fMRI while they experienced physical pain and social rejection stimuli on separate trials. I found that the multivariate patterns for pain and rejection are uncorrelated and separately modifiable at the whole-brain level and within many brain regions, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate, anterior and dorsal posterior insular, and secondary somatosensory cortices that have shown overlapping fMRI activity with univariate methods. In Chapter III, I developed an fMRI multivariate pattern signature that characterizes the cerebral processes that contribute to pain beyond the level of nociceptive input and mediate psychological and behavioral influences. The new signature was developed based on data from 4 independent studies that involved thermal pain stimulation (N = 137) and included patterns of fMRI activity in nucleus accumbens, lateral prefrontal, parahippocampal, and other regions. We then prospectively tested the new signature on 2 independent test datasets (Studies 5-6, N = 46), and showed that the signature responses explained variation in trial-by-trial pain ratings not reflected in a previous fMRI-based marker for nociceptive pain. In addition, the signature responses mediated the pain-modulating effects of three psychological manipulations of expectation and perceived control. In Chapter IV and V, I further examined whether different psychological pain modulation methods influence primary nociceptive system or other cognitive and affective ones. In Chapter IV, 33 participants engaged in cognitive self-regulation to increase or decrease pain while experiencing multiple levels of painful heat. I found that both heat intensity and self-regulation strongly influenced reported pain, but they did so via two distinct brain… Advisors/Committee Members: Tor D. Wager, Alaa Ahmed, June Gruber, Yuko Munakata, Randall C. O’Reilly.

Subjects/Keywords: fMRI; neuroimaging; pain; regulation; representation; Biological Psychology; Cognitive Psychology; Neurosciences

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Woo, C. (2016). Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/106

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Woo, Choong-Wan. “Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado. Accessed March 06, 2021. https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/106.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Woo, Choong-Wan. “Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach.” 2016. Web. 06 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Woo C. Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 06]. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/106.

Council of Science Editors:

Woo C. Brain Representations and Mechanisms of Pain Experience and Regulation: a Multivariate Pattern Approach. [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Colorado; 2016. Available from: https://scholar.colorado.edu/psyc_gradetds/106

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