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1.
Du Plessis, Hendrik Pienaar.
Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2019, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106046 
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the challenges that organic producers face in South Africa and to determine how universities and…
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▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the challenges that organic producers face in South Africa and to determine how universities and other knowledge institutions might better support these producers. As a result, the objectives of this study is to answer four questions: how producers are divided in terms of biographical, geographical and production aspects, what the main sources of support and information are for producers, how universities and other knowledge institutions can best support organic agriculture in South Africa, and what the most significant challenges are that producers face.
Reliable data on the certified organic sector in South Africa remains lacking. In order to better understand the needs of this population, both quantitative and qualitative data was gathered. Because no other record keeping for organic producers in the country could be found in 2017, the contact details of 193 clients were obtained from third party certifiers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 participants from this population. Biographical data on participants as well as details about the farming operation were gathered using quantitative, structured questions. Qualitative data on the kind and quality of information and support services that participants have access to, the challenges that they face on-farm and in general, and the way that they overcame and adapted to these challenges were gathered using semi-structured questions. Quantitative data, such as age, ethnicity, gender, level of education and production data were used to describe the characteristics of participants. Likert-scale questions on possible sources of information were statistically analysed. Qualitative data were coded using Atlas.ti and analysed using aspects of contents analysis and grounded theory.
Participants were found to be mostly male, white, well-educated and the majority were between 30 and 49 years of age. Participants were mostly producing fruit (and mainly citrus for this category), as well as grapes (mainly wine-grapes), essential oils and pecans. In terms of potential avenues of support, government and extension services were rated lowest by participants in terms of frequency of access and usefulness of such services. Internet articles and journals, certifying companies, and other organic farmers were rated highest in terms of support offered. A lack of locally adapted research, applicable to South African organic farming systems was identified as a major constraint in participants’ ability to make properly informed management decisions. Pest and disease management, a lack of informational resources and securing inputs were mentioned as main challenges during conversion. A small local market, along with a consumer base that is uninformed about the nature and benefits of organic products, were highlighted as off-farm constraints to success.
Understanding of the different paradigm that informs organic farming systems was listed as the most important factor to ensure success as an organic farmer. This paradigm…
Advisors/Committee Members: Malgas, Rhoda, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Sustainable agriculture – South Africa; Organic farming – South Africa; Farmers – South Africa – Social conditions; Organic farming – Exploratory study; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Table of Contents
Declaration… …26
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3.8 Challenges with data… …65
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6.3 Other interventions by… …78
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List of tables
Table 2.1: Data… …46
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List of figures
Figure 4.1…
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APA (6th Edition):
Du Plessis, H. P. (2019). Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106046
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Du Plessis, Hendrik Pienaar. “Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106046.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Du Plessis, Hendrik Pienaar. “Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa.” 2019. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Du Plessis HP. Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106046.
Council of Science Editors:
Du Plessis HP. Mapping the contours of organic agriculture : an exploratory study of an under-served population in South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/106046
2.
Ngubeni, Ntombizodwa.
Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use.
Degree: MSc, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2015, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97040
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants have been used for centuries to treat a wide range of ailments in the history of all civilizations. However, a growing interest…
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▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants have been used for centuries to treat a wide range of ailments in the history of all civilizations. However, a growing interest in medicinal plants requires appropriate management to prevent over-exploitation of target species. The challenge for scientists is to find equilibrium between resource exploitation and the maintenance of viable populations of target species. Sustainability of use requires an understanding of the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of resource use and the interaction between these factors. This research focuses on the ecological and socio-cultural aspects required to underwrite species-specific sustainable harvesting systems for bark used for traditional medicine.
The social survey conducted in the form of structured interviews with traditional healers reported 69 plant species used for medicinal purposes in the southern Cape. The results suggested that resource users are aware of the increase in demand for medicinal plants in general, attributing this to an increasing recognition of traditional medicines and increasing prevalence of diseases. Ocotea bullata (Endangered), Curtisia dentata (Nearly Threatened) and Rapanea melanophloeos (Declining), as well as Siphonochilis aethiopicus (Critically Endangered), Elaeodendron transvaalense (Near Threatened) and Cassipourea flananganii (Endangered) that do not occur in the area naturally, were identified as species in high demand for their medicinal bark properties. Given the high demand and concerns about over-exploitation, a need for further ecological research to develop sustainable harvest systems was identified.
Two species, O. bullata and C. dentata, were selected from an earlier study on the response of several species to bark stripping, that was confined to a study period of three years after treatment. With this current study tree response to bark stripping and harvesting impact were assessed over a period of ten years to reveal the intra and inter-specific difference of wound occlusion (wound closure through bark-regrowth) and the anatomical decay consequences of bark stripping. This is, to the knowledge of the author, the first study to evaluate the structural-tree pathogen interaction following bark stripping on medicinal tree species in Africa. The results revealed species-specific differences in terms of both wound closure and efficiency in decay containment. O. bullata had a significantly better wound occlusion rate and a lower extent of decay. The relationship between tree diameter growth and the rate of wound occlusion allowed
for the formulation of a preliminary model that will assist forest managers in developing bark harvest systems. Smaller trees showed poor bark regrowth and a significantly higher mortality, which suggest that a minimum tree size for harvesting needs to be stipulated in the harvest prescriptions. In contrast, C. dentata showed a much higher volume of decay within the stem, poor bark regrowth and a significantly higher mortality of bark-stripped trees. In conclusion, the…
Advisors/Committee Members: Jacobs, Shayne Martin, Seifert, Thomas, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Bark – Medicinal use; Bark – Sustainable harvesting; Bark re-growth; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Dedication
This thesis is dedicated to… …30
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3 Chapter 3: Responses of… …71
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4.5.2
Species differences… …88
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1… …68
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Figure 4.5. The relationship…
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APA (6th Edition):
Ngubeni, N. (2015). Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97040
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ngubeni, Ntombizodwa. “Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97040.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ngubeni, Ntombizodwa. “Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use.” 2015. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Ngubeni N. Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97040.
Council of Science Editors:
Ngubeni N. Bark re-growth and wood decay in response to bark stripping for medicinal use. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97040
3.
Huysamer, Anton Jean.
An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa.
Degree: MSc, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2018, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104880
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A successful industry has developed around the export of fresh Proteaceae cut flowers from South Africa. Phytosanitary insects are a barrier to export,…
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▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A successful industry has developed around the export of fresh Proteaceae cut
flowers from South Africa. Phytosanitary insects are a barrier to export, as South
African Proteaceae associates with a considerable entomofauna. The development
of alternative postharvest disinfestation technologies could reduce these
interceptions and promote market access. Surveys on export material were
conducted to determine which pests are most problematic when exporting
Proteaceae. A total of 82 interceptions were made, comprising of eight insect orders
and 26 insect families. Although many interceptions were as a result of solitary
individuals, multiple interceptions consisted of many individuals of western flower
thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and protea itch mite (Procotolaelaps vandenbergii).
These pests were selected as the key pests on which to focus for disinfestation
using alternative postharvest technologies not yet utilised for Proteaceae. Controlled
Atmosphere and Temperature Treatment Systems (CATTS) technology was
assessed as a potential disinfestation tool for fresh Proteaceae cut flowers. The
tested commodities were Leucospermum ‗Veldfire‘, Protea magnifica ‗Barbi‘,
Leucadendron ‗Safari sunset‘ and ‗Jade pearl‘, and Geraldton wax ‗Ofir‘ (Myrtaceae).
CATTS treatments consisted of temperature ramps of 35°C/hour and 30°C/hour from
23°C to 40°C, with a 15 min soak at 40°C, and 35°C/hour and 30°C/hour from 23°C
to 50°C, with a 15 min soak at 50°C, under modified atmospheres of 1% O2, 15%
CO2 in N2. Treated stems were subjected to vase life studies after treatment, or
following air- and sea-freight storage simulations at 2°C for 3 or 21 days respectively.
Leucospermum ‗Veldfire‘ did not withstand treatments, as style wilting reduced
overall quality. Protea magnifica ‗Barbi‘ withstood some treatments, maintaining
comparable quality to control stems in the vase immediately after treatment. Both
Leucadendron commodities withstood treatments well, and maintained marketable
quality following treatment, air- and sea-freight simulations. Geraldton wax ‗Ofir‘
maintained quality in vase immediately after and following air-freight simulations.
CATTS treatments of 35°C/hour and 30°C/hour to 40°C in 1% O2, 15% CO2 in N2
resulted in 100% mortality in western flower thrips and protea itch mites within 24
hours of treatment. Postharvest fumigation treatment with ethyl formate (EF) was
also assessed as a potential disinfestation technology. Concentrations ranged from
18.53g/m3 to 151.47g/m3 EF, and durations ranging from 30 mins to 3 hours for the
same cut flower commodities listed above for CATTS treatments. Further trials on
Geraldton wax ‗Ofir‘ consisted of 10g/m3 and 20g/m3 for 1 and 2 hours. All
treatments resulted in reduction in overall quality of treated fresh goods. EF
fumigations of 18.53g/m3 for 1 and 2 hours achieved 100% mortality within 24 hours
of treatment in western flower thrips and protea itch mites, but excessive post
fumigation damage renders EF unsuitable. The…
Advisors/Committee Members: Johnson, Shelley, Hoffman, Lynne, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Proteaceae – Exports – South Africa; Cape flora cut flowers – Exports – South Africa; Cape cut flowers – exports – South Africa; Thrips – Insect pests – Proteaceae – South Africa; Controlled atmosphere and temperature systems; Postharvest technology of Cape flora cut flowers – Fumigation – South Africa; Cape flora cut flowers – Postharvest technology – Fumigation – South Africa; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
daunting trials of your own studies… …way.
To the Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology at Stellenbosch
University… …of this project.
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Table of… …39
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Chapter 3: Controlled… …106
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List of Figures
Chapter 3…
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Huysamer, A. J. (2018). An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104880
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Huysamer, Anton Jean. “An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104880.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Huysamer, Anton Jean. “An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Huysamer AJ. An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104880.
Council of Science Editors:
Huysamer AJ. An assessment of alternative postharvest technologies for the disinfestation of fresh Cape Flora cut flowers for export from South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/104880
4.
Groenewald, Johannes Philippus.
Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2014, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96118
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld (RSR) is a critically endangered vegetation type in the Overberg region of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In…
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▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld (RSR) is a critically endangered vegetation type in the Overberg region of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In the last few centuries about 80% of it has been severely transformed by agriculture. The RSR contains many unique and rare plants species, and has very high
conservation value. It is recommended that all remaining areas of this vegetation type should be conserved. However, very few of these areas are formally conserved and most are on farms where they are used for grazing of domestic livestock. The RSR appears to be sensitive to overgrazing and to grazing at a time of the year when it is sensitive to major change. This study examined the effects different grazing regimes had on the RSR vegetation on farms in Buffeljagsrivier, a small farming community in the Eastern Overberg. Different methods were used to compare vegetation structure and composition, of heavily-, medium- and under-grazed areas.
Information on the biodiversity in RSR areas was found to be scarce, with almost nothing known of the invertebrates. In this study a comprehensive checklist of plants and vertebrates in the study area was compiled. An insect order/family list and separate species lists of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera were also compiled. The insects were recorded by using different collecting and observation methods. A study was also made of the major plant/animal interactions occurring in the area. For this study, the focus was mainly on interactions with two dominant woody plants, Acacia karroo and Searsia glauca. Other interactions were also noted.
Different grazing regimes affected both structure and plant composition in the different grazing camps. Some plant species were found to be more dominant in heavily-grazed areas and some more in under-grazed areas. Heterogeneity in grazing pressure of the camps contributes to make the whole area more diverse and may have enabled the high biodiversity to persist in the area. More than 400 indigenous plant species were recorded in the study area of which more than 30 plant species were found to be of
conservation concern. 37 % of the overall species are endemic to the Cape Floristic Region. The study area contained 127 geophyte species. This is 51 % of all the known geophyte species that occur in the Langeberg Centre. A new plant species, Haworthia groenewaldii, was discovered in the study area. Overall, 214 insect families in 23 insect orders were also found in the study area. A total of 103 Lepidoptera species was recorded. About five moth species are possibly new to science and still need to be scientifically described. Some plants and insects were recorded beyond their known geographical ranges. Twelve different frog, 22 reptile, 30 mammal and 122 bird species were found to occur in the study area.
Nineteen insect species from 14 insect families in four orders associated with Acacia karroo trees were found in the study area. Thirty-four insect species from 25 families, in six orders, were found to be interacting with Searsia…
Advisors/Committee Members: Samways, Michael John, Veldtman, Ruan, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Conservation ecology; Dissertations – Conservation ecology
…Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Layout of the chapters
Chapter 1… …as well as some
recommendations.
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Chapter 2: Flora of Rûens… …24
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Chapter 3: Animal biodiversity… …61
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4.3 Recommendations…
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APA (6th Edition):
Groenewald, J. P. (2014). Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96118
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Groenewald, Johannes Philippus. “Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96118.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Groenewald, Johannes Philippus. “Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Groenewald JP. Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96118.
Council of Science Editors:
Groenewald JP. Biodiversity and ecology of critically endangered, Ruens Silcrete renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96118
5.
Nyangiwe, Nkululeko.
Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102576
► ENGLISH SUMMARY: Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are parasites of major economic and medical importance that transmit a multitude of pathogenic organisms affecting domestic animals globally and…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH SUMMARY: Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are parasites of major economic and medical importance that transmit a multitude of pathogenic organisms affecting domestic animals globally and in South Africa. High tick infestations are associated with skin damage, tick worry, reduced growth and milk production, transmission of tick-borne pathogens and mortalities. The aims of the study were to: (1) investigate the effect of vegetation type (Albany Coastal Belt, Amathole Montane Grassland, Bhisho Thornveld and Great Fish Thicket) on the tick species composition and diversity on cattle and on the vegetation on communal farms in the south-west region of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP), (2) obtain baseline data on the perceptions of cattle farmers with regard to ticks, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) and the management practices being used on communal farms in the ECP and (3) record the geographic distribution of an alien invasive tick, Rhipicephalus microplus and the closely related endemic species Rhipicephalus decolaratus in the environmentally less optimal south-western and north-western regions of South Africa and in Namibia. The study was conducted at two scales: local (ECP) and regional (South Africa and Namibia). At a local scale, ticks were collected from cattle (adult and calves) and from the vegetation from five localities in each of four vegetation types. Ticks were removed from one-side of each animal (n = 1000) and replicated drag-sampling was performed at each locality, to record the ticks on vegetation. In addition, at each locality five cattle owners were randomly selected to participate in a questionnaire study. Face-to face interviews were carried. A total of 100 individual questionnaires were completed (25 in each of the four vegetation types). At a regional scale, ticks were collected through active tick removal from cattle and by passive citizen-science approach where tick samples were provided by private cattle farmers solicited via social media. Cattle (n = 415) were examined in the Western-, Eastern- and Northern Cape and Free State Province in South Africa and in Namibia (n = 18). About 20 212 ticks belonging to 12 species were collected from adult cattle, calves and on vegetation at the 20 communal localities. Vegetation type did not consistently affect tick abundance, species richness or species composition, though there were differences in the abundance of individual tick species. The abundance of R. e. evertsi was significantly higher on cattle in Thornveld and Thicket compared to Coastal belt and Grassland, while A. hebreaum was significantly more abundant on the vegetation in Coastal belt compared to Thornveld and absent in Grassland. The effect of individual villages on tick infestations was more important than vegetation types. Tick abundance and species richness was higher on adult cattle compared to calves. In terms of farmer perceptions, significantly more respondents confirmed that adult animals were more affected by ticks compared to calves. All of the respondents identified redwater as the…
Advisors/Committee Members: Matthee, Sonja, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Ticks – Control; Ticks as carriers of disease; Ixodidae; Rhipicephalus; Ticks – Geographical distribution – South Africa; Cattle – Diseases – South Africa; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Acknowledgements
First, I would like… …of Conservation Ecology, Stellenbosch University,
are thanked for compiling the locality… …Stellenbosch University and the National Research Foundation
(APDS14011861241 and… …Thubelihle) and my entire family is grealty
appreciated.
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2.2.2 Tick collection and…
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APA (6th Edition):
Nyangiwe, N. (2017). Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102576
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Nyangiwe, Nkululeko. “Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102576.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Nyangiwe, Nkululeko. “Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Nyangiwe N. Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102576.
Council of Science Editors:
Nyangiwe N. Distribution and ecology of economically important ticks on cattle, with special reference to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Namibia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102576
6.
Grainger, Cole Vincent.
Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102620
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has a semi-arid climate with seasonal rainfall whose runoff is jeopardised by high rates of evapotranspiration. These conditions decrease the ability…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has a semi-arid climate with seasonal rainfall whose runoff is jeopardised by high rates of
evapotranspiration. These conditions decrease the ability of rivers to dilute point and non-point sources
of pollution, which leads to enrichment and the subsequent eutrophication of water bodies.
Eutrophication occurs when periphyton communities proliferate through a shift in community structure,
accompanied by greater biomass accrual that deteriorates water quality and impairs aquatic ecosystem
functioning. The National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme (NEMP) has set water quality
guidelines for concentrations of phosphorous and Benthic chlorophyll a, but periphyton are
understudied in South African waters, which explains their exclusion from the River Eco-Status
Monitoring programme (REMP). To underpin the causes of eutrophication, this study aimed to broaden
the knowledge on periphyton-environmental relationships in terms of patterns in peripyton biomass and
community structure on a regional scale across seasons in a winter (Western Cape) and summer
(KwaZulu-Natal) rainfall region. Periphyton biomass and community structure were observed across
flow and enrichment categories and a suite of environmental metrics comprising flow, nutrients, water
temperature, sunlight and macroinvertebrates. An in situ tool known as the Benthotorch® was
validated to potentially be used in future rapid assessments of trophic status. Periphyton samples from
sites representing a range in environmental conditions were collected in autumn and spring which mark
the beginning and end of the periphyton growth seasons. Periphyton biomass in the Western Cape was
found to be influenced predominantly by the availability of TIN in autumn and WTMAX in spring. In
KwaZulu-Natal, periphyton biomass was influenced mostly by flow metrics and WTCV. Periphyton
community structure in the Western Cape was influenced mostly by TIN and the length of the growing
season in autumn and by EC and the duration of class 1 floods in spring. In KwaZulu-Natal, periphyton
community structure was influenced mostly by water temperature and flow metrics in autumn and by
the length of the growing season (Since≥2), the duration of class 2 floods and PO4-P in spring. The flow
regime is regarded as the primary regulator of flood prone rivers, which was not the case in this study,
and calls for future research. Nutrients accounted minimally towards spatial variation in periphyton
communities in KwaZulu-Natal possibly due to sites with similar nutrient ranges, or because nutrients
are not a key driver of periphyton communities here. The importance of water temperature metrics in
both regions stresses the need for water temperature monitoring programmes, that are currently lacking
in South Africa. The Benthotorch® estimated periphyton biomass and community structure more
accurately at sites that were dominated by diatoms, overestimated cyanobacteria and did not
consistently recognize green algae.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:…
Advisors/Committee Members: Ewart-Smith, Justine, Jacobs, Shayne, Simaika, John, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Periphyton – Ecology – South Africa – Western Cape; Periphyton – Ecology – South Africa – Kwazulu-Natal; Eutrophication – Control; Water quality biological assessment; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Chapter 6. Main findings and… …122
viii
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of Figures
Figure 2.1… …57
ix
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Figure 4.2:
Community… …spring, b) KwaZulu-
x
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Natal in… …91
xi
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of Tables
Table 2.1…
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APA (6th Edition):
Grainger, C. V. (2017). Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102620
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Grainger, Cole Vincent. “Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102620.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Grainger, Cole Vincent. “Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Grainger CV. Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102620.
Council of Science Editors:
Grainger CV. Patterns in periphyton biomass and community structure in foothill rivers: A comparison between winter and summer rainfall regions. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102620
7.
Lawrence, James Mark.
Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2013, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85596
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The loss and degradation of habitat is recognised as the greatest threat to invertebrate biodiversity. Restoration practices have the potential to reduce these…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The loss and degradation of habitat is recognised as the greatest threat to invertebrate biodiversity. Restoration practices have the potential to reduce these impacts. The Seychelles giant millipede (SGM), Sechelleptus seychellarum, is a threatened and functionally important macro-detritivore endemic to the Seychelles granitic islands. The broad objective of this dissertation was to investigate selected aspects of the restoration
ecology of the SGM, with the intention of making practical restoration recommendations that can be used to assist in the
conservation of this species. This study was carried out on Cousine Island, Seychelles between 1998 and 2009, in the context of the large-scale plant community restoration that has taken place on the island. Large fluctuations in millipede population densities were found between 1998 and 2009. In 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007 millipede densities were low, while densities were high in 1998 and 2009. Although the SGM is active all year round, its surface activity was positively correlated with rainfall, with density high during the high rainfall period (i.e. October – April) and low during the low rainfall period (i.e. May – September). Female:male:juvenile ratios were ~ 3:1:1. The implications are that translocations should preferably be done in years of high millipede densities and during the wet season. Alien coconut trees did not affect SGM density, but negatively affected its foraging behaviour, whereas bamboo stands negatively affected both its density and foraging behaviour. The SGM showed feeding preferences for Pisonia grandis and Ficus sp. leaf litter types. Alien bamboo and coconut pose a varied threat to the SGM, and their removal and replacement by indigenous forest species (e.g. P. grandis and Ficus sp.) should form part of an island’s restoration programme. SGM density was an order of magnitude lower in the restored area compared to the natural forest. In contrast, SGM physical condition improved significantly in the restored area, as vegetation structure increased. Furthermore, SGM behaviour in the restored area switched from a predominantly walking to a predominantly feeding behaviour over the study period, resulting in the forest restoration programme on Cousine increasing the foraging area of the SGM by 43%. SGM spatial density did not significantly correlate with edaphic and litter properties, but did positively correlate with the toposcape (i.e. elevation and granitic rock cover). Granite rock crevices in forest covered areas were important diurnal refuges for the SGM, as microclimate conditions in non-forest covered rock refuges were unsuitable. SGM physical condition was significantly lower in non-shaded crevices compared to those shaded by forest. Low granite rock cover in the restored forest limited the SGM colonisation of this area in large numbers, despite canopy cover in the restored forest being comparable with that in the reference natural forest. As most restoration practices are primarily vegetation-based, this study…
Advisors/Committee Members: Samways, Michael J., Kelly, Janine A., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Conservation ecology and entomology; Dissertations – Conservation ecology and entomology
…Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Abstract… …101
7
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of figures
Chapter 1
Fig… …millipedes displaying the walking (white bar) and feeding
8
Stellenbosch University… …x28;ind.dkm-1) and a. mean soil moisture;
9
Stellenbosch University http… …96
10
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of tables
Chapter 3
Table…
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APA (6th Edition):
Lawrence, J. M. (2013). Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85596
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lawrence, James Mark. “Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85596.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lawrence, James Mark. “Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede.” 2013. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Lawrence JM. Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2013. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85596.
Council of Science Editors:
Lawrence JM. Restoration ecology of the Seychelles giant millipede. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85596
8.
Brits, Devon.
Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100812
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human population is rapidly expanding and raises several concerns in terms of food security and waste management. To feed the human population,…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human population is rapidly expanding and raises several concerns in terms of food security and waste management. To feed the human population, we need to start expanding our horizons in terms of what we eat. Insects may be the answer to this. But due to our many other problems, it helps to create multiple solutions from single ideas that promote green industry and help ‘heal’ our planet rather than only taking from it. This is where the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) may offer such a solution.
Hermetia illucens is a non-pestilent fly that has spread worldwide due to its many innovative uses, for example used as a type of biological control agent for some filth fly species, recycle 1.3 billion tonnes of annual organic waste globally, create high-grade biodiesel and replace (or at least alleviate the demand) for fish or legume-based animal feeds and lipids. However, very little is known about how the protein and lipid rich larvae can be mass reared for industrial purposes.
This thesis answers questions about the feeding environment and density of H. illucens larvae in an industrial setting (i.e. food waste, and larger population sizes). By investigating how feed depth and particle size, feed provisioning rations (i.e. larval densities), and population sizes effect the ability of larvae to develop, survive and feed.
The results of this thesis were finding the optimal feed depths (i.e. 5-10 cm), provisioning rations (125 mg/larva/day) and population sizes (5 000-50 000 larvae per container) of H. illucens larvae when fed kitchen wastes. Additionally, two new measures of feeding efficiencies were described (i.e. provisioning ration change and optimal bioconversion deficit) and values for larval aggregation heat were also recorded for the first time. Future recommendations and research that came up during this study is also given to continue furthering an industry capitalising on US$ 750 million lost annually in all waste streams worldwide.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die menslike bevolking is besig om vinnig uit te brei, wat verskeie bekommernisse wek ten opsigte van voedselsekuriteit en afvalbestuur. Om die menslike bevolking te voed, moet ons begin om ons horisonne te verbreed in terme van wat ons eet. Insekte sal waarskynlik die antwoord hierop wees. Maar as gevolg van ons baie ander probleme, help dit om verskeie oplossings te skep vanuit enkele idees wat groen bedryf bevorder en wat help om ons planeet te genees eerder as om daarvan te neem. Dit is waar die swart soldaatvlieg, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) 'n oplossing kan bied.
Hermetia illucens is 'n nie-pes vlieg wat wêreldwyd versprei het as gevolg van die vele innoverende doeleindes waarvoor dit gebruik kan word, byvoorbeeld as ʼn biologiese beheeragent vir verskeie vullis vliegspesies, vir die herwinning van ʼn jaarlikse 1,3 miljard ton organiese afval wêreldwyd, vir die vervaardiging van hoë-graad biodiesel en die vervanging van (of ten minste…
Advisors/Committee Members: Richards, Cameron S., Pryke, James S., Villet, Martin H., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Black soldier fly larvae; Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) development; Insect mass rearing; Food waste management; Hermetia illucens larvae – Feed depth; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
career. Additionally, your… …Stellenbosch University
and its Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, the National… …future to come.
vii
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS… …to the Journal for Insects as Food and Feed.
viii
Stellenbosch University https… …8
ix
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
1.8.2
Biodiesel…
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Brits, D. (2017). Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100812
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Brits, Devon. “Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100812.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Brits, Devon. “Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Brits D. Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100812.
Council of Science Editors:
Brits D. Improving feeding efficiencies of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera : Stratiomyidae : Hermetiinae) through manipulation of feeding conditions for industrial mass rearing. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100812
9.
Nel, Lyndre.
Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network.
Degree: MSc, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2015, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive alien plants threaten natural and agricultural pollination systems as they integrate into and disrupt flower visitation networks. Mango (Mangifera indica) production on…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive alien plants threaten natural and agricultural pollination systems as they integrate into and disrupt flower visitation networks. Mango (Mangifera indica) production on commercial mango farms in Hoedspruit, South Africa, is an important part of the local economy. Mangoes require pollination for fruiting success, and depend on the native insect community, facilitated by managed bee colonies (Apis mellifera), to pollinate flowers. Managed honeybees and wild insect flower visitors to mango have previously been observed visiting other flowering plants in surrounding natural vegetation, including the alien invasive plant Lantana camara. Lantana camara and mango share similar floral characteristics and co-occur in close proximity, so they may share pollinators/flower visitors. Here, I determined L. camara’s influence on mango flower visitation networks, specifically whether it facilitates visitation, through greater abundance and diversity of insect flower visitors (facilitation), or competes for flower visitors (competition), and whether it supports mango flower visitors when mango trees are not in flower.
This study was conducted on the margins of three mango farms and bordering natural vegetation. Firstly, L. camara’s effect on mango flower visitation was investigated by comparing flower visitation to mango in plots with and without L. camara nearby. The presence of L. camara was associated with greater mango flower visitation, with increases in both flower visitor species abundance and richness. Secondly, the composition of flower visitor communities of mango orchard boundaries and bordering natural vegetation were evaluated. Although some flower visitors were shared between mango and naturally occurring plants, flower visitor community assemblages were significantly different between natural vegetation and mango orchard boundaries. In natural vegetation, flies, butterflies, wasps, wild bees and ants played a primary role in the visitation networks, whereas honeybees, wild bees and flies were the main visitors in mango orchards. The presence of L. camara significantly influenced community structure in both natural vegetation and orchards. Natural vegetation with L. camara had a more diverse flower visitor community than natural vegetation without L. camara.
Lantana camara seems to facilitate mango flower visitation during mango flowering, attracting a larger visitor abundance and species richness where it occurs in bordering natural vegetation and nearby mango orchard boundaries. However, L. camara was seen to be visited by few species known to visit mango outside of mango flowering, suggesting that L. camara may benefit more from facilitation than mango. Given its extreme invasive nature and threat to local plants which sustain native pollinators, L. camara should be removed from mango orchards and bordering natural vegetation. Furthermore, farm managers are encouraged to plant and maintain indigenous flowering plants, especially plants with a facilitative value to mango, in land…
Advisors/Committee Members: Pryke, James S., Seymour, Colleen L., Carvalheiro, Luisa G., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Invasive plants; Flower visitation network; Lantana camara; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of appendices
Appendix 1… …to October 2013 in study plots .. ..…81
viii
Stellenbosch University https… …Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Thus far, applied research has provided insight on… …within natural
3
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
habitats (Bjerknes… …pollination
4
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
services are improved through…
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APA ·
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Export
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APA (6th Edition):
Nel, L. (2015). Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Nel, Lyndre. “Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Nel, Lyndre. “Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network.” 2015. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Nel L. Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778.
Council of Science Editors:
Nel L. Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778
10.
Wiener, Kenwinn Dane.
Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.
Degree: MScConEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2018, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103941
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian zones of headwater rivers in mountain catchments of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) have been severely transformed and degraded by the invasion…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian zones of headwater rivers in mountain catchments of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR)
have been severely transformed and degraded by the invasion of woody trees species. Woody
invading alien plants (IAPs), particularly N2-fixing invasive Acacia spp. (Acacia saligna, A.
longifolia and A. mearnsii) that are widespread along these rivers, rapidly suppress and
replace indigenous fynbos vegetation, reduce stream flow and alter underlying soil carbon (C)
and nitrogen (N) cycles. However, the in-stream effects of invasion on sediment and nutrient
loading remain unquantified. The impacts of IAPs on water resources and biodiversity have
justified extensive IAP clearing initiatives such as the Working for Water (WfW) programme.
This program has focussed mainly on the clearing of woody invasive plants with the aim to
conserve biodiversity and increase water production. The clearing of IAPs often results in
further disturbances and areas are often left to recover without intervention.
The aim of this study was to quantify relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations
in mountain streams associated with natural, Acacia invaded and Acacia cleared riparian
zones. Fieldwork was performed in a combination of mountain stream and mountain stream
transitional zones of two perennial river systems within the CFR. Common time-integrating
sediment sampling methods were used to monitor temporal and spatial relative sediment loads
at three locations on the respective river systems. Each river consisted of one near pristine
site (fynbos), one invaded site (predominantly A. mearnsii); and one cleared site (cleared from
A. mearnsii more than 10 years ago). The suspended sediment (SS) samplers were emptied
monthly for a period of one year. Laboratory analyses focused on a selection of fine sediment
(< 63 μm) properties consisting mainly of particle size composition, total carbon, total nitrogen
and total phosphorus content. This was combined with seasonal water samples and
instantaneous river stage measurements.
The relative sediment loads were found not to be entirely dependent on catchment
contributing area, but also on geomorphic characteristics (i.e. channel morphology, slope and
topography) and invasion statuses. Relative sediment loads decrease with an increase in
contributing area on the Du Toit’s River, resulting in an inverse relationship. It was inferred
that the dominant sediment source on the Du Toit’s River is from channel bank erosion and
sediment deposits on the riverbed. Invasion and clearing appeared to have no effect on
sediment loads at the Du Toit’s River. This suggests that the channel and riparian zone
characteristics might reduce immediate sediment connectivity to the channel, thus limiting the
effect of invasion and clearing on relative sediment loads. In contrast, the magnitude of
increase in relative sediment loads on the Wit River scales well with catchment contributing area, which is indicative of a system where sediment supply is predominantly derived from…
Advisors/Committee Members: Simaika, John, Jacobs, Shayne, Grenfell, Suzanne, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Acacia; Riparian areas – Cape Floristic Region; Riparian ecology; Impact of invading alien plants; Woody invasive plants – Cape Floristic Region; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Table of Contents
Declaration… …20
viii
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2.2 Catchment and study site… …60
ix
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
3.6 Conclusions… …110
x
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of Figures
Figure 2.1… …Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Figure 3.3. Photos showing the distinct visual…
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Wiener, K. D. (2018). Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103941
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Wiener, Kenwinn Dane. “Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103941.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Wiener, Kenwinn Dane. “Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Wiener KD. Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103941.
Council of Science Editors:
Wiener KD. Quantifying the impacts of invasive N2-fixing plants on relative sediment loads and nutrient concentrations in mountain streams of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103941
11.
Otto, Mia.
Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape.
Degree: MScConEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2014, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86603
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Restoration practices commonly make use of a reference condition in order to restore a site to a better ecological state than it is…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Restoration practices commonly make use of a reference condition in order to restore a site to a better ecological state than it is currently in. The selection process and relevance of the reference condition has not yet been tested in upland Western Cape rivers especially with relation to spatial and temporal scales. This thesis sought to evaluate whether space (longitudinal) and time (temporal) influence riparian plant community composition (laterally), how it influences the community composition and whether these differences impacts the selection of a reference condition used in restoration practices.
In order to investigate the role longitudinal position, sites were selected across three longitudinal zones: mountain stream, transitional and upper foothills. Historic sites used in a previous study on riparian vegetation of upland rivers were resampled and datasets used for temporal comparisons between undisturbed sites, sites recovering after clearing of invasive alien plants and sites affected by fire.
Riparian vegetation communities showed differences between longitudinal zones, basins and rivers. The species responsible for marginal zone identity (plants in close proximity to the active channel), determined using relative cover abundance varied, with Isolepis prolifera responsible for the group identity in the mountain stream and transitional sites but in the foothills Calopsis paniculata, Drosera capensis and Metrosideros angustifolia saplings were responsible for lateral zone identity. The lower dynamic (transitional between wet and drybank) had no similarities between different longitudinal zones across rivers. In the lower zone Pteridium aqualinum was mostly responsible for the identity. The upper bank had no single species responsible for group identity. The species described to be typical for the reference condition on these particular rivers by other studies were mostly present in the comparable lateral zone but it was however not always responsible for the identity of the specific lateral zone. By comparing selected environmental variables such as horizontal distance from active channel, elevation and substrate calibre with different longitudinal zones’ riparian vegetation species distribution, different combinations were produced. The mountain streams showed the strongest relationship with horizontal distance and elevation in combination to one another and the upper foothills horizontal distance from the active channel was linked most strongly to vegetation positioning. These results confirm the importance of space when attempting to assess, study or restore riparian communities. Temporally, sites had stronger similarity to data collected during the same sampling period than with historic data. Also, the overall relative species abundance did not show significant change to be present at a site scale. The changes in community composition were found to be due to a lateral zone scale variation in species abundance. As expected the undisturbed rivers showed less variation in species…
Advisors/Committee Members: Jacobs, Shayne M., Brown, Cate, Reinecke, Karl, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Conservation ecology and entomology; Dissertations – Conservation ecology and entomology
…Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Edwina Marinus who was always… …communities down the length of an
upland Western Cape river and over time.
Stellenbosch University… …62
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
3.2.1
Site selection… …121
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
4.5
4.6
5
Conclusion… …140
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
List of Figures
Figure 1.1…
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Otto, M. (2014). Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86603
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Otto, Mia. “Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86603.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Otto, Mia. “Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Otto M. Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86603.
Council of Science Editors:
Otto M. Spatial and temporal changes in Fynbos riparian vegetation on selected upland rivers in the Western Cape. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86603
12.
Theron, Kasselman Jurie.
Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102895
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agricultural expansion is one of the main drivers of habitat fragmentation and land use change which negatively impacts biological diversity. The Greater Cape…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agricultural expansion is one of the main drivers of habitat fragmentation and land use change which negatively impacts biological diversity. The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR), a biodiverse hotspot, has been recognised as a priority for
conservation as its unique endemic diversity is threatened by historic land transformation and habitat fragmentation. Private nature reserves and proclaimed protected areas alone cannot conserve all biodiversity, especially with >80% of land not formally protected. Thus we must conserve biodiversity within production landscapes. Remnant patches of natural vegetation supports a wide variety of arthropod taxa. However, little information is available on spider diversity in remnant fynbos and even less on which environmental parameters drive this diversity. Furthermore, research on how the matrix impacts adjacent remnant patches, and how spiders respond to different matrix types, are needed for protecting spider diversity and the services they provide within the GCFR mosaic. This study aims to identify environmental parameters that shape spider diversity within fynbos remnant patches, and how spiders respond to different matrix types.
Here, I sampled spider diversity within remnant fynbos patches of the GCFR mosaic to identify which landscape and patch variables are important for maintaining spider diversity. Fifteen environmental variables (at landscape and patch scales) were collected at each site and analysed to determine their influence on spider species richness and assemblage structure of the whole spider assemblage, and for different functional guilds. Local patch variables best predict spider diversity, particularly soil compaction and topographic complexity which negatively influenced overall and plant dwelling spider richness. This pattern of complexity is mainly driven by common spider species. Tree species richness (mostly alien trees) negatively influenced free-living spider richness. Lastly, level of site invasion by alien trees influenced overall and epigaeic spider assemblage structure. Spider diversity was more influenced by patch scale variables, which reflects local patch management, than the landscape context.
I also assess how spider diversity responds to different land-use types, the magnitude of associated edge effects on spider diversity, and identify complementary habitat elements for enhancing spider diversity within agricultural mosaics of the GCFR. Spider diversity was sampled along replicated transects covering remnant fynbos vegetation into three different matrix types: old fields, vineyards and invasive alien tree stands. Fynbos remnants had significantly higher overall spider diversity than matrix sites with higher diversity in edge locations than at patch cores. Old fields had the highest spider diversity between all land-use types, as well as the greatest assemblage similarity to remnant vegetation assemblages. Lowest diversity was recorded within vineyards. Lastly, vegetation complexity enhanced spider diversity across all…
Advisors/Committee Members: Gaigher, Rene, Pryke, James S., Samways, Michael J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Landscape ecology; Spider diversity – Greater Cape Floristic Region; Spiders – Conservation; UCTD
…Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
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1.1.2 State of the Greater Cape Floristic Region…
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APA (6th Edition):
Theron, K. J. (2017). Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102895
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Theron, Kasselman Jurie. “Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102895.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Theron, Kasselman Jurie. “Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Theron KJ. Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102895.
Council of Science Editors:
Theron KJ. Conservation of spider diversity within an agricultural mosaic : insights from the Greater Cape Floristic Region, biodiversity hotspot. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102895
Stellenbosch University
13.
Torrance, Leigh Ami Isbell.
The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98322
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis Nieukerken & Geertsema (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), occurring on Vitis vinifera L., has recently become of economic importance in…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis Nieukerken & Geertsema (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), occurring on Vitis vinifera L., has recently become of economic importance in the Western Cape, South Africa. The leafminer is of quarantine importance as cocoons are often attached to grape bunches intended for export when grapevine infestation is severe.
Fortnightly monitoring efforts have indicated the occurrence of several overlapping generations within a growing season which are likely to affect potential management strategies. Adult and larval abundances tend to increase as the grapevine growing season progresses and as temperatures increase. A peak in adult and live larval abundance is reached between February and March, usually after harvest. The severity of leafminer infestation may be affected by the location of a vine within a cultivated block and strong evidence suggests that structural aspects (i.e. the trellis system used) affect the invasion potential of H. capensis.
The leafminer tends to overwinter in the larval or pupal life stage within a cocoon which is often sheltered under the bark on the stem of a grapevine, in leaf litter or in a small crevice of a trellis post. Male moths have been detected throughout the colder winter months suggesting that small fluctuations may affect the developmental rate of overwintering pupae depending on the shelter experienced by cocoons. It is a possibility that adults produce offspring in surrounding foliage or are sourced by such refuges, although it is likely that eclosed adults undergo diapause and contribute to the first generation of leafmining larvae as soon as conditions become favourable.
Pheromone baited traps, placed throughout the Western Cape, have indicated the presence of the moth in two of the largest table grape producing regions, namely the Berg River and Hex River Valley. The overall distribution of the moth has proven to be far more extensive than previously thought and may be present throughout southern Africa based on herbarium samples that yielded symptoms of leafminer damage.
Monitoring strategies should be conducted as early as possible within a grapevine growing season to avoid severe infestations and unnecessary chemical applications depending on the bunch infestation tolerance. At an economic threshold of 5% bunch infestation, the commencement of management strategies is recommended when 442 adult male moths are caught per trap per fortnight. Results suggest that bunch infestation could be prevented altogether if management strategies were implemented when less than 87 adult male moths are caught.
In cases where bunch infestation has occurred and post-harvest cold treatments are considered, a cold-treatment exposure of no less than 26 days at -0.5°C should be considered if 100% mortality is desired.
Parasitoid wasps associated with the leafminer have been identified and could potentially be used in the area-wide control of H. capensis. A variety of chemical compounds have been used to control leafminer…
Advisors/Committee Members: Addison, Pia, Geertsema, Henk, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Cape grapevine leafminer – Western Cape – South Africa; Holocacista capensis – Western Cape – South Africa; Grapevine – Western Cape – South Africa – Integrated pest management; Grapevine – Diseases and pests; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Torrance, L. A. I. (2016). The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98322
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Torrance, Leigh Ami Isbell. “The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98322.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Torrance, Leigh Ami Isbell. “The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Torrance LAI. The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98322.
Council of Science Editors:
Torrance LAI. The bio-ecology of the Cape grapevine leafminer, Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in the Western Cape. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98322
Stellenbosch University
14.
Masehela, Tlou Samuel.
An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism).
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100915
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two honey bee subspecies indigenous to South Africa, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz (Cape honey bee) and Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier, are actively managed…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two honey bee subspecies indigenous to South Africa, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz (Cape honey bee) and Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier, are actively managed by beekeepers for honey production, other bee related products (e.g. bees wax) and to provide pollination services. Historic records show that managed colonies of both subspecies to rely on a mix of exotic - (Eucalyptus species, agricultural crops, weeds and suburban plantings) and indigenous forage (genera and vegetation units). However, their extent of use and importance for honey production, pollination, colony maintenance and swarm trapping (together referred to as beekeeping practices), have not been fully explored across South Africa. Additionally, acts of hive theft and vandalism have become a key concern for the industry, threatening and potentially limiting beekeeping in some areas. Related to this is also a concern that growers need more colonies for crop pollination than beekeepers can supply. Furthermore, beekeepers currently face challenges related with their industries’ organisation and governance.
The broad aim of my study was to understand the multiple challenges facing the South African beekeeping industry and to contribute detailed knowledge on forage use for beekeeping practices in South Africa. The knowledge thereof would provide a practical understanding of these aspects and ultimately contribute towards the planning and decision making where beekeeping is concerned. Using two questionnaire surveys I determined: 1) the current status of beekeeping in South Africa based on beekeeper opinion; 2) forage use for honey production; 3) the use and demand for pollination services; 4) forage use for colony maintenance and swarm trapping; and 5) trends and implications of hive theft and vandalism for the beekeeping industry. The forage use survey captured the most managed colonies (50067) and respondents (218) compared to the hive theft and vandalism survey, which had 161 respondents constituting 48386 managed colonies.
Results showed that beekeepers have concerns similar to those captured in previous studies and reports, with the lack and loss of forage being very important. Across all four beekeeping practices exotic forage was predominantly used, although the level of preference differed provincially. The important forage types and significant species were highlighted in each province on the basis of number of colonies using individual forage species and followed a similar trend to that of forage categories. Some species were both important and of significant use for more than one beekeeping practice (e.g. Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Helianthus annuus, Macadamia spp. and Senegalia mellifera) in the same or different provinces. The preference of trapping swarms on different forage highlighted the value of this practice compared to hive splitting, removal of problem swarms and buying of colonies from other beekeepers. Also, the number of localities used for forage differed across provinces, although in some…
Advisors/Committee Members: Veldtman, Ruan, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Bee culture – Industries – South Africa; Bees – Food – Management; Bees – Pollination; Bee hive theft and vandalism – South Africa; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Masehela, T. S. (2017). An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism). (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100915
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Masehela, Tlou Samuel. “An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism).” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100915.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Masehela, Tlou Samuel. “An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism).” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Masehela TS. An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism). [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100915.
Council of Science Editors:
Masehela TS. An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism). [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100915
Stellenbosch University
15.
Kehinde, Temitope Olatayo.
Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2011, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Both taxonomic diversity and diversity of species interaction networks are experiencing declines as a result of agricultural intensification at habitat and landscape scales.…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Both taxonomic diversity and diversity of species interaction networks are experiencing
declines as a result of agricultural intensification at habitat and landscape scales. Reversing
this trend is a key
conservation issue, particularly for important functional groups such as
flower-visiting insects and the networks within which they interact. This is of great concern
in regions of high
conservation priority such as the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), known for
its high level of floral and faunal endemism and exceptional species turnover. Holistic
approach to
conservation in agricultural landscapes involves both preservation of natural land
and wildlife friendly management of the farm land to achieve
conservation targets. The value
of these extensive management approaches is yet to be fully assessed, especially in perennial
systems such as vineyards.
I examined here the effects of vineyard management and landscape context on species
richness and abundance of flower-visiting insects and their species interaction networks.
Possible taxon specific effects were verified. I also investigated whether vineyards under
organic and conventional management homogenized insect-flower interaction networks and
whether vineyards with different management practices vary in patterns of species turnover. I
sampled flower-visiting insects and their interactions in organic and conventional vineyards,
and in natural reference sites. Inclusion of natural reference sites enabled me to make
management recommendations for patches of natural vegetation in CFR agricultural
landscape.
Statistical models showed taxon-specific benefit of organic farm management, and of
landscape (distance to natural habitat). There was benefit to monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae)
but not to bees (Apidae). Organic vineyards had a higher number of insect-flower interactions
than conventional ones, but vineyards under the two types of management were similar in
terms of other important network indices. However, networks of the vineyards were more nested than the natural sites, indicating that they may be potentially more stable to
perturbation and random extinctions. Multivariate dispersion tests revealed insect-flower
interaction networks were not homogenized by both organic and conventional vineyards
across the landscapes. I also found, through additive partitioning, that organic and
conventional vineyards were similar in terms of species turnover of bees and flowering
plants.
The findings of this study provide heuristic value to current debates on the value of
vineyard habitats for insect
conservation. Both organic and conventional vineyards that
promote sustainable management of the non-crop floral vegetation between vineyard rows
are potential solutions for
conservation of flower-visiting insects and their interactions. Also,
attention has to be paid to the quality and connectivity of the natural habitat patches that are
within CFR agricultural landscape. Site specific management and assessment of the value of
these…
Advisors/Committee Members: Samways, Michael J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Conservation ecology and entomology
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APA (6th Edition):
Kehinde, T. O. (2011). Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Kehinde, Temitope Olatayo. “Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Kehinde, Temitope Olatayo. “Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot.” 2011. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Kehinde TO. Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980.
Council of Science Editors:
Kehinde TO. Effects of vineyard management and landscape context on taxonomic diversity and interaction networks of flower-visiting insects in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17980
Stellenbosch University
16.
Ilse, Kotzee.
Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100141
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human land use activities have significantly changed the capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential service. Additional stresses brought about by climate change will…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human land use activities have significantly changed the capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential service. Additional stresses brought about by climate change will require a shift in how ecosystems are managed. Global increases in the magnitude and frequency of flood events in particular have raised concerns that traditional flood management approaches may not be sufficient to deal with future uncertainties. Resilience approaches aimed at understanding and managing the capacity of social-ecological system (SES) to adapt to, cope with, and shape uncertainty and surprise offer a possible avenue to deal with these challenges. Accordingly, through the use improved systems approaches and knowledge on floods, flood regulation services and its impact on people and infrastructure this dissertation contributes towards developing and piloting of a flood resilient management strategy. Research was carried out using three flood prone municipalities in the Eden District of South Africa as a case study.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, in its final report, highlighted regulating services as some of the most important and degraded, but least understood ecosystem services. Regulating services moderate the flow of energy and materials and play a critical role in regulating the impacts of extreme events. The progress in research and understanding of regulating services was investigated, with a particular focus on progress on their assessment and quantification. Findings flag key research gaps in all regulating services in developing countries and globally, in specifically understudied regulation services of disease regulation and air quality regulation. Results also revealed the need to include the human dimension into the study of regulating services, which will require an increase of multi-disciplinary research using a social-ecological system approach. Based on these findings and the objectives of the study the use of an existing decision support tool SCIMAP was adapted and explored using globally available data to provide a practical and informative approach for identifying flood receiving areas at a watershed scale. Model outputs highlighted how the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic factors can aggravate or attenuate a flood event, adding valuable insights into flood generation and how it can be managed, especially in under resourced areas. In order to assess the resilience of communities to floods, a composite index and spatial analysis approach was piloted. The approach allows for a simple, yet robust index able to include an array of datasets generally available in flood prone areas with potential to disaggregate and trace variables for management and decision making.
Finally, based on the methods and results developed in previous chapters of the dissertation, an approach to characterise and spatially connect the flood regulating ecosystem service flows from supply to demand is introduced and illustrated. The proposed method builds on from the thinking in flood vulnerability and…
Advisors/Committee Members: Reyers, Belinda, Esler, Karen J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Flood regulation services; Flood risk management; Ecosystems management; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Ilse, K. (2016). Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100141
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ilse, Kotzee. “Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100141.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ilse, Kotzee. “Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Ilse K. Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100141.
Council of Science Editors:
Ilse K. Applying a resilience approach to flood management in rapidly changing landscapes. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100141
Stellenbosch University
17.
Ngadze, Masimbaashe.
Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation.
Degree: MScAgri, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100362
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grain chinch bug (GCB), Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is a key quarantine pest of South African export fruit and is endemic…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grain chinch bug (GCB), Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is a key quarantine pest of South African export fruit and is endemic to the Western Cape Province. The pest is troublesome in the drier wheat growing areas where it disperses from wheat in summer to find sheltered sites in which to aestivate. Aestivating adults can end up contaminating export fruit. The aim of the study was to gather more knowledge on the chemical
ecology and shelter-seeking behaviour of the GCB. The involvement of pheromones in the aggregation behaviour of GCBs is yet to be fully elucidated. Further investigating the chemical
ecology of the GCB in order to optimize its pheromone trapping was the primary focus of the first research chapter in this study. Headspace volatile compounds were identified from active bugs through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 14 volatile compounds were identified from males and females in varying concentrations. For both sexes pooled, tridecane, (E)-2-hexanal and (E)-2-octenal were the three main components; (E)-2-hexenol, (E)-2-octenol, decanal and pentadecane were in medium amounts, while decanoic acid, dodecane, hexadecanal, hexanal, icosane, nonanal and tetradecanoic acid were minor components. The efficacy of synthetic lures using previously identified aggregation pheromone components, and sex pheromone volatile components (identified in present study) was studied in combination with modified traps using rubber septa dispensers in a field trial. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between insects caught in the sex pheromone baited traps and the aggregation pheromone baited traps. Traps caught low numbers of GCBs compared to the level of orchard infestation indicated by the amount of bugs that were found sheltering in corrugated cardboard bands tied around tree trunks. The corrugated cardboard bands showed a significant difference in the number of bugs sheltering between bands placed at bottom and top positions (0.5m and 1.5m above ground respectively) on the trees, at site 1 (P = 0.0058), site 2 (P < 0.0169) and site 4 (P < 0.0496) with the exception of site 3 (P > 0.4115). Cardboard band position influenced catches, as more bugs were found in bottom bands. This can be used advantageously in optimising innovative trap placements in the future in order to improve catches. In the second research chapter investigations into the behavioural responses of GCBs to visual objects were conducted. This was done to increase knowledge on how this behaviour can lead to the development of control measures such as the use of coloured traps of different shapes. Behavioural responses of GCBs to different shapes presented in their visual space indicated that there was a significant difference (P = 0.0001) in the choice of shape. Vertical/upright rectangular shapes had the highest number of GCB visits. GCBs responded to upright rectangles of different colours.Black and red rectangles were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each…
Advisors/Committee Members: Johnson, Shelley, Addison, Pia, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Grain chinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) – Chemical ecology; Grain chinch bug (GCB) – Shelter-seeking behaviour; Grain – Diseases and pests; UCTD
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APA ·
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MLA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Ngadze, M. (2016). Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100362
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ngadze, Masimbaashe. “Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100362.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ngadze, Masimbaashe. “Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Ngadze M. Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100362.
Council of Science Editors:
Ngadze M. Assessing the chemical ecology and shelter-seaking behaviour of the grainchinch bug, Macchiademus diplopterus (hemiptera: lygaeidae) for optimisation of trapping during aestivation. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100362
18.
Ntshotsho, Phumza.
Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2012, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71969
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Widespread, human-induced ecosystem degradation and the associated biodiversity loss pose a direct threat to human wellbeing. While there is no substitute for healthy,…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Widespread, human-induced ecosystem degradation and the associated biodiversity loss pose a direct threat to human wellbeing. While there is no substitute for healthy, self-sustaining ecosystems, ecological restoration offers an attractive, and indeed inevitable, supplement where
conservation alone is not sufficient to support ecosystem integrity. Restoration is undergoing a revolution, where evidence-based (EB) practice is emerging as a new approach to increase the chances of successfully achieving restoration goals. EB practice is based on the notion that implementation decisions need to be based on the appraisal and use of evidence of effectiveness of alternative options.
The point of departure of this thesis is the contention that EB practice need not be dependent only on research evidence. The work presented herein thus addresses the production and use of evidence of effectiveness in restoration practice. Using ten restoration programs in South Africa, the quality of evidence produced in practice was assessed. Three components of evidence production that were evaluated were (i) baseline condition measurement; (ii) goal setting and (iii) monitoring. Results showed poor definition of goals; a bias towards the use of socio-economic goals and indicators; more monitoring of inputs than impact; and inconsistent and short-term monitoring of biophysical indicators. Practitioners regarded the evidence base as adequate, but cited a few challenges associated with planning and resource availability as attributing factors to the gaps observed. I propose that practitioners’ perception of the current evidence base poses an additional threat to the generation of a strong evidence base.
In addition to the production of evidence, access to said evidence is a vital component of EB practice. In an exploration of how evidence is made available by practitioners, it became evident in that a considerable amount of the information that was not easily accessible in documented form was known by the practitioners. This highlights the need for a shift in practice culture towards the valuing and rewarding of the dissemination of information.
An assessment of EB restoration would have been incomplete without a deliberate consideration of social factors. I thus conducted a case study of an invasive alien plant clearing program, to determine what drives the use of scientific evidence in decision making. I observed that organizational structure, policies, priorities and capacity influence, and even limit, the use of scientific evidence to inform decisions. The challenges to making restoration evidence-based are diverse in nature, ranging from poor planning of restoration work, which points to limited appreciation of the need to produce a strong evidence base, to a lack of instruments and incentives to drive the generation, dissemination and use of evidence that spans both the biophysical and social aspects of restoration. These challenges are largely rooted in the conventional way of approaching restoration from individual…
Advisors/Committee Members: Reyers, Belinda, Esler, Karen J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Conservation Ecology & Entomology
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APA (6th Edition):
Ntshotsho, P. (2012). Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71969
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ntshotsho, Phumza. “Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71969.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ntshotsho, Phumza. “Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa.” 2012. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Ntshotsho P. Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71969.
Council of Science Editors:
Ntshotsho P. Towards evidence-based ecological restoration in South Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71969
Stellenbosch University
19.
Theron-De Bruin, Natalie.
Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2018, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103327
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protea is a key component in the Fynbos Biome of the globally recognised Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot, not only because of its…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protea is a key component in the Fynbos Biome of the globally recognised Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot, not only because of its own diversity, but also for its role in the maintenance of numerous other organisms such as birds, insects, fungi and mites. Protea is also internationally widely cultivated for its very showy inflorescences and, therefore, has great monetary value. Some of the organisms associated with these plants are destructive, leading to reduced horticultural and floricultural value. However, they are also involved in intricate associations with Protea species in natural ecosystems, which we still understand very poorly. Mites, for example, have an international reputation to negatively impact crops, but some taxa may be good indicators of sound management practices within cultivated systems. Their role in natural systems is even less well-understood. In this dissertation I explore the role of mites within Protea populations in both natural and cultivated systems, focussing on assemblages from inflorescences, infructescences and soil. Protea inflorescences and infructescences provide a niche for a unique assemblage of mites that have associations with a group of arthropod-associated fungi, the ophiostomatoid fungi. The mites feed on the fungi and carry their spores to new inflorescences as phoretic partners of Protea-pollinating beetles. As it was shown that some of the fungi have a panmictic population genetic structure over as much as 1000 km, it was assumed that organisms other than beetles must be responsible for this extremely long-range dispersal. Here I present the first concrete evidence of the ability of birds to vector spore-carrying mites to new Protea trees. I also provide evidence for a newly discovered mite-fungus mutualism within ornithophilous Protea neriifolia inflorescences between a Glycyphagus sp. mite and various species within the ophiostomatoid genus Sporothrix. New mite-mite commensalisms between the Proctolaelaps vandenbergi flower mite and the Glycyphagus sp. mite was also discovered and documented.
In this intriguing system the Glycyphagus sp. mites have a mutualistic association with species in the fungal genus Sporothrix. These small mites are phoretic on the larger P. vandenbergi mites that, in turn, are phoretic on Protea pollinating birds, explaining genetic evidence for the long distance dispersal of the fungi.
It is well-known that flower-associated mites such as Proctolaelaps kirmsei are nectar and pollen thieves of hummingbird pollinated plants in America. These mites reduce nectar and pollen rewards for pollinators, which influences pollinator visitation patterns and decreases available pollen for dispersal, thereby negatively influencing seed-set and plant population dynamics. This phenomenon has, however, not been investigated in similar systems in other parts of the world. I, therefore, set out to determine the possible role of P. vandenbergi flower mites, the most abundant flower mite within Protea inflorescences, as pollen and…
Advisors/Committee Members: Roets, F., Dreyer, L. L., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Protea communities – Cape Floristic Region – South Africa; Mite ecology – Cape Floristic Region – South Africa; Protea pollination; Protea – Diseases and pests; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Theron-De Bruin, N. (2018). Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103327
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Theron-De Bruin, Natalie. “Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103327.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Theron-De Bruin, Natalie. “Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Theron-De Bruin N. Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103327.
Council of Science Editors:
Theron-De Bruin N. Mite (acari) ecology within protea communities in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103327
Stellenbosch University
20.
Simaika, John Pascal.
Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2011, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18051
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) are a valuable tool for assessing aquatic systems and have been used as indicators of ecological health, ecological integrity, and…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) are a valuable tool for assessing aquatic systems and have been used as indicators of ecological health, ecological integrity, and environmental change, including climatic change. In four separate studies I explored the usefulness of dragonflies as surrogates in biomonitoring, site prioritization and indication of global climate change. In the use of dragonflies for biomonitoring, I field-tested a freshwater ecological integrity index, the Dragonfly Biotic Index (DBI), based on dragonfly assemblages at the local scale, and compared the DBI to a standard freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate-based freshwater health index. Overall, dragonflies were more sensitive to changes in river condition than were macroinvertebrates, and the DBI site value and macroinvertebrate scores were highly significantly correlated. I conclude that dragonfly assemblages in the form of a DBI are an excellent tool for environmental assessment and monitoring freshwater biodiversity, with the potential to replace benthic macroinvertebrate-based freshwater quality assessments.
In the second study, I used the DBI to prioritize sites for
conservation action in South Africa. Using a selected set of top prioritized sites, I compared the DBI’s performance to that of a rarity-complementarity algorithm. Site prioritization using the DBI reveals that CFR sites protect Red Listed taxa rather well. The rarity-complementarity algorithm represents all species, but without greater emphasis on the rare and threatened species. I conclude that the DBI is of great value in selecting biodiversity hotspots, while the algorithm is useful for selecting complementarity hotspots.
The third study was made possible by the recent completion of a continental assessment of freshwater biodiversity, which revealed that patterns of richness and threat of four well-studied aquatic taxa largely coincide at the continental scale. Using only dragonflies, I built a protected areas network for Africa using spatial planning software. I then compared the performance of the existing African reserve network and that of known global biodiversity hotspots against the model, and identified sites of
conservation concern. Although the current reserve network covers 10.7% of the landscape, the proportional representation of species geographic distributions in reserves is only 1.1%. The reserve network is therefore inefficient, and many areas of
conservation priority that are not formally protected remain. The advantage of operating at the fine scale, while covering a large geographic area is that it shifts the focus from the large-scale hotspots to smaller priority areas within and beyond hotspots.
In the fourth study, I created species distribution models of dragonflies in an El Niño-prone biodiversity hotspot in South Africa, and predicted the changes in species richness, geographic range and habitat suitability, forty and eighty years from now. According to the model results of two different emissions scenarios, at least three species will…
Advisors/Committee Members: Samways, Michael John, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Indicators (Biology); Environmental monitoring.; Dragonflies; Biomonitoring; Conservation planning
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APA (6th Edition):
Simaika, J. P. (2011). Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18051
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Simaika, John Pascal. “Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18051.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Simaika, John Pascal. “Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates.” 2011. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Simaika JP. Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18051.
Council of Science Editors:
Simaika JP. Practical conservation planning from local to continental scales using freshwater invertebrates. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18051
21.
Rebelo, Alanna Jane.
Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2018, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103292
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ecosystems are the critical infrastructure that provides society with multiple essential services. A change from one land-use to another (e.g. wetlands to agriculture)…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ecosystems are the critical infrastructure that provides society with multiple essential
services. A change from one land-use to another (e.g. wetlands to agriculture) may result
in trade-offs, or synergies, between different ecosystem services. As land globally
becomes increasingly limited, there is greater emphasis being placed on whether
ecosystems are being used optimally, in terms of their potential to provide services.
Therefore a strong theoretical and empirical understanding of how ecosystems are
structured, how they function and how this links to the delivery of ecosystem services is
crucial in order to optimize benefits to society. Of all ecosystems, wetlands are
considered to be one of the richest in terms of services provided, yet the complexity of
wetland ecology has resulted in them being the least studied. South African wetlands are
not well understood and many of these wetlands are in decline.
This dissertation focusses on palmiet wetlands in the Cape Floristic Region of South
Africa and has four main aims: (1) to research scientifically sound measures to quantify
ecosystem services (Chapter 2), (2) to map the current and historical spatial distribution
of palmiet wetlands in South Africa (Chapter 3), (3) to learn about how these wetlands
function to bring about the provision of ecosystem services by investigating the link
between these ecosystem services, ecosystem functioning and functional diversity of
wetlands at a landscape scale (Chapters 4, 5, 6, 8, 9), and (4) to test whether wetland
functional groups are spectrally distinct, which may have useful applications for
hyperspectral mapping of wetland ecosystem services (Chapter 7).
The main findings can be summarised in seven points. (1) Ecosystem services are not
yet being adequately quantified (Chapter 2). (2) Palmiet wetlands have decreased by
31% since the 1940’s (Chapter 3). (3) Channel erosion in palmiet wetlands has caused a
change in water and soil quality and a shift in plant communities (Chapter 4). (4)
Relative groundwater depth and soil pH explain patchiness in palmiet wetlands to some
extent (Chapter 5). (5) Abiotic variables and various community weighted means were
key in underpinning wetland ecosystem properties in palmiet wetlands (Chapter 6). (6)
Functional groups, and even species, in palmiet wetlands appear to be spectrally distinct
(Chapter 7). (7) Palmiet wetlands provide valuable ecosystem services to society,
particularly the sequestration of carbon, water purification and flood attenuation
(Chapters 8, 9). In conclusion, these findings highlight the uniqueness and value of
palmiet wetlands, making a case for their conservation and restoration.
DUTCH SAMENVATTING: De maatschappij is afhankelijk van ecosystemen voor tal van essentiële diensten. Een
verandering in landgebruik (bijvoorbeeld moeras naar landbouw) kan leiden tot tradeoffs
of win-win situaties tussen verschillende ecosysteemdiensten. Door het wereldwijd
schaarser worden van land wordt er meer nadruk gelegd op…
Advisors/Committee Members: Esler, Karen, Meire, Patrick, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Palmiet wetlands – Cape Floristic Region – South Africa; Ecosystem composition; Ecosystem services quantification; Palmiet wetland – Distribution – South Africa
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APA (6th Edition):
Rebelo, A. J. (2018). Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103292
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Rebelo, Alanna Jane. “Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103292.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Rebelo, Alanna Jane. “Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Rebelo AJ. Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103292.
Council of Science Editors:
Rebelo AJ. Ecosystem services of palmiet wetlands : the role of ecosystem composition and function. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103292
Stellenbosch University
22.
Briers-Louw, Willem Daniel.
Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.
Degree: MScConsEcol, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102619
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apex carnivores play an important role in the ecosystem by regulating prey via predation. Anthropogenic influences have resulted in rapid range and population…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apex carnivores play an important role in the ecosystem by regulating prey via predation. Anthropogenic influences have resulted in rapid range and population reductions of large carnivores across the African continent. These carnivores are often reintroduced into protected areas to compensate for human-induced losses, restore ecosystem functioning and promote eco-tourism.
Majete Wildlife Reserve in Malawi is a prime example, as human persecution resulted in the extirpation of large carnivores, with the exception of a small spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta; hereafter hyena) population. As from 2003, African Parks attempted to rectify this problem by restoring and developing the reserve. Between 2011 and 2012, three lions (Panthera leo) and six leopards (Panthera pardus) were reintroduced. The aim of this study was to describe the
ecology of the apex predators and to determine whether the felid reintroduction was successful or not.
Lion and leopard movements and home ranges were determined using GPS collars. The reintroduction of felids was considered successful. This was based on: (1) reduced post-release movements; (2) lack of homing tendencies; (3) breeding success; and (4) population persistence. Mean home ranges of lion (380.45 ± 117.70 km2 [SE]) and leopard (495.08 ± 80.99 km2), were the largest on record for any reintroduced felid in Africa, which was likely due to a low competitor density. Thus, we expect home range sizes to decrease with an increase in conspecific density.
Population abundances and densities were estimated with the use of camera traps. The known lion population increased to eleven individuals in five years, while the leopard population was estimated at 11 (range = 9–17). This indicates population persistence and growth. Both founder populations were small and require additional translocations to maintain genetic diversity. Hyena density (2.62 hyenas/100 km2) and clan size (5.33 ± 0.67) were the lowest estimates in any woodland habitat and comparable to arid areas. This may be explained by decades of direct persecution and poaching of their prey, or a naturally low density.
Predator diets were described and compared by means of scat analysis. Lion and hyena exhibited a high dietary overlap of medium to large herbivores. Using Jacobs’ preference index, both species preferred warthog (Phacocoerus africanus) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). Hyenas selected a broader range of prey, likely reducing competition with lions (which almost exclusively selected only four species). In contrast, leopards occupied a lower dietary niche, which consisted mainly of small-to medium-sized ungulates. These findings indicate that the three apex predators use resource partitioning to reduce competition.
This study suggests that reintroduction is a viable tool for re-populating large carnivores in protected areas in Malawi. The current predator population appeared to have a minimal impact on prey populations due to their small population size. We recommend long-term monitoring of…
Advisors/Committee Members: Leslie, Alison J., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Apex predators – Malawi; Carnivore population – Malawi; UCTD; Majete Wildlife Reserve – Malawi – Apex carnivore population
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APA (6th Edition):
Briers-Louw, W. D. (2017). Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102619
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Briers-Louw, Willem Daniel. “Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102619.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Briers-Louw, Willem Daniel. “Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Briers-Louw WD. Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102619.
Council of Science Editors:
Briers-Louw WD. Ecology of apex predators in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/102619
Stellenbosch University
23.
Gordon, Claire Nicola.
People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2017, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/101141
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protected areas across the developing world are increasingly incorporating the needs of local rural communities into their management decisions. The African Parks managed…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protected areas across the developing world are increasingly incorporating the needs of local rural communities into their management decisions. The African Parks managed Majete Wildlife Reserve (MWR) in the lower Shire valley of southern Malawi is no exception. Through African Parks’ extension department they aim to incorporate the needs of local communities into their management framework in order to maintain support for their
conservation activities. A resource use program (RUP) which facilitates sustainable harvesting was implemented to allow community members access to thatching grass inside the reserve, via 8 RUP gates on the perimeter fence. Each RUP gate is opened once annually for 7 days and game scouts are made available to escort community members into the reserve to harvest grass.
As a case study, we assessed the 2015 RUP activities at 5 of the 8 RUP gates to determine the number of community members utilising the program, the biomass of grass removed, the variation in grass bundle masses and the distances walked by community members to access the RUP gates. We determined that a total of 2211 community members accessed the reserve via the 5 monitored RUP gates and removed 134 073kg of thatching grass in 2015. Additionally, we found a significant variation in the bundle masses between individual harvesters, as well as the harvesting characteristics at each RUP gate. We also confirmed anecdotal suggestions from the African Parks extension assistants (EAs) that community members’ walk significant distances from their homes to the RUP gates to harvest grass.
To assess the possibility of extending the current RUP to include medicinal plant harvesting we conducted interviews with 12 traditional healers in communities adjacent to the reserve. In conjunction with interviews, we conducted rapid ethnobotanical surveys, where we accompanied the traditional healers into the field to collect and formally identify plants used for medicinal purposes. We identified a total of 96 different plant species used by these healers, the majority of which were trees and shrubs. The most commonly used plant parts were roots, leaves and bark, and traditional healers currently treat 27 different ailments and illnesses. Additionally, we found a substantial variation in the local names for medicinal plants, with some plants having 5-6 local names. Almost all the traditional healers we interviewed listed their healing practise as their main source of formal income (n = 11), while all of the healers stated that prior to the reserve fence being erected they harvested medicinal plants in the reserve (n = 12), and that they would like to be able to harvest medicinal plants in the reserve again (n = 12).
We conducted a household survey to determine general perceptions of the current RUP. Our findings suggest that overall; community members are satisfied with the RUP (92%) however there is some room for improvement. The majority of respondents requested that the annual RUP grass harvesting window is increased (96%), as…
Advisors/Committee Members: Leslie, Alison, Ruyle, Leslie, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Sustainable harvesting; Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi – Nature conservation; Resource use program (RUP) – Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi; Natural resources – Communal management; Resource use program (RUP) – Medicinal plant harvesting; UCTD
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APA ·
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APA (6th Edition):
Gordon, C. N. (2017). People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/101141
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Gordon, Claire Nicola. “People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/101141.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Gordon, Claire Nicola. “People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study.” 2017. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Gordon CN. People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/101141.
Council of Science Editors:
Gordon CN. People and protected areas : natural resource harvesting as an approach to support rural communities surrounding Majete Wildlife Reserve, Southern Malawi : a case study. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/101141
Stellenbosch University
24.
Allsopp, Elleunorah.
Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100432
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), causes both feeding (russetting and silvering) and oviposition (pansy spot) damage to fruit. Despite routine insecticide…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), causes both feeding
(russetting and silvering) and oviposition (pansy spot) damage to fruit. Despite routine
insecticide applications from 20% bloom until petal fall, pansy spot and pitting damage was
still being reported, particularly on plums. This study was initiated to determine the reason for
the apparent failure of chemical control and the cause of pitting damage, and to investigate
the feasibility of developing a push-pull system to minimize economic WFT damage by using
deterrent plant essential oils and trap crops.
Field trials in commercial plum orchards in the Western Cape confirmed that WFT oviposition
causes pitting damage. The apparent failure of insecticide applications to prevent pansy spot
and pitting damage was due to the fact that WFT entered plum blossoms even before the
petals opened, where they were protected from contact insecticides applied at 20% bloom.
No treatment threshold could be determined because no consistent significant relationship
was found between blue sticky trap counts and WFT oviposition damage to plums. Sticky trap
counts thus only serve to indicate presence or absence of WFT in an orchard. To reduce WFT
oviposition damage, monitoring must start as soon as flower buds begin to swell, some blue
sticky traps should be hung closer to the ground during the early season and, if WFT are
present, the first spray application should be made as soon as blossoms reach balloon stage.
To provide the “push” in a push-pull system, the potential of three plant essential oils to reduce
WFT oviposition rate on plum blossoms was investigated. This study was the first to
demonstrate that suspensions of thymol (10%), methyl salicylate (1% and 10%) and carvacrol
(1% and 5%) significantly reduced WFT oviposition rate when applied to individual plum
blossoms in laboratory bioassays. Significant results could not be obtained in semi-field trials
using potted plum trees, mainly because the suspensions were unable to provide sustained
release of the volatile essential oils at behaviourally effective concentrations. Phytotoxic
damage to blossoms was encountered at higher concentrations of the essential oils. While
thymol, methyl salicylate and carvacrol were shown to have potential as oviposition deterrents
for WFT on plum blossoms, they could only be considered for commercial use if stable
suspensions can be developed to deliver sustained release of behaviourally effective
concentrations with no phytotoxic effects.
An effective trap crop that provides the “pull” should be as attractive, or more attractive to WFT
than plum blossoms. White clover, Trifolium repens L., was selected for investigation. The
attractiveness of flower volatiles of clover flowers and plum blossoms, collected by means of air entrainment, was evaluated using a Y-tube glass olfactometer. Results showed that the
volatiles of clover flowers and plum blossoms are both very attractive to WFT females. White
clover shows…
Advisors/Committee Members: Addison, Pia, Dewhirst, Sarah Y., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Western flower thrips – Chemical control; Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); Chemical control of pests.; Fruit – Diseases and pests – Control; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Allsopp, E. (2016). Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100432
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Allsopp, Elleunorah. “Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100432.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Allsopp, Elleunorah. “Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Allsopp E. Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100432.
Council of Science Editors:
Allsopp E. Developing an integrated management system for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on deciduous fruit, using semiochemicals in a push-pull strategy. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/100432
Stellenbosch University
25.
Fourie, Marno.
Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2014, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86766
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian ecotones provide a variety of ecosystems services, however they are understudied in Mediterranean-type ecosystems compared to other types of ecosystems. Riparian ecotones…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian ecotones provide a variety of ecosystems services, however they are understudied in
Mediterranean-type ecosystems compared to other types of ecosystems. Riparian ecotones occupy
the space between aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial environments, and they are seen as a
transitional area between these two ecosystems, which allow movement of species and resources.
Riparian ecotones are threatened by invasive alien plant species (IAPs) that establish after
disturbance, whether it is human-induced or natural. In South Africa, particularly the fynbos region,
comprising much of the Mediterranean-type ecosystem, the most prominent invasive alien plants are
from Australia and belong to the genus Acacia. They are nitrogen-fixers that can have a great
influence on riparian ecotone functioning if left unmanaged due to the addition of nitrogen to the
system; they are also profligate users of water when growing in riparian environments, and are
recognised as transformer species.
The South African government started a clearing program, the “Working for Water Program” in 1995,
in order to clear IAPs from riparian ecotones. Recent studies produced substantial knowledge on the
effect that clearance of alien woody species have on restoration of indigenous species. However, the
effect of invasion and removal of invasive species on soil processes, and potential changes in water
quality in fynbos riparian ecotones have not been investigated in great detail. Even though there have
been numerous investigations carried out globally in this field, we still lack relevant information for
Mediterranean-type ecosystems, specifically in the Western Cape where fynbos riparian ecotones are
poorly studied. This study evaluated whether invasion by Acacia spp. caused changes to net nitrogen
mineralization, available nitrogen, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and denitrification potential and
whether soil properties were changed irreversibly. The study also evaluated whether the clearing of
invasive species, which is widely applied as a management practice in the Western Cape, led to
restoration of riparian functioning in terms of nitrogen cycling (considering that restoration includes
both recovery of structure and function) or whether the invasion led to irreversible changes in riparian
ecosystems. The results from the study showed that there was no difference in the nitrogen mineralization activity
from Acacia spp. invasion compared to natural (“reference”) sites and clearing the IAPs did not lead to
changes in nitrogen mineralization. Nitrogen mineralization also did not differ between riparian zones
(wet and dry banks) and upper terrestrial areas. Low C:N ratios in invaded and cleared sites implied
that carbon was limiting and were responsible for the lack of differences in the nitrogen mineralization
activity. There was more NH4
+ and NO3
- available for uptake by plants and/or soil micro-organisms in
the invaded sites than natural and cleared sites. There was also more NH4
+ and NO3
-…
Advisors/Committee Members: Jacobs, Shayne M., Rozanov, Andrei, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Fynbos Riparian functioning; Soils – Nitrogen content; Riparian ecotones; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Fourie, M. (2014). Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86766
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Fourie, Marno. “Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86766.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Fourie, Marno. “Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Fourie M. Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86766.
Council of Science Editors:
Fourie M. Investigating soil nitrogen dynamics in natural, invaded and cleared fynbos riparaian ecotones and implications for riparian functioning. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86766
Stellenbosch University
26.
Gird, Justin William.
Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa.
Degree: MSc, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2015, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96746
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The conservation of resources which fall under communal tenure has been a major dilemma for the past 60 years. In South Africa communal…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The conservation of resources which fall under communal tenure has been a major dilemma for the past 60 years. In South Africa communal lands support more than a quarter of the country’s citizens, mostly the poorest members of society whose livelihoods rely heavily on natural resources. Wildlife enterprise is an alternative land use strategy for implementing community based resource management on communal lands. Additionally, safari hunting has been recognised as an efficient means of initiating wildlife based land use practises. In the 1980’s a community owned game reserve, which utilised safari hunting as an income source, was established on one of South Africa’s black homelands, the Ciskei. Since then, the reserve has been disbanded but little is known about how it operated, the reason it was formed or why it failed.
The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to document and understand the happenings of a failed community owned hunting reserve in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province and secondly, to determine what level of support there would be amongst the local residents if the reserve was to be re-established. Semi structured, qualitative interviews were conducted to gather information about the reserve from key informants. Structured, randomly selected household surveys were used to gauge local residents support on the idea of having the reserve re-established. Additionally, in doing so it was possible to view, though indirectly, the thoughts and attitudes of the residents to the notion of safari hunting as a land use option.
In review of the reserve history it was found that complexities that make up the social settings of communal lands in South Africa were ignored and dealt with through the age-old approach of top-down management regimes. Once the power of the initial authorities was lost the entire project was doomed to failure as local residents felt no need to keep the project alive. Results showed that 73.7% of the respondents would support the redevelopment of the Ntabethemba Reserve while 19.5% would not. The remaining 6.8% could not say whether they would or would not. The majority of the respondents (73%) believed that the area should be marketed for safari hunters, whilst 13% were against it, 9% were neutral and 5% were unsure.
The Ntabethemba Reserve can be viewed as a ‘joint-management’ project where management responsibilities were adopted by a non-community party. If a future project is to be undertaken it needs to be aware of the complex socio-ecological setting of the area and account for this in ways that are beyond those advocated in the traditional approach to protected area conservation. The highly skewed distribution of livestock ownership needs to be taken into consideration in that those few individuals who own the most livestock would lose the most from any development that reduces
grazing lands. Both the benefits and the costs need to be distributed in such a way that a situation is avoided where only a few are benefiting at the expense of others.
AFRIKAANSE…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hoffman, Louwrens, Leslie, Alison Jane, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: CBNRM (Community based natural resource management); Community based conservation; Nthabathemba Reserve – South Africa – Case study; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Gird, J. W. (2015). Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96746
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Gird, Justin William. “Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96746.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Gird, Justin William. “Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa.” 2015. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Gird JW. Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96746.
Council of Science Editors:
Gird JW. Hunting as a conservation tool : investigating the use of hunting in CBNRM programs : a case study of the Ntabethemba Community Reserve, South Africa. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96746
Stellenbosch University
27.
Rafferty, Melandri Crystal Tameron.
Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2018, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103775
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The north-western region of the Western Cape forms part of the Fynbos biome and is home to the indigenous plant, A. linearis (rooibos).…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The north-western region of the Western Cape forms part of the Fynbos biome and is home to the indigenous plant, A. linearis (rooibos). Rooibos cultivation is restricted to a small geographic area with wild rooibos plants being more at risk as a result of climate change. This research contributes to a growing body of evidence of the impacts observed and experienced by small-scale farmers, by adding much-needed analysis of empirical data on rooibos under low precipitation conditions to the body of science. The overall aim of this study was to examine the physiological response, using xylem hydraulic conductivity, to drought stress of wild and cultivated A. linearis plants in the Suid Bokkeveld and to determine the effects of organic mulch on cultivated rooibos‘ susceptibility to xylem cavitation in response to drought stress. The information was used to compare farmer perceptions of rooibos drought responses and to spotlight the variations and similarities between the two information systems (scientific and local ecological knowledge) with the hope of providing guidelines for effective climate change adaptation strategies. A. linearis appears to respond to soil moisture gradients but showed little differences within sites according to the reseeder-resprouter dichotomy. On the other hand, the use of mulch did not have an impact on the cultivated rooibos‘ hydraulic characteristics. Cultivated (reseeding) and wild (resprouting) rooibos ecotypes may differ in terms of their physiology, however, when the effects of drought exceed levels of tolerance in the two ecotypes, according to responses from the questionnaire survey, both may exhibit similar strategies (branch sacrifice and red leaf discoloration) to cope with prolonged precipitation deficits. The quarterly climate change workshops have proven to be a helpful tool when it comes to incorporating local climate issues with that of seasonal forecasts and ultimately provides a platform for adapting new methods in addressing the impacts of drought and climate change. Results from the traditional scientific methods and the survey questionnaire on local knowledge show that there may exist important disparities between these two methodologies, however, each prove invaluable for understanding certain phenomena exhibited, in this case, by wild and cultivated rooibos ecotypes. Local knowledge should be used to emphasize problem areas and detect possible solutions whereas conventional scientific methodologies may often assist in converting potential problems into a broader range of appropriate hypothesis testing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die noordwestelike streek van die Wes-Kaap vorm deel van die Fynbos-bioom en is die tuiste van die inheemse plant, A. linearis (rooibos). Rooibos produksie is beperk tot 'n klein geografiese area en klimaatsverandering hou 'n bedreiging in vir veld rooibos plante. Hierdie navorsing dra by tot die toenemende bewyse rakende die impak wat deur kleinboere waargeneem en ervaar word, deur die noodsaaklike analise van empiriese data…
Advisors/Committee Members: Malgas, Rhoda, Jacobs, Shayne, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Aspalathus linearris – Drought stress; Aspalathus linearis – Suid Bokkeveld Northern Cape Province – South Africa; Climate change – Northern Cape Province – South Africa; Xylem hydraulic conductivity; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Rafferty, M. C. T. (2018). Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103775
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Rafferty, Melandri Crystal Tameron. “Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103775.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Rafferty, Melandri Crystal Tameron. “Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence.” 2018. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Rafferty MCT. Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103775.
Council of Science Editors:
Rafferty MCT. Drought stress responses in wild and cultivated Aspalathus linearis of the Suid Bokkeveld, Northern Cape Province of South Africa : linkages between local knowledge and empirical evidence. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/103775
Stellenbosch University
28.
Knoetze, Rinus.
A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa.
Degree: PhD, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2014, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86734
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa is presented. The aims of the study were…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa is presented. The aims of the study were to determine the spread of the genus in South Africa; to study the systematics and describe the characteristics of the group and to gain a more complete understanding of the biology of the group as agricultural pests. Surveys were conducted in the Cape Floristic Region and in all the potato-producing areas of South Africa. The surveys unearthed new species of cyst nematodes and determined the spread of Globodera rostochiensis in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from ITS-rDNA was used to infer phylogenetic relationships among cyst nematodes from South Africa. The analyses established the distinct phylogenetic positions of cyst nematode populations from South Africa relative to an array of other cyst nematode species and indicated the existence of four new species of cyst nematodes. Analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns revealed intraspecific genetic variation amongst populations of Globodera rostochiensis. In order to provide molecular protocols for the accurate identification of South African cyst nematodes, species-specific primers and restriction enzymes were tested for their ability to discriminate between local Globodera spp. A combination of the molecular, morphological and morphometric characteristics of these populations were used to describe three new species of cyst nematodes. Experiments to determine the effect of storage temperature on the viability and hatching of South African populations of G. rostochiensis, showed differences in the responses of different populations to different storage temperatures. Experiments to determine the effect of field conditions on the viability and hatching of South African populations of G. rostochiensis, indicated that a decline in viable eggs in cysts from different populations occur, but suggests that the cysts will be able to survive for much longer in these soils than was expected. Spontaneous hatch was the main
contributor to the decline of viability of cysts in the soil. Recording of soil temperatures in different locations indicated that the average temperature at 20 cm depth was approximately 20°C, the optimum temperature for the reproduction of G. rostochiensis, as confirmed by in vitro reproduction tests, which also showed that multiplication and survival is influenced negatively when the temperatures rise above 25°C. Reproduction on differential potato clones confirmed the pathotype of all the South African populations of G. rostochiensis as Ro1. After assessing the reproduction of G. rostochiensis on indigenous solanaceous plants, it was concluded that none of these plants induce substantial hatch in G. rostochiensis, nor do they support multiplication of the nematode. The results of this project have an impact on inquiries at all taxonomic levels, while also having an essential practical application in nematology. Knowledge of the…
Advisors/Committee Members: Swart, Antoinette, Addison, Pia, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae); Phylogenetics; Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) – Characterisation; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Knoetze, R. (2014). A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86734
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Knoetze, Rinus. “A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86734.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Knoetze, Rinus. “A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa.” 2014. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Knoetze R. A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86734.
Council of Science Editors:
Knoetze R. A molecular, morphological and biological characterisation of the genus Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in South Africa. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Stellenbosch University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86734
Stellenbosch University
29.
Geenen, Kayla Adriana.
Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.
Degree: MScConsEcol, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2019, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/107152
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The management of water requires an important understanding of the impacts of supplementation on the ecosystem. In semi-arid environments worldwide, access to water…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The management of water requires an important understanding of the impacts of supplementation on the ecosystem. In semi-arid environments worldwide, access to water is essential for the survival of wildlife and may affect the distribution of species within a reserve. Water supplementation, via artificial waterpoints (AWPs), has become common practice in maintaining wildlife densities when other water sources are limited in the dry season. Herbivores, especially those which are water-dependent, tend to congregate near water points and this congregation results in increased trampling and intense herbivore utilisation of the surrounding vegetation, eventually forming gradients of utilisation with increased utilisation pressure close to the AWP. Majete Wildlife Reserve (MWR) in southern Malawi has undergone a rehabilitation phase, which included a large wildlife reintroduction programme and as a necessity the construction of 10 AWPs. Concerns have now arisen as to the impact herbivores may be having on the vegetation surrounding these water points. In this study, vegetation change and structure surrounding AWPs and wildlife AWP usage was investigated. AWP utilisation by 12 species was studied with the use of camera traps from June 2017 to May 2018. African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were the most frequently observed species. AWPs were predominantly visited from 10:00 - 11:00, apart from black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) and Cape buffalo which preferred to utilise AWPs at dawn and dusk. Seventy-nine percent of AWP use observations were in the dry season, compared to 21% in the wet season. AWP utilisation was significantly higher in the south-eastern region of the reserve due to a lack of natural perennial water sources. Vegetation was sampled along three 2000m long transects in the N, SE and SW directions from six AWPs between July and November 2017 for woody vegetation, and between February and May 2018 for herbaceous vegetation. Both herbaceous vegetation condition and woody vegetation cover increased significantly with distance from water. Fixed-point photography was used to determine the change in vegetation cover between 2013 and 2018. Eight of the ten AWPs had an average decrease in vegetation cover. Woody vegetation cover surrounding AWPs decreased over the five-year period primarily due to elephant activity, and there was a coincided decrease in herbaceous vegetation cover. Soil erosion surrounding AWPs increased, due to an increase in water run-off and a decrease in soil stability when herbaceous vegetation cover decreased. AWPs are an important source of water for herbivores in the dry season in MWR, however the planning of AWP placement, maintenance and management options require careful consideration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bestuur van water vereis 'n goeie begrip van die gevolge van sodoende aanvulling op die ekosisteem. In semi-droë omgewings wêreldwyd is toegang tot water noodsaaklik vir die oorlewing van wilde diere en dit kan die…
Advisors/Committee Members: Leslie, Alison Jane, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Artificial waterpoints – Planning; Wildlife conservation – Malawi; Wildlife reintroduction – Malawi; Soil erosion; Herbivores – Malawi – Majete Wildlife Reserve; Plant conservation; Vegetation and climate; UCTD
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
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CSE |
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Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Geenen, K. A. (2019). Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/107152
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Geenen, Kayla Adriana. “Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/107152.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Geenen, Kayla Adriana. “Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi.” 2019. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Geenen KA. Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/107152.
Council of Science Editors:
Geenen KA. Ecological Impact of Large Herbivores at Artificial Waterpoints in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/107152
Stellenbosch University
30.
Swart, Rudi Crispin.
The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity.
Degree: MSc, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, 2016, Stellenbosch University
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98422
► ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With only about 12% of the Earth’s surface under some form of official protection and the human population on the rise exponentially, production…
(more)
▼ ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With only about 12% of the Earth’s surface under some form of official protection and the human population on the rise exponentially, production landscapes can and should contribute significantly towards biodiversity
conservation in the future. Globally, management practices that balance production and
conservation are important for creating sustainable agriculture and timber production landscape. This study aims to determine how a heterogeneous, unfenced national park in South Africa, containing a mosaic of commercial plantations, natural forests and fynbos is affected by land transformation. This was achieved by focussing on artificially created and natural edges found in this landscape, through analysing and comparing the composition and species richness of arthropods across linear transects. Specifically I determined if natural edges next to southern Cape Afrotemperate forests are altered by anthropogenic influences such as forestry plantations, and their felling, as measured by epigaeic arthropod diversity. The effects of different road types, and directions that these roads dissect the forest, were also assessed. I found that pine plantations provide little suitable habitat for either forest or fynbos arthropods. The natural fynbos-forest ecotone harbours a unique composition of arthropod assemblages, with the smallest edge effect into the forest. Once this is replaced by commercial pine plantations, an edge effect up to 30 m into the forests from the plantation edge is detected. When plantations bordering natural forests are felled, the edge effect increases to 50 m into natural forests. Research on edge effects created by roads showed that both wider, arterial roads as well as secondary roads affected the diversity of forest arthropods up to 50 m into the natural forest. These effects are therefore similar to that observed after clear felling of plantations except that, in contrast to possible regeneration of natural edge habitat after clear felling, these edges are now permanent fragmentary features in the forest with little chance of recovery. Even hiking trails affected overall arthropod assemblages in the adjacent forests up to 10 m. Although this likely does not lead to forest fragmentation due to an in-tact forest canopy, these areas alter natural assemblages with unknown population dynamic consequences. I also show that east-west directed roads have stronger fragmentary effects as determined by arthropod diversity, along their southern edge than north-south directed roads, with east and west facing edges. Increased sunlight penetration, with its accompanying changes in microclimatic conditions is put forward to explain these differences. Habitat loss due to the establishment of commercial plantation forestry in the region not only leads to a decrease in suitable fynbos habitat, but also impacts adjacent natural forest arthropod diversity. The remaining southern Cape Afrotemperate forests are greatly fragmented by a network of roads. Due to the uniqueness of these forests, special…
Advisors/Committee Members: Roets, Francois, Pryke, James, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Conservation Ecology and Entomology..
Subjects/Keywords: Southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity; Forest edge; Plantation forestry; Production landscape; UCTD
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APA (6th Edition):
Swart, R. C. (2016). The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity. (Masters Thesis). Stellenbosch University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98422
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Swart, Rudi Crispin. “The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Accessed February 28, 2021.
http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98422.
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Swart, Rudi Crispin. “The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity.” 2016. Web. 28 Feb 2021.
Vancouver:
Swart RC. The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. [cited 2021 Feb 28].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98422.
Council of Science Editors:
Swart RC. The effect of commercial forestry plantations and roads on southern Afrotemperate forest arthropod diversity. [Masters Thesis]. Stellenbosch University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98422
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