+publisher:"Princeton University" +contributor:("Rubenstein, Daniel I")

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Princeton University

1. Schieltz, Jennifer Michelle. EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS .

Degree: PhD, 2017, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp012v23vw90h

► ABSTRACT Livestock graze more than a quarter of earth’s land surface. This is generally considered detrimental to wildlife, but grazing can sometimes have positive effects… (more)

▼ ABSTRACT Livestock graze more than a quarter of earth’s land surface. This is generally considered detrimental to wildlife, but grazing can sometimes have positive effects as well. Rangelands also provide vital habitat for wildlife outside of protected areas. Consequently, conservation efforts are increasingly aimed at managing land for wildlife-livestock coexistence. However, much is still unknown about how wildlife respond to livestock grazing. Chapter 1 is a systematic review of the literature examining evidence for positive and negative effects of livestock grazing on wildlife around the world. A number of big patterns emerge, but also significant gaps in current data. Most studies have been conducted in North America and Europe on birds and mammals, and there is a strong need for more research in the developing world, on a wider range of species. In the following chapters, my work on cattle and wild ungulates in Africa attempts to address some of those gaps. Chapters 2 and 3 are methods papers that provide the foundation for the field studies discussed in chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 2, I developed a method for using low-cost GPS loggers to track cattle movements, quantify variation in intensity across a study area, and assess the impact of cattle on vegetation. This tracking can provide important insights and guide management decisions. Chapter 3 describes a method for analyzing camera trap data to quantify wildlife use of a site, especially for social animals like ungulates that often live in groups of varying sizes. Chapters 4 and 5 present results on effects of cattle grazing on rangelands in an integrated livestock-wildlife system in Kenya. Chapter 4 analyzes the effects of cattle movements and grazing intensity on forage quantity and quality. While grazing does remove grass biomass, it can also stimulate new growth and “green-up” after rain leading to improved grass quality. Chapter 5 then discusses the responses of a suite of wild grazers to cattle grazing. Grazing may benefit small species, especially ruminants, whereas large buffalo require tall grass. As non-ruminants, zebras are able to utilize a wide range of habitats but may benefit from cattle-induced grass green-up. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: grazing; livestock; mammal; ungulate; wildlife

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APA (6^th Edition):

Schieltz, J. M. (2017). EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp012v23vw90h

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schieltz, Jennifer Michelle. “EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS .” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp012v23vw90h.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schieltz, Jennifer Michelle. “EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS .” 2017. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Schieltz JM. EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp012v23vw90h.

Council of Science Editors:

Schieltz JM. EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK ON WILDLIFE ON SHARED RANGELANDS . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2017. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp012v23vw90h

Princeton University

2. Tombak, Kaia Juulia. The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa .

Degree: PhD, 2019, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01mw22v840d

► Species- or population-typical social organization is thought to result principally from the interplay between predation risk, resource distribution, and pathogen transmission risk. This thesis explores… (more)

▼ Species- or population-typical social organization is thought to result principally from the interplay between predation risk, resource distribution, and pathogen transmission risk. This thesis explores the ecological basis of social behavior in two socially-divergent zebra species – the Grevy’s zebra and the plains zebra – with a focus on host-parasite dynamics in each. The first chapter details a study of group size variation in each species conducted via photographic censuses of zebra groups at sites with different lion densities from 2015-2018. We found that Grevy’s zebras increased group size in the wet season, consistent with food-limited grouping behavior, whereas plains zebras increased group size in the dry season, in line with group sizes limited by water or by pathogen transmission risk. The second chapter investigates differential exposure risk as the basis for higher parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes found in plains zebras. As arid-adapted equids that need to drink infre-quently, Grevy’s zebras can range much farther from water than plains zebras and graze in areas with lower dung density, and therefore lower exposure risk, as a result. The nematode community, or nemabiome, of each zebra was analyzed in Chapter 3, where nematode species co-occurrence analyses revealed evidence for a preponderance of positive species associations, potentially indicating facilitative relationships and a need for host resistance to regulate populations. The fourth chapter explores the genetic vs. environmental determinants of host immune strategies and parasitism in a zebra hybridization zone. The results suggest that Grevy’s zebras not only experience lower exposure risk, but are genetically more resistant to gastrointestinal parasites than plains zebras. Taken to-gether, our findings indicate that gastrointestinal nematodes impose more pressure on plains zebras than on Grevy’s zebras, congruent with the grouping behavior studied in Chapter 1. Pathogen transmission risk is not as well understood in relation to social behavior as are the other ecological determinants of social systems, and this thesis attempts to bridge this gap in our understanding of social evolution through studies on the zebras of East Africa. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Darwin's hostile forces; Host-parasite dynamics; Social behavior; Social evolution; Socioecology; Zebras

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tombak, K. J. (2019). The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01mw22v840d

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tombak, Kaia Juulia. “The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa .” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01mw22v840d.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tombak, Kaia Juulia. “The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa .” 2019. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Tombak KJ. The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01mw22v840d.

Council of Science Editors:

Tombak KJ. The Behavioral Ecology and Host-Parasite Dynamics of the Zebras of East Africa . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2019. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01mw22v840d

Princeton University

3. Kendall, Corinne Julie. Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications .

Degree: PhD, 2012, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01sn009x81s

► This dissertation examines the alternative strategies used by a diverse eight species avian scavenger guild and how these enable their coexistence in Masai Mara National… (more)

▼ This dissertation examines the alternative strategies used by a diverse eight species avian scavenger guild and how these enable their coexistence in Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Methods include roadside transects, counts and behavioral observations of scavenger species at both natural and experimental carcasses, and a movement study using GSM-GPS telemetry. Findings suggest high association among species with similar beak morphology at natural carcasses demonstrating that resource partitioning is insufficient to explain coexistence. Instead, a series of alternative behavioral strategies occur across spatial and temporal gradients in resource availability, that occur seasonally, locally, daily, and regionally. Seasonally, social species move to areas of high food availability. As a result, higher competition caused by these social species appears to offset increases in food availability during the dry season, forcing solitary species to search throughout the day. On a local scale, trade-offs between individual dominance versus social dominance and search efficiency versus competitive ability enable socially dominant species and species with high search efficiency to use the best quality habitats, typically areas with high wildlife density. Across regional scales, variation in habitat use among Gyps vultures enables coexistence. In general, movement of competitively dominant vulture species is linked to prey mortality rather than abundance. An understanding of alternative strategies employed by different avian scavengers has important implications for their conservation. All avian scavenger species except Bateleurs are found to be declining dramatically within and around Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Poisoning, the primary threat to vultures, is expected to cause regional declines for species, such as Lappet-faced and Gyps vultures, whose ranges extend beyond protected areas. Subordinate species with low search efficiency, such as Hooded vultures and Tawny eagles, disproportionately use areas of poor quality, such as those of high human settlement density and are thus at greatest risk of poisoning. Social species, such as Gyps vultures, depend on high ungulate mortality rates and are thus most likely to be impacted by on-going wildlife declines. Management actions to prevent poisoning and continued monitoring of vulture populations in Masai Mara National Reserve will be critical steps in the conservation of avian scavengers. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: carcass; coexistence; community ecology; habitat use; resource partitioning; vulture

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kendall, C. J. (2012). Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01sn009x81s

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kendall, Corinne Julie. “Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications .” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01sn009x81s.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kendall, Corinne Julie. “Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications .” 2012. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kendall CJ. Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2012. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01sn009x81s.

Council of Science Editors:

Kendall CJ. Alternative Strategies in an Avian Scavenger Guild and Their Conservation Implications . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2012. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01sn009x81s

Princeton University

4. Hauck, Stephanie J. Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya .

Degree: PhD, 2013, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp013t945q84d

► Pastoral livelihoods around the world are evolving. The majority of Africa's pastoral populations have been settled for more than 30 years, and new studies generating… (more)

▼ Pastoral livelihoods around the world are evolving. The majority of Africa's pastoral populations have been settled for more than 30 years, and new studies generating old hypotheses about the consequences of settlement for pastoralists are no longer relevant. The emergence of globalized markets and the integration of globalized production in developing country settings have forced many pastoralists, along with the rest of the world's consumers, to shift their economic strategies of production to accommodate these evolving markets. The aim of this dissertation is to illustrate the relationship between globalization and apparent transformations in pastoralist behavior (areas such as land use, herding, diet, disease patterns) in recent years. We specifically focus on the links among rainfall and vegetation, land use and herding, diets, and health for Mukugodo Maasai in rural northern Kenya. To do this, we use a novel conceptual framework that incorporates both traditional interactions between pastoral ecology and resource generation and modern opportunities. We accomplish this by linking pastoral families via their pastoral production and other economic activities to the cash economy, modern diets and nutritional status (health), and public and private assistance and programs (such as food aid). Using this framework, we show that there is a significant relationship between rainfall and vegetation in Mukugodo, and this relationship is directly tied to livestock productivity. We also show that herders do not always behave in economically rational ways when making decisions about where to move their livestock during seasonal or crisis-induced migrations. These decisions in turn influence the production potential of households, such as whether they can generate subsistence products to meet their needs or quality stock to sell in the market. This is reflected in the striking degree of inequality, as measured by Thiel's T and the Gini Coefficient, that arises in the year following a major drought event among households. Rainfall, vegetation, and herding decisions also influence how Mukugodo pastoralists engage with the market. Dietary patterns, as reported by women using our pictorial diet assessment tool indicate that the majority of the population is chronically energy and protein deficient, with average calorie intake ranging from 1200 to 1800 per day, partly due to unfavorable terms of trade for agricultural goods in local markets. Our analysis of nutritional indicators among Mukugodo children and adolescents aged 0-19 years revealed a population suffering from chronic, moderate malnutrition, we suspect in large part due to their highly deficient diets. When families don't have cash or stock to sell in the market (or don't want to because pricing structures are prohibitive) they must turn to an alternative source of calories, such as food aid from public or private sources. Families who have access to subsidized rations for purchase from private ranches and conservancies have better dietary outcomes than… Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: health; herding; kenya; land use; nutrition; pastoralism

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hauck, S. J. (2013). Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp013t945q84d

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hauck, Stephanie J. “Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya .” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp013t945q84d.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hauck, Stephanie J. “Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya .” 2013. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Hauck SJ. Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp013t945q84d.

Council of Science Editors:

Hauck SJ. Pastoralist Societies in Flux: The Impact of Ecology, Markets, and Governmental Assistance on the Mukugodo Maasai of Kenya . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2013. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp013t945q84d

5. Barale, Caitlin Laurel. The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) .

Degree: PhD, 2014, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01v979v530b

► The relationship between early social experiences, dispersal, and adult strategies is complex. It requires a thorough investigation into the social environment of immature study subjects,… (more)

▼ The relationship between early social experiences, dispersal, and adult strategies is complex. It requires a thorough investigation into the social environment of immature study subjects, and the ability to track individuals as they mature, disperse and reproduce. In this dissertation, we use behavioral observations and social network analysis to explore the development of individual differences in social integration during the juvenile period, the facets of early life that influence these differences, and the way they influence behavioral trajectories in male geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Sex differences foreshadowing adult trajectories were apparent in play rates, number of playmates per individual, grooming partner type, and partner preferences. Males practiced fighting and assessing competitors, while females built grooming ties with relatives. Both sexes exhibited individual consistency in play and grooming rates. In addition to individual differences in interaction rates, individuals varied in social integration, as measured by social network analysis. Within a specific social context, geladas who had many friends also connected disparate subgroups and had well-connected partners. However, social prowess in one setting did not translate into competence in another. The combination of interaction rates and integration metrics was individually stable over time for the majority of individuals and constituted repeatable "social types". Social types arose primarily from variation in maternal sociability. Sons of highly-social mothers (who provided sons with a grooming network template) were well-integrated in juvenile grooming networks, while sons of less-social mothers actively built their own play networks. Social types also influenced dispersal trajectories. Males who were highly or moderately integrated in juvenile social networks positioned themselves to be highly successful adults. They stayed in their natal units long enough to learn and practice the social skills necessary to integrate into a bachelor group, and dispersed into bachelor groups either directly (highly integrated males) or by visiting first to improve their grooming skills (moderately integrated males). Poorly-integrated males did not attempt to join bachelor groups and instead dispersed at young ages directly into reproductive units. Additional research is needed to firmly connect differences in integration and dispersal patterns to reproductive strategies, although these initial results support a connection between early social integration and adult strategies. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: alternative strategies; dispersal; gelada; personalities; testosterone

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APA (6^th Edition):

Barale, C. L. (2014). The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01v979v530b

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Barale, Caitlin Laurel. “The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) .” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01v979v530b.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Barale, Caitlin Laurel. “The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) .” 2014. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Barale CL. The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01v979v530b.

Council of Science Editors:

Barale CL. The Effects of Early Social Context and Social Types on Dispersal and Reproductive Strategies in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01v979v530b

Princeton University

6. Grobis, Matthew. Structure and survival in animal groups .

Degree: PhD, 2019, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01bz60d005t

► Social grouping has repeatedly evolved in animals as a way of responding to and controlling their external environment. These groups are often greater than the… (more)

▼ Social grouping has repeatedly evolved in animals as a way of responding to and controlling their external environment. These groups are often greater than the sum of their parts: simple local interactions between individuals can give rise to complex group-level behaviors not possible at the individual level. The structure of the group - the spatial positions, orientations, and sensory neighborhoods of group members - is both a product and modulator of these local interactions, playing a critical role in how groups interact with their environments. Despite this importance, much of our understanding of the relationships between local interactions, group structure, and emergent behaviors has remained restricted to theoretical models due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable individual-level data in mobile animal groups. Recent advances in computer vision, however, now grant us the ability to observe within-group dynamics at a resolution detailed enough to finally test theories on how local interactions give rise to emergent group-level properties - as well as the intermediary role of group structure. In this thesis, I collected high-resolution data on schooling fish, known for their dynamic group structure, to examine local interactions, group structure, and the resulting consequences on survival. In Chapter 2, I quantify the distribution of visual information in fish schools and show that vision can be a useful metric for labeling the interior versus exterior of groups. In Chapter 3, I demonstrate that changes in information transfer due to perception of predation risk can be entirely attributed to group structure, with negligible changes in local interactions. Finally, in Chapter 4, I use live predator-prey interactions to empirically link group structure to survival, highlighting the importance of density and vision. Overall, this thesis adds to a growing movement of validating and improving upon our models of collective movement, cognition, and antipredator behavior. Advisors/Committee Members: Couzin, Iain D (advisor), Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Animal behavior; Antipredator behavior; Collective behavior; Fish; Group structure

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APA (6^th Edition):

Grobis, M. (2019). Structure and survival in animal groups . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01bz60d005t

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Grobis, Matthew. “Structure and survival in animal groups .” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01bz60d005t.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Grobis, Matthew. “Structure and survival in animal groups .” 2019. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Grobis M. Structure and survival in animal groups . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01bz60d005t.

Council of Science Editors:

Grobis M. Structure and survival in animal groups . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2019. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01bz60d005t

Princeton University

7. Kulahci, Ipek Gokce. Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning .

Degree: PhD, 2014, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015138jh09z

► Most social species display social selectivity by establishing connections with only a subset of their group members. Selective social connections, based on who interacts with… (more)

▼ Most social species display social selectivity by establishing connections with only a subset of their group members. Selective social connections, based on who interacts with whom and how frequently, can have consequences for who becomes socially central, who communicates with whom, who observes whom when faced with novel information, and who learns faster than others. Through observations and experiments with ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), I demonstrate that selectivity in social connections is reflected in selective communication, selective attention, and information transmission. I constructed social networks from connections based on affiliative interactions (grooming, social play, food sharing), communication (contact calling, scent marking), aggressive interactions, and physical proximity. Through analysis of these networks, I demonstrate that lemurs are highly selective in their social connections. Individuals who have high social centrality in one social context also have high social centrality in several other social contexts, suggesting that lemurs display "social personalities" that carry over across different social contexts. Lemur communication is also subject to social selectivity. Contact calls, in particular, reflect the strong social bonds between the group members. A reliable indicator of strong social bonds is grooming, and lemurs produce vocal responses to the contact calls of the group members they frequently groom. Selective vocal responses towards the group members with whom strong bonds are shared may allow lemurs to "groom-at-a-distance" when they are separated from each other. Besides contact calls, lemurs also communicate via scent marks. I show evidence that lemurs recognize familiar conspecifics by matching identity information found in the scent marks to those found in the contact calls. Such ability to recognize others is critical for maintaining selectivity in social connections. Social selectivity also has consequences for attention and information transmission. When faced with a novel task, lemurs attend to, and potentially learn from, the group members with whom they share affiliative connections. Social play, in particular, stands out among other connections in reliably predicting the patterns of both selective attention (who observes whom solve the task) and information transmission (who solves the task when). Overall, these results demonstrate positive relationships between selective social connections, communication, attention, and learning. Advisors/Committee Members: Ghazanfar, Asif A (advisor), Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Animal cognition; Communication; Individual recognition; Information transmission; Lemur catta; Social networks

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kulahci, I. G. (2014). Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015138jh09z

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kulahci, Ipek Gokce. “Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning .” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015138jh09z.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kulahci, Ipek Gokce. “Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning .” 2014. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Kulahci IG. Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015138jh09z.

Council of Science Editors:

Kulahci IG. Social interactions predict patterns of communication and learning . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015138jh09z

Princeton University

8. Bak-Coleman, Joseph B. Collective Behavior in a Connected World .

Degree: PhD, 2020, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r494vp23c

► Understanding how individual actions and interactions give rise to group-level properties is at the core of collective behavior research. In animal groups, measuring and modeling… (more)

▼ Understanding how individual actions and interactions give rise to group-level properties is at the core of collective behavior research. In animal groups, measuring and modeling these processes has yielded predictive insight into how they avoid predators, navigate, cooperate, and make decisions. Often, they achieve these feats in the absence of leaders and without individuals being aware of the collective behavior itself. Remarkably, even in groups composed of unrelated, selfish members, natural selection has produced emergent and functional group behavior. Collective functionality however, can be sensitive to perturbation and specific to environmental contexts. For example, the simple rules that govern how army ants follow pheromone trails allow them to navigate and make decisions in dense jungle forests with poor vision. In some contexts, however, these rules can go awry resulting in a death spiral whereby the ants march in a circle until they starve or rejoin the group. The context-dependent functionality of collective behavior raises serious questions for human groups. The rules that govern our collective behavior arose in the context of hunter-gatherer groups, yet we now face global challenges while communicating in increasingly digital ways. This thesis begins by drawing on evidence across disciplines to argue that human collective behavior is unlikely to be sustainable in the absence of intervention. To this end, chapter one charts a course for a crisis-minded study of collective behavior, while highlighting some of the key challenges and critical next steps. In chapter two, this thesis reveal how network structures unique to the digital era impact the ability of groups to make accurate decisions in the face of uncertainty. Finally, chapter three examines a key hurdle to managing and understanding human behavior by providing evidence that social interaction and network topology pose challenges to conducting statistical inference. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor), Couzin, Iain D (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: Collective Behavior; Collective Wisdom; Communication Technology; Social Media

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bak-Coleman, J. B. (2020). Collective Behavior in a Connected World . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r494vp23c

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bak-Coleman, Joseph B. “Collective Behavior in a Connected World .” 2020. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r494vp23c.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bak-Coleman, Joseph B. “Collective Behavior in a Connected World .” 2020. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Bak-Coleman JB. Collective Behavior in a Connected World . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r494vp23c.

Council of Science Editors:

Bak-Coleman JB. Collective Behavior in a Connected World . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r494vp23c

9. Roberts, Blair Allison. The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate .

Degree: PhD, 2014, Princeton University

URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010v838070q

► This dissertation examines risk management tactics of female Thomson's gazelles during the early stages of motherhood, when fawns experience high predation risk. Fawns' main defense… (more)

▼ This dissertation examines risk management tactics of female Thomson's gazelles during the early stages of motherhood, when fawns experience high predation risk. Fawns' main defense is the hiding strategy, in which they spend long periods of time concealed in vegetation apart from their mothers. Hiding requires maternal cooperation and has the potential to affect maternal risk and behavioral patterns. Immediately following birth, the fawn is unable to hide. Avoidance of fawn predation depends on the social and environmental contexts of parturition. Most mothers either isolate from conspecifics and give birth in tall grass or remain in social groups and give birth in short grass. The latter tactic provides greater protection from conventional predators, but pressures such as conspecific harassment may lead mothers to give birth in isolation. Both tactics improve neonates' survival probability compared to behavior that is inconsistent with either tactic. Once hiding begins, fawns are concealed and relatively safe from detection by predators, and mother-fawn interactions are limited to brief active periods. This framework affords mothers the freedom to schedule investment behaviors and minimize the impact of motherhood on their activity. Peaks in maternal vigilance precede and coincide with active periods, when fawns are at greatest risk. Outside of active periods, mothers are able to behave identically to non-mothers. As fawns transition out of the hiding strategy, they increase their exposure to predators. More frequent activity periods enable fawns to move hiding spots more often, which allows mothers to track group movements more effectively. Mothers and fawns rely on increased time spent in social groups and in short grass habitats to mitigate the increase in fawn risk. Thus, as fawns transition out of hiding, mothers transition back to normal activity, grouping, and habitat use patterns. During predator attacks, mothers must respond to actual rather than potential risk. In an experiment involving simulated predator attacks, we found that mothers do not rely on group vigilance to detect potential fawn predators, that they exhibit riskier responses than non-mothers, and that the presence of a mother in a group can affect the group's response in ways that may reduce maternal risk. Advisors/Committee Members: Rubenstein, Daniel I (advisor).

Subjects/Keywords: antipredator behavior; maternal behavior; parental investment; predation risk; Thomson's gazelle; vigilance

…happiest day. Financial support for this research came from Princeton University, the Department…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Roberts, B. A. (2014). The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate . (Doctoral Dissertation). Princeton University. Retrieved from http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010v838070q

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Roberts, Blair Allison. “The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate .” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University. Accessed January 16, 2021. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010v838070q.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Roberts, Blair Allison. “The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate .” 2014. Web. 16 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Roberts BA. The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate . [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. [cited 2021 Jan 16]. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010v838070q.

Council of Science Editors:

Roberts BA. The Trials of Motherhood: Maternal Behavior Patterns and Antipredator Tactics in Thomson's Gazelle, a Hiding Ungulate . [Doctoral Dissertation]. Princeton University; 2014. Available from: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010v838070q

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