+publisher:"Portland State University" +contributor:("Kenneth J. Ruoff")

Portland State University

1. Hegwood, Robert Alan. Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948.

Degree: MA, History, 2011, Portland State University

URL: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/151

► This study examines the return of Japanese Americans to Portland, Oregon, following their mass incarceration by the United States Federal government between 1942 and… (more)

▼ This study examines the return of Japanese Americans to Portland, Oregon, following their mass incarceration by the United States Federal government between 1942 and 1945. This essay examines the motivations of both returning Japanese Americans and various groups within the white community with equal focus in the hopes of writing a history that provides agency to both groups. The return of Japanese Americans to Portland was an event with broader implications than a mere chapter in the history of Japanese Americans. The rise of the Japanese Exclusion League and other groups interested in preventing the return of Japanese Americans to Oregon had their roots partly in the Oregon progressive coalition of the 1930s known as the Oregon Commonwealth Federation (OCF). Unified behind the cause of public ownership of electricity distribution, racially exclusive progressives such as Oregon Governor Walter M. Pierce and civil rights progressives such as American Civil Liberties Union lawyer Gus J. Solomon sought to protect Oregon's producer class of farmers and workers from exploitation by Portland business interests. After the dissolution of the OCF in 1940 and the attack on Pearl Harbor, the two progressive factions took opposite sides on the issues of the rights of Japanese Americans. In 1945, anti-Japanese organizers across the state, including Pierce, American Legion officials, and Portland politicians called for the permanent exclusion of Japanese Americans. The racist rhetoric of these organizers drew the ire of the Portland Council of Churches, civic leaders, and War Relocation Authority officials, who formed the Portland Citizens Committee to Aid Relocation, the main white group to help returners find housing and employment. Their arguments for tolerance depended heavily on the story of Japanese American military service during World War II. Responding to the shape of debates within the white community, returning Japanese Americans community leaders, especially Toshi Kuge and George Azumano of the Portland Japanese American Citizen's League (JACL), used the rhetoric of military service to demonstrate their Americanness after World War II. The rhetoric of valorous military service provided the ideological center of both remerging Japanese American leadership organizations and connections between the Nikkei community and white civic leaders. After the reestablishment of Japanese American community organizations in Portland, Issei leaders lead a successful fundraising campaign to support a legal challenge to overturn the Oregon Alien Land Law and fund the Portland JACL. Subsequently, between 1946 and 1948, the Portland JACL served as liaisons between the Japanese American community and the white Portlanders interested in overturning laws that challenged Issei social and economic rights. Despite their efforts, Japanese Americans in the early postwar period, along with other Portland minority groups,faced significant discrimination in housing options, employment, and even blood supply. Their experience demonstrates both… Advisors/Committee Members: Kenneth J. Ruoff.

Subjects/Keywords: Progressivism; Resettlement; Japanese Americans – Oregon – Portland – Evacuation and relocation – 1942-1945 – Ethnic relations; Japanese American Citizens' League; Japanese Exclusion League; Oregon Commonwealth Federation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hegwood, R. A. (2011). Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948. (Masters Thesis). Portland State University. Retrieved from https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/151

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hegwood, Robert Alan. “Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Portland State University. Accessed March 01, 2021. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/151.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hegwood, Robert Alan. “Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948.” 2011. Web. 01 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Hegwood RA. Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Portland State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 01]. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/151.

Council of Science Editors:

Hegwood RA. Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945-1948. [Masters Thesis]. Portland State University; 2011. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/151

Portland State University

2. Findlay, Robert Alexander. Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour.

Degree: MA, History, 2011, Portland State University

URL: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96

► The imperial visits to the United States by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia in 1954 and Emperor Hirohito of Japan in 1975, while billed… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I – 1892-1975; Cold War – Political aspects; Cold War – Social aspects; Emperor of Japan Hirohito – 1901-1989

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APA (6^th Edition):

Findlay, R. A. (2011). Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour. (Masters Thesis). Portland State University. Retrieved from https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Findlay, Robert Alexander. “Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Portland State University. Accessed March 01, 2021. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Findlay, Robert Alexander. “Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour.” 2011. Web. 01 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Findlay RA. Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Portland State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 01]. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96.

Council of Science Editors:

Findlay RA. Emperors in America: Haile Selassie and Hirohito on Tour. [Masters Thesis]. Portland State University; 2011. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/96

Portland State University

3. Jessie, Alison Leigh. Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952.

Degree: MA, History, 2015, Portland State University

URL: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2644

► This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper,… (more)

▼ This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics… Advisors/Committee Members: Kenneth J. Ruoff.

Subjects/Keywords: Naturalization – Press coverage – Oregon – 19th century; Naturalization – Press coverage – Oregon – 20th century; Japanese Americans – Oregon – Social conditions; Japanese – Emigration and immigration – History; Nativism; Social History; United States History

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Jessie, A. L. (2015). Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952. (Masters Thesis). Portland State University. Retrieved from https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2644

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jessie, Alison Leigh. “Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Portland State University. Accessed March 01, 2021. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2644.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jessie, Alison Leigh. “Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952.” 2015. Web. 01 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Jessie AL. Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Portland State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 01]. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2644.

Council of Science Editors:

Jessie AL. Questions of Citizenship: Oregonian Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952. [Masters Thesis]. Portland State University; 2015. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2644

Portland State University

4. Braytenbah, Jeffrey. Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities.

Degree: MA, History, 2020, Portland State University

URL: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5356

► Japan's colonial activities on the island of Hokkaido were instrumental to the creation of modern Japanese national identity. Within this construction, the indigenous Ainu… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Ainu – Japan – Hokkaido – Social conditions; Imperialism; Race relations; Group identity; Ethnology; Asian History; Asian Studies; History

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Braytenbah, J. (2020). Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities. (Masters Thesis). Portland State University. Retrieved from https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5356

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Braytenbah, Jeffrey. “Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Portland State University. Accessed March 01, 2021. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5356.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Braytenbah, Jeffrey. “Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities.” 2020. Web. 01 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Braytenbah J. Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Portland State University; 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 01]. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5356.

Council of Science Editors:

Braytenbah J. Crania Japonica: Ethnographic Portraiture, Scientific Discourse, and the Fashioning of Ainu/Japanese Colonial Identities. [Masters Thesis]. Portland State University; 2020. Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5356

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