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Penn State University
1.
Shoffner, Brent William.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
.
Degree: 2008, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8330
► Visual inspections of selected semitrailers during routine equipment checks revealed that the kingpin bent 180 degrees from the direction that the semitrailer is towed. Confirmation…
(more)
▼ Visual inspections of selected semitrailers during routine equipment checks revealed that the kingpin bent 180 degrees from the direction that the semitrailer is towed. Confirmation from semitrailer repair facilities found that in some cases the semitrailer’s supporting structure developed unexpected cracks. These cracks were not thought to be age related but were most likely caused by high stresses from coupling. A literature search found no valid documented kingpin coupling tests and determined the SAE J133 kingpin loading requirements were incorrect. Previous reports relating to kingpin impact testing only tested the kingpin itself and not the kingpin supporting structure on the semitrailer or employed vague descriptions of actual test procedures.
The development of a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model of the tractor-semitrailer coupling determined that high coupling speeds would overload the kingpin-fifthwheel structure. The FEA model also allowed researchers to determine that a damping system would lower the forces at the semitrailer’s kingpin and tractor’s fifthwheel interface to an acceptable magnitude equivalent to forces experienced during normal operations. To begin the modeling, the kingpin supporting structure consisted of rigid elements.
Validation of the FEA models was provided through two separate sets of tests. A coupling test was conducted at the Applied Research Laboratory (ARL) at the Pennsylvania
State University. The FEA model gave predictions of the tractor deceleration during coupling tests within 10% of the measured decelerations at various impact speeds.
The other set of validation tests was conducted at the Mack Trucks facility in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The FEA model was used to predict tractor CG decelerations for a heavy weight trailer to within 10% of the test data.
The original tractor-semitrailer coupling FEA model was refined to include an elastic kingpin supporting structure. The elastic kingpin supporting structure model was compared to the original rigid kingpin supporting structure model; the elastic simulation was within 3% difference when compared to the original Mack Trucks rigid model. The modified semitrailer model was used to predict standardized SAE J133 vertical and horizontal kingpin coupling loads in order to calculate the stress distribution within the kingpin supporting structure.
The simulations and validation tests provided information to develop a fifthwheel damping system. Preliminary design concepts were simulated using the validated coupling FEA model to provide an optimized set of parameters. The implementation of the translational fifthwheel spring/damper system in the simulation resulted in a considerable reduction of impact force and tractor decelerations. The simulations and measured results have provided enough data to facilitate the detailed design of a damping system prototype.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Moustafa El Gindy,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: FEA; kingpin; Fifthwheel; Coupling
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APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Shoffner, B. W. (2008). DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8330
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Shoffner, Brent William. “DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
.” 2008. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8330.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Shoffner, Brent William. “DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
.” 2008. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Shoffner BW. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2008. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8330.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Shoffner BW. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL USED TO ANALYZE COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN A TRACTOR’S FIFTHWHEEL AND A SEMITRAILER’S KINGPIN
. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2008. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/8330
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
2.
Slade, Jeffrey Lawrence.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
.
Degree: 2009, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10075
► Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool which allows researchers to use computers to quickly perform simulations of many complex physical objects. In this…
(more)
▼ Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool which allows researchers to use computers to quickly perform simulations of many complex physical objects. In this
thesis, non-linear three dimensional FEA models are developed using PAM-CRASH to perform simulations of heavy truck tires running on both rigid surfaces and soils. These models include an FEA truck tire model and an elastic-plastic FEA soil model. The FEA models are then used to calculate parameters for a new semi-empirical off-road rigid ring model.
An FEA truck tire model of a Goodyear RHD 315/80R22.5 drive tire for tractor semi-trailers is generated and the properties are tuned to match the manufacturer’s specifications. Simulations are performed under typical loading conditions to establish the behavior of the tire. An elastic-plastic FEA soil model, designed to represent sandy loam, is developed using material properties from published data and is validated using a number of previously published techniques. The construction of the tire and soil models and the methods used for validation are explained in detail in this
thesis. A comparison between the tire running on rigid road and soft soil is made by performing various simulations for both cases.
A new semi-empirical off-road rigid ring tire model is developed as a simplified model to describe the behavior of a heavy truck tire running on soft soil. This model is a modification of the rigid ring tire model developed by Pacejka and Zegelaar and includes additional parameters to incorporate the flexibility of the soil. Rigid ring parameters for the Goodyear RHD 315/80R22.5 truck tire are calculated for both the on and off-road rigid ring models.
The results show that, in general, for a tire running on a sandy loam the motion resistance coefficient is approximately three times higher than on rigid road. The longitudinal slip stiffness is about a factor of four lower for sandy loam than for rigid road. This indicates that the available tractive force on sandy loam is about one-fourth of the available tractive force on rigid road. Interestingly, the longitudinal, or tractive force, appears to continue to increase with slip on sandy loam, while the tractive forces on rigid road level out after reaching a peak around 20% slip. When the tire and soil model is run at high slip angle it is noticed that the soil begins to ‘build up’ in front on the tire, causing an additional lateral force due to the pushing of the soil.
Utilizing well validated and robust FEA models to predict the off-road behavior of tires may reduce the need to perform physical experiments, thereby reducing the cost and time required to obtain results and affect design changes. The off-road rigid ring model can be used in industry for full vehicle simulations for durability testing and structural dynamics. It is safe to assume that the use of finite element analysis in research and development will continue to rise as the available processing power of computers increases and become cheaper.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Dr Moustafa El Gindy,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Dr Moustafa El Gindy, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: Rigid ring model off-road truck tire finite elemen
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Slade, J. L. (2009). DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10075
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Slade, Jeffrey Lawrence. “DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
.” 2009. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10075.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Slade, Jeffrey Lawrence. “DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
.” 2009. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Slade JL. DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10075.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Slade JL. DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OFF-ROAD RIGID RING MODEL FOR TRUCK TIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2009. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10075
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
3.
Lescoe, Ryan.
Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
.
Degree: 2010, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10823
► In recent years, the advancement of computerized modeling has allowed for the creation of extensive pneumatic tire models. These models have been used to determine…
(more)
▼ In recent years, the advancement of computerized modeling has allowed for the creation of extensive pneumatic tire models. These models have been used to determine many tire properties and tire-road interaction parameters which are either prohibitively expensive or unavailable with physical models. More recently, computerized modeling has been used to explore tire-soil interactions. The new parameters created by these interactions were defined for these models, but accurate soil constitutive equations were lacking. With the previous models, the soil was simulated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with soil material models requiring calibration and validation. Furthermore, the meshless modeling method of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) may be a viable approach to more accurately simulating large soil deformations and complex tire-soil interactions.
For this
thesis, a rigid tire model is used to perform an extensive sensitivity study on the previously used FEA soft soil (dense sand) in order to determine the importance of mesh size, soil plot size, and edge constraints. Then, parameters for SPH particles are determined for either complete or partial replacement of FEA elements in the soil model. Rolling resistance tests are conducted with a rigid tire model for different SPH and FEA/SPH soil models and compared to the previously determined best FEA soil model. Replacement of FEA elements with SPH particles is found to be the key variable as using a deeper amount of SPH particles increases rolling resistance while increasing the SPH particle density has little effect on rolling resistance. These results are then replicated using a pneumatic tire model.
For further validation, pressure-sinkage tests are conducted with the FEA and SPH soils to explore the differences in the two soil modeling methods. Also, shear-displacement tests are conducted with the SPH soil—a test which cannot easily be performed with an FEA soil model. These shear tests show that the SPH soil behaves more like a clay in initial shearing and more like a sand by exhibiting increased shearing due to vertical loading. Furthermore, both the pressure-sinkage and shear-displacement tests still indicate that a larger particle density is unnecessary.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Moustafa El Gindy,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Moustafa El Gindy, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: smoothed; smooth particle hydrodynamics; FEA; finite element analysis; tire-soil interaction; soil modeling; SPH; PAM-Crash; PAM-Shock; pneumatic tire; rigid tire
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Lescoe, R. (2010). Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10823
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Lescoe, Ryan. “Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
.” 2010. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10823.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Lescoe, Ryan. “Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
.” 2010. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Lescoe R. Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10823.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Lescoe R. Improvement of Soil Modeling in a Tire-Soil Interaction Using Finite Element Analysis and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics
. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2010. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/10823
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
4.
Glath, Michael Charles.
Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites.
Degree: 2014, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21953
► Among compression test methods, ASTM D3410, SACMA SRM 1R-94, and ASTM D6641 are currently used to determine the compression modulus and compression strengths for ultra-high…
(more)
▼ Among compression test methods, ASTM D3410, SACMA SRM 1R-94, and ASTM D6641 are currently used to determine the compression modulus and compression strengths for ultra-high modulus (UHM, >350 GPa) composites. In this study, the compression modulus and compression strength of a proprietary ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composite were experimentally determined using SACMA SRM 1R-94 and ASTM D6641 for laminates with stacking sequences of [(0/±60)S]2 and [(+60/0/-60)S]2. The moduli of both laminates were experimentally shown to be statistically equivalent; the strength of the [(0/±60)S]2 laminate was shown to be significantly less than the [(+60/0/-60)S]2 laminate. A non-linear finite element model, using the commercial software package Abaqus, was developed for each compression test to predict the compression modulus and compression strength using the built-in damage progression algorithm in Abaqus. The models were used to identify failure modes for each compression test. Premature end-crushing was predicted at 2,200 µε in the modeled modulus specimen of SACMA SRM 1R-94 for the [(+60/0/-60)S]2 laminate. End-crushing in the modeled SACMA SRM 1R-94 strength specimen was predicted to occur slightly after ultimate laminate failure for the [(+60/0/-60)S]2 laminate. End-crushing was predicted to be highly unlikely for both laminates in the ASTM D6641 model. The stress-strain response of both models matched relatively well with experimental data. The predicted strengths for both test methods were underpredicted for the [(+60/0/-60)S]2 laminate and overpredicted for the [(0/±60)S]2 laminate.
The fracture toughness of a proprietary intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy [0]10 laminate was experimentally determined using ASTM D5528 and a U.S. Government provided end-notched flexure compliance calibration test method for modes I and II, respectively. Significant fiber bridging was noted for the ASTM D5528 experimental test specimens, especially at the crack tips. A finite element model was developed for each test method using the virtual crack closure technique. A boundary was developed for the modeled load-displacement plot to encompass the experimental behavior of test specimens. This predicted boundary agreed well with mode I of ASTM D5528 experimental data. The predicted load-displacement response of mode II had a stiffer response than the experimental data, but the model did not consider potential stiffness degradation due to 5 preload calibrations used on each test specimen.
A statistical sensitivity analysis (ANOVA), based on the previously developed finite element model of ASTM D6641, was used to vary parameters assumed to influence the compression modulus, compression strength, and first ply failure of ASTM D6641. Of the chosen parameters, fiber misalignment was predicted to significantly affect the FEA-based results of the compression modulus, compression strength, and first ply failure for the chosen levels of variation. The laminate thickness, adhesive thickness, and enforced bolt displacement were…
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">
Kevin L Koudela,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Charles E Bakis, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: ASTM D6641; SACMA SRM 1R-94; ASTM D5528; end-notched flexure; ANOVA; finite element analysis; damage; fracture energy
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Glath, M. C. (2014). Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21953
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Glath, Michael Charles. “Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites.” 2014. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21953.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Glath, Michael Charles. “Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites.” 2014. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Glath MC. Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21953.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Glath MC. Compression behavior of ultra-high modulus carbon/epoxy composites and fracture energy characterization of intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy composites. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2014. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21953
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
5.
Ripepi, Maximilian James.
Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites.
Degree: 2013, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18980
► Fiber reinforced polymer composites have much versatility in structural design on account of their wide range of elastic and strength properties as functions of direction.…
(more)
▼ Fiber reinforced polymer composites have much versatility in structural design on account of their wide range of elastic and strength properties as functions of direction. Different kinds of fibers such as carbon and glass can be selected to meet mechanical property requirements as well as cost objectives. When multiple types of fibers are incorporated into a composite, the result is called a hybrid composite. Much experimental characterization and theoretical modeling on the mechanical properties of hybrid fiber composites in the fiber direction can be found in the literature. Theoretical models for the mechanical properties of hybrid composites transverse to the fiber direction can be found in the literature, but no experimental data has been published. The objective of the current investigation is therefore to manufacture unidirectional carbon and E-glass hybrid fiber composites by a filament winding process, characterize the elastic modulus and strength of beam specimens tested transversely to the fibers, and assess the capability of available analytical models and the finite element method to capture the trends in the elastic modulus as a function of the proportion of the comingled carbon and E-glass fiber in the composite. The compositions tested included 25% carbon and 75% glass, 50% carbon and 50% glass, 75% carbon and 25% glass. Transverse flexural strength and modulus were both found to increase monotonically with an increasing glass-to-carbon ratio. The series spring model, a modified version of the series spring model, a modified version of the Halpin Tsai model, and the finite element method were used to predict the modulus data. The modified series spring model and modified Halpin Tsai model showed good correlation with the modulus data after the appropriate adjustment of their curve fitting parameters.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Charles E Bakis,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: Composites; Unidirectional; Transverse; Modulus; Strength; Hybrid; Commingled; Carbon Fiber; Glass Fiber; Epoxy
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Record Details
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Ripepi, M. J. (2013). Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18980
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Ripepi, Maximilian James. “Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites.” 2013. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18980.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Ripepi, Maximilian James. “Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Ripepi MJ. Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18980.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Ripepi MJ. Transverse Mechanical Properties of Unidirectionally Reinforced Hybrid Fiber Composites. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18980
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
6.
Patten, Carl Henry.
Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites.
Degree: 2013, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19814
► Carbon fiber materials used in the aerospace industry contain predominately continuous carbon fiber (CCF). This inextensible fiber material is advantageous for manufacturing high performance aerospace…
(more)
▼ Carbon fiber materials used in the aerospace industry contain predominately continuous carbon fiber (CCF). This inextensible fiber material is advantageous for manufacturing high performance aerospace grade components because of its superior mechanical properties. Unfortunately, when compared to automated metal fabrication or injection molding processes, high production costs plague the manufacturing of CCF composite components. Discontinuous Carbon Fiber (DCF) materials have been developed for production of structural composite components. DCF materials were able to form complex geometries due to enhanced fiber axis stretching, in-plane shear, and inter-ply shear. Use of DCF materials with low cost advanced forming technologies has increased but transition of formed products is limited to simple geometric shapes due to process limitations caused by the occurrence of deleterious deformations.
A single diaphragm forming process was utilized to form pre-collated laminates of pre-impregnated DiscoTexTM into a sine wave spar for use in aerospace wing structures. Sine wave spars are opposite sign doubly curved geometries that are difficult to form. DiscoTexTM is a five harness satin woven DCF that was pre- impregnated with an out of autoclave resin system, Cytec Cycom 5320-1. The forming parameters manipulated were: diaphragm stiffness, forming temperature, forming time, stretch in the warp direction, stretch in the fill direction, laminate thickness, laminate size and lamina fiber orientation on component quality. The effect these parameters had on the developed in-plane shear strains were identified to determine the forming characteristics of the DCF material.
In order of significance, the research results showed that forming temperature, forming time, laminate size and diaphragm stiffness had the greatest effect on in-plane shear strain. These research conclusions enable the manufacturing process of this material to produce quality composite components with the ability to identify forming parameters from the inception of the process.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Charles E Bakis,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: discontinuous carbon fiber; composite; discontinuous; five harness; diaphragm forming; processing parameters; discotex; pepin
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Record Details
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Patten, C. H. (2013). Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19814
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Patten, Carl Henry. “Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites.” 2013. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19814.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Patten, Carl Henry. “Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites.” 2013. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Patten CH. Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19814.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Patten CH. Processing Parameters for Out-of-autoclave Pre-impregnated Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Composites. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2013. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/19814
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
7.
Haluza, Rudy T.
Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures.
Degree: 2017, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14482rth5095
► Hydrokinetic turbines have shown promise as a novel method for harvesting power from natural waterways. The customizability of these turbines allows for smaller turbine systems…
(more)
▼ Hydrokinetic turbines have shown promise as a novel method for harvesting power from natural waterways. The customizability of these turbines allows for smaller turbine systems compared to large, geographically demanding hydroelectric plants. However, maintenance costs stemming from relatively short service lives of existing glass/epoxy turbine blades impede the growth of hydrokinetic power. In prototype blades, fatigue loading in salt water caused relatively rapid degradation and subsequent high maintenance costs. Thus, fatigue-resistant blades designed for multi-decade service life would lower the net cost of hydrokinetic turbine usage and increase the feasibility, and therefore growth, of hydrokinetic turbine usage. Furthermore, material systems chosen for hydrokinetic blade use must be studied in order to understand their behavior in long-term under-sea conditions.
This study researched the tensile-mechanical response of a quasi-isotropic woven and stitched laminate under quasi-static and fatigue loading at a stress ratio (R) of 0.1 and a frequency of 10 Hz. Some fatigue samples were fatigued until failure, while others underwent residual modulus and strength measurements. Both woven and stitched laminates were found to survive ten million cycles with a maximum stress of +13.75 ksi, but fail prior to ten-million cycles with a maximum stress of +18 ksi. In room-temperature ambient conditions, the polyester-stitched composite proved to have superior fatigue life only in long-life (>105 cycles) fatigue tests. Damaged, but not failed samples showed similar trends in that stitched samples would have more damage at lower cycle counts, but less damage at higher cycle counts compared to woven samples. However, there was more statistical scatter within the stitched specimens compared to woven specimens. Samples that were conditioned and tested while submerged in water had 30% reduction in tensile strength compared to the non-conditioned samples tested in ambient conditions. The partially saturated samples also showed damage accumulation and failure occurring nearly a decade earlier than the non-conditioned samples.
Through optical macroscopic and microscopic investigation, intralaminar cracks and delaminations were found to occur in damaged woven samples, while stitched samples showed higher densities of unconnected intralaminar cracks before failure. Delaminations were found in near-failure stitch-bonded samples, especially in those tested at higher maximum fatigue stresses. More intralaminar cracks were found within stitched specimens compared to woven specimens that had similar reductions in elastic modulus, although, stitched specimens showed greater strength retention compared to the woven specimens. Future research could utilize these macroscopic and microscopic crack densities to develop models to better predict turbine blade damage at given loading levels and cycles.
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">
Kevin L Koudela,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: hydro; kinetic; turbine; hydrokinetic; composite; glass; fiber; epoxy; water; marine; fatigue; tension; ooa; out-of-autoclave; damage; fail; condtioning; elevated; temperature; seawater; absorption; model; quasi-laminar; quasi-static; 0.1; tension-tension; sun-li; modulus; residual; strength; reduction; VARTM; woven; weave; stitch; stitch-bonded; textile; wet
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❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Haluza, R. T. (2017). Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14482rth5095
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Haluza, Rudy T. “Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures.” 2017. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14482rth5095.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Haluza, Rudy T. “Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures.” 2017. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Haluza RT. Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14482rth5095.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Haluza RT. Mechanical Response of Out-Of-Autoclave Complex Fiber Architecture Composites for Marine Structures. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2017. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/14482rth5095
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Penn State University
8.
Maruszewski, Rance Joel.
COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
.
Degree: 2011, Penn State University
URL: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11888
► This thesis is an overview of the resin transfer molding fabrication of a complex composite turbo-machinery component (blade). The motivation for this work was to…
(more)
▼ This
thesis is an overview of the resin transfer molding fabrication of a complex composite turbo-machinery component (blade). The motivation for this work was to provide an alternative cost saving technology for the manufacture of complex geometries. Legacy components were machined from metal blanks incurring high machining costs and long delivery times due to complex geometry, the degree of machining accuracy needed, and surface finish requirements of the part. A fabrication process technology was developed to produce an alternative low-cost high quality composite component with tailored properties. Beyond cost reduction, the main priorities of this process focused on quality and repeatability.
Technology development took place in two phases: a prototype proving phase and a production phase. For the proving phase, a machined master blade was used to create a prototype urethane tooling mold. Hybrid fiber preforms were constructed from carbon and glass fabrics to fill the complex mold cavity. Preform layups were empirically generated and sewn together. Preforms were then loaded into the mold and the assembly was placed within a containment vessel. Vinyl ester resin was injected into the mold and allowed to cure. The mold was then disassembled and the blade extracted. The geometry of the as-fabricated prototype blade was inspected using a coordinate measuring machine. The prototype blade exhibited a geometric ‘inward bow’ distortion. Geometry data and lessons learned from the prototype phase influenced development of the production phase.
On the foundation of a successful prototype part that proved development concepts, production tooling was designed and constructed from aluminum. A novel finite element geometry correction method was developed and demonstrated to correct for prototype blade distortion by modifying mold cavity geometry. These geometry corrections were implemented in the aluminum tooling. Also, small preforms were added, and other improvements made. A production blade was fabricated using the aluminum production tooling, inspected, and compared to the prototype and the design of record (DOR). The production tooling yielded an improved blade with corrected geometry, optimized fiber fill, and accurate repeatability.
The overall manufacturing development was a success resulting in a robust low-cost resin transfer molding process for the repeatable production of high quality complex composite turbo-machinery components with sufficient geometric accuracy. Two main accomplishments are a fully developed production technology and a process engineering blueprint for developing complex composite resin transfer molding technologies. A third major achievement of this work was the successful application of the aforementioned finite element geometry correction method that accounted for material distortions to yield a part that met required tolerances.
Included is a review of the resin transfer molding process covering studies on the effects of process variables, potential defects and countermeasures, modeling…
Advisors/Committee Members: Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Dr Reginald Hamilton / Dr
Kevin Koudela,
Thesis Advisor/
Co-
Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Kevin L Koudela, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor,
Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Reginald Felix Hamilton, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor.
Subjects/Keywords: Cost Saving Manufacturing Technology; Metrology; Geometric Inspection; Geometry Correction by Finite Element Modeling FEM; Fiber Reinforced Polymer FRP; Resin Transfer Molding RTM; Composite Fabrication; Prototype; Production; Urethane Tooling; Aluminum Tooling; Woven Carbon Fabric; Vinyl Ester Resin
Record Details
Similar Records
Cite
Share »
Record Details
Similar Records
Cite
« Share





❌
APA ·
Chicago ·
MLA ·
Vancouver ·
CSE |
Export
to Zotero / EndNote / Reference
Manager
APA (6th Edition):
Maruszewski, R. J. (2011). COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
. (Thesis). Penn State University. Retrieved from https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11888
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):
Maruszewski, Rance Joel. “COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
.” 2011. Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed March 04, 2021.
https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11888.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
MLA Handbook (7th Edition):
Maruszewski, Rance Joel. “COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
.” 2011. Web. 04 Mar 2021.
Vancouver:
Maruszewski RJ. COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
. [Internet] [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 04].
Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11888.
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
Council of Science Editors:
Maruszewski RJ. COMPLEX COMPOSITE TURBO-MACHINERY COMPONENT FABRICATED BY RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
. [Thesis]. Penn State University; 2011. Available from: https://submit-etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11888
Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:
Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation
.