+publisher:"Cornell University" +contributor:("Stewart,Harry Eaton")

Cornell University

1. Tian, Jia. Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018, Cornell University

► Due to the importance of soil moisture in many fields of study, and given the sparsity of systematic research on radiative transfer features of moist… (more)

▼ Due to the importance of soil moisture in many fields of study, and given the sparsity of systematic research on radiative transfer features of moist soil in the optical domain, this dissertation focuses on both the spectral reflectance and transmittance features of dry and wet soils. In this work, the spectral reflectance and transmittance of soil are examined. The experiments lead to possible physical explanations for the spectral and directional features of reflectance spectra, and the results suggest how optical and proximal remote sensing might be useful in observations of soil moisture content. The first experiment considered the change in spectral reflectance of soil samples during evaporative drying. The water absorption band depths at 970 nm and 1160 nm, in near infrared, decreased monotonically as the water content decreased, but they were not detectable in all samples; these water absorption bands will not be generally useful for observing surface soil moisture. In contrast, the band depths of the 1440 nm and 1930 nm absorption features were very responsive to the water content over the entire drying cycle. The change in band depth at 1930 nm was particularly interesting since the direction of the change reversed simultaneous with soil water evaporation rate change. A simple mathematical model suggests that the pattern of change in the band depth is related to the near extinction of light at the band center relative to the band shoulders. The second experiment examined the degree to which light transmitted through quartz sand samples would maintain any directional characteristics. Transmittance decreased monotonically as the illumination angle increase, but slowly at all wavelengths. This indicates that directional radiation transmitted through the sand layer becomes diffuse with a millimeters-thin sand layer. For the saturated samples, the influence of water on light transmittance in the VNIR (350-1300 nm) was the reverse of that in the SWIR (1330-2500 nm) wavelength region. In the VNIR, transmittance increased in the saturated sample relative to the dry sample, while transmittance decreased sharply after 1330 nm, with obvious spectral features characteristic of water absorption. Analysis of transmittance by quartz sand samples suggests that most of the directional variation due to the change in illumination angle can be attributed to surface reflective loss. The implication is that the directional reflection may be treated as a surface phenomenon, with the volume reflectance contributing a diffuse component. The third experiment considered directional spectral reflectance of soil samples under dry and saturated conditions. When the samples were dry, the directional reflectance changed obviously with the phase angle, showing a stronger backward reflectance, while the forward reflectance was generally lower. For saturated soil samples, the directional characteristics of spectral reflectance apparent with dry soil were substantially reduced. In particular, the strong backward scattering weakened. Instead,… Advisors/Committee Members: Philpot, William Douglas (chair), McBride, Murray Brian (committee member), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Remote sensing

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tian, J. (2018). Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59378

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tian, Jia. “Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59378.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tian, Jia. “Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Tian J. Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59378.

Council of Science Editors:

Tian J. Optical Radiative Transfer Features of Dry and Wet Soils. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59378

Cornell University

2. Price, Dakota William. EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS.

Degree: M.S., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/65001

► Full-scale test results to evaluate the earthquake performance of 6-in. (150-mm) PVC pipelines with restrained bell-and-spigot joints under water pressure of at least 80 psi… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Price, D. W. (2018). EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/65001

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Price, Dakota William. “EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/65001.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Price, Dakota William. “EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Price DW. EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/65001.

Council of Science Editors:

Price DW. EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PVC PIPELINES WITH RESTRAINED JOINTS. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/65001

Cornell University

3. Jung, Jai. Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33543

► Permanent ground deformations associated with geohazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction and landslides can introduce substantial axial and bending strains on buried pipeline systems. Longitudinal and… (more)

▼ Permanent ground deformations associated with geohazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction and landslides can introduce substantial axial and bending strains on buried pipeline systems. Longitudinal and transverse bending strains depend on the force imposed on the pipeline by relative displacement between the pipeline and surrounding soil. Analytical models used currently in design are based on p-y, t-x, and q-z for interaction relationships, and they require reliable p-y, q-z and oblique forcedisplacement relationships. Moreover, to advance the state-of-the-art for soil continuum models, it is necessary to develop better simulations of soil-pipeline interactions rather than rely on empirically based p-y and q-z relationships. In this study, various modeling procedures are developed for simulating soilpipeline interactions under lateral and vertical relative movement between soil and pipe as well as relative movement at oblique angles with respect to the pipeline for dry and partially saturated sand. Mohr-Coulomb (MC) strength parameters applied in FE analyses for both dry and partially saturated sand are developed from direct shear test data and from multiple linear regression. To represent strain softening, the model proposed by Anastasopoulos, et al. (2007) is used in this work to diminish both the friction and dilation angles to residual values. The MC parameters are applied in the FE simulations to produce dimensionless force vs. dimensionless displacement plots. The results show excellent agreement with large-scale 2D experimental results in terms of pre-peak, peak, and post-peak for both dry and partially saturated soil. The modeling process is expanded to investigate and characterize the maximum lateral force as a function of pipe depth. The analytical results from simulations of lateral, vertical, and oblique pipe movement for semi-infinite, plane strain soil conditions are summarized in dimensionless form. They are plotted on a polar coordinate graph from which the maximum force can be estimated for any size pipe at any depth in response to any orientation of relative movement between the pipe and soil for both dry and partially saturated sands. Advisors/Committee Members: O'Rourke, Thomas Denis (chair), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member), Aquino, Wilkins (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Soil-Pipe Interaction; Plane Strain Conditions; Numerical Analysis

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APA (6^th Edition):

Jung, J. (2011). Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33543

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Jung, Jai. “Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33543.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Jung, Jai. “Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions.” 2011. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Jung J. Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2011. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33543.

Council of Science Editors:

Jung J. Soil-Pipe Interaction Under Plane Strain Conditions. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33543

Cornell University

4. Wham, Brad. Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43567

► This thesis addresses the performance of jointed pipelines subject to ground deformations triggered at a large scale by earthquakes and a construction-related scale by tunneling.… (more)

▼ This thesis addresses the performance of jointed pipelines subject to ground deformations triggered at a large scale by earthquakes and a construction-related scale by tunneling. Understanding and quantifying jointed pipeline response at these scales allows for better design, operational management, and risk assessment of underground infrastructure, where cast iron (CI) and ductile iron (DI) pipelines in the U.S. account for approximately 75% of water distribution systems. The thesis covers the response of DI and molecularly oriented polyvinyl chloride (PVCO) pipelines to earthquaketriggered soil movement as well as CI and DI pipeline response to tunneling. A series of specially designed four-point bending experiments and 3D finite-element (FE) simulations were performed to characterize DI push-on joints commonly used in water distribution systems to develop a relationship between the rotation and axial pullout at both metal binding and first leakage. The results of uniaxial tension and onedimensional compression tests on the elastomeric gaskets in DI push-on joints were implemented in numerical models that show joint leakage to be independent of load path, with a unique pressure boundary that predicts leakage for many combinations of axial pullout and rotation. The increased circumferential strength, reduced pipe wall thickness, and enhanced cross-sectional flexibility of PVCO pipelines was evaluated through the characterization of PVCO material properties, axial joint tension and compression tests, four-point bending tests, and a full-scale fault rupture experiment. A nominal 150-mm (6-in.)diameter PVCO pipeline is able to accommodate significant fault movement through axial tensile and bending strains in the pipe in combination with modest levels of axial slip at the restrained joints. Relatively large levels of axial strain in the low modulus PVCO material, which varies between 1% and 2% at pipeline failure, are able to sustain substantial extension and compression from ground movements. Soil/pipeline interaction modeling was performed for vertical and horizontal ground movements caused by tunneling in jointed CI and DI pipelines perpendicular to the tunnel centerline that (1) extend beyond the width of the settlement profile and (2) connect through 90° tees with a pipeline parallel to the tunnel. The modeling incorporates the results of large-scale laboratory tests. Guidance is provided for design and the identification before tunneling of potential difficulties. In particular, CI tees are at high risk when subject to tunneling induced soil movement, whereas DI pipelines and tees have sufficient capacity to accommodate high levels of tunneling related ground deformation. iv Advisors/Committee Members: O'Rourke,Thomas Denis (chair), Stewart,Harry Eaton (committee member), Ingraffea,Anthony R (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: pipelines, pipe joints; ductile iron pipe, PVCO pipe; tunneling ground deformation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wham, B. (2016). Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43567

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wham, Brad. “Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43567.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wham, Brad. “Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Wham B. Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43567.

Council of Science Editors:

Wham B. Jointed Pipeline Response To Large Ground Movements. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43567

Cornell University

5. Argyrou, Christina. PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59321

► The primary focus of this thesis is the evaluation through experimental and numerical investigations of pipeline performance under earthquake-induced ground deformation. This kind of deformation… (more)

▼ The primary focus of this thesis is the evaluation through experimental and numerical investigations of pipeline performance under earthquake-induced ground deformation. This kind of deformation is associated with soil liquefaction, landslides, fault rupture, tectonic uplift and subsidence and settlement of loose granular soils. A large part of this thesis involves the earthquake response of pipelines with defects, e.g., cracks and/or leaking joints, rehabilitated with cured-in-place linings (CIPLs). The thesis begins with the description of a series of full-scale static and dynamic axial tension tests to characterize the tensile capacity of CIPL-reinforced pipelines. The CIPL de-bonding is of great importance for the accommodation of tensile deformation. The amount of CIPL de-bonding is a function of the CIPL properties (i.e. stiffness, tensile strength) with respect to the pipe/CIPL interface bond strength, which increases with increasing internal pressure. A one-dimensional finite element model is developed that accounts for the CIPL de-bonding mechanism as a Mode II fracture propagation phenomenon, including the enhanced pipe/CIPL interface strength in the presence of internal pressure. Seismic wave interaction with CIPL-reinforced pipelines subjects them to alternating tension and compression as the waves propagate through the ground. The combinations of ground velocity amplitude and pulse period that cause lining deformation are evaluated through analytical models of seismic wave/pipeline interaction and finite element simulations. CIPL-strengthened pipeline response to permanent ground deformation was also investigated through large-scale fault rupture experiments and numerical simulations. Fault rupture test results on pipelines with CIPLs are presented and compared with test results on unlined pipelines, to assess the effectiveness of the CIPLs for seismic retrofit. The results of the numerical model developed in this work that accounts for de-bonding between the lining and pipe as Mode II fracture propagation are in good agreement with full-scale fault rupture test results. The thesis also includes a comprehensive evaluation of ductile iron (DI) pipeline response to earthquake-induced ground deformation through the results of a large-scale testing program, including a fault rupture test on a 150-mm DI pipeline with restrained axial slip joints. Three different types of DI joints are considered in this study: push-on, restrained, and restrained axial slip joints, which are often referred to as hazard-resilient joints. A series of axial tension, axial compression, four-point bending and ground rupture test results conducted on DI jointed pipes are used to identify the limit states associated with DI joint performance. A two-dimensional finite element model accounting for (i) coupled shear/normal forces to the pipeline and (ii) bell resistance to movement, validated against large-scale fault rupture test results, is used for the quantification of the DI pipeline performance under strike-slip faulting… Advisors/Committee Members: O'Rourke, Thomas Denis (chair), Nozick, Linda K. (committee member), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member), Grigoriu, Mircea Dan (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Finite Element Modeling; cured-in-place linings; pipelines; seismic retrofit; soil-pipeline interaction; Civil engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Argyrou, C. (2018). PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59321

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Argyrou, Christina. “PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59321.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Argyrou, Christina. “PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Argyrou C. PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59321.

Council of Science Editors:

Argyrou C. PIPELINE RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATION. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59321

Cornell University

6. Perez Cordoba, Xavier. Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34381

► The use of reliability-based design (RBD) in foundation engineering offers several advantages over traditional methods. Uncertainties in the load and capacity terms of the design… (more)

▼ The use of reliability-based design (RBD) in foundation engineering offers several advantages over traditional methods. Uncertainties in the load and capacity terms of the design equations can be evaluated rationally using probability theory, and the resultant probability of failure is a comprehensible measure of risk for non-technical people. However, there are a few drawbacks that have not been addressed effectively so far. For example, it is necessary to select target safety levels, typically from the reliability implied in traditional design methods. Also, the resulting reliability is a nominal value that can be significantly different from the true reliability derived from observed failure rates. This issue is rarely mentioned in the literature, but it affects the utility of probability as a communication tool. In addition, costs are not considered explicitly in the design process, and calculations can be excessively complex and timeconsuming for simple projects. A new framework to determine optimum foundation designs that result in minimum life-cycle costs is presented herein. The traditional approach for design optimization is to minimize an objective function, such as the sum of initial costs and expected cost of failure. Existing optimization methods require a number of initial assumptions and use nominal probabilities of failure, leading to inaccurate results. In the proposed framework, the true probability of failure is estimated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) or the first order reliability method (FORM). This process considers the variability of input parameters and the probability of "human errors". Although optimum design parameters can be obtained with the proposed framework, it would not be used in practice often, because it requires knowledge of reliability methods. A simplified approach is necessary to avoid complex calculations and facilitate its widespread use in ordinary projects. Therefore, a simplified method for approximate economic optimization is proposed. In an effort to close the gap between research and practice in foundation engineering, all the calculations shown herein can be reproduced in a simple spreadsheet with nonlinear optimization capabilities. Advisors/Committee Members: Kulhawy, Fred Howard (coChair), Bisogni Jr, James John (coChair), Grigoriu, Mircea Dan (committee member), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: foundation engineerining; structural optimization; reliability

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APA (6^th Edition):

Perez Cordoba, X. (2013). Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34381

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Perez Cordoba, Xavier. “Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34381.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Perez Cordoba, Xavier. “Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering.” 2013. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Perez Cordoba X. Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34381.

Council of Science Editors:

Perez Cordoba X. Life-Cycle Cost Optimization For Foundation Engineering. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34381

7. Mottl, Natalie Lucia. Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation.

Degree: M.S., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2019, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/67679

► This thesis summarizes the testing procedures and key results of full-scale tests on Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) to evaluate its performance under earthquake induced ground deformation.… (more)

▼ This thesis summarizes the testing procedures and key results of full-scale tests on Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) to evaluate its performance under earthquake induced ground deformation. The CIPP used in this work is commercially available as Aqua-pipe, manufactured by Sanexen Environmental Services, Inc. to rehabilitate water mains. The investigation covered in this work includes tensile coupon tests, direct tension tests, friction tests, and direct shear tests. The test results improve the understanding and characterization of the axial force vs. displacement relationship for CIPP movement relative to the host pipe, lining/pipe interface friction, and the effects of geometry, internal pressure, and repeated loading on the axial force vs. relative displacement relationship. The direct tension test results show that the mobilization of axial force is affected by Mode II fracture propagation, friction between the exterior surface of the lining and interior surface of the host pipe, and geometric resistance generated by the relative movement of the lining within a host pipe of variable inside diameter. The most important finding from the direct tension tests is that substantial additional axial forces may be mobilized after debonding as the lining is affected by geometric interference caused by movement through a pipe with variable internal diameter. The test results provide a first-time confirmation of this loading mechanism. The friction tests show that the axial load response is independent of loading rate, with a similar load range and maximum load for the tests conducted at 1 in. (25 mm)/min, 10 in. (250 mm)/min, and 100 in. (2500 mm)/min. The first friction test, done under no pressure, developed larger axial forces due to the greater frictional resistance between the lining and pipe than in a subsequent test under the same testing conditions and geometry. The difference in the axial loads show that over-cleaned field pipes or new ductile iron pipes can have a greater frictional resistance between the lining and pipe than properly cleaned or previously loaded pipes. The most important result from the friction tests involves the influence of internal pressure on axial load response. As the internal pressure increased, the axial load for a given displacement increased linearly. Regressions of axial load vs. internal pressure at the same levels of displacement show a clear linear relationship with similar slopes. The results of the direct shear tests for new ductile iron and field cast iron pipes show a coefficient of friction of 0.61. This value represents the relatively smooth debonded lining surface conditions representative of the CIPP cleaning and lining process for old cast iron water mains. It also represents the interface between the lining and new ductile iron pipe after repeated displacements. The test results show that a coefficient of friction of 0.84 is a good estimate for lining/pipe interfaces that are rough and irregular. Advisors/Committee Members: O'Rourke, Thomas Denis (chair), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Civil engineering; cured-in-place; deformation; pipeline; earthquake

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mottl, N. L. (2019). Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/67679

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mottl, Natalie Lucia. “Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/67679.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mottl, Natalie Lucia. “Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation.” 2019. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Mottl NL. Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/67679.

Council of Science Editors:

Mottl NL. Material Characterization and Testing of Cured-in-Place Pipe to Resist Earthquake Related Ground Deformation. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/67679

8. Pariya-Ekkasut, Chalermpat. Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59351

► This thesis addresses the performance of ductile iron (DI) pipelines with restrained axial slip joints subject to earthquake-induced ground deformation. DI pipelines account for 23%… (more)

▼ This thesis addresses the performance of ductile iron (DI) pipelines with restrained axial slip joints subject to earthquake-induced ground deformation. DI pipelines account for 23% of U.S. water distribution systems (US.EPA, 2013), and have been used extensively for replacing aging cast iron (CI) pipelines. Under earthquake-induced ground deformation a jointed DI pipeline is vulnerable primarily to joint pullout and excessive joint rotation. Improvements in pipeline technology have led to the development of DI pipelines with restrained axial slip joints that move axially and rotate to conform to differential soil movements, but are restrained from pullout without leakage and loss of structural integrity. A series of large-scale experiments was performed on DI pipelines with restrained axial slip joints to characterize tensile strength properties, direct axial compression and tension, moment vs rotation characteristics, soil axial restraint, and performance in response to fault rupture. Large-scale tests were performed primarily on 6-in. (150-mm)-diameter DI pipelines, but also included direct tension and bending tests on 12-in. (300-mm)-diameter DI pipelines. The direct compression tests show either leakage or irrecoverable deformation in the form of large rotation at loads equal to or slightly higher than load consistent with the proportional limit stress of DI pipe. The direct tension tests show that tensile failure of the pipeline depends on the locking mechanism of the joint. Joints that use full circumferential locking rings generate the highest resisting force. Failure and leakage under tension with these features occurred as DI ring shear fracture and bell fracture. In contrast, joints that use locking segments mobilized lower pullout force. Failure and leakage of joints with locking segments occurred as local deformation at the spigot caused by load concentration at the locking segments, allowing the weld bead to slip past the locking segments and cause leakage. Large-scale fault rupture tests provide a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the sequence of joint movements, combined axial pullout and rotation at each joint, and the actual axial forces influenced by longitudinal frictional resistance and axial resistance to movement at the joints. The longitudinal frictional forces are controlled by at-rest (Ko) conditions, which set the initial state of stress along the pipeline near the north and south ends of the split basin, and the conditions of maximum lateral soil reaction during fault rupture, which establish the maximum longitudinal frictional resistance for the pipeline in the vicinity of fault rupture. The joint axial resistance model proposed in this work is obtained from the expression for face resistance of the leading edge of a jacked pipe proposed by Meskele and Stuedlein (2015) from the work of Weber and Hurtz (1981). The model is used to predict the axial resistance from a restrained axial slip joint for DI pipe and the pullout restraints of PVCO and PVC pipelines. The… Advisors/Committee Members: O'Rourke, Thomas Denis (chair), Stewart, Harry Eaton (committee member), Grigoriu, Mircea Dan (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Civil engineering; Ductile iron pipe; Fault rupture; Ground deformation; Jointed pipelines; Large-scale experiments; Water distribution systems

…appreciate the financial support provided by Cornell University and the School of Civil and…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pariya-Ekkasut, C. (2018). Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59351

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pariya-Ekkasut, Chalermpat. “Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59351.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pariya-Ekkasut, Chalermpat. “Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation.” 2018. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Pariya-Ekkasut C. Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59351.

Council of Science Editors:

Pariya-Ekkasut C. Experimental Evaluation of Ductile Iron Pipeline Response to Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59351

9. Tian, Jia. Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process.

Degree: M.S., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43643

► Selected spectral reflectance features of soils are examined with respect to their relationship to soil water content. Three soil samples selected to represent a range… (more)

▼ Selected spectral reflectance features of soils are examined with respect to their relationship to soil water content. Three soil samples selected to represent a range of particle size distribution, texture, and drying characteristics were monitored as the samples progressed from fully saturated to air dry. Spectral reflectance was collected over the wavelength range 350 nm to 2500 nm, a range in which four major water absorption bands exist: two in the visible/nearinfrared (VNIR) region centered at 970 nm and 1160 nm, and the other two in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region centered at 1440 nm and 1930 nm. The water absorption bands were the focus of this work with the expectation that these features would be the most sensitive indicators of the surface water content. However, the two absorption features in VNIR region were not useful for all three soils, so the two absorption bands in SWIR region became the focus in this study, especially the more sensitive 1930 nm band. Plots of the changing absorption band depths in the SWIR region were similar in shape among three soil samples. Three to four approximately linear stages were observed over the whole drying process, however, the transitions between drying stages did not occur at consistent points in the drying process, making it difficult to build a direct relationship between the absorption features and volumetric water content that would be independent of the soil type. Although no general, soil-independent relationship could be found between an absorption feature and volumetric water content, there were characteristic changes in the band depth features that were coincident with evaporation stage transitions. Initially, the depth of the band centered at 1930 nm increased steadily and slowly with decreasing soil water content, reached a maximum, and then abruptly decreased marking a distinct change between the early and late, relatively steady drying rate stages. During the late stage, the magnitude of the band depth decreased sharply with only a small change in water content. The decrease was coincident with the water evaporation transition from stage-1 (constant, relatively fast evaporation rate) to stage2 (slower evaporation rate), a transition which is related to the exhaustion of pore water and the initial loss of adsorbed water. The two SWIR water absorption band depths did not decrease with decreasing soil water content monotonically, which is counterintuitive. In order to understand the process, a simple mathematical model was built which suggested that the pattern of change in the band depth was related to the near extinction of light at the band center relative to the band shoulders. This extinction can be related to a specific water optical path length. The maximum absorption band depth at 1930 nm (and the associated water optical path length) appears to coincide with a trace amount of water present in the pore spaces for all three soil samples, which is consistent with the transition in drying rates. Advisors/Committee Members: Philpot,William Douglas (chair), McBride,Murray Brian (committee member), Stewart,Harry Eaton (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: remote sensing; soil water content; water absorption band depth

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APA (6^th Edition):

Tian, J. (2016). Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43643

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Tian, Jia. “Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed January 22, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43643.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Tian, Jia. “Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process.” 2016. Web. 22 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Tian J. Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 22]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43643.

Council of Science Editors:

Tian J. Study Of Water Absorption Band Depth Features With Varied Soil Properties During The Drying Process. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43643

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