+publisher:"Cornell University" +contributor:("Nydam, Daryl Van")

Cornell University

1. Pedersen, Sarah. Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania.

Degree: PhD, Nutrition, 2015, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40720

► The UNICEF conceptual framework for child undernutrition indicates that malnutrition occurs as a result of inadequate dietary intake and disease. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months… (more)

▼ The UNICEF conceptual framework for child undernutrition indicates that malnutrition occurs as a result of inadequate dietary intake and disease. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is the "gold standard" in infant feeding, yet the majority of women in sub-Saharan Africa do not practice EBF for the recommended duration. Additionally, diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of child death in developing countries, with Cryptosporidium as one of the most common diarrhea-causing parasites. Despite the health consequences of Cryptosporidium infection in childhood, little is known about the natural history of and risk factors associated with infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in mothers and infants up to six months post-partum and the factors associated with infection, namely duration of exclusive breastfeeding and immune composition of breast milk. In a prospective cohort of 125 mothers and infants we found that maternal post-partum prevalence of Cryptosporidium was high, yet prevalence of infant infection remained low until six months of age. Factors associated with an increased risk of infant Cryptosporidium infection included maternal Cryptosporidium infection and maternal hand washing prior to infant feeding. We also saw increases in infant Cryptosporidium infection that corresponded to changes in infant feeding patterns. Using the same cohort of mothers, we collected breast milk and blood samples to determine how concentrations of immunoglobulins and cytokines evolved over the six months post-partum period. We found that there were no differences in breast milk immune composition based on maternal HIV-status or maternal nutritional status. However, we did find that concentrations of breast milk immunoglobulins increased as the duration of exclusive breastfeeding increased and with increased breastfeeding frequency. Breast milk cytokine concentrations were associated with indicators of maternal illness, such as mastitis and fever. Finally, we explored the relationship between infant feeding patterns and breast milk immune concentrations to determine if they were associated with infant Cryptosporidium infection. We found that an increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding and higher doses of breast milk immunoglobulins and cytokines were associated with a decreased risk of infant Cryptosporidium infection, while the feeding of certain complementary foods was associated with an increased risk of infection. We conclude that Cryptosporidium is an important gastrointestinal parasite in this region of Tanzania. The research underscored the importance of appropriate infant feeding in the first six months as optimal infant feeding behaviors were associated with both an increase in breast milk immune molecules as well as a decreased risk of infant Cryptosporidium infection. Advisors/Committee Members: McDermid,Joann M. (chair), Pell,Alice N (committee member), Nydam,Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: nutrition; parasitology; breastfeeding

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APA (6^th Edition):

Pedersen, S. (2015). Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40720

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pedersen, Sarah. “Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40720.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pedersen, Sarah. “Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania.” 2015. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Pedersen S. Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40720.

Council of Science Editors:

Pedersen S. Investigating Infection-Mitigating Mechanisms Of Breastfeeding As A Pathway To Healthy Infant Growth And Development In Tanzania. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40720

Cornell University

2. Groocock, Geoffrey. Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Medicine, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29308

► The emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb is reviewed with a particular emphasis on New York State. The first detection of VHSV… (more)

▼ The emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb is reviewed with a particular emphasis on New York State. The first detection of VHSV in New York State in round gobies, Neogobius melanostomus, collected in 2006 is described. The diagnostic ability of a qRT-PCR test to detect this new genotype of VHS is then evaluated. Firstly, the qRT-PCR was used to retrospectively analyze results from a 2006 fish collection from the Saint Lawrence River. The qRT-PCR test detected a significantly higher sample prevalence of 37.0% compared to the 9.3% prevalence as determined by viral isolation. The negative predictive value of the qRT-PCR was determined to be 97.6%. The qRT-PCR testing also revealed positive detections in three additional species and three additional locations. Logistic regression models for disease outcome by both testing methods were compared. Next experimental infection trials of VHSV IVb in four aquacultured species were performed. The fish were given a concurrent thermal shock to promote eliciting clinical signs. Periodic sampling was performed to detect VHSV using virus isolation and qRT-PCR. The results show that these aquacultured species have different susceptibilities to VHSV. Using the qRT-PCR test allowed us to detect infections in exposed fish at sub-clinical levels which were not detected by virus isolation. Finally the persistence of VHSV on walleye, Sander vitreus, eggs was evaluated. Fertilized walleye eggs were exposed to VHSV and then treated with different concentrations of iodophor as a disinfectant. The effects of tannic acid, used for surface de-adhesion of eggs and an inhibitor of qRT-PCR testing, was also evaluated. Virus was isolated in 0 mg/L iodophor treated eggs up to three days post infection (DPI). Virus was also isolated in the 50 mg/L iodophor treated group at 1 DPI. Testing by qRT-PCR detected VHSV at many time-points throughout the experiments, including the end of the experiment. Inhibition of the qRT-PCR testing was found in many samples at earlier time-points. Advisors/Committee Members: Bowser, Paul Raymond (chair), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member), Casey, James Wilton (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus; Quantitative Real-Time PCR; Diagnostic Test Evaluation

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APA (6^th Edition):

Groocock, G. (2012). Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29308

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Groocock, Geoffrey. “Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29308.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Groocock, Geoffrey. “Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Groocock G. Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29308.

Council of Science Editors:

Groocock G. Diagnostic Evaluations Of A Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction For Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype Ivb. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29308

Cornell University

3. Cheong, Soon Hon. Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Medicine, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31001

► Reproductive performance is paramount to efficient milk production in dairy cows. Many postpartum cows do not clear uterine inflammation and resume normal ovarian cyclicity by… (more)

▼ Reproductive performance is paramount to efficient milk production in dairy cows. Many postpartum cows do not clear uterine inflammation and resume normal ovarian cyclicity by the time they are presented for reinsemination. This dissertation aimed to study of factors associated with the delay in clearance of uterine inflammation and resumption of ovarian cyclicity in the postpartum cow. Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is the presence of inflammation in the uterus beyond the normal involution without any other signs of disease. A large epidemiological study was performed obtaining uterine samples, risk factors and reproductive outcome data from 38 commercial dairy herds. Cow-level risk factors for SCE identified were: ketosis, milk production and metritis. Reagent strip test was evaluated as a potential cow-side test for SCE. Reagent strip tests were found to be strongly associated with SCE, however low sensitivity and specificity limits its potential use. The effects uterine sample collections on economically important outcomes on sampled cows were tested and no detrimental effects were found. The main difference between early postpartum follicles that will ovulate and those that do is the ability to produce a rise in circulating estradiol concentrations. A novel follicle fate prediction method was used to identify cows that will likely go on to ovulate or not using follicle growth parameters and circulating estradiol concentrations. This allowed for follicular fluid collection and steroid hormone analyses. In non-ovulatory cows; the theca cell function was impaired, there were fewer luteinizing hormone pulses, and had more severe negative energy balance primarily due to decreased feed intake compared with ovulatory cows. Uterine health association with follicular function was evaluated. Certain bacterial isolates were associated with reduced follicle growth. Follicular fluid endotoxin levels were found to be higher in non-ovulatory cow and they also had higher circulating haptoglobin levels which are an indicator for acute phase response. Negative energy balance and uterine health disorders were associated with both SCE and non-ovulation. Advisors/Committee Members: Gilbert, Robert Owen (chair), Roberson, Mark Stephen (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member), Cohen, Paula (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Dairy Cow; Ovarian cyclicity; Uterine health

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APA (6^th Edition):

Cheong, S. H. (2012). Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31001

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cheong, Soon Hon. “Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31001.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cheong, Soon Hon. “Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cheong SH. Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31001.

Council of Science Editors:

Cheong SH. Factors Associated With The Clearance Of Uterine Inflammation And Resumption Of Ovarian Cyclicity In Postpartum Dairy Cows. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31001

Cornell University

4. Machado, Vinicius. New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2015, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40734

► Uterine diseases of dairy cows have a negative impact in the dairy industry because they are prevalent, contribute to economic losses and are an animal… (more)

▼ Uterine diseases of dairy cows have a negative impact in the dairy industry because they are prevalent, contribute to economic losses and are an animal welfare issue. This dissertation was conducted to advance our knowledge of uterine diseases of dairy cows. A series of studies was conducted to: i) Develop new strategies to better diagnose endometritis, ii) Advance the understanding of the intrauterine microbiota associated with the presence of uterine diseases, iii) Evaluate the association between the cow's immune system and uterine diseases, and iv) Evaluate different strategies to prevent and treat uterine diseases, and improve reproductive performance. Chapter 2 described that uterine lavage sample optical density measured at 620 nm can be used as a diagnostic tool for clinical endometritis. In Chapter 3 and 4, it was reported that intrauterine treatments of mannose or a bacteriophage cocktail against E. coli, and intrauterine infusion of dextrose, were ineffective to prevent or treat uterine diseases. Chapter 9 describes that subcutaneous immunization with components of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes prevented puerperal metritis. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 describe three studies evaluating the benefits of injectable trace mineral supplementation (ITMS) during the transition period. ITMS improved mammary gland health, decreased clinical endometritis incidence, improved the antioxidant status of cows, and decreased the intrauterine presence of known intrauterine pathogens. Findings from Chapter 3, 7, and 9 reinforces the importance of E. coli, T. pyogenes, and F. necrophorum as etiological agents of uterine diseases. The first complete genome sequence of Trueperella pyogenes is reported in Chapter 8. Findings from chapter 9 imply that adaptive immunity is playing a role in the uterine defense, and that immunoglobulins are protective against uterine bacterial infection. This is also supported by findings from Chapter 10, which describes that higher blood levels of natural antibodies are positively associated with postpartum uterine health. In summary, this dissertation contributed to the current knowledge on several aspects of postpartum uterine diseases of dairy cows, but further research is needed to advance the knowledge on the pathogenesis of uterine diseases, and to develop better strategies to prevent, and treat those diseases. Advisors/Committee Members: Bicalho,Rodrigo Carvalho (chair), Gilbert,Robert Owen (committee member), Butler,Walter Ronald (committee member), Nydam,Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Uterine diseases; Dairy cows; reproduction

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APA (6^th Edition):

Machado, V. (2015). New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40734

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Machado, Vinicius. “New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40734.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Machado, Vinicius. “New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows.” 2015. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Machado V. New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40734.

Council of Science Editors:

Machado V. New Insights Into Postpartum Uterine Diseases Of Dairy Cows. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/40734

Cornell University

5. Soberon, Fernando. Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29306

► The pre-weaning management of dairy calves over the last 30 years has focused on mortality, early weaning and rumen development. Recent data has demonstrated the… (more)

▼ The pre-weaning management of dairy calves over the last 30 years has focused on mortality, early weaning and rumen development. Recent data has demonstrated the potential to influence metabolic programming and consequently alter future performance of dairy cattle through nutrition and management during the first few months of life. Two main management practices have been identified as having the greatest impact in future performance: colostrum management and energy intake pre-weaning. Therefore, the first objective was to investigate the relationship between nutrient intake from milk replacer and pre and post-weaning growth rate with lactation performance. The evaluation of over 1,800 first lactations resulted in a strong relationship between average daily gain (ADG) pre-weaning and milk production so that for every additional kg of ADG pre-weaning first lactation milk production is increased by 850 kg. The relationship is equally strong when assessed by energy intake above maintenance from milk replacer during the pre-weaning period. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of preweaning nutrition on mammary gland development. The mammary gland, especially the parenchymal mass were shown to be responsive to nutrient intake such that the parenchymal mass of calves that consumed more nutrients grew 5.6 times faster than that of control calves. This was significant because it demonstrated that allometric growth can be initiated from birth and that the mammary gland is very nutrient responsive, something not readily recognized in dairy cattle. The interaction of colostrum status and pre-weaning nutrient intake was also evaluated and the data suggests that the effects of colostrum management can be amplified or muted depending on nutritional status pre-weaning. Colostrum contains an array of different growth factors that can account for some of the long-term impacts on growth and efficiency; a preliminary study evaluating hormone levels post-colostrum feeding in newborn calves suggest that hormones present in colostrum may be directly absorbed by the calf and could impact metabolic programming through the "Lactocrine hypothesis". Protein synthesis and accretion is proposed as the primary signal that enhances future performance of pre-weaned cattle; however, milk protein sources are expensive and feeding high levels of such proteins may not always be cost effective. Therefore, alternative protein sources were evaluated as a way to reduce the cost of milk replacers. In this study, milk replacers containing whey based protein were the most effective milk replacers, with or without a modified amino acid profile. Advisors/Committee Members: Van Amburgh, Michael E (chair), Long, Qiaoming (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member), Boisclair, Yves R (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: calf growth; mammary gland development

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APA (6^th Edition):

Soberon, F. (2012). Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29306

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Soberon, Fernando. “Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29306.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Soberon, Fernando. “Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Soberon F. Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29306.

Council of Science Editors:

Soberon F. Early Life Nutrition Of Dairy Calves And Its Implications On Future Milk Production. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29306

Cornell University

6. Ospina, Paula. The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31473

► The 3 weeks pre-partum to 3 weeks post-partum is a challenging time for dairy cows because of both environmental and biological changes taking place in… (more)

▼ The 3 weeks pre-partum to 3 weeks post-partum is a challenging time for dairy cows because of both environmental and biological changes taking place in preparation for parturition and lactation. At the animal level, excessive negative energy balance (NEB) can increase the risk of developing displaced abomasa, clinical ketosis, metritis, and/or retained placenta and can negatively affect reproduction and milk production. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA) are measurable blood metabolites used to estimate the level of NEB. The objectives of herein were to: 1) identify critical concentrations of NEFA and BHBA above which the development of diseases were more likely; 2) describe statistical methods for best evaluating these effects as risk ratios; 3) identify the NEFA and BHBA critical concentrations associated with decreased reproductive performance and milk production; 4) evaluate the herd alarm level, i.e., the association between the proportion of animals sampled that had NEFA and BHBA concentrations above the thresholds and herd-level disease incidence, reproductive, and milk production outcomes; 5) compare the results of pooling samples versus evaluating individual animals that were above a herd alarm level; and 6) evaluate the herd-level sensitivity, specificity, and herd predictive value positive and negative when using individual samples to estimate herd-level risk. Animals with elevated concentrations of pre- and post-partum NEFA (0.3 and 0.7 mEq/L, respectively) and post-partum BHBA (12 mg/dL) were more likely to develop diseases; less likely to get pregnant. The effects of elevated metabolites on milk production at the individual animal level were different between cows and heifers, cows produced less milk while heifers produced more. However, when animals were evaluated at the herd level (i.e., when more than 15-20% of the animals sampled had metabolite concentrations above the critical thresholds) elevated NEFA and BHBA were associated with decreased milk in all groups. When evaluating NEB at the herd-level, pooled samples are not recommended because they have low sensitivity. It is recommended to sample 15 animals to maximize HPVand 20 to maximize HPV+. The information acquired from this research will help improve transition cow monitoring and management strategies. Advisors/Committee Members: Nydam, Daryl Van (chair), Stokol, Tracy (committee member), Overton, Thomas R (committee member), Guard III, Charles L (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Cows; nefa; bhba

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ospina, P. (2012). The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31473

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ospina, Paula. “The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31473.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ospina, Paula. “The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ospina P. The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31473.

Council of Science Editors:

Ospina P. The Association Between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids And Beta-Hydroxybutyrate During The Transition Period In Holstein Dairy Cows And Negative Downstream Outcomes - Disease Incidence, Milk Production And Reproduction. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31473

Cornell University

7. Zambriski, Jennifer. Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2013, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34258

► The Apicomplexa genus Cryptosporidium is comprised of over 20 species to date. While Cryptosporidium parvum is host adapted to cattle it is the most frequently… (more)

▼ The Apicomplexa genus Cryptosporidium is comprised of over 20 species to date. While Cryptosporidium parvum is host adapted to cattle it is the most frequently reported zoonosis in people. Cryptosporidiosis associated with C. parvum infection is characterized by osmotic malabsorptive diarrhea, which can be fatal in immune-compromised individuals. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of disease burden worldwide across all ages, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide in children under 5. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to: 1) Describe the probability of Cryptosporidium parvum fecal oocyst shedding at different magnitudes of exposure to C. parvum, the pattern of fecal shedding over time, and factors affecting fecal shedding in dairy calves; 2) Characterize the dose-response relationship of Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged dairy calves, and determine the median infective dose based on this relationship; 3) Describe common animal husbandry and manure management activities and the associated division of animal husbandry labor by age and sex, and determine the risk factors associated with reported history of diarrhea among Ethiopian agro-pastoralists in the Amhara Region. It was determined that regardless of dose magnitude, all calves exhibited the same pattern of fecal shedding over time. There was a positive relationship between log-dose and diarrhea, and the ID50 for fecal oocyst shedding with diarrhea was 16.6 oocysts. This indicates that the best means of controlling cryptosporidiosis is at the calf level, through the provision of clean dry housing and adequate nutrition. When studying diarrhea among agro-pastoralists in Ethiopia, history of diarrhea in people was not associated with history of diarrhea in livestock or type of animal husbandry system, but was associated with household setting. There were also differences in division of animal husbandry labor, with women bearing the majority of the responsibility for manure management. This emphasizes the differences in potential disease exposure based on age and sex, the role of access to improved water sources in the prevention of diarrhea, and suggests that living in close proximity with livestock had no effect or may have a protective effect in some individuals with respect to diarrhea. Advisors/Committee Members: Nydam, Daryl Van (chair), Pell, Alice N (committee member), Mohammed, Hussni Omar (committee member), Bowman, Dwight Douglas (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Cryptosporidium; calf; diarrhea; Ethiopia; dose-response; agro-pastoralist

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zambriski, J. (2013). Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34258

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zambriski, Jennifer. “Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34258.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zambriski, Jennifer. “Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia.” 2013. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Zambriski J. Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34258.

Council of Science Editors:

Zambriski J. Epidemiology Of Cryptosporidium Spp. In Calves And Diarrhea In Livestock And Humans In Ethiopia. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34258

Cornell University

8. McCarthy, Maris. Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2015, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/41136

► In the period immediately following calving, feed intake is insufficient to support the high milk production of early lactation, resulting in a state of negative… (more)

▼ In the period immediately following calving, feed intake is insufficient to support the high milk production of early lactation, resulting in a state of negative energy balance. This state of negative energy balance results in many metabolic adaptations such as the increased mobilization of adipose tissue, manifested as the release of non-esterified fatty acids into circulation to be metabolized by the liver and other tissues and incorporated into milk fat in the mammary gland. Propionate that is produced via fermentation of starch in the rumen is the main precursor for hepatic glucose production, and higher feed and energy intake postpartum generally results in lower circulating non-esterified fatty acids and has been associated with improved health, performance, and less severe postpartum negative energy balance. The objectives herein were to: 1) evaluate the effects of different energetic nutritional strategies on postpartum production and metabolism; 2) evaluate the impact of these nutritional strategies on liver metabolism; 3) evaluate temporal changes in liver metabolism through the transition to lactation and the relationships between hepatic energy substrates; and 4) evaluate the association between the degree of early lactation inflammation with production and metabolism. Cows that were fed diets with greater propiogenic capacity during the postpartum period had improvements in production and metabolism, and increased in vitro conversion of propionate to glucose in the liver. Overall, alterations in fatty acid metabolism that lead to increased triglyceride accumulation during the transition period appear to impair postpartum hepatic gluconeogenesis, and cows that had elevated inflammation in the first week postpartum exhibited a diverse range of production responses, indicating that there is a large degree of variation in individual adaptation. Advisors/Committee Members: Overton,Thomas R (chair), Brenna,James Thomas (committee member), Van Amburgh,Michael E (committee member), Nydam,Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Transition dairy cow; Hepatic energy metabolism; Nutrition

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APA (6^th Edition):

McCarthy, M. (2015). Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/41136

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

McCarthy, Maris. “Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/41136.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

McCarthy, Maris. “Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows.” 2015. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

McCarthy M. Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/41136.

Council of Science Editors:

McCarthy M. Hepatic Energy Metabolism In Early Lactation Dairy Cows. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/41136

Cornell University

9. Huzzey, Juliana. Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29356

► One of the most challenging periods for a dairy cow is during the 3-week period before and after calving. During this period cows undergo several… (more)

▼ One of the most challenging periods for a dairy cow is during the 3-week period before and after calving. During this period cows undergo several changes in diet, social re-groupings, and dramatic metabolic and physiological adaptations to prepare for parturition and lactation; cows that cannot adapt to these challenges are at increased risk for disease and lower milk yield after calving. The objectives of this research were to: 1) evaluate how physiological parameters associated with stress (plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolites), inflammation (haptoglobin; Hp), and energy metabolism (nonesterified fatty acids: NEFA) measured during the period around calving relate to health status, milk yield and reproductive performance after calving, and 2) identify specific management practices that increase prepartum stress-load and the mechanisms by which health is affected under these conditions. Increased concentrations of analytes related to stress and inflammation measured during the 3 weeks before calving were poor predictors of postpartum disease incidence when compared to increased concentrations of plasma NEFA, a measure of negative energy balance. However, increased concentrations of plasma Hp and fecal cortisol metabolites, particularly during the week after calving, were better predictors of milk yield and reproductive performance than NEFA. Despite it's widespread use in research as a measure of stress, concentrations of plasma cortisol are easily confounded by the stress associated with handling and sample collection; for use in field diagnostics to identify high risk cattle or herds, plasma cortisol is a weak and inconsistent predictor of health and performance. In the second study, overstocking during the dry period was identified as a management practice capable of compromising physiological health. Cattle that were overstocked had greater concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites and plasma NEFA, and altered energy metabolism as evidenced by reduced glucose clearance rates and an attenuated insulin response to a glucose challenge. Cattle that are the least successful at competing for access to the overstocked feed bunk were at the greatest risk for these metabolic disturbances. The knowledge gained from this research will be used to improve management of cattle around calving to promote health, productivity and overall animal well-being. Advisors/Committee Members: Overton, Thomas R (chair), Butler, Walter Ronald (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member), Grant, Richard John (committee member).

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APA (6^th Edition):

Huzzey, J. (2012). Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29356

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Huzzey, Juliana. “Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29356.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Huzzey, Juliana. “Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Huzzey J. Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29356.

Council of Science Editors:

Huzzey J. Stress And Inflammation During The Periparturient Period In Holstein Dairy Cows - Associations With Health And Performance And The Influence Of Overstocking. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/29356

Cornell University

10. Mark-Carew, Miguella. Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Medicine, 2012, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31462

► Transmission of Giardia duodenalis infections from animals to humans has been a subject of recent research interest. Several reports have shown animals harboring strains of… (more)

▼ Transmission of Giardia duodenalis infections from animals to humans has been a subject of recent research interest. Several reports have shown animals harboring strains of G. duodenalis that have also been identified from human samples. Much of the work assessing the organism's zoonotic potential has been done on livestock and companion animals, given high prevalence rates, high intensity of shedding, and their relationships with humans as domesticated species. The research presented in this dissertation is a compilation of four complementary studies aimed at assessing the zoonotic potential of Giardia duodenalis infections in dairy cattle and dogs. The first study was a longitudinal cohort study in which the incidence of Giardia infections was evaluated in dairy cattle in the New York City Watershed encompassing Delaware, Greene, Schoharie, Ulster, and Sullivan counties in New York. Three cohorts were analyzed based on their prior infection status with Giardia. 10,672 fecal samples were collected from calves and adult cattle from 40 dairy herds. The cumulative incidence was 25% over the course of the two-year study. Risk factors such as age, prior infection status, and season of sampling were shown to be significantly associated with shedding Giardia cysts. The second study was a repeated prevalence study done on the same target population described in the first study. The major goal was to determine the prevalence of assemblages of G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in order to genetically characterize infections. 2,109 samples were collected of which 504 were positive for Giardia based on fecal flotation for a cumulative incidence of 23.9%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the beta-giardin and triosephosphate isomerase genes with subsequent DNA sequencing revealed livestock-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes in dairy cattle in the New York City Watershed. The third study was a cross-sectional study with aims to 1) determine the prevalence of G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in Trinidad and Tobago, 2) conduct multi-locus characterization of G. duodenalis infections using PCR, and 3) identify risk factors associated with G. duodenalis infections in this population. One hundred and ninety-six samples were analyzed by PCR of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu-rRNA) gene as the only diagnostic test. Twenty-five samples were positive for a prevalence of 12.8%. Of the ssu-rRNA positive samples, ten were positive by PCR amplification of the beta-giardin gene. Three samples showed heterogeneity of assemblage typing between the two loci, likely indicating mixed infections of assemblages A and E. The final study was a cross-sectional study done on owned, shelter, and free-roaming dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. The major goals were to 1) determine the prevalence of G. duodenalis infections in dogs, 2) assess the risk of G. duodenalis infections to humans through genetic characterization of isolates, 3) compare test agreement between a commercially-available ELISA test kit for Giardia and PCR, and 4) identify risk factors… Advisors/Committee Members: Mohammed, Hussni Omar (chair), Chang, Yung-Fu (committee member), Wade, Susan Edith (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Giardia duodenalis; zoonotic; epidemiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Mark-Carew, M. (2012). Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31462

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Mark-Carew, Miguella. “Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31462.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Mark-Carew, Miguella. “Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals.” 2012. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Mark-Carew M. Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31462.

Council of Science Editors:

Mark-Carew M. Potential Zoonotic Risk Of Giardia Duodenalis Infections From Livestock And Companion Animals. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/31462

Cornell University

11. Korzune Ganda, Erika. THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2017, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56880

► THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS Erika Korzune Ganda, D.V.M., Ph. D. Cornell University 2017… (more)

▼ THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS Erika Korzune Ganda, D.V.M., Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 Bovine mastitis is one of the greatest challenges faced by dairy farmers worldwide. In the United States, one in four cows experience at least one case of clinical mastitis throughout the lactation. This disease creates an enormous economic burden due to decreased milk production, treatment costs, and premature culling. Mastitis is also an important animal welfare issue. The main objective of the research carried out during this doctorate was to generate knowledge to better understand and offer directions for the proper treatment of bovine mastitis. This dissertation comprises four research articles that are organized into two components: The applied portion of this research aimed to evaluate a novel method for diagnosis of mastitis pathogens and its’s suitability for use in the field (chapter two). Next, we assessed the potential of trace mineral supplementation in helping animals with subclinical mastitis resolve the disease (chapter three). The basic component of these doctoral studies employed molecular techniques to further understand the dynamics of mastitis and antimicrobial treatment in naturally infected animals (chapter four) and experimentally infected animals (chapter five). A novel chromogenic method for identification of mastitis-associated pathogens is suitable for use under field conditions. The color-based and straightforward interpretation allows individuals with limited microbiology training to accurately diagnose the causative pathogen and provide basis for efficient selective antimicrobial therapy. Supplementation with trace minerals did not improve the overall cure of subclinical mastitis, nor decreased the overall incidence of clinical mastitis. However, we identified a tendency for improved subclinical mastitis cure in cows of third or greater lactation, and a decrease in the odds of having chronic clinical mastitis for primiparous cows. Longitudinal profiling of the milk microbiome revealed astonishing differences between healthy and mastitic milk. A significant reduction in microbial diversity was associated with disease in both naturally infected and experimentally challenged animals. Extended intramammary treatment with ceftiofur significantly decreased bacterial load, however such effect could only be observed during treatment administration. No differences on the microbial profile of mastitic or healthy milk due to antimicrobial treatment were observed. The capability of the milk microbiome to return to a healthy status in a relatively short period independent of intramammary antimicrobial therapy was observed consistently in both studies. The results observed here indicate that the milk harbors a resilient microbiome capable of restoring itself after mild and moderate cases of mastitis, independent of antimicrobial therapy. Advisors/Committee Members: Bicalho, Rodrigo Carvalho (chair), Giordano, Julio O. (committee member), Oikonomou, Georgios (committee member), Marquis, Helene (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Mastitis; Next Generation Sequencing; Milk; Animal sciences; Microbiome; Epidemiology; Microbiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Korzune Ganda, E. (2017). THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56880

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Korzune Ganda, Erika. “THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56880.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Korzune Ganda, Erika. “THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS.” 2017. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Korzune Ganda E. THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56880.

Council of Science Editors:

Korzune Ganda E. THE APPLICATION OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE MICROBIAL DYNAMICS OF BOVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56880

Cornell University

12. Vasquez, Amy Kristin. PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES.

Degree: PhD, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 2018, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59379

► Implementation of protocols for prudent use of antimicrobials on dairies results in economic returns, sustainability of products, and addresses public health concerns such as resistance… (more)

▼ Implementation of protocols for prudent use of antimicrobials on dairies results in economic returns, sustainability of products, and addresses public health concerns such as resistance and residues. Two main areas of application are intramammary (IMM) treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) and dry-cow therapy, which account for 80% of antibiotic use on dairies. The objectives herein were to 1) evaluate if the antibiotic hetacillin fell within a margin of efficacy or “noninferiority” to the reference treatment, a critically important (to human medicine) third-generation cephalosporin, ceftiofur; 2) assess a protocol that selectively treats CM cases based on daily culture results; 3) determine if similar protocols can be effectively executed on moderate-sized dairies without daily access to a professional laboratory; 4) determine if the metagenomic profiles of CM cases highlight a missed opportunity for non-treated cases; and 5) evaluate a culture-independent selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) protocol. Noninferiority of hetacillin was concluded for bacteriological and clinical cures, as well as for many secondary outcomes. Administration of hetacillin over ceftiofur decreased treatment pen time with no statistical differences in bacteriological, pathogen, or clinical cures; milk yield and linear score (LS) postevent; nor additional risk of culling or quarter-level mastitis after the event. Use of a selective pathogen-based protocol decreased milk withholding time with no statistical differences in days to clinical cure, milk yield, and LS postevent; nor additional odds of culling in the months following. When similar strategies were applied on 8 moderate-sized dairies using on-farm or 5 day/week diagnostics, irregularity of data recording was drastically improved and no negative changes were reported. Reductions in antimicrobial use ranged from 6.8% to 92.5% and economic savings amounted to 2,200 to 4,600/dairy/yr. 16S rRNA analysis validated that despite dysbacteriosis in the mammary gland, there was no pathogen profile that was associated with negative or positive health and production outcomes; missed opportunities were not apparent. Finally, application of a data-driven, SDCT protocol resulted in no statistical differences in new infection risk, milk production and LS, or additional odds of culling or mastitis over the periparturient period between selectively or blanket-treated low-risk cows. Using SDCT or pathogen-based protocols for the treatment and prevention of CM can reduce antibiotic use by up to 2/3. Advisors/Committee Members: Nydam, Daryl Van (chair), Bicalho, Rodrigo Carvalho (committee member), Van de Walle, Gerlinde (committee member), Ivanek Miojevic, Renata (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Mastitis; Epidemiology; Bovine Mastitis; Prudent Use of Antimicrobials; Selective Dry Cow Therapy; Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis; Animal sciences

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APA (6^th Edition):

Vasquez, A. K. (2018). PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59379

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vasquez, Amy Kristin. “PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59379.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vasquez, Amy Kristin. “PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES.” 2018. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Vasquez AK. PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59379.

Council of Science Editors:

Vasquez AK. PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS ON DAIRY FARMS: ALTERNATIVE PROTOCOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF MASTITIS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/59379

13. Leno, Brittany May. Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2017, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56985

► The Ca demand of colostrum and milk production in the immediate postpartum period compared to the demands in late gestation result in a huge metabolic… (more)

▼ The Ca demand of colostrum and milk production in the immediate postpartum period compared to the demands in late gestation result in a huge metabolic adaptation for periparturient dairy cows. This adaptation requires the coordination of several hormones and tissues and if delayed adaptation results in an excessive drop in blood Ca it can impair cow health and performance. Management of hypocalcemia requires multifaceted approaches that integrate prevention, treatment and monitoring. The objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) investigate strategies for monitoring blood Ca, 2) optimize application of established nutritional strategies for prevention, 3) evaluate new approaches to macromineral nutrition to support blood Ca recovery postpartum, and 3) identify opportunities for use of supplemental Ca postpartum. The VetTest is a tool that measures blood total Ca which has potential for field application and its use resulted in reliable identification of hypocalcemia. The variation in the relationship between ionized and total Ca in the immediate postpartum period suggest that these parameters cannot be used interchangeably for identification of hypocalcemia and ionized Ca was a better predictor of neutrophil function in the week postpartum. Cows fed prepartum rations with a negative DCAD, targeting an average urine pH between 5.5 and 6.0, had higher blood Ca concentrations, intake and milk production in the early lactation period compared to cows fed a low K or intermediate ration. Blood Ca responses to this preventative approach were more pronounced in cows entering their 3rd parity or greater compared to 2nd lactation cows. Altering dietary source of supplemental Ca and Mg, and postpartum dietary concentration of Mg, had minimal influence on mineral status in the transition period but did improve intake and energetic status in the transition period. This suggests opportunity for strategic use of mineral sources to support the metabolic adaptations to lactation. Supplementation with oral Ca postpartum improved early lactation health for cows with increasing age, cows with high BCS and lame cows. Plasma Ca status did not differentiate response of primiparous cows to supplementation but multiparous cows with low plasma Ca had improved health in early lactation when supplemented with oral Ca. Advisors/Committee Members: Overton, Thomas R. (chair), McArt, Jessica Anne Allerton (committee member), Flaminio, Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe (committee member), Gilbert, Robert Owen (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Nutrition; dietary cation-anion difference; hypocalcemia; ionized calcium; magnesium; transition cow; Animal sciences

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APA (6^th Edition):

Leno, B. M. (2017). Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56985

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Leno, Brittany May. “Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56985.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Leno, Brittany May. “Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows.” 2017. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Leno BM. Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56985.

Council of Science Editors:

Leno BM. Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Periparturient Dairy Cows. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/56985

Cornell University

14. Yasui, Takashi. Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2013, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34369

► Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those… (more)

▼ Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate. Advisors/Committee Members: Overton, Thomas R (chair), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member), Gavalchin, Jerrie (committee member), Gilbert, Robert Owen (committee member), Flaminio, Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Transition dairy cows; Endometritis; Nutrition

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APA (6^th Edition):

Yasui, T. (2013). Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34369

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Yasui, Takashi. “Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34369.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Yasui, Takashi. “Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis.” 2013. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Yasui T. Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34369.

Council of Science Editors:

Yasui T. Nutritional Implications For Oxidative Status, Immune Function, And Energy Metabolism In Transition Dairy Cows And Relationships With Postpartum Performance And Endometritis. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/34369

Cornell University

15. McArt, Jessica. The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Medicine, 2013, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33879

► The ability of dairy cattle to adapt to the natural change of energy balance in early lactation is an important aspect of the transition period,… (more)

▼ The ability of dairy cattle to adapt to the natural change of energy balance in early lactation is an important aspect of the transition period, as the demands for milk production cannot be met by feed intake alone. Cattle unable to adequately transition from late gestation to early lactation are at a higher risk for subclinical ketosis (SCK), an excess of circulating ketone bodies without clinical signs of hyperketonemia. Cows with SCK are at an increased risk of postpartum diseases such as displaced abomasum and metritis, and SCK has been found to decrease milk yield in early lactation and may adversely affect reproduction. The objectives herein were to: 1) describe the epidemiology of SCK in cows diagnosed with SCK in early lactation; 2) determine important dry and parturient period risk factors of hyperketonemia development; 3) determine the effect of oral administration of propylene glycol in cows diagnosed with SCK on disease development, removal from the herd, reproduction, and milk production; and 4) estimate the cost per case of SCK and evaluate different on-farm testing and treatment strategies based on herd SCK incidence. Peak incidence and prevalence of SCK was found to occur at 5 days in milk (DIM) with a median time to resolution of 5 days. Cows developing SCK from 3 to 7 DIM were more likely to suffer from negative disease and production outcomes than cows that developed SCK from 8 to 16 DIM. Treatment of SCK positive cows with propylene glycol decreased disease incidence, improved reproduction, and enhanced milk production over non-treated control cows. Risk factors associated with development of hyperketonemia included advanced parity, high prepartum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, and calving difficulty. The cost per case of SCK in the first 30 DIM was estimated at $67. Testing of fresh cows 2 days per week from 3 through 9 DIM and treatment of SCK positive cows with propylene glycol was found to be the most cost-effective treatment in herds with SCK incidences between 15 and 50%; above 50% blanket treatment of all fresh cows with propylene glycol was more economically beneficial. Advisors/Committee Members: Nydam, Daryl Van (chair), Overton, Thomas R (committee member), Guard III, Charles L (committee member), Flaminio, Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe (committee member), Grohn, Yrjo Tapio (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: subclinical ketosis; propylene glycol; dairy cow

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APA (6^th Edition):

McArt, J. (2013). The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33879

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

McArt, Jessica. “The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33879.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

McArt, Jessica. “The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle.” 2013. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

McArt J. The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33879.

Council of Science Editors:

McArt J. The Epidemiology, Economics, And Treatment Of Subclinical Ketosis In Early Lactation Dairy Cattle. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/33879

Cornell University

16. Leal Yepes, Francisco Antonio Antonio. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2018, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/64892

► The dairy industry directly impacts the socio-economic status of roughly 150 million families worldwide through its contribution to income, food security, and access to protein.… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: BCAA; GWAS; Dairy cows; Hyperketonemia; Genetics; Molecular biology; Epidemiology

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APA (6^th Edition):

Leal Yepes, F. A. A. (2018). STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/64892

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Leal Yepes, Francisco Antonio Antonio. “STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/64892.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Leal Yepes, Francisco Antonio Antonio. “STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION.” 2018. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Leal Yepes FAA. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/64892.

Council of Science Editors:

Leal Yepes FAA. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS DURING EARLY LACTATION. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/64892

17. Pomeroy, Brianna Joy. LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS.

Degree: PhD, Veterinary Medicine, 2017, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/47803

► Cows are susceptible to new Escherichia coli intramammary infections (IMI) in the non-lactating period of late gestation (known as the ‘dry period’). These IMI often… (more)

▼ Cows are susceptible to new Escherichia coli intramammary infections (IMI) in the non-lactating period of late gestation (known as the ‘dry period’). These IMI often persist up until parturition without inducing highly inflammatory responses and increase the risk of postpartum mastitis in the subsequent lactation. The bovine maternal immune system is hypothesized to be regulated during late gestation to prevent highly inflammatory, cell-mediated responses however the mechanisms in generating such tolerance have not been fully elucidated. In other mammalian species mononuclear phagocytes play a primary role in generating maternal immune tolerance, and although beneficial for the fetus, often negatively impacts immune responses to invading pathogens. The work presented here investigated changes in maternal immunity and its relationship to dry period E. coli IMI dynamics through the use of experimental and mathematical approaches. The objectives were to 1) characterize changes in blood monocyte composition and monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) function over pregnancy to identify unique changes in late gestation, 2) investigate pregnancy-associated factors that regulate these cells, 3) investigate the relationship between maternal immune regulation and dry period E. coli IMI dynamics and risk of postpartum mastitis through mathematical models, and 4) investigate the effect of intramammary immunization with UV-killed E. coli on IMI dynamics and host response. Pregnancy was accompanied with a decrease in inflammatory monocytes and impaired moDC maturation following E. coli stimulation. Aspects of hindered moDC maturation could be induced by in vitro treatment of late gestation levels of progesterone and estradiol. Deviations in prepartum monocyte composition related to risk of postpartum disease. Mathematical model results indicated these shifts in cytokine production alone were not able to recapitulate IMI dynamics in the dry period, but rather it involved an interaction between maternal immune regulation and physiological and immunological changes to the mammary gland that accompany the dry period. Intramammary immunization at dry-off generated protective responses against E. coli challenge later in the dry period. Overall, shifts in maternal immunity both in the periphery and in the mammary gland during the dry period relate to persistent E. coli IMI and postpartum mastitis, and local immunity can be manipulated to generate protection against IMI in the dry period. Advisors/Committee Members: August, Avery (chair), Schukken, Ynte Hein (chair), Flaminio, Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe (committee member), Kanevsky, Isis (committee member), Nydam, Daryl Van (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Bovine; E. coli; Late gestation; Mastitis; Monocyte; Monocyte-derived dendritic cell; Veterinary science; Immunology; Epidemiology

…to the exciting world of bovine research when I was an undergraduate at Cornell University…

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Pomeroy, B. J. (2017). LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/47803

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Pomeroy, Brianna Joy. “LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/47803.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Pomeroy, Brianna Joy. “LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS.” 2017. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Pomeroy BJ. LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/47803.

Council of Science Editors:

Pomeroy BJ. LATE GESTATION MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION AND CONCURRENT ESCHERICHIA COLI INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION DYNAMICS. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/47803

Cornell University

18. Scott, Benjamin. Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics.

Degree: M.S., Animal Science, Animal Science, 2016, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45130

Subjects/Keywords: agent-based modeling; dairy epidemiology; farm practice survey

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Scott, B. (2016). Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics. (Masters Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45130

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Scott, Benjamin. “Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45130.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Scott, Benjamin. “Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics.” 2016. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Scott B. Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Cornell University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45130.

Council of Science Editors:

Scott B. Incorporation Of Dairy Farm Survey Data And Epidemiological Patterns For Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Of Dairy Herd Dynamics. [Masters Thesis]. Cornell University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45130

Cornell University

19. Fessenden, Samuel. Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle.

Degree: PhD, Animal Science, 2016, Cornell University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45365

Subjects/Keywords: Amino acid; Microbial protein; Dairy cattle

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Fessenden, S. (2016). Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle. (Doctoral Dissertation). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45365

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fessenden, Samuel. “Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University. Accessed March 07, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45365.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fessenden, Samuel. “Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle.” 2016. Web. 07 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Fessenden S. Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 07]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45365.

Council of Science Editors:

Fessenden S. Amino Acid Supply In Lactating Dairy Cattle. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Cornell University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1813/45365

Open Access Theses and Dissertations