+publisher:"Colorado State University" +contributor:("Seidel, George")

Colorado State University

1. Fischer, Mariah. Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Animal Sciences, 2015, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170380

► Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects monensin sodium, plant extracts, and injectable trace minerals on heifer and bull fertility, and calf feedlot performance… (more)

▼ Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects monensin sodium, plant extracts, and injectable trace minerals on heifer and bull fertility, and calf feedlot performance and morbidity. In the first study, Angus heifers (n = 107; 259.3 ± 21.0 d of age), blocked by weaning BW (262.7 ± 29.9 kg; d -19), were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design, where all heifers received the same basal ration consisting of a 30% CP liquid supplement containing 200 mg/0.45 kg monensin sodium. Treatments were applied daily to the basal ration as topdressed supplements and were fed at a rate of 0.32 kg•hd-1•d-1. Treatments were as follows: 1) high level of monensin sodium (MON), where monensin sodium was topdressed at 200 mg•hd-1•d-1, 2) low level of monensin sodium plus the plant extracts cinnamaldehyde, capsicum oleoresin and eugenol (CCE), where plant extracts were topdressed at 11,000 mg•hd-1•d-1, 3) control (CON), low level of monensin sodium without topdressed supplements, or 4) high levels of monensin sodium with plant extracts (COMB), where monensin sodium was topdressed at 200 mg•hd-1•d-1 and plant extracts were topdressed at 11,000 mg•hd-1•d-1. In both studies, heifers were weighed and estrus detection patch status was recorded every 11 d. Age at puberty was determined by patch status and was recorded as the d the patch was first activated. A 14 d CIDR-PG-AI protocol was utilized to inseminate heifers, when heifers were 427.3 ± 21.0 d of age. In the 14 d CIDR-PG-AI, a controlled internal drug release device (CIDR) was inserted 33 d prior to AI and removed 14 d later. Prostaglandin was injected 16 d after CIDR removal, and heifers were inseminated 3 d later. Heifers were placed with bulls for natural service 21 d post AI. Pregnancy was determined 56 d post AI via ultrasound and 178 d post AI via rectal palpation. Calving records were used to validate ultrasound results. In the first study, there were no treatment main effects for initial or final BW (P > 0.05). There were no interactions between the main effects of monensin sodium fed at high concentrations and plant extracts for any feedlot or fertility performance variable (P > 0.05); however, there was a main effect of high levels of monensin sodium for heifer DMI from d 0 to 8 and d 8 to 15, where MON and COMB heifers had reduced DMI compared to CCE and CON heifers (P = 0.05). From d 11 to 22 and d 44 to 66, heifers that received plant extracts (CCE and COMB) had lower ADG than CON and MON heifers (P = 0.05). Feed efficiency tended (P = 0.08) to be improved in heifers fed high levels of monensin sodium (MON and COMB) compared to heifers fed low levels of monensin sodium (CCE and CON); however overall DMI, ADG, age at puberty and pregnancy rate were not affected by the main effects of high levels of monensin sodium or plant extracts (P > 0.05). In the second study, Angus bulls (n = 31, yr 1; n = 35, yr 2), heifers (n = 107) and steers (n = 105) were randomly assigned a treatment at weaning (278.6 ± 35.0 kg; 241.0 ± 19.6 d): 1) control (CON),… Advisors/Committee Members: Ahola, Jason (advisor), Peel, Kraig (advisor), Seidel, George (committee member), Engle, Terry (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: ADG; beef cattle; fertility; monensin sodium; plant extracts; trace minerals

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fischer, M. (2015). Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170380

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fischer, Mariah. “Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle.” 2015. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170380.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fischer, Mariah. “Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle.” 2015. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Fischer M. Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170380.

Council of Science Editors:

Fischer M. Effects of monensin sodium, plant extracts and injectable trace minerals on feedlot performance, fertility and morbidity of beef cattle. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170380

Colorado State University

2. Kruse, Shantille. Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Biomedical Sciences, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/65329

► The overall objective of my thesis research was to improve procedures for vitrifying bovine blastocysts so as to enable direct embryo transfer to the uterus.… (more)

▼ The overall objective of my thesis research was to improve procedures for vitrifying bovine blastocysts so as to enable direct embryo transfer to the uterus. Blastocysts were produced using standard in vitro procedures in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. Procedures were done at room temperature, 22 ± 2 °C. Unless otherwise mentioned, all media were made in SynGro®. In Experiment 1, base media contained either 1) normal concentrations of sodium (120 mM) and calcium (2 mM);(CON) or 2) 60 mM sodium + 60 mM choline chloride and 0.5 mM calcium (LOW). Blastocysts were exposed to 5 M ethylene glycol (V1) for 3 min and moved to 6.5 M ethylene glycol + 0.5 M galactose + 18% Ficoll (V2). Straws (0.25 mL) were loaded with a column of 120 μl 1 M galactose followed by an air bubble, then V2 containing embryos followed by an air bubble, and 60 μl 1 M galactose followed by sealing with a plastic plug. After 35 s, embryos were vitrified by either 1) standard cooling in liquid nitrogen cooled air (AIR) for 1 min or 2) cooling via contact of straw walls with columns drilled into an aluminum block immersed in liquid nitrogen (BLK) for 2 min and then directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. These combinations resulted in 4 treatments (AIR x CON; n = 61, AIR x LOW; n = 58, BLK x CON; n = 73, BLK x LOW; n = 54). BLK Embryos were warmed by holding straws in air for 10 s, placing them in a water bath at 37 °C for 20 s, mixing embryos with galactose diluent in the straw for 2 min and expelling. Embryos were recovered, rinsed through holding medium, and cultured in chemically defined medium (similar to synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF)) for 24 h before being evaluated for survival. Post warming survival did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments (AIR x CON = 42.0%; AIR x LOW = 26.8%; BLK x CON = 21.8%, BLK x LOW = 24.5%). Despite lack of statistical significance, we recommend use of LOW base media because both sodium and calcium levels are reduced. Use of this media should therefore have less chance of sodium and calcium toxicity, and could deter apoptosis. The BLK vitrification method is both easier to use and more consistent. In Experiment 2, we sought to identify the most efficacious cryopreservation method for in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts that would enable direct embryo transfer from 0.25 mL straws used as containers for cryopreservation. Although not a method for direct transfer, Cryotops were chosen to serve as positive controls (CON), as they are the industry standard for vitrification of human embryos. Embryos were cryopreserved by vitrification with a Cryotop (CON; n = 118), using an aluminum block (BLK; n = 128), or by slow freezing (SLF; n = 131). Vitrification procedures were as described above for BLK with the exception that CON embryos were placed in < 1 μl V2 onto Cryotops, and after 35 s, vitrified by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen. Embryos cryopreserved via SLF were exposed to 1.36 M glycerol in modified Dulbecco's PBS + 0.4% BSA (PBS) for 10 min, loaded into 0.25 mL straws, and placed… Advisors/Committee Members: Seidel, George, Jr. E. (advisor), Ahola, Jason K. (committee member), Bruemmer, Jason E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: bovine; direct transfer; embryo; in vitro; in vivo; vitrification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Kruse, S. (2012). Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/65329

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Kruse, Shantille. “Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/65329.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Kruse, Shantille. “Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer.” 2012. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Kruse S. Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/65329.

Council of Science Editors:

Kruse S. Vitrification of in vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine embryos for direct transfer. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/65329

Colorado State University

3. De Lille, Alexandra. Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses.

Degree: PhD, Biomedical Sciences, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67429

► This study was designed to measure fetal and placental characteristics in bovine day 75 nuclear transfer and control pregnancies. Responses included mRNA concentration of the… (more)

▼ This study was designed to measure fetal and placental characteristics in bovine day 75 nuclear transfer and control pregnancies. Responses included mRNA concentration of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system [IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IGFBBP-1, -2, -3] and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system [VEGF, PlGF, VEGF1R, and VEGF2R]. Fetal attrition of the cloned pregnancies up to day 75 was high (89%, 63 out of 71 frozen embryos transferred; 8 of 16 cloned conceptuses present on day 30 survived to day 75, as did 5 of 5 controls). No significant differences in mean weights of large and medium placentomes were observed between 8 clones and 5 controls. However, the variance of mean weight of large placentomes was greater in clones than in controls; one gestation had placentomes six standard deviations larger than controls. Interestingly, the mean umbilical cord weight/length ratio was significantly greater for clones (P < 0.05). Mean fetal length, fetal weight, fetal weight/length index and mean weights for heart, brain, liver, kidneys and the mean brain/liver index did not differ between cloned and control day 75 conceptuses, but numbers per group were limited. Northern blot analysis, revealed the presence of three transcripts of 3.7kb, 2.2kb and 1.7kb for VEGF and one 1.7 kb transcript for PlGF mRNA in the cotyledons and allantochorion of day 45 cloned and control gestations. All three VEGF bands were present in both cloned and control day 75 cotyledons and caruncles, but the PlGF transcript was barely detectable, except for the cotyledons of one clone. mRNA for all of genes studied could be detected with real time PCR in day 75 cotyledons and caruncles, and fetal livers contained mRNA for all IGF's and IGFBP's evaluated. In all placentomal tissues, PlGF mRNA concentration was 100-fold less than VEGF mRNA, which seems to be the driving force for placentomal vascularization at day 75. There was a trend for a reduction by half of the PlGF mRNA concentration in caruncle of clones vs. controls (P = 0.06). VEGF2R (KDR) mRNA was abundant, but VEGF1R (Flt-1), was only present in very low concentrations; our primer set did not distinguish between soluble versus membrane bound receptor mRNA for VEGF1R. Four of the cloned conceptuses contained substantially less cotyledonary IGF1R mRNA than the other clones and controls. IGFBP-3 mRNA concentrations were very high in placentomes; IGFBP-1 and -2 mRNA concentration on the other hand was very low for clones and controls. mRNA for IGFBP-1, -2, -3, however, was abundant in day 75 fetal livers, while IGF-1 mRNA was scarce in this tissue. Fetal livers from cloned pregnancies contained 4-fold more IGF-2 mRNA than controls (P<0.01). We observed that liver IGF-2 mRNA concentration and liver weight increased with weight of the largest placentome; in clones these increases were associated with a decrease in cotyledonary IGF-2 mRNA, while the opposite occurred with controls. Interestingly, there was a trend to lower IGF2R mRNA concentrations (P = 0.09), and… Advisors/Committee Members: Seidel, George (advisor), Anthony, Russell (committee member), Clay, Colin (committee member), Garry, Franklyn (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: nuclear transfer cloning; insulin like growth factor; placenta; angiogenesis; bovine

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APA (6^th Edition):

De Lille, A. (2012). Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67429

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

De Lille, Alexandra. “Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67429.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

De Lille, Alexandra. “Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses.” 2012. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

De Lille A. Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67429.

Council of Science Editors:

De Lille A. Physical and molecular characteristics of day 75 nuclear transfer cloned bovine conceptuses. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67429

Colorado State University

4. Rasmussen, Sara-Lesley. Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Biomedical Sciences, 2011, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47443

► This study compared the pregnancy rates between embryo transfer of bovine embryos produced in vitro with sexed vs control sperm and artificial insemination (AI) using… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: assisted reproduction technologies; dairy cattle fertility; embryo transfer; IVF; pregnancy rates; sexed sperm

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APA (6^th Edition):

Rasmussen, S. (2011). Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47443

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rasmussen, Sara-Lesley. “Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47443.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Rasmussen, Sara-Lesley. “Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction.” 2011. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Rasmussen S. Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47443.

Council of Science Editors:

Rasmussen S. Applying in vitro-produced embryos and sexed sperm to dairy cattle reproduction. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47443

Colorado State University

5. Giles, Ryan. Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Animal Sciences, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68105

► In the first experiment, objectives were to determine the effectiveness of an extended controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert estrus synchronization protocol to produce 2… (more)

▼ In the first experiment, objectives were to determine the effectiveness of an extended controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert estrus synchronization protocol to produce 2 follicular waves, induce cyclicity in anestrus cows, and evaluate the efficacy of a single 50 mg dose of prostaglandin F2α (PG) at CIDR removal. This experiment included 779 primiparous and multiparous lactating beef cows at 3 locations (n = 779) that were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. Cows in the 14-d 50 PG treatment received a CIDR (1.38 g progesterone) with 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 0, 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 9, and CIDR removal with 50 mg PG im on d 14. Cows in the 14-d 6 h PG treatment were assigned the same protocol as the 14-d 50 PG treatment except that 25 mg PG im was given on d 14, plus 25 mg PG im 6 ± 1 h later. Cows in the 5-day CO-Synch + CIDR (5-d CO-Synch) treatment, received a CIDR with 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 9, CIDR removal with 25 mg PG im on d 14, and 25 mg PG im 6 ± 1 h after first PG injection. Cows in all treatments received 100 μg GnRH analogue im with TAI 72 ± 3 h after CIDR removal. Pregnancy status to TAI was determined by ultrasonography 37 to 40 d after TAI. Pregnancy rate to TAI was higher (P < 0.05) in 14-d 50 PG treatment than 14-d 6 h PG and 5-d CO-Synch treatments. In the following year, 2 experiments were conducted at 6 locations. Our objectives were to: 1) determine the efficacy of an extended CIDR protocol with 2 induced follicular waves, and 2) determine the ability of initiating the CIDR protocol with GnRH analogue (Factrel) or PG. In exp. one, 588 primiparous and multiparous lactating beef cows at 2 locations were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. Cows in the 14-d GnRH-9 treatment (n = 202) received the same treatment as the 14-d 50 PG as described earlier. Cows in the 14-d GnRH-7 treatment received a CIDR insert and 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 0, 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 7, and CIDR removal with 25 mg PG im on d 14. Cows in the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR (7-d CO-Synch) treatment, received a CIDR insert and 100 μg GnRH analogue im on d 7, and CIDR removal concurrent with 25 mg PG im on d 14. Cows in all treatments received 100 μg GnRH analogue im with TAI at either 72 ± 3 h (14-d GnRH-9 treatment) or 63 ± 3 h (14-d GnRH-7 and 7-d CO-Synch treatments). Combined across all locations, pregnancy rates to TAI were not different (P > 0.05) between 14-d GnRH-9 (54.8%), 14-d GnRH-7 (54.4%), and 7-d CO-Synch (52.3%) treatments. In exp. two, 625 primiparous and multiparous lactating beef cows across 4 locations were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. Cows in the 14-d GnRH treatment (n = 205) received the same treatment as the 14-d 50 PG treatment described earlier. Cows in the 14-d PG treatment (n = 214) received the same treatment as 14-d GnRH cows except that 25 mg PG im was given on d 0 instead of GnRH analogue. Cows in the 5-day CO-Synch treatment (n = 206), received the same treatment as described previously. Cows in all treatments received 100 μg GnRH analogue im with… Advisors/Committee Members: Peel, Kraig (advisor), Whittier, Jack (advisor), Seidel, George (committee member), Ahola, Jason (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: beef cows; CIDR; dairy cows; estrus synchronization; reticulo-rumen temperature

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APA (6^th Edition):

Giles, R. (2012). Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68105

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Giles, Ryan. “Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68105.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Giles, Ryan. “Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows.” 2012. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Giles R. Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68105.

Council of Science Editors:

Giles R. Synchronizing follicular waves using 14 day CIDR insert protocols in beef cows and assessing reticulo-rumen temperature changes for detection of ovulation in dairy cows. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68105

Colorado State University

6. Gonzalez-Castro, Raul A. Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Degree: PhD, Biomedical Sciences, 2018, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191446

► When performing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), many in vivo mechanisms for sperm selection are bypassed; however, sperm must still be capable of activating the oocyte… (more)

▼ When performing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), many in vivo mechanisms for sperm selection are bypassed; however, sperm must still be capable of activating the oocyte for successful fertilization. Limited information is available for horses on the effect of sperm preparation method and sperm characteristics that affect ICSI outcome. The overall objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) study the association between sperm sorting methods, sperm population characteristics, and equine ICSI outcome, and 2) characterize sperm oocyte activating factors in stallion sperm, such as phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) and postacrosomal WW binding protein (PAWP). In Experiment 1, a microfluidic device was used to sort frozen-thawed sperm from stallions (n=19), which resulted in a sperm subpopulation with improved motility, morphology, viability and DNA integrity (P<0.05) compared to the original sample. Then, microfluidic sorting was compared with the swim-up procedure and density gradient centrifugation. Swim-up was the least effective method to separate equine sperm. Microfluidic sorting and density gradient centrifugation sorted a sperm subpopulation with similar parameters, improving motility, viability and DNA integrity. After ICSI (n=45), no differences (P>0.3) were observed for cleavage and embryo development among sorting methods. In Experiment 2, sperm population parameters from which individual sperm were selected for injection were analyzed immediately after ICSI and correlated with the outcome. Sperm morphology, viability, membrane integrity measurement of hypoosmotic swelling and DNA integrity were evaluated in frozen-thawed sperm (n=114) used for ICSI in a program. Among sperm parameters, viability correlated positively with normal morphology and membrane integrity (P<0.05). Normal sperm morphology and DNA integrity were not predictive of ICSI outcome. Viability was predictive of cleavage and blastocyst formation, and membrane integrity was predictive of early pregnancy (P<0.05). In Experiment 3, PLCz and PAWP were identified, localized and quantified in stallion sperm, and the relationship with other sperm parameters was investigated. PLCz was identified as a 71 kDa protein and located in the acrosomal and postacrosomal region, midpiece and principal piece of the tail. PAWP was identified by two bands of ~28 and ~32 kDa, located in the postacrosomal region, midpiece and principal piece of the tail. The expression of PLCz and PAWP correlated positively (P=0.04) when analyzed for sperm of 14 stallions. Flow cytometric assessment was feasible for PLCz, but not for PAWP. Expression and percentages of positive labeled sperm for PLCz varied among stallions (n=21). Expression of PLCz was higher in live than dead sperm (P<0.005), and DNA fragmentation correlated negatively with PLCz expression (P<0.04). In conclusion, microfluidic sorting and density gradient centrifugation resulted in a subpopulation of sperm with high quality parameters for ICSI. The probability of sperm-injected oocytes to develop into an embryo… Advisors/Committee Members: Carnevale, Elaine (advisor), Grahman, James (advisor), Seidel, George (committee member), Gerrit, Bouma (committee member), Ann, Hess (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: microfluidics; PLC zeta; stallion; PAWP; ICSI; sperm

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APA (6^th Edition):

Gonzalez-Castro, R. A. (2018). Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191446

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Gonzalez-Castro, Raul A. “Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191446.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Gonzalez-Castro, Raul A. “Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.” 2018. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Gonzalez-Castro RA. Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2018. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191446.

Council of Science Editors:

Gonzalez-Castro RA. Characterization of equine sperm attributes and selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191446

Colorado State University

7. Ruggeri, Elena. Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Degree: PhD, Biomedical Sciences, 2016, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173335

► Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an established and widely used method to achieve oocyte fertilization in equine reproductive assisted technologies. However, not all the oocytes… (more)

▼ Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an established and widely used method to achieve oocyte fertilization in equine reproductive assisted technologies. However, not all the oocytes fertilized by ICSI undergo cleavage and develop into viable embryos. Limited knowledge on equine zygote development after ICSI is available, and reasons why developmental failure occurs after ICSI have been only partially studied and need further investigation. Fertility decline and early embryo loss is associated with maternal aging in the mare, and it is concomitant with reduced oocyte quality. Relatively little is known about the effect of maternal aging and zygote developmental failure or success in the mare. Effects of in vitro maturation of the oocyte or zygote development in the mare still need to be clarified and further studied. The overall objective of this dissertation was to study equine zygote development after ICSI using confocal microscopy. Objectives were to: (1) compare cytoskeletal and nuclear changes during progression of equine zygote development after ICSI for in vivo versus in vitro matured oocytes; (2) compare changes in cytoskeletal and chromosomal configurations after ICSI between oocytes from young and old mares to define maternal-aging related alterations; (3) determine cytoskeletal and nuclear alterations associated with fertilization failure in ICSI-produced presumptive zygotes in young and old mares; (4) determine cell-aging and cell donor-aging effects on cytoskeleton and chromatin configurations. Specifically, in our studies we evaluated the tubulin and actin cytoskeleton, chromatin, and kinetochores/centromeres. Immunostaining and confocal imaging of the equine zygotes was performed using a spinning disk confocal microscope. After ICSI, five distinct events of development were observed with no major differences over time whether oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro. Oocytes matured in vivo appeared to reach the pronucleus stage earlier after ICSI compared to in vitro matured oocytes. Abnormal phenotypes associated with fertilization failure were more significant in oocytes matured in vitro than in vivo. When ICSI was performed in oocytes from young and old mares, similar stages of zygote development were observed, and the number of zygotes reaching the pronucleus stage was similar between the two age groups. Nucleolus like bodies, sites of ribosomal RNA involved in embryonic genome activation, were observed only in zygotes at the pronucleus stage from young mares; no nucleolus-like bodies were observed in pronuclei of zygotes from old mares. Pronuclei morphology, based on CREST staining, and DNA localization, also differed between pronuclei of young and old mares. Actin vesicles were observed significantly more often within zygotes from old mares compared to young mares during all stages of zygote developmental progression. When potential zygotes were analyzed after failure of cleavage after ICSI, actin vesicles were greater in area, perimeter and number in oocytes from old mares than those… Advisors/Committee Members: Carnevale, Elaine (advisor), Clay, Colin (advisor), Albertini, David (committee member), DeLuca, Jennifer (committee member), Seidel, George (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: cytoskeleton; intracytoplasmic sperm injection; zygote; equine; confocal microscopy; maternal aging

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ruggeri, E. (2016). Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173335

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ruggeri, Elena. “Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173335.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ruggeri, Elena. “Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.” 2016. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ruggeri E. Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173335.

Council of Science Editors:

Ruggeri E. Analysis of equine zygote development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173335

8. Ahola, Jason K. Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics.

Degree: PhD, Animal Sciences, 2004, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170734

► Over a two-year period, crossbred mature beef cows ( n = 178, Year 1; n = 148, Year 2) and young females (n = 43… (more)

▼ Over a two-year period, crossbred mature beef cows ( n = 178, Year 1; n = 148, Year 2) and young females (n = 43 nulliparous heifers, Year 1; n = 37 primiparous cows, Year 2) grazing in eastern Colorado were used to evaluate the effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, immunity, and cow and calf performance. Cow treatments included: 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn); 2) organic (50% organic and 50% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn); and 3) inorganic (100% inorganic CuSO4, ZnSO4, and MnSO4) trace minerals. Heifer treatments included: 1) organic, or 2) inorganic trace minerals. Free-choice mineral feeders were used to provide current NRC-recommended concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn from 54 and 82 d (Year 1, heifers and cows, respectively) and 81 d (Year 2) prior to the average calving date of the herd through 110 and 119 d (Year 1, cows and heifers, respectively) and 135 d (Year 2) post-calving. Terminal steer and heifer calves from each year's calf crop were maintained on their appropriate pasture trace mineral treatments and had exclusive access to mineral treatments via creep feeders from approximately 95 d of age until weaning. After weaning, calves were grown and finished in a feedlot on the same pre-weaning trace mineral treatments. Performance, immune response, mortality, morbidity, mineral status, carcass traits, and longissimus dorsi fatty acid profiles were evaluated. In the grazing portion of the experiment, results indicate that trace mineral supplementation in cows and source in cows and heifers affected trace mineral status. Reproductive results were variable in heifers; however, in cows trace mineral supplementation improved pregnancy rate to AI compared to cows not supplemented with Cu, Zn, or Mn for more than 1 yr. Calf performance was greater in non-supplemented control calves vs. supplemented calves in both years, while source also affected calf performance but not consistently in both years. Trace mineral source did not affect calf performance in young grazing females. During the feedlot phase in Year 1, gain to feed ratio was greater in Inorganic vs. Organic calves in both the growing and finishing phases and greater in non-supplemented control calves vs. supplemented calves only during the finishing phase; however, gain to feed ratios were not affected by either supplementation or source in Year 2. Liver Cu and Mn concentrations were affected by supplementation, however immune response, morbidity, carcass traits, and longissimus dorsi fatty acid profiles were not different across treatments. Based on the reduced reproductive performance in non-supplemented cows, as well as literature indicating that Cu affects luteinizing hormone (LH) release, the effect of Cu status, supplementation and source on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) were evaluated using 12 multiparous, non-pregnant, non-suckling, ovariectomized Angus cows. After receiving 5 mg Mo/kg diet and 0.3% S during a 216-d Cu depletion phase, nine cows were… Advisors/Committee Members: Engle, Terry E. (advisor), Burns, Patrick D. (advisor), Seidel, George E. (committee member), Whittier, Jack C. (committee member), Field, Thomas G. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Trace elements in animal nutrition; Beef cattle – Feeding and feeds; Beef – Quality

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ahola, J. K. (2004). Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170734

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ahola, Jason K. “Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics.” 2004. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170734.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ahola, Jason K. “Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics.” 2004. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Ahola JK. Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2004. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170734.

Council of Science Editors:

Ahola JK. Copper, zinc, and manganese in beef cattle production: effects of supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, feedlot performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2004. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170734

Colorado State University

9. Arce-Cordero, Jose A. Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Animal Sciences, 2016, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176646

To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document. Advisors/Committee Members: Archibeque, Shawn L. (advisor), Seidel, George E. (committee member), Wagner, John J. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: commodity shrink; shear force; precision feeding; bone ossification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Arce-Cordero, J. A. (2016). Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176646

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Arce-Cordero, Jose A. “Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176646.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Arce-Cordero, Jose A. “Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations.” 2016. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Arce-Cordero JA. Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2016. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176646.

Council of Science Editors:

Arce-Cordero JA. Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176646

Colorado State University

10. Harrison, Meredith Ann. Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Animal Sciences, 2019, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/195284

To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document. Advisors/Committee Members: Ahola, Jason (advisor), Seidel, George (committee member), Mooney, Daniel (committee member), Archibeque, Shawn (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: biological efficiency; single-calf heifer; sexed semen; beef production

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APA (6^th Edition):

Harrison, M. A. (2019). Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/195284

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Harrison, Meredith Ann. “Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency.” 2019. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/195284.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Harrison, Meredith Ann. “Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency.” 2019. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Harrison MA. Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/195284.

Council of Science Editors:

Harrison MA. Evaluation of the All Heifer, No Cow beef production system to improve beef production efficiency. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/195284

Colorado State University

11. Burroughs, Chelsie Ann. Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Biomedical Sciences, 2011, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/49864

To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document. Advisors/Committee Members: Seidel, George E., Jr. (advisor), Graham, James K. (advisor), Curthoys, Norman P. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: bovine; spermatozoa; sex-sorting; seminal plasma

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APA (6^th Edition):

Burroughs, C. A. (2011). Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/49864

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Burroughs, Chelsie Ann. “Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/49864.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Burroughs, Chelsie Ann. “Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm.” 2011. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Burroughs CA. Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/49864.

Council of Science Editors:

Burroughs CA. Removing seminal plasma improves sex-sorting of bovine sperm. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/49864

Colorado State University

12. Cullingford, Erika L. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Biomedical Sciences, 2010, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/38372

► In horses, determination of certain genetic traits/alleles in embryos before embryo transfer would be advantageous due to the costs of resulting pregnancies. An attractive option… (more)

▼ In horses, determination of certain genetic traits/alleles in embryos before embryo transfer would be advantageous due to the costs of resulting pregnancies. An attractive option is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), but to date few biopsied equine embryos have resulted in pregnancies. In the current experiment, 37 embryos ranging from 160 - 575 μm in diameter were biopsied. To obtain embryos, donor mares were monitored using transrectal ultrasonography. When a follicle > 35 mm in diameter was observed, 2,500 IU hCG or 1.5 mg deslorelin acetate was administered, and mares were inseminated daily until ovulation was detected. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically on days 6.5 – 7 (day 0 = ovulation). Trophoblast biopsies were collected in a 30 μl droplet of Syngro Holding Medium (Bioniche, Belleville, ON) using a piezo drill and beveled injection pipette. After removal of the embryo, the droplet containing the biopsied cells was moved into an Eppendorf tube and centrifuged. Supernatant was removed leaving ~5 μl sample, which was snap frozen for later genetic testing. Fifteen biopsied embryos were immediately transferred nonsurgically into uteri of synchronized recipients. Day 16 pregnancy rate for embryos ≤ 300 μm was 75.0% (6 of 8; 175 – 240 μm), which was not significantly different from control embryos of the same size (77.3%; 17 of 22). For embryos > 300 μm, day 16 pregnancy rate was 28.6% (2 of 7; 320 and 400 μm), which was not significantly different from control embryos of the same size (62.5%; 10 of 16). Additionally, 22 embryos (150 - 440 μm) were vitrified by standard procedures after biopsying and later warmed and transferred directly. No embryos > 300 μm (n = 3) became pregnancies after vitrification. Day 16 pregnancy rate for ≤ 300 μm was 47.4% (9 of 19; 150 – 225 μm), which was significantly different (p < 0.05) from direct transfer and control embryos of the same size (75.0% and 77.3%, respectively). Three of these pregnancies (150 - 200 μm) resulted in the formation of empty trophoblastic vesicles by 25 d. All pregnancies were terminated on or after 25 d to collect embryos for further genetic testing. For preimplantation genetic testing, a duplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for amplification of the DNA from the biopsied cells using primers for sex chromosome-linked zinc finger protein genes (ZFx/ZFy; 445 bp), and 2 pairs of primers for equine-specific sex-determining region on the Y-chromosome (SRY; 217 bp, 121 bp). Experiments on XX and XY genomic DNA from white blood cells revealed accurate genetic testing on as little as ~9 pg DNA, which equals ~1 cell. Sex determination on biopsied material occurred for 30% of samples, one of which was confirmed from a placental sample. Low PGD results indicate either lack of sensitivity of the test, or more likely the loss of cells during the steps of transfering the biopsied cells to Eppendorf tubes. We concluded that biopsy collection, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and direct transfer can be performed on equine embryos without… Advisors/Committee Members: Seidel, George Jr. (advisor), McCue, Patrick (advisor), Ahola, Jason K. (committee member), Bouma, Gerrit (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis; Horses – Embryos

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Cullingford, E. L. (2010). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/38372

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Cullingford, Erika L. “Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/38372.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Cullingford, Erika L. “Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos.” 2010. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Cullingford EL. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/38372.

Council of Science Editors:

Cullingford EL. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of equine embryos. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/38372

Colorado State University

13. Alrubeai, Hussain Fadhil. Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor.

Degree: PhD, Zoology and Entomology, 1980, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/80465

► During differentiation, the testes of Tenebrio molitor have been found to exhibit increases in biosynthetic capacity reflected in alterations in testicular protein and RNA. This… (more)

▼ During differentiation, the testes of Tenebrio molitor have been found to exhibit increases in biosynthetic capacity reflected in alterations in testicular protein and RNA. This biochemical differentiation was influenced by endogenous and/or exogenous hormones. The testes underwent dramatic increases in size and weight during the prepupal stage that were continued through later developmental stages. Histological analysis revealed that the maturation process of the germ cells to produce spermatozoa proceeded from the distal end of the follicles and toward the basal region to form a "differentiation wave." Spermatozoa were found in the prepupal testes. The underlying biochemical machinery of the developmental process was found to be accelerated in manufacturing different elements for germ cell differentiation at certain stages and particularly when the endogenous level of ecdysterone rose during the late prepupal and at mid-pupal stages. Gradual increases in testicular protein and RNA content were observed during the prepupal stage. The observed increases were more dramatic for both protein and RNA content in the pupal stage. The testicular protein and RNA content reached their maximum levels between days 4 and 7 of the pupal stage as did the rate of 3H-leucine incorporation. During the adult stage, the biosynthetic processes for producing protein and RNA were apparently reduced following the first few days after adult emergence. The protein products of the mealworm testes were shown by gel electrophoresis to be many and diverse. The 27 protein products were of various molecular weights, ranging from 12,000 to 127,000 daltons. These products were present at different ages of development and persisted for various times indicating that some of these proteins may be necessary for the formation of specific germ cell types. In addition, a variety of these testicular protein components incorporated leucine at measurable levels throughout development, particularly during the pupal stage. It was ascertained that the rate of incorporation of radioactive leucine into TCA -precipitable testicular protein was not affected by the administration of exogenous juvenile hormone alone (JHI, 1 µg/animal) during the pupal stage. However, the administration of exogenous ecdysterone (0. 5 µg/animal) to pupal Tenebrio resulted in an increase in the rate of radioactive leucine incorporation into TCA -precipitable testicular proteins, particularly during the first six days after pupal ecdysis. The amount of ecdysterone injected appeared to stimulate the production of the same testicular protein components that were present during normal pupal development. Injection of a higher dose of ecdysterone (1.5 µg/animal) during some of the pupal ages appeared to alter the testicular differentiation program by enhancing the incorporation of leucine into not only the age -specific testicular protein components but also into new protein components which did not normally appear at these specific ages. Simultaneous administration of both JH and ecdysterone… Advisors/Committee Members: Gorell, Thomas A. (Thomas Andrew) (advisor), Seidel, George E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Tenebrionidae; Insects – Physiology; Generative organs

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Alrubeai, H. F. (1980). Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/80465

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Alrubeai, Hussain Fadhil. “Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor.” 1980. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed March 02, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/80465.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Alrubeai, Hussain Fadhil. “Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor.” 1980. Web. 02 Mar 2021.

Vancouver:

Alrubeai HF. Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 1980. [cited 2021 Mar 02]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/80465.

Council of Science Editors:

Alrubeai HF. Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 1980. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/80465

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