+publisher:"Colorado State University" +contributor:("Olsen, Daniel B.")

Colorado State University

1. Wise, Daniel M. Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Colorado State University

► A wide range of fuels are used in industrial gas fueled engines including well-head gas, pipeline natural gas, producer gas, coal gas, digester gas, landfill… (more)

▼ A wide range of fuels are used in industrial gas fueled engines including well-head gas, pipeline natural gas, producer gas, coal gas, digester gas, landfill gas, and liquefied petroleum gas. Many industrial gas fueled engines operate both at high power density for increased efficiency and at ultra-lean air-fuel ratios for low NOx emissions. These two conditions require that engine operation occurs in a narrow air-fuel ratio band between the limits of misfire and the initiation of knock. The ability to characterize these limits for a given fuel is essential for efficient and effective engine operation. This work pursues two primary research objectives: (1) to characterize producer gas blends by developing prognostic tools with respect to a given blend's resistance to knock and (2) to develop a process to determine knock onset for a given fuel gas through direct indication from pressure transducer data at varied air-fuel ratios (ranging from stoichiometric to ultra-lean) as well as varied intake conditions (ranging from naturally aspirated to boosted intake pressures replicating turbocharged engines) and to quantitatively characterize the knock event using discreet and repeatable metrics derived from the analysis of the data. Methane number determination for natural gas blends is traditionally performed with research engines at stoichiometric conditions where the onset of knock is identified through subjective audible indication. To more closely replicate the operating conditions of a typical industrial engine, a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR F2) engine is modified for boosted fuel/air intake and variable exhaust back pressure (to simulate turbocharger operation) with the incorporation of piezoelectric pressure transducers at the cylinder head to allow quantitative analysis of cylinder pressure conditions and transients precursive to, during, and following a knock event of varying magnitude. The interpretation of this data provides for evaluation of unique analytical methods to quantify and characterize engine knock under these conditions. In the course of this study an objective and consistent method for measuring methane number is developed, measured methane number for a total of 35 producer gas blends is provided, and a prognostic tool for predicting methane number, utilizing neural networks, is presented. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Caille, Gary (committee member), Marchese, Anthony (committee member), Sharvelle, Sybil (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: knock; producer gas; methane number

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wise, D. M. (2013). Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78876

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wise, Daniel M. “Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines.” 2013. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78876.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wise, Daniel M. “Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines.” 2013. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Wise DM. Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2013. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78876.

Council of Science Editors:

Wise DM. Investigation into producer gas utilization in high performance natural gas engines. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78876

Colorado State University

2. Badrinarayanan, Koushik. Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67555

► Emission from lean burn natural gas engines used for power generation and gas compression are major contributors to air pollution. Two-way catalysts or oxidation catalysts… (more)

▼ Emission from lean burn natural gas engines used for power generation and gas compression are major contributors to air pollution. Two-way catalysts or oxidation catalysts are the common after-treatment systems used on lean burn natural gas engines to reduce CO, VOCs and formaldehyde emissions. The performance of the oxidation catalysts is dependent on operating parameters like catalyst temperature and space velocity. For this study, a part of the exhaust from a Waukesha VGF-18 GL lean burn natural gas engine was flowed through a catalyst slipstream system to access the performance of the oxidation catalysts. The slipstream is used to reduce the size of the catalysts and to allow precise control of temperature and space velocity. Analyzers used include Rosemount 5-gas emissions bench, Nicolet Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer and HP 5890 Series II Gas Chromatograph. The oxidation catalysts were degreened at 1200°F (650°C) for 24 hours prior to performance testing. The conversion efficiencies for the emission species varied among the oxidation catalysts tested from different vendors. Therefore, the performance of all the oxidation catalysts is not the same for this application. Most oxidation catalysts showed over 90% maximum conversion efficiencies on CO, VOCs and formaldehyde. Saturated hydrocarbons such as propane were difficult to oxidize in an oxidation catalyst due to high activation energy. High VOC oxidation was noticed on all catalysts, with maximum conversion efficiency at 80%. VOC reduction efficiency was limited by propane emission in the exhaust for the catalyst temperatures tested. Additional formulations need to be developed for oxidation catalysts to increase VOC reduction efficiency. Oxidation of NO to NO2 was observed on most oxidation catalysts; this reaction is favored based on chemical equilibrium. Variation in space velocity showed very little effect on the conversion efficiencies. Most species showed over 90% conversion efficiency during the space velocity sweep. The oxidation catalysts showed increasing CH2O conversion efficiency with decreasing space velocity. No change on performance of the oxidation catalysts on conversion of emission species was noticed for varying space velocities after conversion efficiencies reached 90%. Thus, adding more catalyst volume may not increase the reduction efficiency of emission species. Varying cell density showed very little effect on performance of the oxidation catalysts. The friction factor correlation showed the friction factor is inversely proportional to cell density. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Marchese, Anthony (committee member), De Miranda, Michael A. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: exhaust after-treatment systems; VOC emission; oxidation catalysts; natural gas engine; engine emission

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APA (6^th Edition):

Badrinarayanan, K. (2012). Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67555

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Badrinarayanan, Koushik. “Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67555.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Badrinarayanan, Koushik. “Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine.” 2012. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Badrinarayanan K. Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67555.

Council of Science Editors:

Badrinarayanan K. Performance evaluation of multiple oxidation catalysts on a lean burn natural gas engine. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/67555

Colorado State University

3. Martinez Morett, David. Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78749

► Recent developments in numerical techniques and computational processing power now permit time-dependent, multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations with detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms using commercially… (more)

▼ Recent developments in numerical techniques and computational processing power now permit time-dependent, multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations with detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms using commercially available software. Such computations have the potential to be highly effective tools for designing lean-burn, high brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) natural gas engines that achieve high fuel efficiency and low emissions. Specifically, these CFD simulations can provide the analytical tools required to design highly optimized natural gas engine components such as pistons, intake ports, pre-combustion chambers, fuel systems and ignition systems. To accurately model the transient, multi-dimensional chemically reacting flows present in these systems, detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms are needed that accurately reproduce measured combustion data at high pressures and lean conditions, but are of reduced size to enable reasonable computational times. Prior to the present study, these CFD models could not be used as accurate design tools for application in high BMEP lean-burn gas engines because existing reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms failed to accurately reproduce experimental flame speed and ignition delay data for natural gas at high pressure (40 atm and higher) and lean (0.6 equivalence ratio and lower) conditions. Existing methane oxidation mechanisms had typically been validated with experimental conditions at atmospheric and intermediate pressures (1 to 20 atm) and relatively rich stoichiometry. Accordingly, these kinetic mechanisms were not adequate for CFD simulation of natural gas combustion for which elevated pressures and very lean conditions are typical. This thesis describes an analysis, based on experimental data, of the laminar flame speed computed from numerous, detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for methane combustion at pressures and equivalence ratios necessary for accurate high BMEP, lean-burn natural gas engine modeling. A reduced mechanism that was shown previously to best match data at moderately lean and high pressure conditions was updated for the conditions of interest by performing sensitivity analysis using CHEMKIN. The reaction rate constants from the most sensitive reactions were appropriately adjusted to obtain better agreement at high pressure lean conditions. An evaluation of two new reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for methane combustion was performed using Converge CFD software. The results were compared to engine data and a significant improvement on combustion performance prediction was obtained with the new mechanisms. Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony J. (advisor), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Dandy, David S. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: combustion; simulation; natural gas; engine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Martinez Morett, D. (2012). Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78749

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Martinez Morett, David. “Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78749.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Martinez Morett, David. “Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A.” 2012. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Martinez Morett D. Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78749.

Council of Science Editors:

Martinez Morett D. Reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for computational fluid dynamics simulations of high brake mean effective pressure, lean-burn natural gas engines, A. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/78749

Colorado State University

4. Abdollahipoor, Bahareh. Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2018, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191449

► After fermentation, the concentration of bioethanol is only 8-12 wt%. To produce anhydrous ethanol fuel, a significant amount of energy is required for separation and… (more)

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APA (6^th Edition):

Abdollahipoor, B. (2018). Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191449

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Abdollahipoor, Bahareh. “Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends.” 2018. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191449.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Abdollahipoor, Bahareh. “Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends.” 2018. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Abdollahipoor B. Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191449.

Council of Science Editors:

Abdollahipoor B. Physiochemical properties and evaporation dynamics of bioalcohol-gasoline blends. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191449

Colorado State University

5. Grumstrup, Torben. NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83769

► Numerous studies have shown that diesel engines fueled by fatty-acid methyl ester biodiesel often exhibit slightly increased production of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in comparison… (more)

▼ Numerous studies have shown that diesel engines fueled by fatty-acid methyl ester biodiesel often exhibit slightly increased production of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in comparison to petroleum diesel. A number of explanations for this increase have been proposed. One theory, which has been supported by optical engine test results, suggests that the presence of oxygen atoms in the methyl ester fuel molecule results in a leaner premixed autoignition zone, thereby increasing in-cylinder temperatures and promoting Zel'dovich NOx production. Other experiments have suggested that the unsaturated methyl esters in biodiesel cause an increase in CH radical production (and/or other potential precursors such as C2O) which in turn increases Fenimore NOx formation. In this work, these hypotheses are explored experimentally and computationally by considering autoignition and combustion of single, isolated methyl ester, alcohol and alkane droplets. Experiments were conducted in which the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) spectroscopy technique was applied to burning liquid fuel droplets in free-fall. A monodisperse stream of droplets was generated by a piezoelectric device and passed through a resistively heated ignition coil. A pulsed laser beam from a Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser (10 Hz, 10 ns width) was formed into a sheet and passed through the droplet flame. The dye laser was tuned to excite hydroxyl (OH) at 282.9 nm and nitric oxide (NO) at 226.0 nm. The resulting fluorescence was imaged by a Cooke Corporation DiCam Pro ICCD digital camera. Band pass filters were utilized to reject laser light scattering while admitting fluorescence wavelengths. Due to the small fluorescence signal, many fluorescence images were averaged together to create a useful average image; approximately 250 and 1000 images were averaged for OH and NO spectroscopy, respectively. Finally, pixel intensity of the averaged fluorescence image was integrated about the droplet center to create qualitative radial profiles of OH and NO concentration. Profiles were generated for a number of oxygenated fuels and one pure hydrocarbon: methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, methyl butanoate, methyl decanoate, and n-heptane. To quantitatively interpret the contribution of Zel'dovich and Fenimore NOx mechanisms on NOx formation in the vicinity of igniting liquid droplets, detailed numerical droplet combustion simulations were conducted. The transient, spherically symmetric droplet combustion modeling featured detailed gas-phase kinetics, spectrally resolved radiant heat transfer, and multicomponent gas transport. New chemical kinetic mechanisms were created by appending NOx chemical kinetics to existing detailed methanol, methyl butanoate, and n-heptane mechanisms. In the computations, non-oxygenated (heptane) and oxygenated (methyl butanoate, methanol) fuel droplets are introduced into a hot (1150 K) air ambient whereupon the liquid vaporizes, thus producing a stratified fuel/air mixture that thermally autoignites after an ignition delay period. The computational results… Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony J. (advisor), Yalin, Azer (advisor), Kreidenweis, Sonia (committee member), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: biodiesel; PLIF; droplet combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Grumstrup, T. (2014). NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83769

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Grumstrup, Torben. “NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83769.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Grumstrup, Torben. “NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling.” 2014. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Grumstrup T. NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83769.

Council of Science Editors:

Grumstrup T. NOx formation in methyl ester, alcohol, and alkane droplet autoignition and combustion: PLIF measurements and detailed kinetic modeling. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83769

Colorado State University

6. Boley, Matthew J. Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2012, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68093

► A power management platform (PMP) has been developed for an electric generation plant on-board a U.S. naval ship. The control hardware and software interface with… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: diesel engine; distributed generation; power system; prime mover; Simulink®; steam turbine

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APA (6^th Edition):

Boley, M. J. (2012). Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68093

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Boley, Matthew J. “Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer.” 2012. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68093.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Boley, Matthew J. “Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer.” 2012. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Boley MJ. Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68093.

Council of Science Editors:

Boley MJ. Development of detailed prime mover models and distributed generation for an on-board naval power system trainer. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/68093

Colorado State University

7. Lakshminarayanan, Arunachalam. Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88566

► Rising fuel prices, growing energy demand, concerns over domestic energy security and global warming from greenhouse gas emissions have triggered the global interest in bio-energy… (more)

▼ Rising fuel prices, growing energy demand, concerns over domestic energy security and global warming from greenhouse gas emissions have triggered the global interest in bio-energy and bio-fuel crop development. Backlash from these concerns can result in supply shocks of traditional fossil fuels and create immense economic pressure. It is thus widely argued that bio-fuels would particularly benefit developing countries by off-setting their dependencies on imported petroleum. Domestically, the transportation sector accounts for almost 40% of liquid fuel consumption, while on-farm application like tractors and combines for agricultural purposes uses close to an additional 18%. It is estimated that 40% of the farm budget can be attributed to the fuel costs. With the cost of diesel continuously rising, farmers are now looking at using Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) as an alternative fuel by producing their own fuel crops. This study evaluates conventional diesel compared to the use of SVO like Camelina, Canola and Juncea grown on local farms in Colorado for their performance and emissions on a John Deere 4045 Tier-II engine. Additionally, physical properties like density and viscosity, metal/mineral content, and cold flow properties like CFPP and CP of these oils were measured using ASTM standards and compared to diesel. It was found that SVOs did not show significant differences compared to diesel fuel with regards to engine emissions, but did show an increase in thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study supports the continued development of SVO production as a viable alternative to diesel fuels, particularly for on-farm applications. The need for providing and developing a sustainable, economic and environmental friendly fuel alternative has taken an aggressive push which will require a strong multidisciplinary education in the field of bio-energy. Commercial bio-energy development has the potential to not only alleviate the energy concerns, but also to give renewed impetus to the agricultural sector and rural development. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Marchese, Anthony (committee member), Byrne, Patrick (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: biofuels; emissions; engines; physical properties; straight vegetable oils; triglycerides

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APA (6^th Edition):

Lakshminarayanan, A. (2014). Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88566

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Lakshminarayanan, Arunachalam. “Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88566.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Lakshminarayanan, Arunachalam. “Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.” 2014. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Lakshminarayanan A. Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88566.

Council of Science Editors:

Lakshminarayanan A. Testing and performance measurement of straight vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88566

Colorado State University

8. Van Roekel, Chris. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2020, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/219594

► Rich burn natural gas engines provide power for industrial applications such as gas compression. In this application where exhaust oxides of nitrogen (NOx) requirements can… (more)

▼ Rich burn natural gas engines provide power for industrial applications such as gas compression. In this application where exhaust oxides of nitrogen (NOx) requirements can be critical, rich burn engines offer best in class aftertreatment emission reduction and operating cost capabilities by using a non-selective catalyst reduction (NSCR) or three-way catalyst system. However, due to high combustion temperatures associated with near stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR) operation, rich burn engines are limited in brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) by combustion temperature. Consumers in the gas compression application are left to choose between engines that are capable of meeting even the most stringent emission requirements (rich burn) and engines with high BMEP rating (lean burn). Charge dilution by way of excess air (lean burn) or exhaust gas recirulation (EGR) is a common method used to lower combustion temperature with the purpose of limiting the production of engine out NOx. Conventional configurations of EGR consist of high pressure loop (HPL) and low pressure loop (LPL), each of which rely on components exposed to relatively high temperatures to control the impact that EGR has on combustion. Dedicated EGR is a novel variant of conventional EGR configurations which allows for the impact that EGR has on combustion to be controlled by components exposed to ambient temperature natural gas while also lowering rich burn combustion temperatures. Due to the lack of published research on dedicated EGR applied to industrial natural gas engines and consumer driven need for technologies to increase rich burn industrial natural gas engine BMEP this work represents an initial investigation into challenges associated with and capabilities of dedicated EGR. A Chemkin chemical kinetics model using the SI Engine Zonal, Flame Speed Calculator, and Equilibrium models was developed to quantify dedicated cylinder exhaust composition, laminar flame speed, and equilibrium combustion composition, respectively. The Aramco 2.0 mechanism was used for natural gas kinetics and was modified to include Zel'dovich mechanism for NOx formation. Engine experiments were conducted using a Caterpillar G3304 rich burn natural gas engine modified to operate with and without dedicated EGR. Initial tests that included power sweeps at fixed dedicated cylinder AFR revealed that operating conditions appropriate for dedicated EGR gasoline engines were not suitable for dedicated EGR natural gas engines. A response surface method (RSM) optimization was performed to find improved operating conditions at part load, 3.4 bar BMEP. Results showed that advanced spark timing and slightly rich dedicated cylinder AFR were optimal to achieve decreased coefficient of variance of indicated mean effective pressure (COV IMEP) and balanced cylinder IMEP output. In order to assess how operating with dedicated EGR would affect the performance of a NSCR system at 6.7 bar BMEP and fixed operating conditions engine AFR was swept between rich and lean conditions to quantify… Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Jathar, Shantanu (committee member), Marchese, Anthony (committee member), Young, Peter (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: natural gas engine; dedicated EGR; rich burn

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APA (6^th Edition):

Van Roekel, C. (2020). Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/219594

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Van Roekel, Chris. “Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine.” 2020. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/219594.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Van Roekel, Chris. “Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine.” 2020. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Van Roekel C. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/219594.

Council of Science Editors:

Van Roekel C. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation applied to a rich burn industrial natural gas engine. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/219594

Colorado State University

9. Ladd, John. Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2016, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176615

► There are more than 6,000 integral compressor engines in use on US natural gas pipelines, operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Many… (more)

▼ There are more than 6,000 integral compressor engines in use on US natural gas pipelines, operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Many of these engines have operated continuously for more than 50 years, with little to no modifications. Due to recent emission regulations at the local, state and federal levels much of the aging infrastructure requires retrofit technology to remain within compliance. The Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory was founded to test these retrofit technologies on its large bore engine testbed (LBET). The LBET is a low brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) Cooper Bessemer GMVTF-4. Newer GMV models, constructed in 1980’s, utilize turbocharging to increase the output power, achieving BMEP’s nearly double that of the LBET. To expand the lab’s testing capability and to reduce the LBET’s running cost: material testing, in-depth modeling, and on engine testing was completed to evaluate the feasibility of uprating the LBET to a high BMEP two cylinder engine. Due to the LBET’s age, the crankcase material properties were not known. Material samples were removed from engine to conduct an in-depth material analysis. It was found that the crankcase was cast out of a specific grade of gray iron, class 25 meehanite. A complete three dimensional model of the LBET’s crankcase and power cylinders was created. Using historical engine data, the force inputs were created for a finite element analysis model of the LBET, to determine the regions of high stress. The areas of high stress were instrumented with strain gauges to iterate and validate the model’s findings. Several test cases were run at the high and intermediate BMEP engine conditions. The model found, at high BMEP conditions the LBET would operate at the fatigue limit of the class 25 meehanite, operating with no factor of safety but the intermediate case were deemed acceptable. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Petro, John (committee member), Bienkiewicz, Bogusz (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: cylinder deactivation; uprate; GMV; Cooper Bessemer

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ladd, J. (2016). Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176615

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ladd, John. “Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176615.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ladd, John. “Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine.” 2016. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Ladd J. Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176615.

Council of Science Editors:

Ladd J. Conversion of low BMEP 4-cylinder to high BMEP 2-cylinder large bore natural gas engine. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/176615

Colorado State University

10. Bayliff, Scott Michael. Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2020, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208468

► Many stationary and heavy-duty on-road natural gas fueled engines today operate under stoichiometric conditions with a three-way catalyst. The disadvantage of stoichiometric natural gas engines… (more)

▼ Many stationary and heavy-duty on-road natural gas fueled engines today operate under stoichiometric conditions with a three-way catalyst. The disadvantage of stoichiometric natural gas engines compared to lean-burn natural gas and diesel engines is lower efficiency, resulting primarily from lower power density and compression ratio. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coupled with advanced combustion controls can enable operation with higher compression ratio and power density, which yields higher efficiency. This also results in engine operation between the limits of knock and misfire. Operation between these limits has been named controlled end gas auto-ignition (C-EGAI) and can be used to improve the brake efficiency of the engine. Various methods of cylinder pressure-based knock quantification were explored to implement C-EGAI. The indicated quantification methods are used for the implementation of a control scheme for C-EGAI with a relation to the fractional heat release due to auto-ignition. A custom EGR system was built and the effect of EGR on the performance of a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine is evaluated. C-EGAI is implemented and the optimal parameters are determined for peak performance under EGR and C-EGAI conditions. In this study, knock detection is used for the recognition, magnitude, and location of the auto-ignition events. Cylinder pressure-based knock detection was the primary method for determining the occurrence and location of knock but was also used for implementing the ignition control scheme for controlled end gas auto-ignition. The combustion intensity metric (CIM) enabled parametric ignition timing control which allowed for the creation of a relationship between fractional heat release due to auto-ignition and CIM. Both exhaust gas recirculation and controlled end gas auto-ignition were analyzed with a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine modified for boosted fuel/air intake. The data was interpreted to provide a proper evaluation of unique analytical methods to quantify the results of C_EGAI and characterize the live auto-ignition events. The control variables for this method of C-EGAI were optimized with EGR conditions to generate the point of peak performance on the CFR engine under stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas conditions. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Windom, Bret (committee member), Baker, Daniel (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: cooperative fuel research engine; exhaust gas recirculation; controlled end gas auto ignition; stoichiometric; engine knock

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bayliff, S. M. (2020). Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208468

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bayliff, Scott Michael. “Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine.” 2020. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208468.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bayliff, Scott Michael. “Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine.” 2020. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Bayliff SM. Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2020. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208468.

Council of Science Editors:

Bayliff SM. Evaluation of controlled end gas auto ignition with exhaust gas recirculation in a stoichiometric, spark ignited, natural gas engine. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2020. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/208468

Colorado State University

11. Geller, Benjamin M. Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83766

► Personal transportation has a large and increasing impact on people, society, and the environment globally. Computational energy-use simulation is becoming a key tool for automotive… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: automotive; hybrid; plug-in; simulation; systems; vehicle

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APA (6^th Edition):

Geller, B. M. (2014). Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83766

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Geller, Benjamin M. “Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83766.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Geller, Benjamin M. “Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation.” 2014. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Geller BM. Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83766.

Council of Science Editors:

Geller BM. Methods for advancing automobile research with energy-use simulation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83766

Colorado State University

12. Wan Mansor, Wan Nurdiyana. Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88545

► Alternative fuels have been getting more attention as concerns escalate over exhaust pollutant emissions produced by internal combustion engines, higher fuel costs, and the depletion… (more)

▼ Alternative fuels have been getting more attention as concerns escalate over exhaust pollutant emissions produced by internal combustion engines, higher fuel costs, and the depletion of crude oil. Various solutions have been proposed, including utilizing alternative fuels as a dedicated fuel in spark ignited engines, diesel pilot ignition engines, gas turbines, and dual fuel and bi-fuel engines. Among these applications, one of the most promising options is the diesel derivative dual fuel engine with natural gas as the supplement fuel. This study aims to evaluate diesel and dual fuel combustion in a natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine. More dual fuel engines are being utilized due to stricter emission standards, increasing costs of diesel fuel and decreasing costs of natural gas. Originally sold as diesel engines, these units are converted to natural gas-diesel fuel engines using an aftermarket dual fuel kit. As natural gas is mixed with air intake, the amount of diesel used is reduced. The maximum natural gas substitution is limited by knock or emissions of carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons. In this research a John Deere 6068H diesel engine is converted to dual fuel operation. The engine is a Tier II, 6 cylinder, 6.8 liter, 4-stroke compression ignition engine with a compression ratio of 17:1 and a power rating of 168 kW at 2200 rpm. A natural gas fuel system is installed to deliver fuel upstream of the turbocharger compressor. The engine operates at 1800 rpm through five different load points in diesel and dual fuel operating modes. Crank angle resolved high speed combustion pressure data is obtained and analyzed. The natural gas substitution values tested are representative of standard dual fuel tuning, with a maximum diesel displacement of 70%. Data for thermal efficiency, combustion stability, in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate are also presented in this study. In addition, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions are measured. Elevated CO and HC emissions are observed at low loads for dual fuel operation. Overall, CO and unburned HC emissions increase for dual fuel operation. However, the average levels of PM and NOx substantially decreases. A series of natural gas and injection timing sweep are conducted to optimize the combustion and emission in dual fuel engine. To understand the location of emissions inside the cylinder, a model study of a natural gas-diesel dual fuel combustion and emission is performed using the commercial CONVERGE CFD code. A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism with 86 species and 393 reactions for n-heptane, methane, ethane and propane is used. A preliminary hypothesis for these emissions is formulated based on the values of experiment equivalence ratio. Findings indicate that a large amount of CO and HC emissions in dual fuel engines are mainly located on the cylinder wall and nozzle area. High temperatures are not able to propagate through the lean mixture of natural gas and air in dual fuel engine hence high unburned fuel trapped at wall. It is concluded that… Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Marchese, Anthony J. (committee member), Xinfeng, Gao (committee member), Sharvelle, Sybil (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: dual fuel

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APA (6^th Edition):

Wan Mansor, W. N. (2014). Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88545

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Wan Mansor, Wan Nurdiyana. “Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation.” 2014. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88545.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Wan Mansor, Wan Nurdiyana. “Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation.” 2014. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Wan Mansor WN. Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88545.

Council of Science Editors:

Wan Mansor WN. Dual fuel engine combustion and emissions - an experimental investigation coupled with computer simulation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/88545

Colorado State University

13. Vaughn, Timothy L. Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184042

► United States natural gas dry production increased by 47% between 2005 and 2015 due to the widespread use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to… (more)

▼ United States natural gas dry production increased by 47% between 2005 and 2015 due to the widespread use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to extract gas from shale and other tight formations. Natural gas production and consumption is projected to continue to increase for the foreseeable future. In 2016, the natural gas supply chain delivered 29% of the energy used in the U.S., and natural gas surpassed coal as the leading electricity generating source for the first time in U.S. history. When combusted, natural gas produces less CO2 per unit energy released compared to coal or petroleum. However, uncombusted methane (the primary component of natural gas) has a global warming potential 30 times higher than CO2 on a 100 year time horizon (including oxidation to CO2, but excluding climate-carbon feedbacks). Therefore, the net greenhouse gas impacts resulting from displacement of coal and petroleum by natural gas depend on the emission rate of uncombusted natural gas. Short term climate benefits resulting from coal substitution, for example, are lost if the net rate of methane (CH4) emission from the natural gas supply chain exceeds 3—4% . Three studies were conducted to quantify CH4 emissions from the natural gas industry. In particular, these studies focused on quantifying emissions from the gathering and processing sector and reconciling emissions estimates developed using top-down (tracer flux and aircraft) vs. bottom-up (on-site component-level) measurement approaches. In the first study, facility-level CH4 emissions measurements were made at 114 natural gas gathering facilities and 16 processing plants in 13 U.S. states during a 20-week field campaign conducted from October 2013 through April 2014. Measurement results were combined with facility counts obtained from state air permit databases and national inventories in a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate CH4 emissions from U.S. natural gas gathering and processing operations. Annual CH4 emissions from normal operations at gathering facilities totaled 1699 Gg (95% CI=1539—1863 Gg), while normal operations at processing plants totaled 505 Gg (95% CI=459—548 Gg). CH4 emissions from abnormal operations at gathering facilities were estimated in a separate Monte Carlo simulation based on field observations and a sub-set of field measurements. These emissions totaled 169 Gg (+426%/-96%). In the second study, coordinated dual-tracer, aircraft-based, and direct component-level measurements were made at midstream natural gas gathering and boosting stations in the Fayetteville shale in Arkansas, USA. On-site component-level measurements were combined with engineering estimates to generate comprehensive facility-level CH4 emission rate estimates ("study on-site estimates (SOE)") comparable to tracer and aircraft measurements. Concurrent measurements at 14 normally-operating facilities showed a strong correlation between tracer and SOE, but indicated that tracer measurements estimated lower emissions (regression of tracer to SOE=0.91 (95% CI=0.83—0.99,… Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony J. (advisor), Yalin, Azer P. (advisor), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Opsomer, Jean D. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: modeling methane emissions

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APA (6^th Edition):

Vaughn, T. L. (2017). Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184042

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Vaughn, Timothy L. “Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184042.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vaughn, Timothy L. “Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations.” 2017. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Vaughn TL. Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184042.

Council of Science Editors:

Vaughn TL. Modeling methane emissions from US natural gas operations: national gathering station emission factor development and facility/regional-scale top-down to bottom-up reconciliations. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184042

Colorado State University

14. Shadman, Soran. Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2018, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191453

► Agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations are the primary sources of emitted ammonia into the atmosphere. In the US, 4 Tg of ammonia is emitted… (more)

▼ Agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations are the primary sources of emitted ammonia into the atmosphere. In the US, 4 Tg of ammonia is emitted every year into the atmosphere which ~%75 of that is due to these major sources. Ammonia is the third most abundant nitrogen containing species in the atmosphere and it has important impacts on atmospheric chemistry, health, and the environment. It is a precursor to the formation of aerosols and its deposition in pristine and aquatic systems leads to changes in ecosystem properties. Quantifying the dry deposition rate of ammonia in the first few kilometers of feedlots is crucial for better understanding the impacts of livestock and agricultural operations on environment. Therefore, fast, precise, and portable sensors are needed to quantify ammonia emission from its major sources. Absorption spectroscopy is a reliable technique by which compact and sensitive sensors can be developed for ammonia (and other gaseous species) detection. An open-path absorption spectroscopy based sensor allows ambient air to flow directly through its measurement region which leads to high-sensitivity and fast-response measurements. In this study, two open-path absorption based ammonia sensors using two techniques are developed: cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). The CRDS and WMS based sensors show the sensitivity of ~1.5 ppb (at 1 second) and ~4 ppb (at 1 second), respectively. In both sensors, a quantum cascade laser (QCL) is utilized as the light source to cover the strongest absorption feature of ammonia in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region. It is the first demonstration of an open-path CRDS based sensor working in mid-infrared MIR, to our knowledge. The WMS based sensor developed in this study is low power (~25 W) and relatively lightweight (~4 kg). The low power consumption and compact size enables the sensor to be deployed on a commercialized unmanned aerial system (UAS) for aerial measurements. The combination of this sensor and another compact CRDS based methane sensor is used for simultaneous measurements of ammonia and methane (ground based and aerial). Methane is another important species emitted from the feedlots with a long lifetime (~10 years). It is nonreactive and thus not lost by dry deposition. Therefore, methane concentration is only influenced by dispersion while the ammonia concentration is affected by both deposition and dispersion. The dry deposition of ammonia nearby the concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), as one of the major sources of ammonia, can be determined by measuring the decrease in the [NH3]/[CH4] ratio downwind. Advisors/Committee Members: Yalin, Azer P. (advisor), Marchese, Anthony J. (committee member), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Ham, Jay (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: laser; air pollution; spectroscopy

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APA (6^th Edition):

Shadman, S. (2018). Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191453

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Shadman, Soran. “Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191453.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Shadman, Soran. “Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers.” 2018. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Shadman S. Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2018. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191453.

Council of Science Editors:

Shadman S. Measurement of ammonia emission from agricultural sites using open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy based analyzers. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/191453

Colorado State University

15. Hockett, Andrew. Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170357

► Natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines offer a path towards meeting current and future emissions standards with lower fuel cost. However, numerous technical challenges remain that… (more)

▼ Natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines offer a path towards meeting current and future emissions standards with lower fuel cost. However, numerous technical challenges remain that require a greater understanding of the in-cylinder combustion physics. For example, due to the high compression ratio of diesel engines, substitution of natural gas for diesel fuel at high load is often limited by engine knock and pre-ignition. Additionally, increasing the natural gas percentage in a dual fuel engine often results in decreasing maximum load. These problems limit the substitution percentage of natural gas in high compression ratio diesel engines and therefore reduce the fuel cost savings. Furthermore, when operating at part load dual fuel engines can suffer from excessive emissions of unburned natural gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a multi-dimensional modeling tool that can provide new information about the in-cylinder combustion processes causing these issues. In this work a multi-dimensional CFD model has been developed for dual fuel natural gas/diesel combustion and validated across a wide range of engine loads, natural gas substitution percentages, and natural gas compositions. The model utilizes reduced chemical kinetics and a RANS based turbulence model. A new reduced chemical kinetic mechanism consisting of 141 species and 709 reactions was generated from multiple detailed mechanisms, and has been validated against ignition delay, laminar flame speed, diesel spray experiments, and dual fuel engine experiments using two different natural gas compositions. Engine experiments were conducted using a GM 1.9 liter turbocharged 4-cylinder common rail diesel engine, which was modified to accommodate port injection of natural gas and propane. A combination of experiments and simulations were used to explore the performance limitations of the light duty dual fuel engine including natural gas substitution percentage limits due to fast combustion or engine knock, pre-ignition, emissions, and maximum load. In particular, comparisons between detailed computations and experimental engine data resulted in an explanation of combustion phenomena leading to engine knock in dual fuel engines. In addition to conventional dual fuel operation, a low temperature combustion strategy known as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) was explored using experiments and computations. RCCI uses early diesel injection to create a reactivity gradient leading to staged auto-ignition from the highest reactivity region to the lowest. Natural gas/diesel RCCI has proven to yield high efficiency and low emissions at moderate load, but has not been realized at the high loads possible in conventional diesel engines. Previous attempts to model natural gas/diesel RCCI using a RANS based turbulence model and a single component diesel fuel surrogate have shown much larger combustion rates than seen in experimental heat release rate profiles, because the reactivity gradient of real diesel fuel is not well captured. To obtain better agreement… Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony J. (advisor), Hampson, Greg (committee member), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Gao, Xinfeng (committee member), Young, Peter (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: CFD; chemical kinetic mechanism; diesel engine; dual fuel; natural gas; RCCI

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APA (6^th Edition):

Hockett, A. (2015). Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170357

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Hockett, Andrew. “Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170357.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Hockett, Andrew. “Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A.” 2015. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Hockett A. Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170357.

Council of Science Editors:

Hockett A. Computational and experimental study on combustion processes in natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines, A. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/170357

Colorado State University

16. Enjalbert, Jean-Nicolas. Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An.

Degree: PhD, Soil and Crop Sciences, 2011, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/46747

► Oilseed crops have potential to replace a portion of the on-farm energy demand currently satisfied by fossil fuel. This dissertation allies mechanical engineering, field testing,… (more)

▼ Oilseed crops have potential to replace a portion of the on-farm energy demand currently satisfied by fossil fuel. This dissertation allies mechanical engineering, field testing, and molecular breeding research into an integrated approach to solve problems associated with straight vegetable oil (SVO) production and use on Colorado farms. Four related topics of investigation and activity are reported. To identify an adapted, short-season oilseed crop that could fit into the current High Plains dryland cropping system, a genetic diversity study was conducted on three potential oilseed species: Brassica juncea, Brassica carinata, and Camelina sativa. To illuminate the genetic basis of camelina response to drought stress, a two-year study of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) was implemented under dry and irrigated conditions using 181 recombinant inbred lines (RILS) developed from European cultivars. To understand and eventually manage camelina production, a multi-environmental regional trial of camelina seed yield, oil content, and oil quality was conducted with eight American and European varieties. Extension activities introduced SVO information and technology to farmers in Colorado. Camelina sativa showed better adaptation to semi-arid environments than B. juncea and B. carinata, outyielding them due to camelina's shorter stature, higher harvest index, and greater resistance to flea beetle. Camelina yield, oil content, and linolenic fatty acid (FA) content were higher in cool, wet environments than in warm, dry environments. Linolenic FA content and seed size were negatively correlated (p<0.05) with early flowering time. Earlier flowering was associated with increased seed yield (p<0.01) under dry and hot environments, but with decreased seed yield under irrigation. Environment was a larger source of variation than genotype for all the traits measured in this study. Twenty-nine QTLs were found in camelina for seed yield, oil quality, and drought-tolerance-related traits such as leaf water content and leaf nitrogen content, which could lead to breeding for improvement of camelina performance in semi-arid environments. Some QTLs were shared by multiple traits, suggesting either pleiotropic effects or proximity of genes. The cumulative effect of stable, favorable alleles for seed yield was a 16% increase in yield. Trait responses to moisture varied widely, both in the multi-environmental regional trial using cultivars and in the single-location trial using RILs. The range of trait response reflects variation in plasticity in camelina germplasm. Two analysis methods, namely, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and the moisture difference value method, were used to detect false positive QTLs and to predict QTL effect in specific environments. AMMI was used successfully to delineate mega-environments within the study region and to identify the best-adapted varieties for these mega-environments. With the QTL data developed in this study, marker-assisted selection could be used to identify camelina… Advisors/Committee Members: Johnson, Jerry J. (advisor), Peterson, Gary, 1940- (committee member), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), McKay, John K. (committee member), Byrne, Patrick F., 1948- (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: breeding; biofuel; GXE; QTL; SVO; camelina

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APA (6^th Edition):

Enjalbert, J. (2011). Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/46747

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Enjalbert, Jean-Nicolas. “Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An.” 2011. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/46747.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Enjalbert, Jean-Nicolas. “Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An.” 2011. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Enjalbert J. Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2011. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/46747.

Council of Science Editors:

Enjalbert J. Integrated approach to local based biofuel development, An. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/46747

17. Bhoite, Siddhesh. Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184014

► A series of computational modeling studies were performed using the CONVERGETM computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform to gain in-depth understanding of the chemically reacting flow… (more)

▼ A series of computational modeling studies were performed using the CONVERGETM computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform to gain in-depth understanding of the chemically reacting flow field, ignition and combustion phenomena in a various rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments conducted at CSU including homogeneous autoignition, laser ignition and droplet ignition experiments. A three-dimensional, transient computational modeling study was initially performed to examine premixed, homogeneous autoignition of isooctane/air and methane/air mixtures. A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for isooctane comprising of 159 species and 805 reactions was developed using direct relation graph error propagation and sensitivity analysis (DRGEPSA) method. Computational results showed good agreement with experimental results capturing the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior of isooctane. The premixed computations also revealed the importance of the piston crevice design for maintaining a homogenous flow field inside a RCM. The result showed that, as the volume of the piston crevices is increased, the roll up vortices are eliminated, which reduces the mixing of the lower temperature boundary layer gases with the higher temperature core gases, thereby maintaining the homogeneity of the flow field. Next, three-dimensional computational modeling laser-ignited premixed fuel/air mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures in the RCM was performed with detailed chemical kinetics (86 species, 393 reactions). For methane/air mixtures, the computational results were compared against previously reported RCM experiments. Computations were also performed on laser-ignited n-heptane/isooctane/air mixtures under similar simulated conditions in the RCM. In the computations, a simulated spark modeled as a localized hotspot was introduced in the center of the combustion chamber resulting in an outwardly propagating flame, which, depending on the fuel reactivity, produced ignition in the end gas upstream of the flame. Methane/air computations were performed at equivalence ratio of 0.4 ≤ Ф ≤ 1.0 for direct comparisons with experimental measurements of instantaneous pressure, flame propagation rate, and lean limit. For compressed temperature of 782 K, a methane/air lean limit of Ф = 0.38 was predicted computationally (combustion efficiency, χ = 0.8), which was in good agreement with the experimental measurement of Ф = 0.43. For n-heptane/isooctane/air computations, auto-ignition of the end gas was predicted depending on the compressed temperature and Octane Number, which suggests the use of the laser ignition/RCM system as a means to quantify fuel reactivity for spark ignited engines. Lastly, RCM experiments in which single n-heptane droplets are suspended and ignited via compression-ignition in a quiescent, high-pressure, high-temperature, lean methane/air environments were simulated using the 86-species dual-fuel chemical kinetic mechanism developed previously. The simulations capture the ignition event in the vicinity of a… Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony J. (advisor), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Mahmoud, Hussam N. (committee member).

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APA (6^th Edition):

Bhoite, S. (2017). Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184014

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Bhoite, Siddhesh. “Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184014.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Bhoite, Siddhesh. “Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A.” 2017. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Bhoite S. Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184014.

Council of Science Editors:

Bhoite S. Computational study of auto ignition, spark ignition and dual fuel droplet ignition in a rapid compression machine, A. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/184014

18. Van Roekel, Chris. Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181449

► Heavy duty compression ignition engines rely on advanced emission control strategies to mitigate regulated emissions in compliance with requirements set by the Environmental Protection Agency.… (more)

▼ Heavy duty compression ignition engines rely on advanced emission control strategies to mitigate regulated emissions in compliance with requirements set by the Environmental Protection Agency. These strategies add significant cost and complexity to engine design. Previous work identified that a diesel-ethanol dual fuel combustion technique may be able to reduce diesel fuel consumption and supplement current emission control methods. The substitution of diesel fuel with a renewable, U.S. based fuel such as corn ethanol would also improve US energy security. A review of diesel-ethanol dual fuel combustion identified five possible methods of diesel-ethanol dual fuel combustion. They were ethanol-diesel emulsions, ethanol-diesel-additive blending, twin direct injection of ethanol and diesel, ethanol fumigation of intake air with standard diesel fuel injection, and full substitution of diesel with ethanol. Analysis of ethanol-diesel emulsions and ethanol-diesel-additive blending concluded that only low volumes of ethanol (<10%) could be blended in diesel fuel before the two fuels were immiscible. However, analysis using ternary phase diagrams showed that additives such as B100 biodiesel could be used to extend the substitution limit significantly such that at 25°C mixtures of 80% 200 proof ethanol, 10% B100 biodiesel, and 10% off-road diesel were visibly miscible. Miscible mixtures containing high volumes of ethanol underwent further analysis, which showed that these fuels were not suitable drop in replacements for diesel fuel due to poor cold flow properties. Based on fuel blending analysis and previously published literature ethanol fumigation of intake air was selected for an on-engine demonstration using a Cummins 6.7L QSB Tier 4 Final engine. Three ethanol based fuels were selected for this dual fuel combustion work: 200 proof ethanol, 190 proof ethanol, and a blend of 15% E0 gasoline and 85% 200 proof ethanol. Pre and post aftertreatment emission data and high speed combustion data were collected while operating the engine at ISO 8178 test points C1-7, C1-3, and C2-4. The maximum diesel substitution at each test point was similar among the three test fuels. and at moderate to high engine loads diesel substitution was limited to 25% and 39%, respectively due to engine knock . At low engine loads substitution was limited to 25% by exhaust emission requirements. Premixed ethanol combustion increased brake specific efficiency at moderate and high engine loads by 3% and 3.2%, respectively, but reduced efficiency at low engine loads by 1.4%. Finally, although the complete ISO 8178 test map was not completed the Tier 4 Final after treatment system was able to reduce ethanol premixed combustion emissions to at or below the diesel baseline emissions at nearly every test point. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Bandhauer, Todd (committee member), Reardon, Ken (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: diesel; ethanol; dual fuel; combustion

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APA (6^th Edition):

Van Roekel, C. (2017). Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181449

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Van Roekel, Chris. “Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181449.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Van Roekel, Chris. “Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine.” 2017. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Van Roekel C. Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181449.

Council of Science Editors:

Van Roekel C. Evaluation of ethanol substitution in a compression ignition engine. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/181449

19. Adler, Jonas E. Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2017, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/185719

► Government-mandated improvements in fuel economy and emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) are driving innovation in engine efficiency. Though incremental efficiency gains have been achieved,… (more)

▼ Government-mandated improvements in fuel economy and emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) are driving innovation in engine efficiency. Though incremental efficiency gains have been achieved, most combustion engines are still only 30-40% efficient at best, with most of the remaining fuel energy being rejected to the environment as waste heat through engine coolant and exhaust gases. Attempts have been made to harness this waste heat and use it to drive a Rankine cycle and produce additional work to improve efficiency. Research on waste heat recovery (WHR) demonstrates that it is possible to improve overall efficiency by converting wasted heat into usable work, but relative gains in overall efficiency are typically minimal (~5-8%) and often do not justify the cost and space requirements of a WHR system. The primary limitation of the current state-of-the-art in WHR is the low temperature of the engine coolant (~90°C), which minimizes the WHR from a heat source that represents between 20% and 30% of the fuel energy. The current research proposes increasing the engine coolant temperature to improve the utilization of coolant waste heat as one possible path to achieving greater WHR system effectiveness. An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of running a diesel engine at elevated coolant temperatures and to estimate the efficiency benefits. An energy balance was performed on a modified 3-cylinder diesel engine at six different coolant temperatures (90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, and 200°C) to determine the change in quantity and quality of waste heat as the coolant temperature increased. The waste heat was measured using the flow rates and temperature differences of the coolant, engine oil, and exhaust flow streams into and out of the engine. Custom cooling and engine oil systems were fabricated to provide adequate adjustment to achieve target coolant and oil temperatures and large enough temperature differences across the engine to reduce uncertainty. Changes to exhaust emissions were recorded using a 5-gas analyzer. The engine condition was also monitored throughout the tests by engine compression testing, oil analysis, and a complete teardown and inspection after testing was completed. The integrity of the head gasket seal proved to be a significant problem and leakage of engine coolant into the combustion chamber was detected when testing ended. The post-test teardown revealed problems with oil breakdown at locations where temperatures were highest, with accompanying component wear. The results from the experiment were then used as inputs for a WHR system model using ethanol as the working fluid, which provided estimates of system output and improvement in efficiency. Thermodynamic models were created for eight different WHR systems with coolant temperatures of 90°C, 150°C, 175°C, and 200°C and condenser temperatures of 60°C and 90°C at a single operating point of 3100 rpm and 24 N-m of torque. The models estimated that WHR output for both condenser temperatures would increase by over 100%… Advisors/Committee Members: Bandhauer, Todd M. (advisor), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Sharvelle, Sybil E. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: waste heat recovery; engine efficiency

…number - Colorado State University - d Distance m D Diameter m e Absolute roughness…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Adler, J. E. (2017). Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/185719

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Adler, Jonas E. “Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/185719.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Adler, Jonas E. “Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine.” 2017. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Adler JE. Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/185719.

Council of Science Editors:

Adler JE. Waste heat recovery from a high temperature diesel engine. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/185719

20. Drenth, Aaron C. Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale.

Degree: PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/167119

► Most of the biofuel produced in the U.S. as an alternative to petrodiesel is derived from soybean oil. Three major problems of using soy and… (more)

▼ Most of the biofuel produced in the U.S. as an alternative to petrodiesel is derived from soybean oil. Three major problems of using soy and other traditional biofuel feedstocks are: (1) the high commodity cost of the feedstock results in higher cost fuel than the petroleum equivalent, (2) land use requirements are too great to offset a significant portion of petroleum use, and (3) many traditional biofuel feedstocks also have food uses, which creates market competition and a “food versus fuel” debate. The problems above are addressed by exploring the feasibility of biofuel production from a new class of oilseeds known as industrial oilseeds, and industrial corn oil as a biofuel feedstock. Industrial oilseeds are alternative low-cost oilseeds also known in the literature as low-impact oilseeds or non-food oilseeds. Due to their non-food nature, they steer us clear of any food versus fuel debates. They have several advantages over conventional oilseeds, such as a short growing season, high oil yield and quality, ability to thrive on marginal lands, and low water and fertilizer inputs. These advantages can equate to lower oil costs. Since these oils can be optimized for fuel instead of food, plant scientists can maximize the erucic and other long chain fatty acids, which increase fuel conversion rates and fuel quality. For several of these plant species, little or no engine research has been done; some in the agronomic community still consider some of these plants weeds. This research includes compression ignition engine performance and emissions studies, measurement of important fuel properties, and investigation into the feasibility of several fuel pathways. Corn is not classified as an oilseed by the USDA; however, the corn kernel contains a small amount of oil (~3.5%) which can be extracted during the production of ethanol. Only the starch portion of a corn kernel is converted to ethanol; the remaining solids (including the oil) remain in the distillers grain coproduct. Recently, the ethanol industry has discovered economical methods to extract this corn oil from the meal stream. As corn oil extraction technology has matured and ethanol margins have tightened, the ethanol industry has started widely adapting this technology as an additional revenue-generating coproduct. Since most ethanol plants are non-food grade facilities, corn oil from an ethanol plant can also be categorized as an industrial oilseed. Corn oil represents a relatively new, abundant, and inexpensive source of biofuel feedstock. This research includes compression ignition engine performance and emissions of corn oil based fuels, feasibility of using corn oil as an on-farm biofuel feedstock, research into fuel production and processing methods, and measurement of important fuel properties. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Johnson, Jerry J. (advisor), Cabot, Perry E. (committee member), Schaeffer, Steven L. (committee member).

…Ignition CLG = Chevron Lummus Global CO = Carbon Dioxide CRD = Crude CSU = Colorado State… …State University (CSU) for a biofuel formed when SVO is blended with another less… …University DAQ = Data Acquisition DI = Direct Injection DOD = Department of Defense DOE… …blended fuels. A triglyceride blend (TGB) is the naming convention used at Colorado…

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APA (6^th Edition):

Drenth, A. C. (2015). Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/167119

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Drenth, Aaron C. “Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale.” 2015. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/167119.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Drenth, Aaron C. “Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale.” 2015. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Drenth AC. Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2015. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/167119.

Council of Science Editors:

Drenth AC. Analysis of industrial oilseeds: production, conversion to biofuels, and engine performance from large to small scale. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/167119

Colorado State University

21. Schmitt, Joshua C. Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2010, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37879

► Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts respond slowly to transient inputs, which is troublesome when designing ammonia feed controllers. An experimental SCR test apparatus was installed… (more)

▼ Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts respond slowly to transient inputs, which is troublesome when designing ammonia feed controllers. An experimental SCR test apparatus was installed on a Cooper Bessemer GMV-4 natural gas engine. Transient data was taken of commercially available SCR Catalysts. These transient tests are used to quantify SCR catalyst response. Space velocity, catalyst temperature, inlet NOx concentration, and ammonia to NOx molar feed ratio were varied. A Simulink numeric model was created to examine the SCR transient phenomena. The Simulink numeric model showed in-catalyst ammonia and NOx concentration as a function of length in the direction of exhaust flow. This helped explain the SCR transient results. Transient testing showed a fifteen minute delayed response in NOx reduction from ammonia transitions. Ammonia slip succeeded ammonia transitions by thirty minutes. Simulink modeling revealed that these delays are caused by large quantities of ammonia stored in the catalyst. Due to ammonia storage, ammonia waves propagate through the catalyst, front to back. Emission of these constituents through the catalyst is delayed because the wave takes time to propagate through the entire catalyst length. Ammonia feed rate control testing was done on the experimental setup to improve ammonia and NOx emissions from the catalyst. Three control algorithms were used: feed forward control, using a pre ammonia injection ceramic NOx sensor; a feed forward plus feedback control, using a pre ammonia injection ceramic NOx sensor and post catalyst ceramic NOx sensor to generate feed signals; and a feed forward plus feedback algorithm that used a pre ammonia injection ceramic NOx sensor and a mid catalyst ceramic NOx sensor to generate feed forward and feedback signals. The feed forward controller used molar ratio as the control variable, and the feedback system used a technique that minimized the post catalyst ceramic NOx sensor signal. Ammonia to NOx molar ratio was stepped every five or fifteen minutes, and the algorithm made decisions, based on the catalyst response to the step. The decisions were made to minimize the post catalyst ceramic NOx sensor. Feed forward testing revealed that the lack of pressure compensation on ceramic NOx sensors causes errors in feed forward NOx readings, and sub optimal ammonia feed. Feedback testing revealed that a minimization technique can be used successfully with a feedback step rate of one step per fifteen minutes, and a step size of 5% ammonia to NOx molar ratio. The feedback algorithm, with the feedback ceramic NOx sensor located one third the way through the catalyst length, worked poorly. The technique approached a lean ammonia to NOx molar ratio, and stabilized slower than the post catalyst feedback ceramic NOx sensor technique. These phenomena are explained with the Simulink numeric model. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Marchese, Anthony John, 1967- (committee member), Young, Peter M. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Catalysts; Ammonia

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APA (6^th Edition):

Schmitt, J. C. (2010). Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37879

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Schmitt, Joshua C. “Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37879.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Schmitt, Joshua C. “Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies.” 2010. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Schmitt JC. Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37879.

Council of Science Editors:

Schmitt JC. Selective catalytic reduction: testing, numeric modeling, and control strategies. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37879

Colorado State University

22. Ruter, Matthew D. Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2010, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/44950

► Lean combustion is a standard approach used to reduce NOx emissions in large bore natural gas engines. However, at lean operating points, combustion instabilities and… (more)

▼ Lean combustion is a standard approach used to reduce NOx emissions in large bore natural gas engines. However, at lean operating points, combustion instabilities and misfires give rise to high total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. To counteract this effect, pre-combustion chamber (PCC) technology is employed to allow engine operation at an overall lean equivalence ratio while mitigating the rise of THC and CO caused by combustion instability and partial and complete misfires. A PCC is a small chamber, typically 1-2% of the clearance volume. A separate fuel line supplies gaseous fuel to the PCC and a standard spark plug ignites the slightly rich mixture (1.1 < Φ < 1.2) in the PCC. The ignited PCC mixture enters the main combustion chamber as a high energy flame jet, igniting the lean mixture in the main chamber. Typically, natural gas fuels both the main cylinder and the PCC. In the current work reported herein, a mixture of reformed natural gas (syngas) and natural gas fuels the PCC. Syngas is a broad term that refers to a synthetic gaseous fuel. In this case, syngas specifically denotes a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and methane generated in a natural gas reformer. Syngas has a faster flame speed and a wider equivalence ratio range of operation. Fueling the PCC with syngas reduces combustion instabilities and misfires. This extends the overall engine lean limit, enabling further NOx reductions. Research results presented are aimed at quantifying the benefits of syngas PCC fueling. A model is developed to predict the equivalence ratio in the PCC for different mixtures and flow rates of PCC fuel. An electronic injection valve is used to supply the PCC with syngas. The delivery pressure, injection timing, and flow rates are varied to optimize PCC equivalence ratio. The two syngas mixtures evaluated contain the same ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide but different levels of nitrogen diluent. The syngas with the higher nitrogen content is denoted syngas 1 while syngas 2 specifies the lower nitrogen content syngas. Experimental results are presented for 80% syngas / 20% natural gas mixtures for each syngas PCC fueling scenario at 18" Hg intake manifold pressure. 80% syngas 1 / 20% natural gas PCC fueling resulted in an 18% reduction in NOx emission compared to natural gas fueling. Supplying the PCC with 80% syngas 2 / 20% natural gas improves combustion stability by 16% compared to natural gas PCC fueling. Increasing the intake manifold pressure to 22" Hg for 80% syngas 2 / 20% natural gas fueling provides an emission comparison at an equivalent combustion stability operating point. Comparing equivalent combustion stability operating points between syngas 2 and natural gas shows a 40% reduction in NOx emissions when fueling the PCC with 80% syngas 2 / 20% natural gas mixture compared to natural gas fueling. Experimental results are presented for varying PCC fuel mixtures of syngas 2 and natural gas at 18" Hg intake manifold pressure. Results show dramatic increases in combustion… Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), De Miranda, Michael A. (committee member), Marchese, Anthony John, 1967- (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: reformed natural gas; combustion stabilization; pre-combustion chamber; large bore natural gas; Synthetic fuels; Natural gas; Internal combustion engines; Spark ignition engines – Alternative fuels; Syngas

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ruter, M. D. (2010). Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/44950

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ruter, Matthew D. “Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/44950.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ruter, Matthew D. “Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling.” 2010. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Ruter MD. Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/44950.

Council of Science Editors:

Ruter MD. Large bore natural gas engine performance improvements and combustion stabilization through reformed natural gas precombustion chamber fueling. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/44950

Colorado State University

23. Fisher, Bethany. Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2009, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/35702

► The advantages to using biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel are also accompanied by disadvantages. Biodiesel is usually made from crops that are also used… (more)

▼ The advantages to using biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel are also accompanied by disadvantages. Biodiesel is usually made from crops that are also used to produce food. The land and water use impacts would be profound if current biodiesel feedstocks were used to displace a significant portion of current global petroleum diesel consumption. Oil-producing algae is a favorable alternative to the more common biodiesel feedstocks (soy, canola, etc.) because it does not compete with food sources, does not require arable land to grow and has the potential to produce significantly more oil per area per year than any other oil crops. However, the fatty acid composition of the oil produced by algal species currently under consideration for fuel production differs from that of the more common vegetable oils in that it often includes high quantities of long chain and highly unsaturated fatty acids. When transesterified into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel, the unique fatty acid composition could have a substantial impact on emissions such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Accordingly, the goal of this study was to examine the effect of the chemical structure of algal methyl esters on pollutant emissions from a diesel engine operating on algae-based FAME biodiesel. Tests were performed on a 2.4 L, 39 kW John Deere 4024T, off-road diesel engine meeting USEPA Tier 2 emissions regulations. The engine was fitted with a unique, low-volume fuel system that enabled emissions tests to be conducted with small specialty fuel samples. Tests were performed on 9 different fuel blends at 2 different engine loading conditions. Exhaust gas measurements were made using a 5-gas emissions analysis system that includes chemiluminescence measurement of NOx, flame ionization detection of total hydrocarbons, paramagnetic detection of oxygen and non-dispersive infrared detection of CO and CO2. Particulate matter was characterized using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), which is capable of direct measurement of particle composition. The PM size distributions (between 10 to 1000 nm) were measured using a Sequential Mobility Particle Sizer. Total PM mass emissions were measured using gravimetric analysis of Teflon filters and the ratio of elemental carbon to organic was measured using thermo-optical analysis of quartz filters. Experiments were performed with ultra-low sulfur diesel, soy biodiesel (both pure biodiesel, B100, and a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel, B20), canola biodiesel (B20 and B100), and two synthetic algal methyl ester formulations (B20 and B100 for each). Combustion of algal methyl esters resulted in decreased NOx relative to both canola and soy biodiesel and ULSD, in contrast to previous research that examined the effect of fatty acid saturation and chain length on NOx emissions. A correlation was found between NOx emissions and premixed burn fraction, which provides an explanation for these results. Emissions of formaldehyde and organic PM were found to be slightly elevated with the two… Advisors/Committee Members: Marchese, Anthony John, 1967- (advisor), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member), Volckens, John (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: pollutant emissions; algal fuels; particulate matter; PM; algae-based biodiesel; algal methyl esters; Diesel motor exhaust gas; Diesel motor – Combustion; Diesel motor – Alternative fuels

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APA (6^th Edition):

Fisher, B. (2009). Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/35702

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Fisher, Bethany. “Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel.” 2009. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/35702.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Fisher, Bethany. “Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel.” 2009. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Fisher B. Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2009. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/35702.

Council of Science Editors:

Fisher B. Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from combustion of algae based methyl ester biodiesel. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/35702

Colorado State University

24. Ivaturi, Krishna. Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2007, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/40265

► Nitrogen oxides (NOx) cause a gamut of problems such as harmful particulate matter, ground level ozone (smog) and acid rain. Currently, a significant capital is… (more)

Subjects/Keywords: Automobiles – Motors – Exhaust gas; Nitrogen oxides; Catalysis; Air – Purification

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APA (6^th Edition):

Ivaturi, K. (2007). Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/40265

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Ivaturi, Krishna. “Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system.” 2007. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/40265.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Ivaturi, Krishna. “Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system.” 2007. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Ivaturi K. Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2007. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/40265.

Council of Science Editors:

Ivaturi K. Experimental and CFD investigation of re-agent mixing in an SCR system. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2007. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/40265

Colorado State University

25. Esmaeilirad, Nasim. Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing.

Degree: PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173354

To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document. Advisors/Committee Members: Carlson, Kenneth (advisor), Omur-Ozbek, Pinar (committee member), Catton, Kimberly (committee member), Olsen, Daniel B. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; produced water; treatment; organic matter; CMC frac fluids; TDS

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APA (6^th Edition):

Esmaeilirad, N. (2016). Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing. (Doctoral Dissertation). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173354

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Esmaeilirad, Nasim. “Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173354.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Esmaeilirad, Nasim. “Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing.” 2016. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Esmaeilirad N. Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2016. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173354.

Council of Science Editors:

Esmaeilirad N. Optimizing water management in hydraulic fracturing. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Colorado State University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/173354

Colorado State University

26. Whitley, Kevin Lee. Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation.

Degree: MS(M.S.), Mechanical Engineering, 2010, Colorado State University

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/45976

► An integrated supercharger/turbocharger (SuperTurbo) is a device that combines the advantages of a supercharging, turbocharging and turbocompounding while eliminating some of their individual disadvantages. High… (more)

▼ An integrated supercharger/turbocharger (SuperTurbo) is a device that combines the advantages of a supercharging, turbocharging and turbocompounding while eliminating some of their individual disadvantages. High boost, turbocompounding, and advanced controls are important strategies in meeting impending fuel economy requirements. High boost increases engine power output while many losses remain constant, producing an overall efficiency gain. Turbocompounding increases engine efficiency by capturing excess exhaust turbine power at high speed and torque. Supercharging increases low speed high torque operating performance. Steady state performance gains of a Superturbocharger equipped engine are investigated using engine simulation software. The engine simulation software uses a 1-D wave flow assumption to model the engine's unsteady flow behavior through one dimensional pipes. With these pipes connected to other engine components the overall performance of the engine can be modeled. GT-Power was chosen to run the simulations due to an already correlated engine model being available. This software is used to 'tune' an existing stock engine model to approximate stock engine data over the full speed and torque range. The SuperTurbo is added to the model and simulations are performed over the full engine speed and torque range for direct comparison with the stock engine. The model results show turbocompounding to be most effective at high speeds and torques in the area above 10 bar BMEP in the 3000 - 4000 RPM range and above 5 bar BMEP in the 500 - 6000 RPM range. In addition to turbocompounding there are fuel savings due to the reduced use of the compressor when it is not needed. With the stock configuration there is boost pressure created by compressor power that is then restricted by the throttle in the 2500 RPM range in the 8-12 bar BMEP range on up to 6000 RPM in the 2-10 bar BMEP range. The control of compressor speed to produce no boost at these locations improves efficiency by not wasting energy creating boost that is not needed. Advisors/Committee Members: Olsen, Daniel B. (advisor), Bradley, Thomas H. (committee member), Zimmerle, Daniel John (committee member), Labadie, John W. (committee member).

Subjects/Keywords: Motor vehicle – Motors – Superchargers; waste heat recovery; SuperTurbocharger; SuperTurbo; fuel efficiency; engine downsizing; emissions reduction; Superchargers; Automobiles – Motors – Superchargers; Motor vehicles – Fuel consumption

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APA (6^th Edition):

Whitley, K. L. (2010). Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation. (Masters Thesis). Colorado State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10217/45976

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Whitley, Kevin Lee. “Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation.” 2010. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10217/45976.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Whitley, Kevin Lee. “Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation.” 2010. Web. 16 Apr 2021.

Vancouver:

Whitley KL. Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/45976.

Council of Science Editors:

Whitley KL. Investigation of superturbocharger performance improvements through steady state engine simulation. [Masters Thesis]. Colorado State University; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/45976

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