+publisher:"Clemson University" +contributor:("Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair")

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Clemson University

1. Zhang, Xueyu. Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging.

Degree: PhD, Automotive Engineering, 2016, Clemson University

URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2293

► This dissertation integrates battery thermal management and aging into the supervisory control optimization for a heavy-duty series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The framework for… (more)

▼ This dissertation integrates battery thermal management and aging into the supervisory control optimization for a heavy-duty series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The framework for multi-objective optimization relies on novel implementation of the Dynamic Programing algorithm, and predictive models of critical phenomena. Electrochemistry based battery aging model is integrated into the framework to assesses the battery aging rate by considering instantaneous lithium ion (Li+) surface concentration rather than average concentration. This creates a large state-action space. Therefore, the computational effort required to solve a Deterministic or Stochastic Dynamic Programming becomes prohibitively intense, and a neuro-dynamic programming approach is proposed to remove the ‘curse of dimensionality’ in classical dynamic programming. First, unified simulation framework is developed for in-depth studies of series HEV system. The integration of a refrigerant system model enables prediction of energy use for cooling the battery pack. Side reaction, electrolyte decomposition, is considered as the main aging mechanism of LiFePO4/Graphite battery, and an electrochemical model is integrated to predict side reaction rate and the resulting fading of capacity and power. An approximate analytical solution is used to solve the partial difference equations (PDEs) for Li+ diffusion. Comparing with finite difference method, it largely reduces the number of states with only a slight penalty on prediction accuracy. This improves computational efficiency, and enables inclusion of the electrochemistry based aging model in the power management optimization framework. Next, a stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) approach is applied to the optimization of supervisory control. Auxiliary cooling power is included in addition to vehicle propulsion. Two objectives, fuel economy and battery life, are optimized by weighted sum method. To reduce the computation load, a simplified battery aging model coupled with equivalent circuit model is used in SDP optimization; Li+ diffusion dynamics are disregarded, and surface concentration is represented by the average concentration. This reduces the system state number to four with two control inputs. A real-time implementable strategy is generated and embedded into the supervisory controller. The result shows that SDP strategy can improve fuel economy and battery life simultaneously, comparing with Thermostatic SOC strategy. Further, the tradeoff between fuel consumption and active Li+ loss is studied under different battery temperature. Finally, the accuracy of battery aging model for optimization is improved by adding Li+ diffusion dynamics. This increases the number of states and brings challenges to classical dynamic programming algorithms. Hence, a neuro-dynamic programming (NDP) approach is proposed for the problem with large state-action space. It combines the idea of functional approximation and temporal difference learning with dynamic programming; in that case the… Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair, Dr. Simona Onori, Dr. Pierluigi Pisu, Dr. Robert Prucka.

Subjects/Keywords: Automotive Engineering

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APA (6^th Edition):

Zhang, X. (2016). Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging. (Doctoral Dissertation). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2293

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Zhang, Xueyu. “Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2293.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Zhang, Xueyu. “Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging.” 2016. Web. 17 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Zhang X. Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Clemson University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 17]. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2293.

Council of Science Editors:

Zhang X. Supervisory Control Optimization for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Consideration of Battery Thermal Management and Aging. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Clemson University; 2016. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2293

Clemson University

2. O'Donnell, Ryan. Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion.

Degree: PhD, Automotive Engineering, 2018, Clemson University

URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2200

► Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), exhibits many fundamentally attractive thermodynamic characteristics. These traits, along with lean charge and low combustion temperatures, generally act to increase… (more)

▼ Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), exhibits many fundamentally attractive thermodynamic characteristics. These traits, along with lean charge and low combustion temperatures, generally act to increase thermal efficiency relative to competing spark and/or compression ignition strategies. However, HCCI's extreme sensitivity to in-cylinder thermal conditions, place limits on practical implementation. Thus, at low temperatures, combustion remains incomplete limiting cycle efficiency while increasing emissions. In contrast, the introduction of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to in-cylinder surfaces has been shown to fundamentally alter gas-wall interactions. The work in this dissertation explores HCCI/TBC synergies. Both experimental and analytical pathways are explored, attempting to illuminate the impact(s) of coatings on engine heat transfer and combustion metrics. Efforts to correlate TBC thermophysical properties and surface phenomena with HCCI performance and emissions are also explored. Finally, methods are proposed to evaluate the TBC-gas interaction as it relates to thermal stratification of the in-cylinder charge. The present work seeks to identify, and eventually quantify HCCI/TBC synergies. A specific research effort is developed, attempting to illuminate the impact(s) of TBCs on fundamental HCCI combustion metrics. Efforts to correlate TBC thermophysical properties and surface phenomena with HCCI performance and emissions are also proposed. Analysis is enabled through complimentary analytic and experimental pathways - which includes specialized solution methodology and experimental hardware. Combined, these tools enable a more complete qualitative assessment of thermal barrier coating's impact on engine performance and emissions metrics, heat loss at the wall, and ultimately thermal stratification of the in-cylinder temperature field. Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair, Chair%22%29&pagesize-30">Dr. Mark Hoffman, Co-Chair, Dr. Richard Miller, Dr. Robert Prucka.

Subjects/Keywords: Combustion Efficiency; HCCI; Heat Transfer; Low Temperature Combustion; Thermal Barriers; Thermal Efficiency

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APA (6^th Edition):

O'Donnell, R. (2018). Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion. (Doctoral Dissertation). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2200

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

O'Donnell, Ryan. “Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2200.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

O'Donnell, Ryan. “Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion.” 2018. Web. 17 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

O'Donnell R. Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Clemson University; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 17]. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2200.

Council of Science Editors:

O'Donnell R. Experimental and Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Impact of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Low Temperature Combustion. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Clemson University; 2018. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2200

Clemson University

3. Rathod, Dhruvang. Evaporator Modeling and an Optimal Control Strategy Development of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application.

Degree: PhD, Automotive Engineering, 2019, Clemson University

URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2704

► The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has proven to be a promising technology for Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems in heavy duty diesel engine applications.… (more)

▼ The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has proven to be a promising technology for Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems in heavy duty diesel engine applications. However, due to the highly transient heat source, controlling the working fluid flow through the ORC system and maximizing the heat recovery is a challenge for real time application. To that end, this research resulted in the following main developments. The first new development is in the area of heat exchanger modeling. The heat exchanger is a key component within the WHR system and it governs the dynamics of the complete ORC system. The heat exchanger model is extended using a thermal image data to improve its phase length prediction capability. It’s shown that the new identified empirical equations help improve the phase length estimation by 43% over a set of transient experiments. As a result, the model can be used to develop an improved control oriented moving boundary model and to provide insights into evaporator design. The second new development is the advancement of the control design of an ORC system. With advanced knowledge of the heat source dynamics, there is potential to enhance power optimization from the WHR system through predictive optimal control. The proposed approach in this this dissertation is a look-ahead control strategy where, the future vehicle speed is predicted utilizing road topography and V2V connectivity. The forecasted vehicle speed is utilized to predict the engine speed and torque, which facilitates estimation of the engine exhaust conditions used in the ORC control model. In the simulation study, a reference tracking controller is designed based on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) methodology. Two variants of Non-linear MPC (NMPC) are evaluated: an NMPC with look-ahead exhaust conditions and a baseline NMPC without the knowledge of future exhaust conditions. Simulation results show no particular improvement to working fluid superheat tracking at the evaporator outlet via the look-ahead strategy for a drive cycle. However, the look-ahead control strategy does provide a substantial reduction in system control effort via dampening the heavily transient working fluid pump actuation, enhancing pump longevity, health, and reducing pump power consumption. This reduction in pump actuation helps the NMPC with preview to maintain the superheat lower than the NMPC without this feature for certain frequency of the exhaust conditions. Overall, NMPC with preview feature can help reduce parasitic losses, like pump power and improve power generation. The third development addresses the modeling errors and measurement inaccuracies for NMPC implementation. NMPC is inherently a state feedback system and for that reason an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate unmeasurable states inside the ORC evaporators based on exhaust gas and working fluid temperatures. Since it is not realistic to expect that the system model will perfectly describe the behavior of the evaporator dynamics in all operating conditions, the… Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair, Dr. Mark Hoffman, Dr. Ardalan Vahidi, Dr. Robert Prucka.

Subjects/Keywords: Disturbance rejection; Experimental; Model Predictive Control; Organic Rankine Cycle; Waste Heat Recovery; Automotive Engineering

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Rathod, D. (2019). Evaporator Modeling and an Optimal Control Strategy Development of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application. (Doctoral Dissertation). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2704

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Rathod, Dhruvang. “Evaporator Modeling and an Optimal Control Strategy Development of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application.” 2019. Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2704.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Vancouver:

Rathod D. Evaporator Modeling and an Optimal Control Strategy Development of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Clemson University; 2019. [cited 2021 Jan 17]. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2704.

Council of Science Editors:

Rathod D. Evaporator Modeling and an Optimal Control Strategy Development of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Clemson University; 2019. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2704

4. Xu, Shuonan. Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation.

Degree: PhD, Automotive Engineering, 2016, Clemson University

URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1814

► Ever tightening emissions and fuel economy regulations provide a strong impetus for research on high-efficiency low-emission engine concepts. In addition, CO2 emission regulation and energy… (more)

▼ Ever tightening emissions and fuel economy regulations provide a strong impetus for research on high-efficiency low-emission engine concepts. In addition, CO2 emission regulation and energy security considerations motivate investigations focused on alternative fuels. In the current heavy-duty fleet, diesel engines dominate the market due to their unmatched thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, they suffer from NOx and soot emissions and require complex aftertreatment systems to meet stringent regulations. Due to recent advancements of the Natural Gas (NG) extraction technology, its supply has become increasingly abundant. Conversion of Heavy Duty engines to NG operation provides a most effective way of increasing utilization of this low-carbon fuel in transportation, and reducing its dependence on oil. Dual-fuel engines currently offered by OEMs are invariable conversions to spark ignited (SI) combustion. The compression ratio (CR) is lowered compared to diesel, and the engine operates with stoichiometric mixture in order to enable application of a Three-Way Catalyst. Dual fuel NG-diesel engines offer an attractive alternative. NG is mixed with air in the intake system, and a relatively small amount of diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder to initiate combustion. In that case, the conversion from a conventional diesel engine requires little modification of engine hardware. High CR is retained, and the engine can operate lean; hence, there is a prospect of achieving roughly the same thermal efficiency as in the case of a diesel baseline. Range anxiety is avoided, since the truck can continue running solely on diesel fuel if NG filling station is not available. Development of the dual-fuel concept requires systematic investigations of maximum substitution rates, while addressing challenges such as the combustion stability, knock, transient response and methane slip. Since combustion characteristics are not fully understood, and increased degree-of-freedom (DOF) in modern engines demand excessive calibration effort, traditional development process that relies on experimentation becomes very costly. A predictive engine-system simulation built around physics-based models can provide a paradigm shift, by enabling investigations of the design options and pre-development of the complex multi-variable control strategies on the computer. Extension of the physics-based approach can also yield very effective virtual sensing of intake charge flow, and support development of a next-generation transient air-to-fuel ratio control. Main contributions of this research are such models, namely (i) a hybrid diesel + NG dual-fuel combustion model, based on the multi-zonal diesel spray/combustion model and a turbulent flame propagation model of NG-air mixture, and (ii) a model of intake charge mass-flow rate that utilizes intake manifold pressure as a single pressure input, and simultaneously solves differential equations for gas flow and cylinder pressure. Dual-fuel combustion model addresses two modes of… Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair, Dr. Robert Prucka, Dr. Mark Hoffman, Dr. Simona Onori.

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Xu, S. (2016). Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1814

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Xu, Shuonan. “Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation.” 2016. Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1814.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Xu, Shuonan. “Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation.” 2016. Web. 17 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Xu S. Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Clemson University; 2016. [cited 2021 Jan 17]. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1814.

Council of Science Editors:

Xu S. Physics-based Models for Engine System Studies: Quasi-D Dual-fuel Combustion and Real-time Intake Charge Flow Estimation. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Clemson University; 2016. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1814

5. Liu, Zifan. Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving.

Degree: PhD, Automotive Engineering, 2017, Clemson University

URL: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1921

► While being a competitive candidate for energy storage systems in automotive applications, lithium-ion battery still needs to overcome fundamental compromises regarding energy density, power density,… (more)

▼ While being a competitive candidate for energy storage systems in automotive applications, lithium-ion battery still needs to overcome fundamental compromises regarding energy density, power density, lifetime, costs and safety concerns. A significant breakthrough can be expected by understanding the real-world customer usage patterns and leveraging this knowledge to develop an optimized battery design and control. However, the challenges of filtering through massive real-world driving data and identifying the features relevant to the real-world battery operations still remain. This dissertation aims to bridge this gap by linking vehicle drive cycles to battery cell duty cycles, which enables quantifying the impacts of real-world variability on battery performance. In addition to performance and efficiency considerations, the methodology enables battery aging analysis in the context of optimal design and control of hybrid electric vehicles. This will facilitate design decisions that ensure adequate performance over the life span of the vehicle with considerations of the battery health objective. The novelty of this work lies in a more accurate method of synthetizing representative real-world drive cycles with a new algorithm to classify road and an innovative quantitative metric of driver style. A modified 48V mild hybrid vehicle model was built to relate the real-world drive cycles all the way to the battery cell duty cycles and to validate the impacts from driver aggressiveness on both the fuel efficiency and the battery loads. The cell duty cycles were further analyzed in frequency domain to synthesize characteristic cell test profiles representative of driver styles and road conditions. A battery cell cycle aging experiment was carried out using the synthesized test profiles. Results validate the positive correlation between driver aggressiveness and cell degradation, and further allow parameter identification of cell electro-chemical model. Modeling effort was extended to generate insights regarding the aging mechanisms, and calibrate a semi-empirical aging model. These tools will enable the inclusion of road conditions and driver styles into the development of battery pack design and propulsion system control hence improving the design assumption fidelity and real-world representativeness of the modeling approach. Advisors/Committee Members: Dr. Zoran Filipi, Committee Chair, Chair%2C%20Research%20Advisor%22%29&pagesize-30">Dr. Andrej Ivanco, Committee Co-Chair, Research Advisor, Dr. Simona Onori, Dr. Srikanth Pilla.

Subjects/Keywords: Battery Aging Model; Battery Aging Test; Driver Style; Hybrid Electric Vehicle; Lithium-ion Battery; Real-world Drive Cycles

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APA · Chicago · MLA · Vancouver · CSE | Export to Zotero / EndNote / Reference Manager

APA (6^th Edition):

Liu, Z. (2017). Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving. (Doctoral Dissertation). Clemson University. Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1921

Chicago Manual of Style (16^th Edition):

Liu, Zifan. “Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1921.

MLA Handbook (7^th Edition):

Liu, Zifan. “Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving.” 2017. Web. 17 Jan 2021.

Vancouver:

Liu Z. Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Clemson University; 2017. [cited 2021 Jan 17]. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1921.

Council of Science Editors:

Liu Z. Battery Aging Studies Based on Real-World Driving. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Clemson University; 2017. Available from: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1921

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